From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
.^ Galileo Galilei ( 15 February 1564 [2] – 8 January 1642 ) [1] [3] was a Tuscan ( Italian ) physicist , mathematician , astronomer , and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo died on January 8 , 1642 .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642), Italian astronomer and experimental philosopher, was born at Pisa on the 15th of February 1564.- Galileo Galilei - LoveToKnow 1911 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]
- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ His achievements include improvements to the telescope and > consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism.- Why Don't Global Warmers Just STFU - rec.gambling.poker | Google Groups 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC groups.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ His achievements include improving the telescope, a variety of astronomical observations, the first law of motion, and supporting Copernicanism effectively.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ His achievements include the first systematic studies of uniformly accelerated motion, improvements to the telescope , a variety of astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism .- WikiSlice 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC dev.laptop.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational
astronomy,"
[6] the "father of modern
physics,"
[7] the "father of
science,"
[7] and "the Father of Modern Science."
[8] Stephen Hawking says, "Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science."
[9]
.^ Further studies of accelerated motion.- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy ", [4] the "father of modern physics ", [5] the "father of science ", [5] and “the Father of Modern Science.” [6] The motion of uniformly accelerated objects, taught in nearly all high school and introductory college physics courses, was studied by Galileo as the subject of kinematics .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Introductory physics courses are taught at three levels: physics with calculus, physics without calculus, and physics without physics.- Science Quotes 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.lhup.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Venus has phases like the moon.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo discovered the four largest satellites of Jupiter.- Logos (est. 1995): Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC russellmcneil.blogspot.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Jupiter had four moons.- Beginning of Modern Science & Modern Philosophy 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ In 15951598, Galileo devised and improved a "Geometric and Military Compass" suitable for use by gunners and surveyors.
^ We build a Varity of other instruments Inclined planes Galileo's Compass - Sector - The pendulum/Brachistochronous Sci-tech instruments and services Thoughts about basic scientific research .- Galileo's Telescope for IYA Made for Griffith observatory,on exhibt at Franklin Institute, Adler Planetrium,the IMSS Institute and Museum of the History of Science in Florence Italy where the original telescopes are on display, Celebrate the IYA 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC galileotelescope.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo realized at once that such an instrument would be an invaluable military aid, and that one of the Italian rulers would want one.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
.^ Galileo's championing of Copernicanism was controversial within his lifetime.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Church Controversy Galileo was a devout Catholic, yet his writings on the Copernican model of the universe (incorporating a heliocentric, or sun-centered solar system) disturbed the Church, which, like most everyone else at the time, held to a Ptolemaic or Aristotelian Earth-centered theory of the universe.- Logos (est. 1995): Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC russellmcneil.blogspot.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo Galilei ( 15 February 1564 [2] – 8 January 1642 ) [1] [3] was a Tuscan ( Italian ) physicist , mathematician , astronomer , and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Galileo met with fierce opposition from the Church and the followers of Aristotle.- *�* Wilson's Almanac free daily ezine | Book of Days | February 15| Jon Frum Vanuatu John Frum Jeremy Bentham panopticon, USS Maine, Galileo, Lupercalia ancient Rome peace demonstrations protest demo Iraq anti-war 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.wilsonsalmanac.com [Source type: General]
^ Galileo defended heliocentrism , and claimed it was not contrary to those Scripture passages.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This view of the universe was eventually named after him and called the Ptolemaic system.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
.^ Galileo consented, and set to work writing his masterpiece, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (often called simply the Dialogue).
^ Galileo's reflections on motion were carefully argued in the Dialogue on the two chief world systems .- Logos (est. 1995): Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC russellmcneil.blogspot.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1632, Galileo published the Dialogue .
Life
.^ He was the son of Vincenzo Galilei , well known for his studies of music, and Giulia Ammannati.- Logos (est. 1995): Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC russellmcneil.blogspot.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy, the son of Vincenzo Galilei, a mathematician and musician.
^ July 5 Vincenzo Galilei of Florence marries Giulia degli Ammannati of Pescia.- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Galileo was born in Pisa (then part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany ), the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei , a famous lutenist and music theorist , and Giulia Ammannati.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Telescopio de Galileo Galilei .
^ Galileo was born in Pisa (then part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany ), the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei , a famous lutenist and music theorist , and Giulia Ammannati.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo Galilei y la Teoría de Cuerdas .- Galileo Galilei y la Teoría de Cuerdas | Caerolus 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.caerolus.com [Source type: General]
.^ Vincenzo Galilei and his family move to Florence .- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At the age of 8, his family moved to Florence , but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two years.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He finally moved to Florence in September 1610 having sent his daughters (then aged eight and ten years) there earlier to be with his mother and leaving his son (aged four years) with Marina Gamba until old enough to leave her care.
[1] .^ He then was educated in the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa, 33 km southeast of Florence.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the monastery of Vallombrosa, near Florence, where his education was principally conducted, he not only made himself acquainted with the best Latin authors, but acquired a fair command of the Greek tongue, thus laying the foundation of his brilliant and elegant style.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In the monastery of Vallombrosa , near Florence, where his education was principally conducted, he not only made himself acquainted with the best Latin authors, but acquired a fair command of the Greek tongue, thus laying the foundation of his brilliant and elegant style .
[1] .^ Although he seriously considered the priesthood as a young man, he enrolled for a medical degree at the University of Pisa at his father's urging.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, his father had other plans and at age 17 years Galileo was enrolled at the University of Pisa as a medical student.
^ To please his father he studied medicine but he became more and more interested in mathematics and mechanics, although there was no serious department of mathematics at the University at that time.
.^ He did not complete this degree, but instead studied mathematics.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The young Galileo hoped to become a monk but instead studied medicine at the University of Pisa at his fathers direction, where he became enthralled with mathematics.
[11] .^ In 1589, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ So, in 1592 he took the Chair of mathematics at the University of Padua, receiving something like 3 times his salary at Pisa, where he stayed for 18 years.
^ Rather surprisingly, considering his previous history, he was given the Chair of Mathematics at Pisa in 1589, a very poorly paid position since mathematics was regarded of minor importance in Pisa.
.^ In 1591 his father died and he was entrusted with the care of his younger brother Michelagnolo .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ His father, Vincenzo Galilei, who was born around 1525 and died in 1591, was a well educated and talented musician who published a book on musical theory in 1581.
^ And he had some financial problems; since his father had died in 1591 Galileo, the eldest son, had assumed responsibility for the family.
.^ In 1592, he moved to the University of Padua , teaching geometry , mechanics , and astronomy until 1610.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo moves from Padua to Florence .- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ During this period Galileo made significant discoveries in both pure science (for example, kinematics of motion, and astronomy) and applied science (for example, strength of materials, improvement of the telescope).- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ His multiple interests included the study of astrology , which in pre-modern disciplinary practice was seen as correlated to the studies of mathematics and astronomy.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Drawing on his diverse studies in philosophy, mathematics, mechanics, music, astronomy, and engineering, Galileo developed revolutionary theories that thoroughly changed the disciplines of physics, mathematics, astronomy, and technology.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
^ To please his father he studied medicine but he became more and more interested in mathematics and mechanics, although there was no serious department of mathematics at the University at that time.
[13]
.^ April 1634 – Galileo’s daughter, Maria Celeste, dies.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The private Life of Galileo: Compiled primarily from his correspondence and that of his eldest daughter, Sister Maria Celeste , (nun in the Franciscan convent of St. Matthew, in Arcetri), 1870, Boston : Nichols and Noyes.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Dava Sobel's Galileo's Daughter offers a different set of insights into Galileo and his world, in large part through the private correspondence of Maria Celeste, the daughter of the title, and her father.- Logos (est. 1995): Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC russellmcneil.blogspot.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
She is buried with him in Galieo's tomb in the
Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence.
.^ Although a devout Roman Catholic , Galileo fathered three children out of wedlock with Marina Gamba .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Although a devout Catholic, Galileo fathered three children out of wedlock.
^ All were the children of Galileo and Marina Gamba.
.^ They had two daughters (Virginia in 1600 and Livia in 1601) and one son (Vincenzio, in 1606).- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Because of their illegitimate birth, their father considered the girls unmarriageable.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Because of their illegitimate birth, both girls were sent to the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri at early ages.
.^ Their only worthy alternative was the religious life.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Because of their illegitimate birth, both girls were sent to the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri at early ages.
^ Both girls were sent to the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri and remained there for the rest of their lives.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Soon after her thirteenth birthday, he placed her at the Convent of San Matteo in Arcetri."- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[15] .^ Maria Celeste upon entering the convent.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo's daughter, Maria Celeste , who has lived in a convent near Arcetri for many years, dies.- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As we saw above, in 1616, Galileo's eldest daughter Virginia had entered a Franciscan convent, San Matteo, near Arcetri, taking the name if Sister Maria Celeste.
.^ April 1634 – Galileo’s daughter, Maria Celeste, dies.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ She is buried with Galileo at the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze.
^ She died on April 2 , 1634 , and is buried with Galileo at the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Suor Arcangela and was ill for most of her life.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Virginia took the veil in 1616, choosing the name Sister Maria Celeste, and Livia a year later became Sister Arcangela.
^ Marina Gamba gives birth to a second daughter who is baptized Livia, who later takes the name Arcangela.- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Vincenzo was later
legitimized and married Sestilia Bocchineri.
[16]
.^ In 1610 Galileo published an account of his telescopic observations of the moons of Jupiter, using this observation to argue in favor of the sun-centered, Copernican theory of the universe against the dominant earth-centered Ptolemaic and Aristotelian theories.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Earth at the center of the Universe.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
^ Europa, one of the Moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo in 1610.
.^ The mathematicians at the Collegio Romano honor Galileo at a banquet.- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Jupiter had four moons.- Beginning of Modern Science & Modern Philosophy 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Why not see it with your own eyes?- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
- Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 16 September 2009 23:21 UTC www.law.umkc.edu [Source type: Original source]
- Galileo's Dialog 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.tc.umn.edu [Source type: Original source]
[17] .^ While in Rome he was also made a member of the Accademia dei Lincei .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Greek mathematician Giovanni Demisiani for one of Galileo Galilei’s instruments presented at a banquet at the Accademia dei Lincei”.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Just before it was published, Pope Urban VIII succeeded Pope Paul V and the Accademia dei Lincei decided to dedicate the book to him.
[18]
.^ From Wikipedia: In astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Universe.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1612, opposition arose to the Sun-centered solar system which Galileo supported.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Italian physicist and astronomer Galileo maintained that the earth revolved around the sun, disputing the belief held by the Roman Catholic church that the earth was the center of the universe.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: General]
.^ In 1614, from the pulpit of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini (1574–1648) denounced Galileo's opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ En 1614, el padre Tommaso Caccini denunció las opiniones de Galileo sobre el movimiento de la Tierra desde el púlpito de Santa María Novella, juzgándolas de erróneas.
^ Against the assertion that Galileo was deceptive in making these arguments, Albert Einstein expressed the opinion that Galileo developed his "fascinating arguments" and accepted them uncritically out of a desire for physical proof of the motion of the Earth.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo goes to Rome to defend his Copernican ideas.- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At Galileo’s request, Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, a Jesuit—one of the most important Catholic theologians of the day—issued a certificate that, although it forbade Galileo to hold or defend the heliocentric theory, did not prevent him from conjecturing it.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
[19] .^ Galileo consented, and set to work writing his masterpiece, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (often called simply the Dialogue).
^ Intermittently from 1624 Galileo wrote his Dialogue concerning two chief systems of the World, the Ptolemaic and Copernican, which he finished at the end of 1629 but because of numerous delays due to difficulties of getting a license, first in Rome and then in Florence, the book wasn't published until February 1632.
^ In 1632, Galileo published the Dialogue .
.^ Galileo’s process took place under a ruthless and cruel pope.- The Galileo affair: history or heroic hagiography? 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.answersingenesis.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo was never convicted of heresy; even in the second trial, he was only "vehemently suspected of heresy".
^ He was under mild house arrest.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Dan Falk: Galileo would spend his remaining years under house arrest in his villa in Arcetri, now a suburb of Florence.- Galileo Galilei - Science Show - 19 December 2009 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.abc.net.au [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo was put under life-long house arrest, for the most part (1634-1642) in his own villas in Arcetri and Florence.- Logos (est. 1995): Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC russellmcneil.blogspot.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo was sentenced to prison, but because of his advanced age (and/or Church politics) the sentence was commuted to house arrest at his villas in Arcetri and Florence 1.
.^ Winter Suffers from a painful hernia.- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If the plague did not get him on the road, the strain of travelling might finish him off; in addition he had been ill most of the autumn, with dizziness, stomach pains and a serious hernia.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
^ Galileo's health was rapidly failing, he suffered bouts of asthma and he went blind in 1638 a devastating blow for someone who had such a special talent for observation and had seen further than others before him.
He continued to receive visitors until 1642, when, after suffering fever and heart palpitations, he died.
[20][21]
Scientific methods
.^ Galileo Galilei pioneered the use of quantitative experiments whose results could be analyzed with mathematical precision (More typical of science at the time were the qualitative studies of William Gilbert , on magnetism and electricity).- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo made a few contributions to what we now call technology as distinct from pure physics, and suggested others.
^ One can doubt whether Galileo had made many experiments to prove his theories.- The Galileo affair: history or heroic hagiography? 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.answersingenesis.org [Source type: Original source]
[22] .^ Galileo Galilei pioneered the use of quantitative experiments whose results could be analyzed with mathematical precision (More typical of science at the time were the qualitative studies of William Gilbert , on magnetism and electricity).- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It was more old science vs new science, but in the context of the time (ie in terms of physics as understood in 1600) it was perfectly tenable to argue against Galileian heliocentrism.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ To please his father he studied medicine but he became more and more interested in mathematics and mechanics, although there was no serious department of mathematics at the University at that time.
.^ However, Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, had performed experiments in which he discovered what may be the oldest known non-linear relation in physics, between the tension and the pitch of a stretched string.
^ His father, Vincenzo Galilei (ca.
^ (However, Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, had performed experiments in which he discovered what may be the oldest known non-linear relation in physics, between the tension and the pitch of a stretched string.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
[23] .^ These observations lay within the framework of the Pythagorean tradition of music, well-known to instrument makers, which included the fact that subdividing a string by a whole number produces a harmonious scale.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He was even allowed to receive visitors, including two well known Englishmen, the philosopher Thomas Hobbes and the poet John Milton.- Galileo Galilei - Science Show - 19 December 2009 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.abc.net.au [Source type: Original source]
^ Although technically his major contributions were in mechanics and the study of motion, he is probably most well-known for his astronomical observations.
.^ Thus, a limited amount of mathematics had long related music and physical science, and young Galileo could see his own father's observations expand on that tradition.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", and the "father of science".- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: General]
^ (However, Galileo's father, Vincenzo Galilei, had performed experiments in which he discovered what may be the oldest known non-linear relation in physics, between the tension and the pitch of a stretched string.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
[24]
.^ Galileo is perhaps the first to clearly state that the laws of nature are mathematical.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He was the first person to clearly state that the laws of nature could be described mathematically.- Galileo Galilei - Science Show - 19 December 2009 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.abc.net.au [Source type: Original source]
^ The most obvious example of course is the problem of the dynamics of the solar system, which led Newton to his laws of motion and gravitation, the first really general mathematical principles governing natural phenomena.- Galileo Galilei - Science Show - 19 December 2009 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.abc.net.au [Source type: Original source]
.^ Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe, which stands continually open to our gaze.- From Warpath to Wholeness: The Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Galileo Galilei :: Mathew Chandrankunnel :: Global Spiral 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.metanexus.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In The Assayer he wrote "Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe ...- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Pythagoras (11) Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe, which stands continually open to our gaze.- Galileo Galilei Quotes - Dictionary of Science Quotations and Scientist Quotes 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.todayinsci.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures without which it is humanly impossible to understand a single word of it; without these, one wanders about in a dark labyrinth.- Galileo Galilei Quotes - Dictionary of Science Quotations and Scientist Quotes 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.todayinsci.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures without which it is humanity impossible to understand a single word of it; without these one wanders about in a dark labyrinth.- From Warpath to Wholeness: The Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Galileo Galilei :: Mathew Chandrankunnel :: Global Spiral 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.metanexus.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The book of nature is written in the language of mathematics, and the book of scripture is scribbled in the language of faith.- From Warpath to Wholeness: The Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Galileo Galilei :: Mathew Chandrankunnel :: Global Spiral 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.metanexus.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
."
[25] .^ His mathematical analyses are a further development of a tradition employed by late scholastic natural philosophers, which Galileo learned when he studied philosophy.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Reply Marelisa Marelisa Jan 5, 2009 @ 8:54 pm Galileo Galilei was a scientist, philosopher, the leading mathematical physicist of his age, and he excelled at lute playing and painting.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: General]
^ Though many philosophers were proposing the experimental basis of studying nature, Galileo was the first to practise it.- From Warpath to Wholeness: The Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Galileo Galilei :: Mathew Chandrankunnel :: Global Spiral 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.metanexus.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[26] .^ Although he tried to remain loyal to the Catholic Church, his adherence to experimental results, and their most honest interpretation, led to a rejection of blind allegiance to authority, both philosophical and religious, in matters of science.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Catholic church suppressed science.- Slashdot | 400 Years Ago, Galileo Discovered Four Jovian Moons 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC slashdot.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The geocentric view had been dominant since the time of Aristotle, and the controversy engendered by Galileo's opposition to this view resulted in the condemnation of heliocentrism in 1616 by the Catholic Church as contrary to Scripture.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: General]
.^ Religion and science are two separate venues.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In addition, his conflict with the Catholic Church is taken as a major early example of the conflict of authority and freedom of thought, particularly with science, in Western society.
^ Counterbalance Interactive Library "Welcome to the Counterbalance Interactive Library, offering new views on complex issues from science, ethics, philosophy, and religion.
.^ By the standards of his time, Galileo was often willing to change his views in accordance with observation.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The geocentric view had been dominant since the time of Aristotle, and the controversy engendered by Galileo's opposition to this view resulted in the condemnation of heliocentrism in 1616 by the Catholic Church as contrary to Scripture.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: General]
^ Yes, Galileo presented observations counfounding to the geocentric view.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ In order to perform his experiments, Galileo had to set up standards of length and time, so that measurements made on different days and in different laboratories could be compared in a reproducible fashion.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo Galilei pioneered the use of quantitative experiments whose results could be analyzed with mathematical precision (More typical of science at the time were the qualitative studies of William Gilbert , on magnetism and electricity).- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ One can doubt whether Galileo had made many experiments to prove his theories.- The Galileo affair: history or heroic hagiography? 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.answersingenesis.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Also, why leave out another of his reasons; namely, that this number is used, as if by a law of nature, in sacrifices to the gods?- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
- Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 16 September 2009 23:21 UTC www.law.umkc.edu [Source type: Original source]
- Galileo's Dialog 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.tc.umn.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ He expressed this law using geometrical constructions and mathematically-precise words, adhering to the standards of the day.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Galileo showed a remarkably modern appreciation for the proper relationship between mathematics, theoretical physics, and experimental physics.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Experimental science In the pantheon of the scientific revolution, Galileo takes a high position because of his pioneering use of quantitative experiments with results analyzed mathematically.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo received, as the result of a conference between Cardinals Bellarmin and Del Monte, a semi-official warning to avoid theology, and limit himself to physical reasoning.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He understood the parabola, both in terms of conic sections and in terms of the ordinate (y) varying as the square of the abscissa (x).- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Galilei further asserted that the parabola was the theoretically-ideal trajectory for uniformly accelerated motion, in the absence of friction and other disturbances.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Thirdly, Galilei recognized that his experimental data would never agree exactly with any theoretical or mathematical form, because of the imprecision of measurement, irreducible friction, and other factors.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He also noted that there are limits to the validity of this theory, stating that it was appropriate only for laboratory-scale and battlefield-scale trajectories, and noting on theoretical grounds that the parabola could not possibly apply to a trajectory so large as to be comparable to the size of the planet.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If this theory were correct, there would be only one high tide per day.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meanwhile Venus showed a range of moon-like phases, something which could not happen if both it and the sun orbited the Earth.- Galileo's telescope reaches 400th anniversary | Technology | guardian.co.uk 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]
[28] .^ Thirdly, Galilei recognized that his experimental data would never agree exactly with any theoretical or mathematical form, because of the imprecision of measurement, irreducible friction, and other factors.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Experimental science In the pantheon of the scientific revolution, Galileo takes a high position because of his pioneering use of quantitative experiments with results analyzed mathematically.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Ah, but this is only because Copernicus, a devoute Catholic, feared and respected the Church, recognized that his theories (which actually others had suggested before, though none would take credit (blame) for them) would be disruptive, and cleverly published his theories posthumously.- Slashdot | 400 Years Ago, Galileo Discovered Four Jovian Moons 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC slashdot.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[citation needed]
.^ Galileo's methods was the birth of modern science.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
^ Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", and the "father of science".- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: General]
^ According to Stephen Hawking , Galileo probably bears more of the responsibility for the birth of modern science than anybody else, [15] and Albert Einstein called him the father of modern science.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[30]
Astronomy
Contributions
.^ It was on this page that Galileo first noted an observation of the moons of Jupiter .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It was on this page that Galileo first noted an observation of the moons of Jupiter.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ His contributions to observational astronomy include the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, named the Galilean moons in his honour, and the observation and analysis of sunspots.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: General]
.^ This observation upset the notion that all celestial bodies must revolve around the Earth.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.scientific-web.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Italian physicist and astronomer Galileo maintained that the earth revolved around the sun, disputing the belief held by the Roman Catholic church that the earth was the center of the universe.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: General]
^ Orbiting moons around Jupiter that contradicted the idea of natural philosophers that the Earth was the center of all celestial motions.
Galileo published a full description in
Sidereus Nuncius in March 1610
The phases of Venus, observed by Galileo in 1610
.^ Four hundred years ago, in 1609, Galileo made the first observations with the telescope.
^ Galileo first turned his telescope to the skies 400 years ago.
^ Interestingly, there is a note in a brochure, dated November 22, 1608, that says that a telescope could also be used for "seeing stars which are not ordinarily in view because of their smallness" Galileo was certainly not the first to use a telescope to look skyward; drawings of the Moon exist that were made by Thomas Harriot in July 1609, possibly before Galileo had heard about the telescope.
.^ Galileo ignored all other researchers, did not inform them about his discoveries, and believed that he alone made scientifically relevant discoveries.- The Galileo affair: history or heroic hagiography? 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.answersingenesis.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo made one with about 8x magnification, and then made improved models up to about 20x.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ More comparisons were made with the moon than with other planets, perhaps from our having more and better sensible evidence about the former by reason of its lesser distance.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
[31] .^ In Galileo's time, people had a very limited understanding of the Earth and its relation to the sun, moon, and other celestial objects they could see.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
^ He soon made one that could magnify 30 times and commenced observations of the moon, which he discovered to have an irregular surface, like that of the earth.- *�* Wilson's Almanac free daily ezine | Book of Days | February 15| Jon Frum Vanuatu John Frum Jeremy Bentham panopticon, USS Maine, Galileo, Lupercalia ancient Rome peace demonstrations protest demo Iraq anti-war 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.wilsonsalmanac.com [Source type: General]
^ Galileo's telescope add that much more to what we could already see of the moon?- Galileo's telescope reaches 400th anniversary | Technology | guardian.co.uk 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]
.^ He could also use it to observe the sky; for a time he was one of very few who could construct telescopes good enough for that purpose.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Born in Pisa, Italy, in 1564, the son of a cloth merchant and musician, Galileo is best known for his discoveries in astronomy through one of the first telescopes used to study the sky.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
^ He is supported by Cardinal Maffeo Barberini (later Pope Urban VIII ), who became one of Galileo's patrons at this time.- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ On August 25, 1609, he demonstrated his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers.
^ On 25 August 1609 , he demonstrated his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1609, Galileo was among the first to use a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.scientific-web.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
His telescopes were a profitable sideline.
.^ His work on the device also made for a profitable sideline with merchants who found it useful for their shipping businesses.
^ "LabX.com was founded in 1995 to provide a forum where buyers and sellers of new, used, surplus, and refurbished scientific and laboratory equipment could find items, negotiate terms, and complete transactions online.".- Science Links by George Hernandez 20 November 2009 5:54 UTC www.georgehernandez.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As the President of International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) who could possibly have been better placed to talk of sea level change than him.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He published his initial telescopic astronomical observations in March 1610 in a short treatise entitled Sidereus Nuncius ( Starry Messenger ).- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He published his initial telescopic astronomical observations in March 1610 in a short treatise entitled Sidereus Nuncius (Sidereal Messenger).- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He published Sidereus Nuncius in March 1610″ .- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
[32]
.^ On January 7, 1610, Galileo only recorded 3 "fixed stars" next to Jupiter.- Slashdot Science Story | 400 Years Ago, Galileo Discovered Four Jovian Moons 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC science.slashdot.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On January 7 , 1610 Galileo observed with his telescope what he described at the time as "three fixed stars, totally invisible [17] by their smallness", all within a short distance of Jupiter , and lying on a straight line through it.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On January 7, 1610 , Galileo observed the four largest moons of Jupiter for the first time.- *�* Wilson's Almanac free daily ezine | Book of Days | February 15| Jon Frum Vanuatu John Frum Jeremy Bentham panopticon, USS Maine, Galileo, Lupercalia ancient Rome peace demonstrations protest demo Iraq anti-war 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.wilsonsalmanac.com [Source type: General]
[34] .^ Observations on subsequent nights showed that the positions of these "stars" relative to Jupiter were changing in a way that would have been inexplicable if they had really been fixed stars.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo observed the Milky Way, previously believed to be nebulous, and found it to be a multitude of stars, packed so densely that they appeared to be clouds from Earth.
^ Galileo observed the Milky Way , previously believed to be nebulous , and found it to be a multitude of stars packed so densely that they appeared to be clouds from Earth.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It was on this page that Galileo first noted an observation of the moons of Jupiter .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It was on this page that Galileo first noted an observation of the moons of Jupiter.
^ On January 10 Galileo noted that one of them had disappeared, an observation which he attributed to its being hidden behind Jupiter.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ With it, he discovered Jupiter's moon and hundreds of stars.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
^ Here were four bodies that were orbiting Jupiter.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo published a full description in Sidereus Nuncius in March 1610.On January 7, 1610 Galileo discovered Jupiter's four largest satellites (moons): Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He discovered the fourth, Ganymede , on January 13 .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Galileo travels to Pisa where he shows the satellites of Jupiter to Grand Duke Cosimo II de' Medici .- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Cosimo II de' Medici becomes Grand Duke of Tuscany, following his father's death.- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Marriage of Cosimo de' Medici .- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[36] .^ His contributions to observational astronomy include the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, named the Galilean moons in his honour, and the observation and analysis of sunspots.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: General]
^ (Later astronomers overruled Galileo's naming of these objects, changing his Medicean stars to Galilean satellites.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo heard about this and himself produced the first astronomical quality telescope.- Beginning of Modern Science & Modern Philosophy 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ His model had all the planets orbiting the sun, EXCEPT the Earth.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
^ Almost at once he realized that this was proof that not all objects orbited the Earth.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
^ (Where the Sun and Moon orbit the Earth and the planets orbit the Sun.- Slashdot | 400 Years Ago, Galileo Discovered Four Jovian Moons 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC slashdot.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Slashdot Science Story | 400 Years Ago, Galileo Discovered Four Jovian Moons 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC science.slashdot.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[38] His observations were confirmed by the observatory of
Christopher Clavius and he received a hero's welcome when he visited Rome in
1611[39]
.^ Galileo observed the Milky Way, previously believed to be nebulous, and found it to be a multitude of stars, packed so densely that they appeared to be clouds from Earth.
^ The next night was cloudy, but on January 10, Galileo was able to observe the planet again.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
^ Kepler verifies the existence of the satellites of Jupiter (and publishes a tract on them the next year).- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[40]
.^ Venus has phases like the moon.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
^ From September 1610, Galileo observed that Venus exhibited a full set of phases similar to that of the Moon .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo verifies that Venus goes through phases like the Moon .- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ His model had all the planets orbiting the sun, EXCEPT the Earth.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
^ The heliocentric model of the solar system developed by Nicolaus Copernicus predicted that all phases would be visible since the orbit of Venus around the Sun would cause its illuminated hemisphere to face the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun and to face away from the Earth when it was on the Earth-side of the Sun.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ By contrast, the geocentric model of Ptolemy predicted that only crescent and new phases would be seen, since Venus was thought to remain between the Sun and Earth during its orbit around the Earth.
.^ His model had all the planets orbiting the sun, EXCEPT the Earth.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
^ (Where the Sun and Moon orbit the Earth and the planets orbit the Sun.- Slashdot Science Story | 400 Years Ago, Galileo Discovered Four Jovian Moons 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC science.slashdot.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Then the sun, carrying all the planets with it, orbited the Earth.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
.^ Galileo's observation of the phases of Venus proved that Venus orbited the Sun and lent support to (but did not prove) the heliocentric model.
^ The heliocentric model of the solar system developed by Copernicus predicted that all phases would be visible since the orbit of Venus around the Sun would cause its illuminated hemisphere to face the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun and to face away from the Earth when it was on the Earth-side of the Sun.
^ Here he could see for himself that somehow, a planet could orbit the sun, and not leave a moon behind!- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
.^ If the same approach and retreat of Saturn (I mean double the distance from the sun to us) is almost entirely imperceptible, and if it is scarcely noticeable in Jupiter, what could it amount to in the fixed stars, which I believe you would not hesitate to place twice as far away as Saturn?- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Therefore assign to the sun some other place of your choosing, as far from the earth as you like, and designate that also.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo noted that Venus exhibited a full set of phases like the Moon.
.^ Those are the phases, from small full to large crescent, that Galileo saw.- Beginning of Modern Science & Modern Philosophy 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo published a full description in Sidereus Nuncius in March 1610 The phases of Venus, observed by Galileo in 1610 Based only on uncertain descriptions of the telescope, invented in the Netherlands in 1608, Galileo, in that same year, made a telescope with about 3x magnification, and later made others with up to about 32x magnification.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After the phases of Venus were observed there just was no other credible theory of the solar system except a heliocentric one, and the Jupiter system was a perfect miniature model for it.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The second deals with the earth's daily rotation.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
^ One curious result of this inertia, which deserves to rank among the fundamental 'laws' of nature, is that when a discovery has finally won tardy recognition it is usually found to have been anticipated, often with cogent reasons and in great detail.- Science Quotes 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.lhup.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ In the second chapter of this book he raised the question of the earth's rotation, and in the final chapters he appealed for patience and further investigation into such matters.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC helix.ucsd.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ After the phases of Venus were observed there just was no other credible theory of the solar system except a heliocentric one, and the Jupiter system was a perfect miniature model for it.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The heliocentric model of the solar system developed by Nicolaus Copernicus predicted that all phases would be visible since the orbit of Venus around the Sun would cause its illuminated hemisphere to face the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun and to face away from the Earth when it was on the Earth-side of the Sun.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The first is that the varying aspects of the sun are so necessary for our various species that these could not exist at all without them.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
- Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 16 September 2009 23:21 UTC www.law.umkc.edu [Source type: Original source]
- Galileo's Dialog 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.tc.umn.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The geocentric view had been dominant since the time of Aristotle, and the controversy engendered by Galileo's opposition to this view resulted in the condemnation of heliocentrism in 1616 by the Catholic Church as contrary to Scripture.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: General]
^ This last discovery caused the most trouble for Galileo, because spots or blemishes on the "perfect" sun finally proved too controversial for many people to accept.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo's observations of the phases of Venus proved that it orbited the Sun and lent support to (but did not prove) the heliocentric model .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Galileo also observed the planet Saturn , and at first mistook its rings for planets, thinking it was a three-bodied system.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Although the popular idea of Galileo inventing the telescope is inaccurate, he was one of the first people to use the telescope to observe the sky.
^ The next night was cloudy, but on January 10, Galileo was able to observe the planet again.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
.^ The rings reappeared when he observed the planet in 1616, further confusing him.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When he observed the planet later, Saturn's rings were directly oriented at Earth, causing him to think that two of the bodies had disappeared.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo also observed the planet Saturn , and at first mistook its rings for planets, thinking it was a three-bodied system.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The rings reappeared when he observed the planet in 1616, further confusing him.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When he observed the planet later, Saturn's rings were directly oriented at Earth, causing him to think that two of the bodies had disappeared.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo also observed the planet Saturn , and at first mistook its rings for planets, thinking it was a three-bodied system.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[43]
.^ Turning the telescope on the sun, Galileo was also one of the first to see sunspots.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo was one of the first Europeans to observe sunspots, although there is evidence that Chinese astronomers had done so before.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ May Galileo first letter on sunspots .- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He also reinterpreted a sunspot observation from the time of Charlemagne , which formerly had been attributed (impossibly) to a transit of Mercury .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The very existence of sunspots showed another difficulty with the perfection of the heavens as assumed in the older philosophy.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The very existence of sunspots showed another difficulty with the unchanging perfection of the heavens as assumed in the older philosophy.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The inevitable realization that the sun indeed was the center of the universe, and the Earth merely a member of the sun's planetary family, destroyed the idea of a perfect heaven.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
[44] .^ And the annual variations in their motions, first noticed by Francesco Sizzi , presented great difficulties for both the geocentric system and that of Tycho Brahe .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ And the annual variations in their motions, first noticed by Francesco Sizzi, presented great difficulties for either the geocentric system or that of Tycho Brahe.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At the same time the two Catholic powers, Spain and France, which were both allies of the pope, started to fight each other.- The Galileo affair: history or heroic hagiography? 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.answersingenesis.org [Source type: Original source]
[46] .^ Johannes Kepler sends a letter in support of Galileo's discoveries.- Galileo Timeline 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC physics.ship.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A dispute over priority in the discovery of sunspots led to a long and bitter feud with Christoph Scheiner; in fact, there can be little doubt that both of them were beaten by David Fabricius and his son Johannes.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo's career coincided with that of Johannes Kepler.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ A few actually accused Galileo of putting images of Jupiter's moons inside the telescope!- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
^ But Galileo refused to give Kepler one of his telescopes, although he gave them to many political heads of the world.- The Galileo affair: history or heroic hagiography? 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.answersingenesis.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Before that declaration, in addition to advocating heliocentrism, Galileo had also argued that scripture should not be used to question matters of science (apparently this had never come up before).- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He was the first to report lunar mountains and craters, whose existence he deduced from the patterns of light and shadow on the Moon's surface.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo was the first to report lunar mountains and craters , whose existence he deduced from the patterns of light and shadow on the Moon's surface.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In it he not only reported on the moons of Jupiter but also about the rugged surface of the moon.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
.^ He even estimated the mountains' heights from these observations.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ This led him to the conclusion that the Moon was "rough and uneven, and just like the surface of the Earth itself," rather than a perfect sphere as Aristotle had claimed.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This led him to the conclusion that the Moon was "rough and uneven, and just like the surface of the Earth itself", and not a perfect sphere as Aristotle had claimed.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Watermelon, I understand the belief was that the 'perfectly smooth' surface of the moon reflected the oceans of the Earth.- Galileo's telescope reaches 400th anniversary | Technology | guardian.co.uk 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]
.^ Galileo observed the Milky Way , previously believed to be nebulous , and found it to be a multitude of stars packed so densely that they appeared to be clouds from Earth.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo observed the Milky Way, previously believed to be a cloud, and found it to be a multitude of stars, packed so densely that they appeared to be clouds from Earth.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo continued to observe the satellites over the next eighteen months, and by mid 1611 he had obtained remarkably accurate estimates for their periods—a feat which Kepler had believed impossible.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He located many other stars too distant to be visible with the naked eye.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He also located many other stars too distant to be visible with the naked eye.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ There were many more stars in the sky than could be seen with the eye; and the Milky Way, which always was just a glow, was itself composed of stars.- Beginning of Modern Science & Modern Philosophy 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Galileo observed the planet Neptune in 1611, but took no particular notice of it; it appears in his notebooks as one of many unremarkable dim stars.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The next night was cloudy, but on January 10, Galileo was able to observe the planet again.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
^ However, given the technology of Galileo’s time, no such shifts in their positions could be observed.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ It appears in his notebooks as one of many unremarkable dim stars.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo observed the planet Neptune in 1611, but took no particular notice of it; it appears in his notebooks as one of many unremarkable dim stars.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Planets all showed disks and were not points of light like stars.- Beginning of Modern Science & Modern Philosophy 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo observed the Milky Way , previously believed to be nebulous , and found it to be a multitude of stars packed so densely that they appeared to be clouds from Earth.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ With the publication of Siderius Nuncius , or The Starry Messenger , in 1610in which he recorded the sights he had seen with the newly invented telescope, including the moons of Jupiter, and the mountains of our own moon-Galileo was instantly famous across Europe.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ A few years later, though, he observed Saturn as being a plain disk, and this change he couldn't explain.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
.^ Galileo once complained about that when he said that his critics would not be satisfied until he brought one of Jupiter's moons to Earth and showed it to them.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1638 Galileo described an experimental method to measure the speed of light by arranging that two observers, each having lanterns equipped with shutters, observe each other's lanterns at some distance.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Then, on January 7, about an hour after sunset, Jupiter rose in the east, and Galileo happened to turn his powerful scope on its bright disk.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
.^ Galileo observed the Milky Way , previously believed to be nebulous , and found it to be a multitude of stars packed so densely that they appeared to be clouds from Earth.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ To ancient and mediaeval astronomers the only acceptable theory about the universe came to be that of geocentrism , that the Earth is the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, planets, and stars moving around it.- Beginning of Modern Science & Modern Philosophy 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He thus speaks of "sunrise" and "sunset," of the "rising and setting" of the stars, of changes in the obliquity of the ecliptic and of variations in the equinoctial points, of the mean motion and variations in motion of the sun, and so on.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC helix.ucsd.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ To mention just a few: Transits gave us much more accurate surveying data and , at Greenwich, we get more accurate time from sun and star transits.- Galileo's Telescope for IYA Made for Griffith observatory,on exhibt at Franklin Institute, Adler Planetrium,the IMSS Institute and Museum of the History of Science in Florence Italy where the original telescopes are on display, Celebrate the IYA 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC galileotelescope.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Therefore the difference in aspect of the fixed star caused by the diameter of the earth’s orbit would be little more noticeable than that which is observed in the sun due to the radius of the earth.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ His last telescopic discoverythat of the moons diurnal and monthy librationswas made in 1637, only a few months before his eyes were for ever closed in hopeless blindness.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He located many other stars too distant to be visible with the naked eye.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is called "ontological" because it is based on an idea about the nature of God's existence : that God is a necessary being , i.e.- Beginning of Modern Science & Modern Philosophy 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Now this author takes the observations made by thirteen astronomers at different polar elevations, and comparing a part of these (which he selects) he calculates, by using twelve pairings, that the height of the new star was always below the moon.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
^ He was beginning to realize the fixed stars weren't a flat distant wall on a globe, but a three-dimensional expanse bigger than anyone had ever thought!- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
^ Then he adds that these apparent mutations which are perceived to be greater in Mars than in Jupiter, from Jupiter’s being more distant, and still less in Saturn, from its being farther away than Jupiter, remain imperceptible in the fixed stars because of their immense distance from us in comparison with the distance of Jupiter or of Saturn.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
[48]
Controversy over comets and The Assayer
Main article:
The Assayer.^ In its opening passage, Galileo and Guiducci's Discourse gratuitously insulted the Jesuit Christopher Scheiner,[56] and various uncomplimentary remarks about the professors of the Collegio Romano were scattered throughout the work.- Slashdot Science Story | 400 Years Ago, Galileo Discovered Four Jovian Moons 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC science.slashdot.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At the end of that time he appeared in public with his Saggiatore, a polemical treatise written in reply to the Libra astronomica of Padre Grassi (under the pseudonym of Lotario Sarsi), the Jesuit astronomer of the Collegio Romano.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ AUTHOR Galilei, Galileo: see Orazio Grassi (two items) .
.^ At the time there were very good scientific arguments against Galileo.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This seems very reasonable and natural, for those who believe an argument to be false may much more easily find the fallacies in it than men who consider it to be true and conclusive.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC helix.ucsd.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The Assayer is another important book of Galileo that contains the rich philosophy of science by Galileo.- From Warpath to Wholeness: The Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Galileo Galilei :: Mathew Chandrankunnel :: Global Spiral 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.metanexus.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Because The Assayer contains such a wealth of Galileo's ideas on how Science should be practised, it has been referred to as his scientific manifesto.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Because Galileo saw this, and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world, he is the father of modern physics – indeed of modern science altogether.”[9] .- From Warpath to Wholeness: The Condemnation and Rehabilitation of Galileo Galilei :: Mathew Chandrankunnel :: Global Spiral 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.metanexus.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In fact it was Urban VIII who told Galileo he was fine – gave him gifts etc – unless he presented his ideas as fact rather than scientific hypothesis.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
[49]
.^ Early in 1619 Father Grassi had anonymously published a pamphlet, An Astronomical Disputation on the Three Comets of the Year 1618 , [25] which discussed the nature of a comet that had appeared late in November of the previous year.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1619 Galileo became embroiled in a controversy with Father Horatio Grassi , the professor of mathematics at the Jesuit Collegio Romano .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It began as a dispute over the nature of comets, but by the time Galileo had published The Assayer ( Il Saggiatore ) in 1623, his last salvo in the dispute, it had become a much wider argument over the very nature of Science itself.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Grassi concluded that the comet was a fiery body which had moved along a segment of a great circle at a constant distance from the earth, [26] and that it had been located well beyond the moon.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ CheshireCatCO (185193) writes: on Thursday January 07, @09:38PM ( #30690342 ) Homepage How is Halley's comet more significant than the discovery of the first moons in our solar system, apart from our own?- Slashdot Science Story | 400 Years Ago, Galileo Discovered Four Jovian Moons 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC science.slashdot.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On the other hand, the star must be lost to sight by passing the mouth of the well, which would be only a couple of yards in diameter, if the well goes along with the earth more than two million yards per hour.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Grassi's arguments and conclusions were criticised in a subsequent article, Discourse on the Comets , [27] published under the name of one of Galileo's disciples, a Florentine lawyer named Mario Guiducci , although it had been largely written by Galileo himself.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo and Guiducci offered no definitive theory of their own on the nature of comets, [29] although they did present some tentative conjectures which we now know to be mistaken.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But Galileo refused to give Kepler one of his telescopes, although he gave them to many political heads of the world.- The Galileo affair: history or heroic hagiography? 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.answersingenesis.org [Source type: Original source]
[53] .^ Galileo and Guiducci offered no definitive theory of their own on the nature of comets, [29] although they did present some tentative conjectures which we now know to be mistaken.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At Galileo’s request, Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, a Jesuit—one of the most important Catholic theologians of the day—issued a certificate that, although it forbade Galileo to hold or defend the heliocentric theory, did not prevent him from conjecturing it.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He knew all about the current theories on why the planets moved as they did, but Copernicus felt there must be a simpler explanation.- Museum - Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC web.viu.ca [Source type: Original source]
.^ In its opening passage, Galileo and Guiducci's Discourse gratuitously insulted the Jesuit Christopher Scheiner , [30] and various uncomplimentary remarks about the professors of the Collegio Romano were scattered throughout the work.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In its opening passage, Galileo and Guiducci's Discourse gratuitously insulted the Jesuit Christopher Scheiner,[56] and various uncomplimentary remarks about the professors of the Collegio Romano were scattered throughout the work.- Slashdot | 400 Years Ago, Galileo Discovered Four Jovian Moons 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC slashdot.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A dispute over priority in the discovery of sunspots, and in their interpretation, led Galileo to a long and bitter feud with the Jesuit Christoph Scheiner ; in fact, there is little doubt that both of them were beaten by David Fabricius and his son Johannes .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Jesuits were offended, [32] and Grassi soon replied with a polemical tract of his own, The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance , [33] under the pseudonym Lothario Sarsi, purporting to be one of his own pupils.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Jesuits were offended,[58] and Grassi soon replied with a polemical tract of his own, The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance ,[59] under the pseudonym Lothario Sarsio Sigensano,[60] purporting to be one of his own pupils.- Slashdot Science Story | 400 Years Ago, Galileo Discovered Four Jovian Moons 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC science.slashdot.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Assayer , [34] was Galileo's devastating reply to the Astronomical Balance .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The Assayer was Galileo's devastating reply to the
Astronomical Balance.
[60] .^ It has been widely regarded as a masterpiece of polemical literature, [35] in which "Sarsi's" arguments are subjected to withering scorn.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[62] .^ He had been warned once to watch it, but then a friend of his (Maffeo Barberini) became Pope Urban VIII (1623-1644).- Beginning of Modern Science & Modern Philosophy 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ What interest did Pope Urban VIII show in the trial as it happened?- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
^ Summer 1632 – Distribution of Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is stopped by Pope Urban VIII. The Pope authorizes a special commission to examine the book.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
[63]
.^ A fierce expression of this critical attitude can also be seen in Bertolt Brecht's play about Galileo, a source for popular ideas about the scientist.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Monkeedude1212 (1560403) writes: To be fair, he also came up with this crazy-wrong idea about how the earth's motion was responsible for the tides.- Slashdot Science Story | 400 Years Ago, Galileo Discovered Four Jovian Moons 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC science.slashdot.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Yes some Jesuits were given telescopes and confirmed Galileo’s findings but many more were hostile and some even refused to look through the telescope to see if Galileo was right.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
[65] The evidence for this is at best equivocal, however.
[66]
Galileo, Kepler and theories of tides
Galileo Galilei. Portrait in crayon by Leoni.
Cardinal Bellarmine had written in 1615 that the Copernican system could not be defended without "a true
physical demonstration that the sun does not circle the earth but the earth circles the sun."
[67] Galileo considered his theory of the tides to provide the required physical proof of the motion of the earth.
.^ February 1632 – Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is printed.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems thus changed History.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
^ This theory was so important to Galileo that he originally intended to entitle his Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems the Dialogue on the Ebb and Flow of the Sea .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[68] .^ In fact, the original title for the book described it as a dialogue on the tides; the reference to tides was removed by order of the Inquisition.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He believed that the earth rotated on its axis, but not that it moved around the sun.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC helix.ucsd.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo was tried for the heresy of saying that the Earth moved around the sun.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo proved that the Earth was acctually revolving around the sun.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
.^ Galileo circulated his first account of the tides in 1616, addressed to Cardinal Orsini.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ February 26, 1616 – Cardinal Bellarmine warns Galileo not to hold, teach, or defend Copernican theory.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In his 1632 Dialogue Galileo presented a physical theory to account for tides , based on the motion of the Earth.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[69] .^ His theory gave the first insight into the importance of the shapes of ocean basins in the size and timing of tides; he correctly accounted, for instance, for the negligible tides halfway along the Adriatic Sea compared to those at the ends.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Indeed, this leads to the creation of the Theory of Knowledge, Epistemology , as a separate discipline within philosophy for the first time.- Beginning of Modern Science & Modern Philosophy 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Those claims should have ended with Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), who for the first time clearly provided a distinction between the issues that science could deal with and those that it couldn't, but since Kant's theory could not be demonstrated the same way as a scientific theory, the spell of science, even if it is only through pseudo-science, continues.- Beginning of Modern Science & Modern Philosophy 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ As a general account of the cause of tides, however, his theory was a failure.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The fourth day-the shortest section by far-is almost entirely concerned with Galileo’s theory that the Earth’s motion was the cause of tides.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Kepler and others correctly associated the Moon with an influence over the tides, based on empirical data; a proper physical theory of the tides, however, was not available until Newton.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ But the truth was there was only one elephant.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
^ If this theory were correct, there would be only one high tide per day.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo and his contemporaries were aware of this inadequacy because there are two daily high tides at Venice instead of one, about twelve hours apart.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Galileo and his contemporaries were aware of this inadequacy because there are two daily high tides at Venice instead of one, about twelve hours apart.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ One of Galileo’s best friends, Giovanni Francesco Sagredo (1571–1620), had already warned Galileo in 1611 against moving to Florence, because there he would be dependent on international politics and on the Jesuits.- The Galileo affair: history or heroic hagiography? 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.answersingenesis.org [Source type: Original source]
^ I n Venice in April or May , 1609 , Galileo heard of a cylindrical instrument, made by one Hans Lippershey of Middleburg ( Netherlands ), that made distant objects look to be closer.- *�* Wilson's Almanac free daily ezine | Book of Days | February 15| Jon Frum Vanuatu John Frum Jeremy Bentham panopticon, USS Maine, Galileo, Lupercalia ancient Rome peace demonstrations protest demo Iraq anti-war 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.wilsonsalmanac.com [Source type: General]
.^ Galileo dismissed this anomaly as the result of several secondary causes, including the shape of the sea, its depth, and other factors.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo dismissed as a "useless fiction" the idea, held by his contemporary Johannes Kepler , that the moon caused the tides.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[70] .^ Galileo considered his theory of the tides to provide the required physical proof of the motion of the earth.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Against the assertion that Galileo was deceptive in making these arguments, Albert Einstein expressed the opinion that Galileo developed his "fascinating arguments" and accepted them uncritically out of a desire for physical proof of the motion of the Earth.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1614, from the pulpit of Santa Maria Novella, Father Tommaso Caccini (1574–1648) denounced Galileo's opinions on the motion of the Earth, judging them dangerous and close to heresy .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[71]
.^ Galileo dismissed as a "useless fiction" the idea, held by his contemporary Johannes Kepler , that the moon caused the tides.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo, Kepler and theories of tides .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo's career coincided with that of Johannes Kepler.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
[72] .^ However, if the discussion relates to Galileo, Newton, and Kepler, they consider them infidels.- Galileo Galilei Quotes - Dictionary of Science Quotations and Scientist Quotes 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.todayinsci.com [Source type: Original source]
^ But Galileo refused to give Kepler one of his telescopes, although he gave them to many political heads of the world.- The Galileo affair: history or heroic hagiography? 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.answersingenesis.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Kepler abandoned his most dearly held belief, the perfection of the circle for imperfect ellipses in the face of evidence, and Galileo simply followed the evidence over dogma.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
Technology
.^ In 15951598, Galileo devised and improved a "Geometric and Military Compass" suitable for use by gunners and surveyors.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
1604 by his personal instrument-maker
Marc'Antonio Mazzoleni
.^ Portrait in crayon by Leoni A replica of the earliest surviving telescope attributed to Galileo Galilei, on display at the Griffith Observatory Galileo made a number of contributions to what is now known as technology , as distinct from pure physics, and suggested others.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Technology Galileo made a few contributions to what we now call technology as distinct from pure physics, and suggested others.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This is not the same distinction as made by Aristotle, who would have considered all Galileo's physics as techne or useful knowledge, as opposed to episteme, or philosophical investigation into the causes of things.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ This is not the same distinction as made by Aristotle, who would have considered all Galileo's physics as techne or useful knowledge, as opposed to episteme, or philosophical investigation into the causes of things.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This is not the same distinction as made by Aristotle, who would have considered all Galileo's physics as techne or useful knowledge, as opposed to episteme , or philosophical investigation into the causes of things.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Portrait in crayon by Leoni A replica of the earliest surviving telescope attributed to Galileo Galilei, on display at the Griffith Observatory Galileo made a number of contributions to what is now known as technology , as distinct from pure physics, and suggested others.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In 15951598, Galileo devised and improved a "Geometric and Military Compass" suitable for use by gunners and surveyors.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Between 1595–1598, Galileo devised and improved a Geometric and Military Compass suitable for use by gunners and surveyors .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, improving compass design.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This expanded on earlier instruments designed by Niccolo Tartaglia and Guidobaldo del Monte.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This expanded on earlier instruments designed by Niccolò Tartaglia and Guidobaldo del Monte .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ For gunners, it offered, in addition to a new and safer way of elevating cannons accurately, a way of quickly computing the charge of gunpowder for cannonballs of different sizes and materials.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ For if it was placed in the firmament among the other fixed stars, its meridian altitudes when taken at different elevations of the pole would have to differ among themselves in the same way as did these polar elevations.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ As a geometric instrument, it enabled the construction of any regular polygon, computation of the area of any polygon or circular sector, and a variety of other calculations.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ As a geometric instrument, it enabled the construction of any regular polygon , computation of the area of any polygon or circular sector, and a variety of other calculations.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ These observations lay within the framework of the Pythagorean tradition of music, well-known to instrument makers, which included the fact that subdividing a string by a whole number produces a harmonious scale.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Between 1595–1598, Galileo devised and improved a Geometric and Military Compass suitable for use by gunners and surveyors .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileos direction of his new instrument to the heavens formed an era in the history of astronomy.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
[74]
.^ About 1593 , Galileo constructed a thermometer , using the expansion and contraction of air in a bulb to move water in an attached tube.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ About 16061607 (or possibly earlier), Galileo made a thermometer, using the expansion and contraction of air in a bulb to move water in an attached tube.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ His invention of the proportional compass or sectoran implement still used in geometrical drawingdates from 5597; and about the same time he constructed the first thermometer, consisting of a bull, and tube filled with air and water, and terminating in a vessel of water.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
A replica of the earliest surviving telescope attributed to Galileo Galilei, on display at the
Griffith Observatory.
.^ In 1609, Galileo was among the first to use a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars, planets or moons.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo’s telescope came along, nobody had ever thought to use the device to look at the stars.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo was first to use a telescope for astronomy.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Greek mathematician Giovanni Demisiani for one of Galileo Galilei’s instruments presented at a banquet at the Accademia dei Lincei”.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo's telescope was the first instrument given that name by an unidentified Greek poet/theologian, present at a banquet held in 1611 by Prince Federico Cesi to make Galileo a member of his Accademia dei Lincei [48] .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While in Rome he was also made a member of the Accademia dei Lincei .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[76] .^ In 1610, he used a telescope at close range to magnify the parts of insects [49] .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Linceans played a role again in naming the "microscope" a year later when fellow academy member Giovanni Faber coined the word for Galileo's invention from the Greek words μικρόν ( micron ) meaning "small", and σκοπεῖν ( skopein ) meaning "to look at".- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ With this improved device he could see magnified, upright images on the earth - it was what is now known as a terrestrial telescope, or spyglass.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[77] .^ By 1624 he had perfected [50] a compound microscope .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He gave one of these instruments to Cardinal Zollern in May of that year for presentation to the Duke of Bavaria, [51] and in September he sent another to Prince Cesi.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I n Venice in April or May , 1609 , Galileo heard of a cylindrical instrument, made by one Hans Lippershey of Middleburg ( Netherlands ), that made distant objects look to be closer.- *�* Wilson's Almanac free daily ezine | Book of Days | February 15| Jon Frum Vanuatu John Frum Jeremy Bentham panopticon, USS Maine, Galileo, Lupercalia ancient Rome peace demonstrations protest demo Iraq anti-war 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.wilsonsalmanac.com [Source type: General]
^ Greek mathematician Giovanni Demisiani for one of Galileo Galilei’s instruments presented at a banquet at the Accademia dei Lincei”.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
[80] The
Linceans played a role again in naming the "microscope" a year later when fellow academy member
Giovanni Faber coined the word for Galileo's invention from the Greek words
μικρόν (
micron) meaning "small," and
σκοπεῖν (
skopein) meaning "to look at." The word was meant to be analogous with "telescope."
[81][82] .^ Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo's microscopes, and published in 1625, appear to have been the first clear documentation of the use of a compound microscope.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This appears to be the first clearly documented use of the compound microscope.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1610, he used a telescope as a compound microscope, and he made improved microscopes in 1623 and after.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
[83]
.^ In 1612, having determined the orbital periods of Jupiter's satellites, Galileo proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of their orbits one could use their positions as a universal clock, and this would make possible the determination of longitude .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1612, having determined the orbital periods of Jupiter's satellites, Galileo proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of their orbits one could use their positions as a universal clock, and this would make possible the determination of longitude.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo continued to observe the satellites over the next eighteen months, and by mid 1611 he had obtained remarkably accurate estimates for their periods—a feat which Kepler had believed impossible.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He worked on this problem from time to time during the remainder of his life; but the practical problems were severe.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He worked on this problem from time to time during the rest of his life; but the practical problems were severe.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The method was first successfully applied by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1681 and was later used extensively for large land surveys; this method, for example, was used by Lewis and Clark .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ For sea navigation, where delicate telescopic observations were more difficult, the longitude problem eventually required development of a practical portable marine chronometer , such as that of John Harrison .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The method was first successfully applied by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1681 and was later used extensively for land surveys; for navigation, the first practical method was the chronometer of John Harrison.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Making the observation later with a fine telescope which would multiply the disc of the sun more than a thousandfold turned out to be pleasant and easy.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
[84] .^ In his last year, when totally blind, he designed an escapement mechanism for a pendulum clock.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In his last year, when totally blind, he designed an escapement mechanism for a pendulum clock, a vectorial model of which may be seen here .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Here’s a set of theories proposed over the last 2000+ years: a) Geocentric, no gravity, no mechanics [Ptolemy/Aristotle] b) Heliocentric, no gravity, no mechanics [Copernicus/Kepler] c) Heliocentric, gravity, Newtonian mechanics [Newton] d) Galaxies, relativity, quantum mechanics e) String theory?- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The first fully operational pendulum clock was made by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He created sketches of various inventions, such as a candle and mirror combination to reflect light throughout a building, an automatic tomato picker, a pocket comb that doubled as an eating utensil, and what appears to be a ballpoint pen.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galilei created sketches of various inventions, such as a candle and mirror combination to reflect light throughout a building, an automatic tomato picker, a pocket comb that doubled as an eating utensil, and what appears to be a ballpoint pen.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[citation needed]
Physics
Galileo e Viviani, 1892, Tito Lessi
.^ Galileo's theoretical and experimental work on the motions of bodies, along with the largely independent work of Kepler and René Descartes , was a precursor of the classical mechanics developed by Sir Isaac Newton .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo's theoretical and experimental work on the motions of bodies, along with the largely independent work of Kepler and René Descartes, was a precursor of the Classical mechanics developed by Sir Isaac Newton.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Sir Isaac Newton (82) .- Galileo Galilei Quotes - Dictionary of Science Quotations and Scientist Quotes 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.todayinsci.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ One of the most famous stories about Galileo is that he dropped balls of different masses from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their velocity of descent was independent of their mass (excluding the limited effect of air resistance).- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ A biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani stated that Galileo had dropped balls of the same material, but different masses , from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But then Galileo determined what that rate was by rolling balls down an inclined plane (not by dropping them off the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which is the legend).- Beginning of Modern Science & Modern Philosophy 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
[85] .^ This was contrary to what Aristotle had taught: that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones, in direct proportion to weight.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Aristotle had said, simply based on reason, that if one object is heavier than another, it will fall faster.- Beginning of Modern Science & Modern Philosophy 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ During one debate, in which Galileo maintained that ice floated because it was simply lighter than water, his opponent followed Aristotle in declaring that it was truly heavier, but could float if it didn’t “break” the water’s surface.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
[86] .^ Galileo’s problem: he had no such proof.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ While this story has been retold in popular accounts, it is generally accepted by historians that there is no account by Galileo himself of such an experiment, and that it was at most a thought experiment which did not actually take place.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But actually there is no state of rest.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
[87]
.^ A number of scholars [61] prior to Galileo wrote -- or showed by experiment -- that in a vacuum, bodies which are composed of the same substance but which have different masses, fall through equal distances in equal times: Lucretius (ca.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo's Principle of Inertia stated: "A body moving on a level surface will continue in the same direction at constant speed unless disturbed."- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In fact, I would regard him as having not existed, and that he won’t matter, and that this entire deal is nonsense, and I would not even bother to participate in this discussion at all.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
But this had previously been proposed by
Lucretius[88] and
Simon Stevin.
[89] Salviati also held it could be experimentally demonstrated by the comparison of pendulum motions in air with bobs of lead and of cork which had different weight but which were otherwise similar.
.^ The experiments on falling bodies (actually rolling balls) were replicated using the methods described by Galileo (Settle, 1961), and the precision of the results was consistent with Galileo's report.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ A number of scholars [61] prior to Galileo wrote -- or showed by experiment -- that in a vacuum, bodies which are composed of the same substance but which have different masses, fall through equal distances in equal times: Lucretius (ca.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, Galileo did perform experiments which proved the same thing by rolling balls down inclined planes : [60] falling or rolling objects (rolling is a slower version of falling, as long as the distribution of mass in the objects is the same) are accelerated independently of their mass.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[90] .^ He determined the correct mathematical law for acceleration: the total distance covered, starting from rest, is proportional to the square of the time.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo arrived at the correct mathematical law for uniform acceleration: the total distance covered, starting from rest, is proportional to the square of the time ( ), already discovered by Domingo de Soto in the 16th century.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[91] However, in neither case were these discoveries entirely original.
.^ Galileo arrived at the correct mathematical law for uniform acceleration: the total distance covered, starting from rest, is proportional to the square of the time ( ), already discovered by Domingo de Soto in the 16th century.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A number of scholars [61] prior to Galileo wrote -- or showed by experiment -- that in a vacuum, bodies which are composed of the same substance but which have different masses, fall through equal distances in equal times: Lucretius (ca.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At the time when Viviani asserts that the experiment took place, Galileo had not yet formulated the final version of his law of free fall.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[93] .^ He expressed this law using geometrical constructions and mathematically-precise words, adhering to the standards of the day.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo Galilei pioneered the use of quantitative experiments whose results could be analyzed with mathematical precision (More typical of science at the time were the qualitative studies of William Gilbert , on magnetism and electricity).- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Between 1595–1598, Galileo devised and improved a Geometric and Military Compass suitable for use by gunners and surveyors .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ (It remained for others to re-express the law in algebraic terms).- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He also concluded that objects retain their velocity unless a force —often friction —acts upon them, refuting the generally accepted Aristotelian hypothesis that objects "naturally" slow down and stop unless a force acts upon them (philosophical ideas relating to inertia had been proposed by Ibn al-Haytham centuries earlier, as had Jean Buridan , and according to Joseph Needham , Mo Tzu had proposed it centuries before either of them, but this was the first time that it had been mathematically expressed, verified experimentally, and introduced the idea of frictional force , the key breakthrough in validating inertia).- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Taken over the centuries, scientific ideas have exerted a force on our civilization fully as great as the more tangible practical applications of scientific research.- Science Quotes 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.lhup.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ On the first day, Galileo speaks against the Aristotelian physics which had been accepted up to his time.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Galileo's Principle of Inertia stated: "A body moving on a level surface will continue in the same direction at constant speed unless disturbed."- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo also put forward the basic principle of relativity , that the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line, regardless of its particular speed or direction.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ So that if the author’s reply Is to have any bearing upon Kepler’s argument, this author will have to believe that it is all the same to the motive principle whether a very tiny or an immense body is moved for the same time, the increase of velocity being a direct consequence of the increase in size.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ This principle was incorporated into Newton's laws of motion (1st law).- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This principle was incorporated into Newton's laws of motion (first law).- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The interdependence of motion and force was not indeed formulated into definite laws by Galileo, but his writings on dynamics are everywhere suggestive of those laws, and his solutions of dynamical problems involve their recognition.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
Galileo conducted several experiments with
pendulums.
.^ The story goes that he came to this conclusion by watching the swings of the bronze chandelier in the cathedral of Pisa, using his pulse to time it.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1581, while watching a lamp set swinging in the cathedral of Pisa, he observed that, whatever the range of its oscillations, they were invariably executed in equal times.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Dome of the cathedral of Pisa with the "lamp of Galileo" Galileo also noted that a pendulum 's swings always take the same amount of time, independently of the amplitude .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The experiments reported in Two New Sciences to determine the law of acceleration of falling bodies, for instance, required accurate measurements of time, which appeared to be impossible with the technology of 1600.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he dedicated his time to one of his finest works, Two New Sciences .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Galileo claimed that a simple pendulum is
isochronous, i.e. that its swings always take the same amount of time, independently of the
amplitude.
.^ They supported the sciences, in fact during a large portion of the 2000 years, were the only Christian support of the sciences.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
Galileo also found that the square of the period varies directly with the length of the pendulum.
.^ In his 1632 Dialogue Galileo presented a physical theory to account for tides , based on the motion of the Earth.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
(See
Technology above.)
.^ In the early 1600s, Galileo and an assistant tried to measure the speed of light.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1638 Galileo described an experimental method to measure the speed of light by arranging that two observers, each having lanterns equipped with shutters, observe each other's lanterns at some distance.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The experiments on falling bodies (actually rolling balls) were replicated using the methods described by Galileo (Settle, 1961), and the precision of the results was consistent with Galileo's report.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
The first observer opens the shutter of his lamp, and, the second, upon seeing the light, immediately opens the shutter of his own lantern.
.^ Why, it seems to me that having to travel 10 yards of breadth takes ten times as long as to pass I yard.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
^ See how important it is to know how to take time by the forelock!- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Indeed, I now see that here In the fifth objection, which follows, there is set forth the great disparity between the earth and the heavenly bodies.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Galileo reported that when he tried this at a distance of less than a mile, he was unable to determine whether or not the light appeared instantaneously.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo was the first to report lunar mountains and craters , whose existence he deduced from the patterns of light and shadow on the Moon's surface.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hence the moon itself is illuminated less brightly from the earth, and as a result its secondary light appears fainter to us.- Galileo Galilei Quotes - Dictionary of Science Quotations and Scientist Quotes 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.todayinsci.com [Source type: Original source]
[95] .^ Sometime between Galileo's death and 1667, the members of the Florentine Accademia del Cimento repeated the experiment over a distance of about a mile and obtained a similarly inconclusive result.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo received, as the result of a conference between Cardinals Bellarmin and Del Monte, a semi-official warning to avoid theology, and limit himself to physical reasoning.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At a distance of less than a mile, Galileo could detect no delay in the round-trip time greater than when he and the assistant were only a few yards apart.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
[96]
.^ Galileo is lesser known for, yet still credited with, being one of the first to understand sound frequency.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ First Science Online Newsletter) Inventor, Astronomer, and Rebel Galileo Galilei was one of the world's greatest scientist.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
^ The other side of a great life Though it does not advance any particular historical hypothesis, "Galileo" does tell the life story of one of history's best-known figures.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
By scraping a chisel at different speeds, he linked the pitch of the sound produced to the spacing of the chisel's skips, a measure of frequency.
.^ Galileo's Principle of Inertia stated: "A body moving on a level surface will continue in the same direction at constant speed unless disturbed."- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo also put forward the basic principle of relativity , that the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line, regardless of its particular speed or direction.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ SALV. Surely you cannot make more than three straight lines meet in the same point and form right angles with each other!- Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 16 September 2009 23:21 UTC www.law.umkc.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Hence, there is no absolute motion or absolute rest.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But actually there is no state of rest.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Despite much thinking about it, I have not been able to find any difference, so it seems to me I have found that there can be no difference; hence I think it vain to seek one further.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ This principle was incorporated into Newton's laws of motion (first law).- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This principle provided the basic framework for Newton's laws of motion and is central to Einstein's special theory of relativity .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This principle was incorporated into Newton's laws of motion (1st law).- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
Mathematics
.^ While Galileo's application of mathematics to experimental physics was innovative, his mathematical methods were the standard ones of the day.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Experimental science In the pantheon of the scientific revolution, Galileo takes a high position because of his pioneering use of quantitative experiments with results analyzed mathematically.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Drawing on his diverse studies in philosophy, mathematics, mechanics, music, astronomy, and engineering, Galileo developed revolutionary theories that thoroughly changed the disciplines of physics, mathematics, astronomy, and technology.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
.^ The analysis and proofs relied heavily on the Eudoxian theory of proportion, as set forth in the fifth book of Euclid's Elements .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Indeed, I now see that here In the fifth objection, which follows, there is set forth the great disparity between the earth and the heavenly bodies.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ This theory had become available only a century before, thanks to accurate translations by Tartaglia and others; but by the end of Galileo's life it was being superseded by the algebraic methods of Descartes .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Even Galileo was celebrated by the church only a few years before he got in trouble.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The other side of a great life Though it does not advance any particular historical hypothesis, "Galileo" does tell the life story of one of history's best-known figures.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
.^ Galileo produced one piece of original and even prophetic work in mathematics: Galileo's paradox , which shows that there are as many perfect squares as there are whole numbers, even though most numbers are not perfect squares.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo and his contemporaries were aware of this inadequacy because there are two daily high tides at Venice instead of one, about twelve hours apart.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But finding no event whatever like ours, of the many that would be required to produce similar effects, there is no point in troubling to introduce one only, and even that one not from sure observation but because of mere possibility.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Such seeming contradictions were brought under control 250 years later in the work of Georg Cantor .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It only requires one to accept (and protect) the kind of axiomatic supernaturalism that seemed so obvious 250 years ago.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He fell quite silent for a long time, then many years later published System of the World, which in April, 1633 brought him before the Inquisition again.- *�* Wilson's Almanac free daily ezine | Book of Days | February 15| Jon Frum Vanuatu John Frum Jeremy Bentham panopticon, USS Maine, Galileo, Lupercalia ancient Rome peace demonstrations protest demo Iraq anti-war 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.wilsonsalmanac.com [Source type: General]
[citation needed]
Church controversy
Main article:
Galileo affair
Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting
Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition
Biblical references
Psalm 93:1, Psalm 96:10, and
1 Chronicles 16:30 include text (depending on the translation) stating that "the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved." In the same manner,
Psalm 104:5 says, "the LORD set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved." Further,
Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that "And the sun rises and sets and returns to its place" etc.
[97].^ Galileo defended heliocentrism , and claimed it was not contrary to those Scripture passages.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Before that declaration, in addition to advocating heliocentrism, Galileo had also argued that scripture should not be used to question matters of science (apparently this had never come up before).- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He took Augustine's position on Scripture: not to take every passage literally, particularly when the scripture in question is a book of poetry and songs, not a book of instructions or history.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world, and from that vantage point the sun does rise and set.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Further, Ecclesiastes 1:5 states that "And the sun rises and sets and returns to its place, etc."- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Now if it is true that the center of the universe is that point around which all the orbs and world bodies (that is, the planets) move, it is quite certain that not the earth, but the sun, is to be found at the center of the universe.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ By 1616 the attacks on Galileo had reached a head, and he went to Rome to try to persuade the Church authorities not to ban his ideas.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Although he tried to remain loyal to the Catholic Church, his adherence to experimental results, and their most honest interpretation, led to a rejection of blind allegiance to authority, both philosophical and religious, in matters of science.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Sun moved around the Earth?- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In the end, Cardinal Bellarmine , acting on directives from the Inquisition, delivered him an order not to "hold or defend" the idea that the Earth moves and the Sun stands still at the centre.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At Galileo’s request, Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, a Jesuit—one of the most important Catholic theologians of the day—issued a certificate that, although it forbade Galileo to hold or defend the heliocentric theory, did not prevent him from conjecturing it.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The decree did not prevent Galileo from discussing heliocentrism hypothetically.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Was it the Galileo/Science side, or the Jesuit/Church side?- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo had been ordered by the Church that he could not discuss the Copernican theoryexcept as a Hypothesis.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
For the next several years Galileo stayed well away from the controversy.
.^ In 1630, he returned to Rome to apply for a license to print the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems , published in Florence in 1632.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When Pope Urban VIII became the Pope Galileo was greatly encouraged, because as Cardinal Maffeo Barberini prior to being elected Pope Urban VIII, he had been a great admirer of Galileo.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
^ Despite opposition of the Catholic Church, Galileo publishes Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
.^ This book places Galileo in the context of his time and place -- and showing how he influenced his era (and eras after) -- and it also leaves you wanting a more traditional biography that tells you more about what Galileo did.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
^ He worked on this problem from time to time during the remainder of his life; but the practical problems were severe.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He worked on this problem from time to time during the rest of his life; but the practical problems were severe.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ These decisions were not in place when Galileo began considering and writing on the question but rather were a consequence of him (and others) doing so.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo seems, at an early period of his life, to have adopted the Copernican theory of the solar system, and was deterred from avowing his opinions-as is proved by his letter to Kepler of August 4, 1597by the fear of ridicule rather than of persecution.- Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.italylink.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ In fact it was Urban VIII who told Galileo he was fine – gave him gifts etc – unless he presented his ideas as fact rather than scientific hypothesis.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When Galileo met with the new pope, Urban VIII, in 1623, he received permission from his longtime friend to write a work on heliocentrism, but the new pontiff cautioned him not to advocate the new position, only to present arguments for and against it.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Alas, enemies convinced the Pope that he was being made a fool of – depicted as the character Simplicius in the book – and then Galileo really did come into conflict with the Church.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He might have escaped the censure of the church, but he "was of an ardent disposition", so when he was assailed from the pulpit he brought out a pamphlet defending his views.- *�* Wilson's Almanac free daily ezine | Book of Days | February 15| Jon Frum Vanuatu John Frum Jeremy Bentham panopticon, USS Maine, Galileo, Lupercalia ancient Rome peace demonstrations protest demo Iraq anti-war 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.wilsonsalmanac.com [Source type: General]
.^ Alas, enemies convinced the Pope that he was being made a fool of – depicted as the character Simplicius in the book – and then Galileo really did come into conflict with the Church.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This book places Galileo in the context of his time and place -- and showing how he influenced his era (and eras after) -- and it also leaves you wanting a more traditional biography that tells you more about what Galileo did.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
^ And did indeed allow Galileo to print his views – because the book was published with the blessings of the Pope himself.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Pope Urban VIII personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in the book, and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ They had to do with his publication of a book called "Dialog on the Two Chief World Systems," in which he was judged to have violated the pope's order to give a fair account of both the heliocentric (Sun-centered) and geocentric (Earth-centered) systems, a concept he personally submitted to the pope before going ahead with the project.- Galileo's telescope reaches 400th anniversary | Technology | guardian.co.uk 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]
^ Galileo went to Rome to defend himself against these accusations, but, in 1616, Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino personally handed Galileo an admonition enjoining him neither to advocate nor teach Copernican astronomy.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He made another request, that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo's book.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But I also made the point that when Galileo starting questioning geocentrism the Church had made no official declarations on the matter.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
^ And did indeed allow Galileo to print his views – because the book was published with the blessings of the Pope himself.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Only the latter of those requests was fulfilled by Galileo.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Whether unknowingly or deliberate, Simplicius, the defender of the Aristotelian Geocentric view in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems , was often caught in his own errors and sometimes came across as a fool.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems thus changed History.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
^ This fact made Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems appear as an advocacy book; an attack on Aristotelian geocentrism and defense of the Copernican theory.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Indeed, although Galileo states in the preface of his book that the character is named after a famous Aristotelian philosopher (
Simplicius in Latin, Simplicio in Italian), the name "Simplicio" in Italian also has the connotation of "simpleton."
[99] This portrayal of Simplicio made
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems appear as an advocacy book: an attack on Aristotelian geocentrism and defence of the Copernican theory.
.^ To add insult to injury, Galileo put the words of Pope Urban VIII into the mouth of Simplicius.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo predeceased Urban VIII .- The Galileo affair: history or heroic hagiography? 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC www.answersingenesis.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The offended scientists suggested to Pope Urban VIII that Galileo was putting the Pope's words into the mouth of the fool, Simplicius.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
.^ Most historians agree Galileo did not act out of malice and felt blindsided by the reaction to his book.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While this story has been retold in popular accounts, it is generally accepted by historians that there is no account by Galileo himself of such an experiment, and that it was at most a thought experiment which did not actually take place.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This book is profound to the extension that as a daughter, I could see the father and daughter relationship, and how that relationship has effected Galileo Ibecome one of the most extolled scientists in the world.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
[100] .^ However, the Pope did not take the suspected public ridicule lightly, nor the blatant bias.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Galileo had alienated one of his biggest and most powerful supporters, the Pope, and was called to Rome to defend his writings.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At Galileo’s request, Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, a Jesuit—one of the most important Catholic theologians of the day—issued a certificate that, although it forbade Galileo to hold or defend the heliocentric theory, did not prevent him from conjecturing it.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He also alienated his long-time supporters, the Jesuits, with attacks on one of their astronomers.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
With the loss of many of his defenders in Rome because of Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Galileo was ordered to stand trial on suspicion of heresy in 1633. The sentence of the Inquisition was in three essential parts:
.^ Earth was the centre of the Universe.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ If the earth stands still, the sun and the fixed stars necessarily move, and it may also be that the sun and the fixed stars are motionless if the earth is moving.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Declare that the Earth did not move around the Sun.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Galileo was required to abjure the opinion that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, and that the Earth is not at its centre and moves; the idea that the Sun is stationary was condemned as "formally heretical."- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[101]
.^ Imprisoned – meaning house arrest.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He was ordered imprisoned; the sentence was later commuted to house arrest.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ His sentence was imprisonment but commuted to house arrest.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
[102]
According to popular legend, after recanting his theory that the Earth moved around the Sun, Galileo allegedly muttered the rebellious phrase
And yet it moves, but there is no evidence that he actually said this or anything similar. The first account of the legend dates to a century after his death.
[103].^ He was under mild house arrest.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo is allowed to serve his term under house-arrest in the home of the archbishop of Siena.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ After a period with the friendly Ascanio Piccolomini (the Archbishop of Siena ), Galileo was allowed to return to his villa at Arcetri near Florence, where he spent the remainder of his life under house arrest, and where he later became blind.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he dedicated his time to one of his finest works, Two New Sciences .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He was under mild house arrest.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo and his contemporaries were aware of this inadequacy because there are two daily high tides at Venice instead of one, about twelve hours apart.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Here he summarized work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Here is one link to material documenting how the Jesuits followed his work, supported his work, even gave him a hugely valuable telescope.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Prior to Einstein’s work, here was Lord Kelvin in 1900 : “In 1900, Lord Kelvin famously stated, “There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ This book has received high praise from both Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[104] .^ As a result of this work, Galileo is often called, the "father of modern physics."- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ That is, David calls Galileo’s statements about the movement of physical objects “ attempt[ing] to cross science and religion “.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Galileo showed a remarkably modern appreciation for the proper relationship between mathematics, theoretical physics, and experimental physics.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Galileo died on January 8 , 1642 .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When he visited in 1640, he was age 30, and Galileo was age 77 and nearly blind.- Galileo Galilei Quotes - Dictionary of Science Quotations and Scientist Quotes 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.todayinsci.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II , wished to bury him in the main body of the Basilica of Santa Croce , next to the tombs of his father and other ancestors, and to erect a marble mausoleum in his honour.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been erected there in his honour.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He was instead buried in a small room next to the novices' chapel at the end of a corridor from the southern transept of the basilica to the sacristy.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[105] These plans were scrapped, however, after Pope Urban VIII and his nephew, Cardinal Francesco Barberini, protested,
[106] because Galileo was condemned by the Catholic church for "vehement suspicion of heresy."
[107] He was instead buried in a small room next to the novices' chapel at the end of a corridor from the southern transept of the basilica to the sacristy.
[108] He was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been erected there in his honour.
[109]
.^ The Inquisition's ban on reprinting Galileo's works was lifted in 1718 when permission was granted to publish an edition of his works (excluding the condemned Dialogue ) in Florence.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1741 Pope Benedict XIV authorized the publication of an edition of Galileo's complete scientific works [83] which included a mildly censored version of the Dialogue .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1630, he returned to Rome to apply for a license to print the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems , published in Florence in 1632.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[110] .^ In 1741 Pope Benedict XIV authorized the publication of an edition of Galileo's complete scientific works [83] which included a mildly censored version of the Dialogue .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Both Popes were patrons of the arts and sciences, including the work of Galileo.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Summer 1632 – Distribution of Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is stopped by Pope Urban VIII. The Pope authorizes a special commission to examine the book.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
[112] .^ The uncensored version of the Dialogue remained on the Index of prohibited books, however (Heilbron 2005, p.279) .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1758 the general prohibition against works advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index of prohibited books , although the specific ban on uncensored versions of the Dialogue and Copernicus's De Revolutionibus remained.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1615 he went to Rome to argue on behalf of the merits of the Copernican theory, but the political atmosphere was such that Copernicus’ De Revolutionibus was placed on the Index of Prohibited Books in 1616, and his theory declared "foolish and absurd philosophically and formally heretical inasmuch as it expressly contradicts the doctrines of the holy scripture."- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
[113] .^ All of these were Church priests.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ All traces of official opposition to heliocentrism by the Church disappeared in 1835 when these works were finally dropped from the Index.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Church had Galileo’s works on its Index of Condemned Books through 1835, well into the modern period.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
[114]
.^ In 1939 Pope Pius XII , in his first speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, within a few months of his election to the papacy, described Galileo as being among the "most audacious heroes of research … not afraid of the stumbling blocks and the risks on the way, nor fearful of the funereal monuments" [87] His close advisor of 40 years, Professor Robert Leiber wrote: "Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors (to science) prematurely.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Everyday people could read his work, which made Galileo one of the first science communicators of the age, and this loss of control of the masses frightened the Catholic church nearly as much as the knowledge contained within his work.- Galileo's telescope reaches 400th anniversary | Technology | guardian.co.uk 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]
^ There is no doubt that, imitating Venus as it does, the most appropriate place for it will be a smaller circle, within this one of Venus and also described about the sun.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
not afraid of the stumbling blocks and the risks on the way, nor fearful of the funereal monuments"
[115] .^ In 1939 Pope Pius XII , in his first speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, within a few months of his election to the papacy, described Galileo as being among the "most audacious heroes of research … not afraid of the stumbling blocks and the risks on the way, nor fearful of the funereal monuments" [87] His close advisor of 40 years, Professor Robert Leiber wrote: "Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors (to science) prematurely.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But they are always very careful to separate science and religion.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He was energetic on this point and regretted that in the case of Galileo."- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[116]
On 15 February 1990, in a speech delivered at the
Sapienza University of Rome,
[117] Cardinal Ratzinger (later to become
Pope Benedict XVI) cited some current views on the Galileo affair as forming what he called "a symptomatic case that permits us to see how deep the self-doubt of the modern age, of science and technology goes today."
[118] Some of the views he cited were those of the philosopher
Paul Feyerabend, whom he quoted as saying “The Church at the time of Galileo kept much more closely to reason than did Galileo himself, and she took into consideration the ethical and social consequences of Galileo's teaching too.
.^ Let’s just agree to disagree.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Her verdict against Galileo was rational and just and the revision of this verdict can be justified only on the grounds of what is politically opportune.” [91] The Cardinal did not clearly indicate whether he agreed or disagreed with Feyerabend's assertions.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Whatever the message underlying, and whether the reader agrees with it or not, Galileo is first and foremost a decent piece of drama.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
.^ He did, however, say "It would be foolish to construct an impulsive apologetic on the basis of such views".- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[118].^ How monolithic was the Catholic church in Galileo’s time?- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On 31 October 1992 , Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not stationary, as the result of a study conducted by the Pontifical Council for Culture .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ [Catholic Church's decision against Galileo Galilei] .- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
[119][120] In March 2008 the Vatican proposed to complete its rehabilitation of Galileo by erecting a statue of him inside the Vatican walls.
[121] .^ Galileo was first to use a telescope for astronomy.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Portrait in crayon by Leoni A replica of the earliest surviving telescope attributed to Galileo Galilei, on display at the Griffith Observatory Galileo made a number of contributions to what is now known as technology , as distinct from pure physics, and suggested others.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1741 Pope Benedict XIV authorized the publication of an edition of Galileo's complete scientific works [83] which included a mildly censored version of the Dialogue .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[122]
His writings
Statue outside the
Uffizi, Florence.
.^ In 1741 Pope Benedict XIV authorized the publication of an edition of Galileo's complete scientific works [83] which included a mildly censored version of the Dialogue .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Between 1595–1598, Galileo devised and improved a Geometric and Military Compass suitable for use by gunners and surveyors .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ About 1593 , Galileo constructed a thermometer , using the expansion and contraction of air in a bulb to move water in an attached tube.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[124]
His early works in dynamics, the science of motion and mechanics were his 1590 Pisan
De Motu (On Motion) and his
circa 1600 Paduan
Le Meccaniche (Mechanics).
.^ This was contrary to what Aristotle had taught: that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones, in direct proportion to weight.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He had, however, formulated an earlier version which predicted that bodies of the same material falling through the same medium would fall at the same speed (Drake, 1978, p.20) .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
It also subscribed to the Hipparchan-Philoponan
impetus dynamics in which impetus is self-dissipating and free-fall in a vacuum would have an essential terminal speed according to specific weight after an initial period of acceleration.
.^ He published Sidereus Nuncius in March 1610″ .- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He published his initial telescopic astronomical observations in March 1610 in a short treatise entitled Sidereus Nuncius ( Starry Messenger ).- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Galileo published a full description in Sidereus Nuncius in March 1610 The phases of Venus, observed by Galileo in 1610 Based only on uncertain descriptions of the telescope, invented in the Netherlands in 1608, Galileo, in that same year, made a telescope with about 3x magnification, and later made others with up to about 32x magnification.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
It reported his discoveries of:
- the Galilean moons;
- the roughness of the Moon's surface;
- the existence of a large number of stars invisible to the naked eye, particularly those responsible for the appearance of the Milky Way; and
- differences between the appearances of the planets and those of the fixed stars—the former appearing as small discs, while the latter appeared as unmagnified points of light.
.^ Galileo said the sunspots were on the Sun itself and Scheiner was soundly defeated in the debate.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Galileo published a full description in Sidereus Nuncius in March 1610 The phases of Venus, observed by Galileo in 1610 Based only on uncertain descriptions of the telescope, invented in the Netherlands in 1608, Galileo, in that same year, made a telescope with about 3x magnification, and later made others with up to about 32x magnification.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Making the observation later with a fine telescope which would multiply the disc of the sun more than a thousandfold turned out to be pleasant and easy.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Yes some Jesuits were given telescopes and confirmed Galileo’s findings but many more were hostile and some even refused to look through the telescope to see if Galileo was right.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ As is well-known, Copernicus didn’t publish until he was on his death-bed, thus depriving the Holy Roman Catholic Church of its “right” to terrorize him.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Cardinal Bellarmine had written in 1615 that the Copernican system could not be defended without "a true physical demonstration that the sun does not circle the earth but the earth circles the sun".- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ And did indeed allow Galileo to print his views – because the book was published with the blessings of the Pope himself.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
[126] .^ Galileo circulated his first account of the tides in 1616, addressed to Cardinal Orsini.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ February 26, 1616 – Cardinal Bellarmine warns Galileo not to hold, teach, or defend Copernican theory.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At Galileo’s request, Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, a Jesuit—one of the most important Catholic theologians of the day—issued a certificate that, although it forbade Galileo to hold or defend the heliocentric theory, did not prevent him from conjecturing it.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
[127] .^ Grassi's arguments and conclusions were criticised in a subsequent article, Discourse on the Comets , [27] published under the name of one of Galileo's disciples, a Florentine lawyer named Mario Guiducci , although it had been largely written by Galileo himself.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Scheiner, who MrPete has quoted as a Church scientist to rival Galileo, argued against him about sunspots.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Kepler, a protestant supported by Catholic Jesuits, published his heliocentric theories before Galileo was under fire.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
[128]
.^ Because The Assayer contains such a wealth of Galileo's ideas on how Science should be practised, it has been referred to as his scientific manifesto.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ During 1621 and 1622 Galileo wrote his first book, The Assayer ( Il Saggiatore ), which was approved and published in 1623.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In fact it was Urban VIII who told Galileo he was fine – gave him gifts etc – unless he presented his ideas as fact rather than scientific hypothesis.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The charge against him was that rather than being even-handed, the book was clear support of Copernicanism.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
[129] .^ In 1630, he returned to Rome to apply for a license to print the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems , published in Florence in 1632.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ February 1632 – Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems is printed.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Despite opposition of the Catholic Church, Galileo publishes Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
.^ Statue outside the Uffizi , Florence The Little Balance (1586) The Starry Messenger (1610; in Latin , Sidereus Nuncius ) Letters on Sunspots (1613) Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615; published in 1636) Discourse on the Tides (1616; in Italian, Discorso del flusso e reflusso del mare ) Discourse on the Comets (1619; in Italian, Discorso Delle Comete ) The Assayer (1623; in Italian, Il Saggiatore ) Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632; in Italian Dialogo dei due massimi sistemi del mondo ) Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences (1638; in Italian , Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze ) [ edit ] Legacy .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Thus, a limited amount of mathematics had long related music and physical science, and young Galileo could see his own father's observations expand on that tradition.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Editorial Review Book Description Galileo’s Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems , published in Florence in 1632, was the most proximate cause of his being brought to trial before the Inquisition.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
Legacy
.^ He named them and in turn the four are called the Galilean moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto).- *�* Wilson's Almanac free daily ezine | Book of Days | February 15| Jon Frum Vanuatu John Frum Jeremy Bentham panopticon, USS Maine, Galileo, Lupercalia ancient Rome peace demonstrations protest demo Iraq anti-war 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.wilsonsalmanac.com [Source type: General]
^ Where in most songs are about Jupiter and its 4 Galilean moons, specifically Europa .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The four large moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo ( Io , Europa , Ganymede and Callisto ) are often referred to as the 'Galilean moons'.- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The other side of a great life Though it does not advance any particular historical hypothesis, "Galileo" does tell the life story of one of history's best-known figures.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
^ In 1632 Galileo publishedthis great book in which he debated the two systems between three protagonists.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
^ I learned about theories that influenced Galileo's ideas and his opinion toward Copernicus's theory which stated that the all of the planets, including the earth, revolved around the sun.- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
.^ Please check this classic paper from Stillman Drake Galileo first telescopes at Padua and Venice first published in "Isis", vol.50 (1959), 245-254.- Galileo's telescope reaches 400th anniversary | Technology | guardian.co.uk 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]
^ He published his initial telescopic astronomical observations in March 1610 in a short treatise entitled Sidereus Nuncius ( Starry Messenger ).- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It was on this page that Galileo first noted an observation of the moons of Jupiter .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[132] A global scheme laid out by the
International Astronomical Union (IAU), it has also been endorsed by
UNESCO — the
UN body responsible for Educational, Scientific and Cultural matters.
.^ A chicken passeth by Says: August 28, 2009 at 10:39 am The Church only supports the science that matches the bible, or proves that God exists.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Only to explain that the general belief in a geocentric solar system was based on Aristotlean writings and Ptolemeic astronomy and was the generally accepted science when the Church was first formed.- Galileo's telescope reaches 400th anniversary | Technology | guardian.co.uk 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]
^ They supported the sciences, in fact during a large portion of the 2000 years, were the only Christian support of the sciences.- Rational thoughts from a religious skeptic — Galileo Galilei « the BEattitude 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC thebeattitude.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Galileo Galilei, his life and his works .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There is a play called Life of Galileo by the German dramatist Bertolt Brecht .- Transwiki:Galileo Galilei - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC en.wikibooks.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Bertolt Brecht's "the Life of Galileo" is perhaps one of his best known plays which came to define the Epic Drama genre of the 20th century.Written in America after Brecht fled the Nazi uprising in Germany, "the Life of Galileo" takes a bold stance about science and scientific discovery in a time when Atomic Theory and the development of an Atomic Bomb were making people consider what may happen when something good (atomic energy) are made into something bad (atomic bombs).- Geometry.Net - Scientists Books: Galileo Galilei 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.geometry.net [Source type: General]
[134]
.^ Close Galileo's telescope reaches 400th anniversary .- Galileo's telescope reaches 400th anniversary | Technology | guardian.co.uk 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]
^ Galileo's telescope reaches 400th anniversary .- Galileo's telescope reaches 400th anniversary | Technology | guardian.co.uk 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]
^ Galileo was first to use a telescope for astronomy.- Our Galileo, Will we do better this time? « the Air Vent 13 January 2010 19:019 UTC noconsensus.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]
The obverse shows a portion of his portrait and his telescope.
.^ He soon made one that could magnify 30 times and commenced observations of the moon, which he discovered to have an irregular surface, like that of the earth.- *�* Wilson's Almanac free daily ezine | Book of Days | February 15| Jon Frum Vanuatu John Frum Jeremy Bentham panopticon, USS Maine, Galileo, Lupercalia ancient Rome peace demonstrations protest demo Iraq anti-war 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.wilsonsalmanac.com [Source type: General]
^ First we shall mark these two points, A and B, and draw from one to the other the curved lines ACB and ADE, and the straight line P3.- Galileo Galilei | Calendars 27 January 2010 23:55 UTC www.webexhibits.org [Source type: Original source]
In the silver ring other telescopes are depicted: the
Isaac Newton Telescope, the observatory in
Kremsmünster Abbey, a modern telescope, a
radio telescope and a
space telescope. In 2009, the
Galileoscope was also released. This is a mass produced low-cost educational 2-inch telescope with relatively high quality.
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F.. "Galileo Galilei". The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews, Scotland. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo.html. Retrieved 2007-07-24.
- ^ F. Vinci, Ostilio Ricci da Fermo, Maestro di Galileo Galilei, Fermo, 1929.
- ^ http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu.id.php?id=134975
- ^ Drake (1978, p.1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout the whole of Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar.
- ^
"Galileo Galilei" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. by John Gerard. Retrieved 11 August 2007
- ^ Singer, Charles (1941), A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century, Clarendon Press, http://www.google.com.au/books?id=mPIgAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 (page 217)
- ^ a b Weidhorn, Manfred (2005). The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History. iUniverse. pp. 155. ISBN 0-595-36877-8.
- ^ Finocchiaro (2007).
- ^ "Galileo and the Birth of Modern Science, by Stephen Hawking, American Heritage's Invention & Technology, Spring 2009, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 36
- ^ Sharratt (1994, pp.127–131), McMullin (2005a).
- ^ Reston (2000, pp. 3–14).
- ^ Sharratt (1994, pp. 45–66).
- ^ Rutkin, H. Darrel. "Galileo, Astrology, and the Scientific Revolution: Another Look". Program in History & Philosophy of Science & Technology, Stanford University. http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPST/colloquia0405.html. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
- ^ Sharratt (1994, pp.17, 213)
- ^ Sobel (2000, p.5) Chapter 1. Retrieved on 26 August 2007. "But because he never married Virginia's mother, he deemed the girl herself unmarriageable. Soon after her thirteenth birthday, he placed her at the Convent of San Matteo in Arcetri."
- ^ Pedersen, O. (24 May–27, 1984). "Galileo's Religion". Proceedings of the Cracow Conference, The Galileo affair: A meeting of faith and science. Cracow: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co.. pp. 75–102. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985gamf.conf...75P. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ Gebler (1879, pp. 22–35).
- ^ Anonymous (2007). "History". Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. http://www.lincei.it/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=21. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
- ^ There are contradictory documents describing the nature of this admonition and the circumstances of its delivery. Finocchiaro, The Galileo Affair, pp.147–149, 153
- ^ Carney, Jo Eldridge (2000). Renaissance and Reformation, 1500-1620: a. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-30574-9.
- ^ Allan-Olney (1870)
- ^ Sharratt (1994, pp.204–05)
- ^ Cohen, H. F. (1984). Quantifying Music: The Science of Music at. Springer. pp. 78–84. ISBN 90-277-1637-4.
- ^ Field, Judith Veronica (2005). Piero Della Francesca: A Mathematician's Art. Yale University Press. pp. 317–320. ISBN 0-300-10342-5.
- ^ In Drake (1957, pp.237−238)
- ^ Wallace, (1984).
- ^ Sharratt (1994, pp.202–04), Galilei (1954, pp.250–52), Favaro (1898, 8:274–75) (Italian)
- ^ Sharratt (1994, pp.202–04), Galilei (1954, pp.252), Favaro (1898, 8:275) (Italian)
- ^ Hawking (1988, p.179).
- ^ Einstein (1954, p.271). "Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality. Because Galileo realised this, and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world, he is the father of modern physics—indeed, of modern science altogether."
- ^ Drake (1990, pp.133–34).
- ^ Sharratt (1994, pp.1–2)
- ^ i.e., invisible to the naked eye.
- ^ Drake (1978, p.146).
- ^ In Sidereus Nuncius (Favaro,1892, 3:81(Latin)) Galileo stated that he had reached this conclusion on 11 January. Drake (1978, p.152), however, after studying unpublished manuscript records of Galileo's observations, concluded that he did not do so until 15 January.
- ^ Sharratt (1994, p.17).
- ^ Linton (2004, pp.98,205), Drake (1978, p.157).
- ^ Drake (1978, p.158–68), Sharratt (1994, pp.18–19).
- ^ God's Philosophers ju James Hannam Orion 2009 p313
- ^ Drake (1978, p.168), Sharratt (1994, p.93).
- ^ Thoren (1989), p.8; Hoskin (1999) p.117.
- ^ In the Capellan model only Mercury and Venus orbit the Sun, whilst in its extended version such as expounded by Riccioli, Mars also orbits the Sun, but the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn are centred on the Earth
- ^ Baalke, Ron. Historical Background of Saturn's Rings. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, NASA. Retrieved on 2007-03-11
- ^ In Kepler's Thomist 'inertial' variant of Aristotelian dynamics as opposed to Galileo's impetus dynamics variant all bodies universally have an inherent resistance to all motion and tendency to rest, which he dubbed 'inertia'. This notion of inertia was originally introduced by Averroes in the 12th century just for the celestial spheres in order to explain why they do not rotate with infinite speed on Aristotelian dynamics, as they should if they had no resistance to their movers. And in his Astronomia Nova celestial mechanics the inertia of the planets is overcome in their solar orbital motion by their being pushed around by the sunspecks of the rotating sun acting like the spokes of a rotating cartwheel. And more generally it predicted all but only planets with orbiting satellites, such as Jupiter for example, also rotate to push them around, whereas the Moon, for example, does not rotate, thus always presenting the same face to the Earth, because it has no satellites to push around. These seem to have been the first successful novel predictions of Thomist 'inertial' Aristotelian dynamics as well as of post-spherist celestial physics. In his 1630 Epitome (See p514 on p896 of the Encyclopædia Britannica 1952 Great Books of the Western World edition) Kepler keenly stressed he had proved the Sun's axial rotation from planetary motions in his Commentaries on Mars Ch 34 long before it was telescopically established by sunspot motion.
- ^ Drake (1978, p.209). Sizzi reported the observations he and his companions had made over the course of a year to Orazio Morandi in a letter dated 10 April 1613 (Favaro,1901, 11:491 (Italian)). Morandi subsequently forwarded a copy to Galileo.
- ^ In geostatic systems the apparent annual variation in the motion of sunspots could only be explained as the result of an implausibly complicated precession of the Sun's axis of rotation (Linton, 2004, p.212; Sharratt, 1994, p.166; Drake, 1970, pp.191–196). This did not apply, however, to the modified version of Tycho's system introduced by his protegé, Longomontanus, in which the Earth was assumed to rotate. Longomontanus's system could account for the apparent motions of sunspots just as well as the Copernican.
- ^ Ondra (2004), p. 72-73
- ^ Finocchiaro (1989, p. 167-176), Drake (1953), p. 359-360), Ondra (2004), p. 74-75
- ^ Drake (1960, pp.vii,xxiii–xxiv), Sharratt (1994, pp.139–140).
- ^ Grassi (1960a).
- ^ Drake (1978, p.268), Grassi (1960a, p.16).
- ^ Galilei & Guiducci (1960).
- ^ Drake (1960, p.xvi).
- ^ Drake (1957, p.222), Drake (1960, p.xvii).
- ^ Sharratt (1994, p.135), Drake (1960, p.xii), Galilei & Guiducci (1960, p.24).
- ^ Sharratt (1994, p.135), Drake (1960, p.xvii).
- ^ Grassi (1960b).
- ^ Drake (1978, p.494), Favaro(1896, 6:111). The pseudonym was a slightly imperfect anagram of Oratio Grasio Savonensis, a latinized version of his name and home town.
- ^ Galilei (1960).
- ^ Sharratt (1994, p.137), Drake (1957, p.227).
- ^ Sharratt (1994, p.138–142).
- ^ Drake (1960, p.xix).
- ^ Drake (1960, p.vii).
- ^ Sharratt (1994, p.175).
- ^ Sharratt (1994, pp.175–78), Blackwell (2006, p.30).
- ^ Finocchiaro (1989), pp. 67–9.
- ^ Finocchiaro (1989), p. 354, n. 52
- ^ Finocchiaro (1989), pp.119–133
- ^ Finocchiaro (1989), pp.127–131 and Drake (1953), pp. 432–6
- ^ Einstein (1952) p. xvii
- ^ Finocchiaro (1989), p. 128
- ^ Kusukawa, Sachiko. "Starry Messenger. The Telescope, Department of History and Philosophy of Science of the University of Cambridge. Retrieved on 2007-03-10"]. http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/galtele.html.
- ^ Reston (2000, p. 56).
- ^ Sobel (2000, p.43), Drake (1978, p.196). In the Starry Messenger, written in Latin, Galileo had used the term "perspicillum."
- ^ "omni-optical.com "A Very Short History of the Telescope"". http://www.omni-optical.com/telescope/ut104.htm.
- ^ Drake (1978, p.163–164), Favaro(1892, 3:163–164)(Latin)
- ^ Probably in 1623, according to Drake (1978, p.286).
- ^ Drake (1978, p.289), Favaro(1903, 13:177) (Italian).
- ^ Drake (1978, p.286), Favaro(1903, 13:208)(Italian). The actual inventors of the telescope and microscope remain debatable. A general view on this can be found in the article Hans Lippershey (last updated 2003-08-01), © 1995–2007 by Davidson, Michael W. and the Florida State University. Retrieved 2007-08-28
- ^ "brunelleschi.imss.fi.it "Il microscopio di Galileo"" (PDF). http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/esplora/microscopio/dswmedia/risorse/testi_completi.pdf.
- ^ Van Helden, Al. Galileo Timeline (last updated 1995), The Galileo Project. Retrieved 2007-08-28. See also Timeline of microscope technology.
- ^ Drake (1978, p.286).
- ^ Longitude: the true story of a lone genius who solved the greatest scientific problem of his time ,Dava Sobel Penguin, 1996 ISBN 0140258795, 9780140258790
- ^ Drake (1978, pp.19,20). At the time when Viviani asserts that the experiment took place, Galileo had not yet formulated the final version of his law of free fall. He had, however, formulated an earlier version which predicted that bodies of the same material falling through the same medium would fall at the same speed (Drake, 1978, p.20).
- ^ Drake (1978, p.9); Sharratt (1994, p.31).
- ^ Groleau, Rick. "Galileo's Battle for the Heavens. July 2002". http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/experiments.html. Ball, Phil. "Science history: setting the record straight. 30 June 2005". http://www.hindu.com/seta/2005/06/30/stories/2005063000351500.htm. An exception is Drake (1978, pp.19–21, 414–416), who argues that the experiment did take place, more or less as Viviani described it.
- ^ Lucretius, De rerum natura II, 225–229; Relevant passage appears in: Lane Cooper, Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1935), page 49.
- ^ Simon Stevin, De Beghinselen des Waterwichts, Anvang der Waterwichtdaet, en de Anhang komen na de Beghinselen der Weeghconst en de Weeghdaet [The Elements of Hydrostatics, Preamble to the Practice of Hydrostatics, and Appendix to The Elements of the Statics and The Practice of Weighing] (Leiden, Netherlands: Christoffel Plantijn, 1586) reports an experiment by Stevin and Jan Cornets de Groot in which they dropped lead balls from a church tower in Delft; relevant passage is translated here: E. J. Dijksterhuis, ed., The Principal Works of Simon Stevin (Amsterdam, Netherlands: C. V. Swets & Zeitlinger, 1955) vol. 1, pages 509 and 511. Available on-line at: http://www.library.tudelft.nl/cgi-bin/digitresor/display.cgi?bookname=Mechanics%20I&page=509
- ^ Sharratt (1994, p.203), Galilei (1954, pp.251–54).
- ^ Sharratt (1994, p.198), Galilei (1954, p.174).
- ^ Clagett (1968, p.561).
- ^ Sharratt (1994, p.198), Wallace (2004, pp.II 384, II 400, III 272) Soto, however, did not anticipate many of the qualifications and refinements contained in Galileo's theory of falling bodies. He did not, for instance, recognise, as Galileo did, that a body would only fall with a strictly uniform acceleration in a vacuum, and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal velocity.
- ^ Newton, R. G. (2004). Galileo's Pendulum: From the Rhythm of Time to the Making of Matter. Harvard University Press. p. 51. ISBN 067401331X.
- ^ Galileo Galilei, Two New Sciences, (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr., 1974) p. 50.
- ^ I. Bernard Cohen, "Roemer and the First Determination of the Velocity of Light (1676)," Isis, 31 (1940): 327–379, see pp. 332–333
- ^ Brodrick (1965, c1964, p.95) quoting Cardinal Bellarmine's letter to Foscarini, dated 12 April 1615. Translated from Favaro(1902, 12:171–172) (Italian).
- ^ Sobel, Dava (2000, pp.223-225) [1999]. Galileo's Daughter. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-85702-712-4.
- ^ Finocchiaro (1997, p.82); Moss & Wallace (2003, p.11)
- ^ See Langford (1966, pp.133–134), and Seeger (1966, p.30), for example. Drake (1978, p.355) asserts that Simplicio's character is modelled on the Aristotelian philosophers, Lodovico delle Colombe and Cesare Cremonini, rather than Urban. He also considers that the demand for Galileo to include the Pope's argument in the Dialogue left him with no option but to put it in the mouth of Simplicio (Drake, 1953, p.491). Even Arthur Koestler, who is generally quite harsh on Galileo in The Sleepwalkers (1959), after noting that Urban suspected Galileo of having intended Simplicio to be a caricature of him, says "this of course is untrue" (1959, p.483)
- ^ Fantoli (2005, p.139), Finocchiaro (1989, p.288–293). Finocchiaro's translation of the Inquisition's judgement against Galileo is available on-line. "Vehemently suspect of heresy" was a technical term of canon law and did not necessarily imply that the Inquisition considered the opinions giving rise to the verdict to be heretical. The same verdict would have been possible even if the opinions had been subject only to the less serious censure of "erroneous in faith" (Fantoli, 2005, p.140; Heilbron, 2005, pp.282-284).
- ^ Drake (1978, p.367), Sharratt (1994, p.184), Favaro(1905, 16:209, 230)(Italian). See Galileo affair for further details.
- ^ Drake (1978, p.356). The phrase "Eppur si muove" does appear, however, in a painting of the 1640s by the Spanish painter Bartolomé Esteban Murillo or an artist of his school. The painting depicts an imprisoned Galileo apparently pointing to a copy of the phrase written on the wall of his dungeon (Drake, 1978, p.357).
- ^ Stephen Hawking, ed. p. 398, On the Shoulders of Giants :"Galileo ... is the father of modern physics -- indeed of modern science"—Albert Einstein.
- ^ Shea & Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.378).
- ^ Shea & Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.378); Sharratt (1994, p.207); Favaro(1906,18:378–80) (Italian).
- ^ Monumental tomb of Galileo. Institute and Museum of the History of Science, Florence, Italy. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
- ^ Shea & Artigas (2003, p.199); Sobel (2000, p.380).
- ^ Shea & Artigas (2003, p.200); Sobel (2000, p.380–384).
- ^ Heilbron (2005, p.299).
- ^ Two of his non-scientific works, the letters to Castelli and the Grand Duchess Christina, were explicitly not allowed to be included (Coyne 2005, p.347).
- ^ Heilbron (2005, p.303–04); Coyne (2005, p.347). The uncensored version of the Dialogue remained on the Index of prohibited books, however (Heilbron 2005, p.279).
- ^ Heilbron (2005, p.307); Coyne (2005, p.347) The practical effect of the ban in its later years seems to have been that clergy could publish discussions of heliocentric physics with a formal disclaimer assuring its hypothetical character and their obedience to the church decrees against motion of the earth: see for example the commented edition (1742) of Newton's 'Principia' by Fathers Le Seur and Jacquier, which contains such a disclaimer ('Declaratio') before the third book (Propositions 25 onwards) dealing with the lunar theory.
- ^ McMullin (2005, p.6); Coyne (2005, p.346). In fact, the Church's opposition had effectively ended in 1820 when a Catholic canon, Giuseppe Settele, was given permission to publish a work which treated heliocentism as a physical fact rather than a mathematical fiction. The 1835 edition of the Index was the first to be issued after that year.
- ^ Discourse of His Holiness Pope Pius XII given on 3 December 1939 at the Solemn Audience granted to the Plenary Session of the Academy, Discourses of the Popes from Pius XI to John Paul II to the Pontifical Academy of the Sciences 1939-1986, Vatican City, p.34
- ^ Robert Leiber, Pius XII Stimmen der Zeit, November 1958 in Pius XII. Sagt, Frankfurt 1959, p.411
- ^ An earlier version had been delivered on 16 December 1989, in Rieti, and a later version in Madrid on 24 February 1990 (Ratzinger, 1994, p.81). According to Feyerabend himself, Ratzinger had also mentioned him "in support of" his own views in a speech in Parma around the same time (Feyerabend, 1995, p.178).
- ^ a b c Ratzinger (1994, p.98).
- ^ "Vatican admits Galileo was right". New Scientist. 1992-11-07. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13618460.600-vatican-admits-galileo-was-right-.html. Retrieved 2007-08-09. .
- ^ "Papal visit scuppered by scholars". BBC News. 2008-01-15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7188860.stm. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
- ^ "Vatican recants with a statue of Galileo". London: TimesOnline News. 2008-03-04. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3478943.ece. Retrieved 2009-03-02.
- ^ "Pope praises Galileo's astronomy". BBC News. 2008-12-21. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7794668.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
- ^ Hydrostatic balance, The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/instruments/balance.html, retrieved 2008-07-17
- ^ The Works of Galileo, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&exbid=10&exbpg=1, retrieved 2008-07-17
- ^ Sunspots and Floating Bodies, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&exbid=13&exbpg=2, retrieved 2008-07-17
- ^ Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, The University of Oklahoma, College of Arts and Sciences, http://hsci.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbgrp=1&exbid=14&exbpg=3, retrieved 2008-07-17
- ^ Galileo's Theory of the Tides, The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/tides.html, retrieved 2008-07-17
- ^ Galileo Timeline, The Galileo Project, http://galileo.rice.edu/chron/galileo.html, retrieved 2008-07-17
- ^ Galileo Galilei, Tel-Aviv University, Science and Technology Education Center, http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/galileo.html, retrieved 2008-07-17
- ^ "Collection of Galileo Galilei's Manuscripts and Related Translations". http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/galileo. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
- ^ Fischer, Daniel (2001). Mission Jupiter: The Spectacular Journey of the Galileo Spacecraft. Springer. pp. v. ISBN 0-387-98764-9.
- ^ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (11 August 2005). "Proclamation of 2009 as International year of Astronomy" (PDF). UNESCO. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001403/140317e.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
- ^ Stavis, Barrie. Lamp at Midnight. New York: A.S. Barnes, 1966
- ^ http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=robert%20lalonde%20AND%20collection%3Aopensource
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