From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
.^ The physical and atomic characteristics of glass are treated in amorphous solid .- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Pronunciation Key A usually transparent or translucent material that has no crystalline structure yet behaves like a solid.- Glass Definition | Definition of Glass at Dictionary.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC dictionary.reference.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Distinction between crystalline and amorphous solids ; in amorphous solid (physics): Magnetic glasses ) brittleness ( in ceramic composition and properties: Brittleness ) bulk modulus ( in bulk modulus (physics) ) use in .- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ Glass used for decorative purposes often has iron in it to alter its optical properties.- Glass Definition | Definition of Glass at Dictionary.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC dictionary.reference.com [Source type: Reference]
^ The qualities required in optical glasses have already been partly referred to, but may now be summarized: I. Transparency and Freedom from Colour.
^ As typical of the range of modern optical glasses Table I. is given, which constituted the list of optical glasses exhibited by Messrs Chance at the Optical Convention in London in 1905.
.^ The glass used in windows and windshields, called soda glass, is made by melting a silicate with sodium carbonate (soda) and calcium oxide (lime).- Glass Definition | Definition of Glass at Dictionary.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC dictionary.reference.com [Source type: Reference]
^ In making sheet glass it is customary to use 6 percent of lime and 4 percent of magnesia ( magnesium oxide , or MgO), and in bottle glass about 2 percent alumina ( aluminum oxide , or Al 2 O 3 ) is often present.- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ A hard, brittle, translucent, and commonly transparent substance, white or colored, having a conchoidal fracture, and made by fusing together sand or silica with lime, potash, soda, or lead oxide.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ According to some experts, glass making hasn't changed much since the Roman Empire was still on the rise.- Glass Making: It’s Only Getting Greener : Planet Green 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC planetgreen.discovery.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Romans use more glass than any society until modern times and also more than many of the less developed societies use even today.- Iridescent Roman Glass 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.mmdtkw.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It's clear that, at least by late Roman times, glass was cut with rotating abrasive wheels, but we don't know much about the mechanics of their tools.- Iridescent Roman Glass 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.mmdtkw.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Although modern glassmakers have mastered the layering process, we are not quite sure how the Romans did it.- Iridescent Roman Glass 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.mmdtkw.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Modern glassmakers know how to do this -- by adding a bit of metallic gold to the glass mix -- but it was only proved recently that this is also the way Roman fabricators did it.- Iridescent Roman Glass 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.mmdtkw.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1]
.^ Thus, a glass is defined as an 'amorphous solid that shows a glass transition '.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The finished product has the look and feel of traditional stained glass, but with the strength and integrity of a solid piece of safety glass.- Free crystal glass calgary Download 19 November 2009 18:23 UTC wareseeker.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It appears that part of the roof of the limestone and plaster furnace collapsed into the melting glass making the cooled product useless -- glass with too much calcium crystallizes and can't be used.- Iridescent Roman Glass 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.mmdtkw.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[2][3][4][5][6] .^ Commercial glasses may be divided into soda–lime–silica glasses and special glasses, most of the tonnage produced being of the former class.- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ The Cologne museum contains many specimens of Roman glass, some of which are remarkable for their cut decoration.
[7] .^ Cover block 26 extends towards the molten glass 24, forming two wings 27.- Method for glass making using an oxy-fuel fired distribution channel - Patent EP0633228 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Reference]
^ The physical and atomic characteristics of glass are treated in amorphous solid .- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ The proportions in which these ingredients are mixed vary according to the exact quality of glass required and with the form and temperature of the melting furnace employed.
In addition, besides traditional
melting techniques, any other means of preparation are considered, such as
ion implantation, and the
sol-gel method.
[7] .^ Thus, a glass is defined as an 'amorphous solid that shows a glass transition '.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Glass plays an essential role in science and industry.
.^ Glass metal , the fused material for making glass.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Further, these glasses, when made from properly proportioned materials, possess a very considerable degree of chemical stability, which is amply sufficient for most optical purposes.
^ Containing a lower iron content, ExtraClear has a higher visible light transmission and offers superior optics and clarity compared to standard glass.
History
.^ Glass Vases's history can be traced back to the great Stone Age.- WHOLESALE GLASS VASES | FLORAL & WEDDING GLASS VASES | WGV International 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.wholesaleglassvasesint.com [Source type: General]
^ The members of Back-up Service Group had a fun day with glass and their children created their own designs in fusing technique.
^ Skip this Advertisement Encyclopædia Britannica glass CREATE MY glass NEW ARTICLE SUGGEST EDIT ARTICLE HISTORY ADD TO YOUR SITE COMMENT Science & Technology : : glass .- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
Glass production
Glass ingredients
Quartz sand (silica) as main raw material for commercial glass production
.^ Extra profitable packs of cheap glass chillums - 10, 50 and 100 pcs!
^ The glass is composed of 50% silica (sand), 30% soda, 10% potash and 10% lime .- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Quartz Family of glass that is almost pure silica.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Quartz Family of glass that is almost pure silica.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Fused Silica Glasses in the Quartz family.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the 1920s a new mould-etch process was invented, in which art was etched directly into the mould, so that each cast piece emerged from the mould with the image already on the surface of the glass.- WHOLESALE GLASS VASES | FLORAL & WEDDING GLASS VASES | WGV International 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.wholesaleglassvasesint.com [Source type: General]
.^ The alkali of Syrian and Egyptian glass was soda ash , sodium carbonate, which can be extracted from the ashes of many plants, notably halophile seashore plants: (see saltwort ).- WHOLESALE GLASS VASES | FLORAL & WEDDING GLASS VASES | WGV International 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.wholesaleglassvasesint.com [Source type: General]
^ Such glasses are made from three main materials—sand ( silicon dioxide , or SiO 2 ), limestone ( calcium carbonate , or CaCO 3 ), and sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ).- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ In making sheet glass it is customary to use 6 percent of lime and 4 percent of magnesia ( magnesium oxide , or MgO), and in bottle glass about 2 percent alumina ( aluminum oxide , or Al 2 O 3 ) is often present.- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ That make glass more durable.
^ In making sheet glass it is customary to use 6 percent of lime and 4 percent of magnesia ( magnesium oxide , or MgO), and in bottle glass about 2 percent alumina ( aluminum oxide , or Al 2 O 3 ) is often present.- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ The addition of lime ( calcium oxide , or CaO), supplied by the limestone, renders the glass insoluble again, but too much makes a glass prone to devitrification— i.e., the precipitation of crystalline phases in certain ranges of temperature.- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ Finely divided vegetable charcoal added to a soda-lime glass gives a yellow colour.
^ The varieties of glass used for the manufacture of table-ware and vases are the potash-lead glass, the soda-lime glass and the potash-lime glass.
^ Soda Glass This is a dull, brittle glass that contains no lead.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[8] .^ In making sheet glass it is customary to use 6 percent of lime and 4 percent of magnesia ( magnesium oxide , or MgO), and in bottle glass about 2 percent alumina ( aluminum oxide , or Al 2 O 3 ) is often present.- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Finely divided vegetable charcoal added to a soda-lime glass gives a yellow colour.
^ The glass is composed of 50% silica (sand), 30% soda, 10% potash and 10% lime .- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Other materials are also added, some being put in to assist in refining the glass ( i.e., to remove the bubbles left behind in the melting process), while others are added to improve its colour.- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ The two other most remarkable examples of this cameo glass are an amphora at Naples and the Auldjo vase.
^ Finely divided vegetable charcoal added to a soda-lime glass gives a yellow colour.
.^ Crystal glass , ∨ Flint glass .- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In this table n is the refractive index of the glass for sodium light (the D line of the solar spectrum), while the letters C, F and G' refer to lines in the hydrogen spectrum by which dispersion is now generally specified.
^ On the other hand, while in the older crown and flint glasses the relation between refraction and dispersion had been practically fixed, dispersion and refraction increasing regularly with the density of the glass, in some of the new glasses introduced by Abbe and Schott this relation is altered and a relatively low refractive index is accompanied by a relatively high dispersion, while in others a high refractive index is associated with low dispersive power.
Adding
barium also increases the refractive index.
.^ High quality with low price.- Crystal Glass, Crystal Glass Manufacturers & Suppliers 19 November 2009 18:23 UTC www.alibaba.com [Source type: General]
^ Modern technology has also provided high-speed precision cutting tools, tools that Roman glass-cutters would have given their left -- well, never mind what they would have given.- Iridescent Roman Glass 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.mmdtkw.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Glass soap , ∨ Glassmaker's soap , the black oxide of manganese or other substances used by glass makers to take away color from the materials for glass.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ As glass is the main component of your sunroom, we take pride in providing superior sunroom glass choices, such as the like the Energy Star rated Comfort-Gard Plus glass for use in various applications or climates.- Sunrooms and Sunroom Products – Patio Enclosures, Inc. 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.patioenc.com [Source type: General]
^ Try to avoid using an excessive amount of glass with this method.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Glass soap , ∨ Glassmaker's soap , the black oxide of manganese or other substances used by glass makers to take away color from the materials for glass.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Another common glass ingredient is "cullet" (recycled glass).
.^ Small amount of the raw material (silver or gold) is dabbed on the glass surface.
^ Unless the raw material s are very pure, the glass produced by modern methods is green .- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
However, impurities in the cullet can lead to product and equipment failure.
.^ A drinking vessel; a tumbler; a goblet; hence, the contents of such a vessel; especially; spirituous liquors; as, he took a glass at dinner .- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Glass of antimony , a vitreous oxide of antimony mixed with sulphide.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Just added a beautiful Stevens & Williams bubble glass bowl .- Tiffin Pairpoint Steuben Moser Lundberg Studios Lotton Tiffany Antique Baccarat Fenton Daum Phoenix Consolidated Bimini Libbey WMF Webb vase Glass Art Deco Sinclaire Ikora Glass St. Saint Louis Art Nouveau Glass Eames Loetz Kralik Glass Contemporary Glass Fry Foval 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.glasshound.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[8] .^ Small amount of the raw material (silver or gold) is dabbed on the glass surface.
^ Determine the Correct Flame Size Flame sizes are determined by what you are attempting to do with the glass.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Composition and properties
There are three classes of components for oxide glasses: network formers, intermediates, and modifiers. The network formers (silicon, boron, germanium) form a highly crosslinked network of chemical bonds.
.^ The addition of a modifier (there are others than Na 2 O, although Na 2 O is widely used), causes the glass network to become 'looser', making processing of the glass easier.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Hold glass tubing in one hand .- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The presence of the 'bridging' oxygen ions makes a three-dimensional network structure possible.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ They consist of a network of (usually metallic) ion s, connected by oxide ions.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Some elements can play multiple roles; e.g. lead can act both as a network former (Pb
4+ replacing Si
4+), or as a modifier.
.^ The oxygen ion from the Na 2 O molecule fills up the space in the incomplete tetrahedron, resulting in two so-called non-bridging oxygen ions.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The presence of the 'bridging' oxygen ions makes a three-dimensional network structure possible.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ To remedy this, its structure is modified by adding Na 2 O. Each Na 2 O molecule reacts with the silica network by breaking up the network at the site of a bridging oxygen ion.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ (Site Excerpt) In ancient times molten glass was kept in a liquid state .
^ Modifying the temperature of the molten glass brings the glass to a viscosity required for forming.- Method for glass making using an oxy-fuel fired distribution channel - Patent EP0633228 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Therefore, a need exists for a method of making glass comprising an improved method of modifying the temperature of the molten glass in a distribution channel.- Method for glass making using an oxy-fuel fired distribution channel - Patent EP0633228 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ Borosilicate glass appreciable resistance to high temperature or sudden changes in temperature medium resistance to chemical attack moderately expensive to make.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In addition to outstanding resistance to heat and thermal shock, borosilicate glasses are known for chemical durability and low coefficients of thermal expansion.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The essential qualities of a bottle are strength and power to resist chemical corrosion.
.^ The oxygen ions form the bridges between the units; each 'bridging' oxygen is shared by two tetrahedral units so that the overall formule turns out to be SiO 2 , not SiO 4 as you might suspect from the basic unit.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ To remedy this, its structure is modified by adding Na 2 O. Each Na 2 O molecule reacts with the silica network by breaking up the network at the site of a bridging oxygen ion.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The oxygen ion from the Na 2 O molecule fills up the space in the incomplete tetrahedron, resulting in two so-called non-bridging oxygen ions.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Glass has always been present on Earth , formed whenever certain silicon -containing rocks melt due to phenomena such as volcanic eruption s, lightning strike s or the impact of meteorite s, and then cool rapidly, solidifying in the process.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Such glasses are made from three main materials—sand ( silicon dioxide , or SiO 2 ), limestone ( calcium carbonate , or CaCO 3 ), and sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ).- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Access to a glass saw or cut-off wheel can make this process easier for some.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[9] Corrosion resistance of glass can be achieved by
dealkalization, removal of the alkali ions from the glass surface by reaction with e.g. sulfur or fluorine compounds.
.^ Butt Seals Butt Sealing is the process of joining two sections of glass tubing together - end to end.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Select 10 mm glass tubing about 16 inches long, blowhose attached at one end, sealed at the other.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The processes employed in the manufacture of the glass bulbs for incandescent electric lamps, are similar to the old- FIG. 19.
) have to take this in account.
.^ To reduce the melting point of silica, it is necessary to add a flux; this is the purpose of the sodium carbonate ( soda ash ), which makes available the fluxing agent sodium oxide .- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ By adding about 25 percent of the sodium oxide to silica, the melting point is reduced from 1,723° to 850° C (3,133° to 1,562° F).- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ In making sheet glass it is customary to use 6 percent of lime and 4 percent of magnesia ( magnesium oxide , or MgO), and in bottle glass about 2 percent alumina ( aluminum oxide , or Al 2 O 3 ) is often present.- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ The present method of making glass articles may be used with other known methods of modifying the temperature of glass in a distribution channel.- Method for glass making using an oxy-fuel fired distribution channel - Patent EP0633228 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Glass soap , ∨ Glassmaker's soap , the black oxide of manganese or other substances used by glass makers to take away color from the materials for glass.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Other materials are also added, some being put in to assist in refining the glass ( i.e., to remove the bubbles left behind in the melting process), while others are added to improve its colour.- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Fused silica itself is an excellent glass, but, as the melting point of sand (crystalline silica) is above 1,700° C (3,092° F) and as it is very expensive to attain such high temperatures, its uses are restricted to those in which its superior properties—chemical inertness and the ability to withstand sudden changes of temperature—are so important that the cost is justified.- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Glass has been made into practical and decorative objects since ancient times, and it is still very important in applications as disparate as building construction , housewares, and telecommunications.- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ Select 10 mm glass tubing about 16 inches long, blowhose attached at one end, sealed at the other.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Empire Level's Open Reel Fiber Glass Measuring Tapes feature heavy duty construction, a high impact resistant ABS...- Glass Making Tools - Shop Smarter.com 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.smarter.com [Source type: General]
^ There were only two other glass companies that used a flower finial and they were Cambridge and Steuben.- Fenton's 100 Years of Glass Making by Debbie and Randy Coe 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.coesmercantile.com [Source type: General]
.^ The customers also became more interested in Fenton and came to tour the facility to see where the glass was made.- Fenton's 100 Years of Glass Making by Debbie and Randy Coe 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.coesmercantile.com [Source type: General]
[10]
Contemporary glass production
.^ The Glass Furnace invites young glass lovers to introduce this magical material during the school season.
^ They did not have not enough fuel for the small furnace, and the necessary raw material was brought by scanty parties.- News & Information - Bohemian Crystal Glass Art Studios 19 November 2009 18:23 UTC www.design-glassware.com [Source type: General]
^ The proportions in which these ingredients are mixed vary according to the exact quality of glass required and with the form and temperature of the melting furnace employed.
.^ Overall, oxy/fuel firing provides a 90% reduction in the volume, or mass, of exhaust gases, lowering turbulence and surface glass losses.- Method for glass making using an oxy-fuel fired distribution channel - Patent EP0633228 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Reference]
^ The glass is composed of 50% silica (sand), 30% soda, 10% potash and 10% lime .- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There are four major families of glass, each a variation on the basic soda-lime glass and named after its additive s.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Glass Furnace by 7 groups for 5 consecutive days, viewing various glass techniques in the workshops and having their own creative experience with glass in the fusion workshop.
^ The Glass Furnace hosted glass and stained glass artist Heyecan Ural for two day fusing workshop.
^ They have kept their own desings of beads as a souvenir of a beautiful day at glass furnace.
[8]
.^ Other materials are also added, some being put in to assist in refining the glass ( i.e., to remove the bubbles left behind in the melting process), while others are added to improve its colour.- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Melt glass evenly down, forming a hole 10 mm in diameter with level 3 mm high side walls.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Reheat bubble and let glass collapse to a flat even plateau, remove torch.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ An effort at a more direct mechanical process is embodied in the inventions of Foucault which are at present being developed in Germany and Belgium ; in this process the glass is drawn from the molten bath in the shape of flat sheets, by the aid of a bar of iron, previously immersed in the glass, the glass receiving its form by being drawn through slots in large fire-bricks, and being kept in shape by rapid chilling produced by the action of air-blasts.
^ Tube was heated excessively causing glass to flow with gravity.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This exercise will introduce you to the process of blowing into the glass, forming and shaping the tube end.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ A good fire polish has a smooth finish and the ID and OD of the glass tube remains unchanged.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ D Laser Crystal 1) Polished from top K9 optical glass crystal 2) Artistically designed 3) Can be designedm personally...- Crystal Glass, Crystal Glass Manufacturers & Suppliers 19 November 2009 18:23 UTC www.alibaba.com [Source type: General]
^ Gas lines that hang from above or lay on top of the work surface will be exposed to flames and hot glass (not desirable)!- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[11] .^ Their main line of glass products consisted of various kinds of bottles and fruit jars.- GLASS FACTORIES THAT MANUFACTURED INSULATORS 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.myinsulators.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A sufficient weight of molten glass to form a bottle is gathered and placed in a funnel-shaped vessel which serves as a measure, and gives access to the mould which shapes the outside of the neck.
^ When the air has forced the glass to take the form of the mould, the mould is opened and the blower gives the blowing iron with the bottle attached to it to the " wetter off."
.^ Warm Glass Board -- The bulletin board on this website, which is devoted strictly to fusing, slumping, and kiln-forming techniques.- Warm Glass -- your source for in 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.warmglass.com [Source type: General]
^ Art Glass Fusing Center -- Retailer of fusing supplies. Offers numerous classes in kiln-forming techniques. (Texas, USA) A Warm Glass website sponsor .- Warm Glass -- your source for in 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.warmglass.com [Source type: General]
Once the desired form is obtained, glass is usually
annealed for the removal of stresses.
.^ A brief treatment of glass follows.- glass -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Although Novelty Glass was dissolved in 1903, the factory itself may have produced insulators as late as 1907 under a succeeding firm's ownership.- GLASS FACTORIES THAT MANUFACTURED INSULATORS 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.myinsulators.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The wings may project to any desired height, but preferably project to just above or just below the surface of the glass flowing through the distribution channel.- Method for glass making using an oxy-fuel fired distribution channel - Patent EP0633228 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Reference]
Glassmaking in the laboratory
Failed laboratory glass melting test. The striations must be avoided through good
homogenization.
.^ The precise colour needed depends on the oxidation state of the colourant, the composition of the glass and the thermal treatment.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Assuming the glassware was broken in use, or has been used in the laboratory at some point in time, it would be wise to assume the glass has some chemical residue on or in it.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Glasses can be manufactured in different ways and from different materials.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The mass production of fittings during the twenties and later led to the widespread use of moulded glass for both hanging and wall lights, and the amount of brass used in these designs was very much reduced.- News & Information - Bohemian Crystal Glass Art Studios 19 November 2009 18:23 UTC www.design-glassware.com [Source type: General]
^ Glass soap , ∨ Glassmaker's soap , the black oxide of manganese or other substances used by glass makers to take away color from the materials for glass.- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Assuming the glassware was broken in use, or has been used in the laboratory at some point in time, it would be wise to assume the glass has some chemical residue on or in it.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Care must be taken that the raw materials have not reacted with moisture or other chemicals in the environment (such as
alkali oxides and hydroxides,
alkaline earth oxides and hydroxides, or
boron oxide), or that the impurities are quantified (loss on ignition).
[12] .^ The Glass Furnace invites young glass lovers to introduce this magical material during the school season.
^ You may find that painting the bench top and back shield flat black will help in determining the color of heated glass during the glassblowing process.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ GlassStands.com -- Extensive selection of stands and related materials for displaying glass (Texas USA) A Warm Glass website sponsor .- Warm Glass -- your source for in 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.warmglass.com [Source type: General]
Also, more readily reacting raw materials may be preferred over relatively
inert ones, such as
Al(OH)3 over
Al2O3. Usually, the melts are carried out in platinum crucibles to reduce contamination from the crucible material.
.^ Unless the raw material s are very pure, the glass produced by modern methods is green .- glass@Everything2.com 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC everything2.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Tempered sunroom glass keeps you safe during accidental breakage, by allowing the glass to shatter into tiny pieces instead of sharp glass shards.- Sunrooms and Sunroom Products – Patio Enclosures, Inc. 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.patioenc.com [Source type: General]
^ You may find that painting the bench top and back shield flat black will help in determining the color of heated glass during the glassblowing process.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Equipment, Material, Tools and Terminology Anneal Term used to describe the process of removing stresses introduced into the glassware during the glassblowing process.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[12][13]
.^ Among the most successful design works – carelessly generated glass figures and a collection made with use of special techniques.- News & Information - Bohemian Crystal Glass Art Studios 19 November 2009 18:23 UTC www.design-glassware.com [Source type: General]
^ Tip: Heating large areas of of glass using this technique may give you control problems at step #6.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Warm Glass Board -- The bulletin board on this website, which is devoted strictly to fusing, slumping, and kiln-forming techniques.- Warm Glass -- your source for in 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.warmglass.com [Source type: General]
Examples of these techniques include
aerodynamic levitation (the melt is cooled whilst floating in a gas stream), splat quenching, (the melt is pressed between two metal anvils) and roller quenching (the melt is poured through rollers).
Sol-gel science/technology
Silica-free glasses
.^ Many forms of apparatus have been tried for ascertaining the temperature of glass furnaces.
^ Semi-opacity due to crystallization may be induced in many glasses by maintaining them for a long period at a.
^ Many specimens exist of German winged and enamelled glasses of Venetian character.
[7]
.^ Handmade-Glass.com -- The "other Brad" board, this is Brad Shute's board, which is the place to go for more technical questions about glass making, lampworking, and such. .- Warm Glass -- your source for in 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.warmglass.com [Source type: General]
^ Assuming the glassware was broken in use, or has been used in the laboratory at some point in time, it would be wise to assume the glass has some chemical residue on or in it.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
These include
fluoride glasses (fluorozirconates, fluoroaluminates),
aluminosilicates,
phosphate glasses, borate glasses, and
chalcogenide glasses.
.^ Owing to the physical changes produced in the material exposed prolonged observations of temperature are impossible.
[14] In 2006 Italian scientists created an amorphous phase of
carbon dioxide using extreme pressure. The substance was named
amorphous carbonia(a-CO
2) and exhibits an atomic structure resembling that of silica.
[15]
Physics of glass
- See also Physics of glass
The amorphous structure of glassy Silica (SiO
2) in two dimensions. No long range order is present, however there is local ordering with respect to the
tetrahedral arrangement of Oxygen (O) atoms around the Silicon (Si) atoms.
.^ Plate glass is, nevertheless, considerably used for the cheaper forms of lenses, where the scattering of the light and loss of definition arising from these fine striae is not readily recognized.
^ The crucible with the semi-solid glass which it contains is now allowed to cool considerably in the melting furnace, or it may be removed to another slightly heated furnace.
^ Melt glass evenly down, forming a hole 10 mm in diameter with level 3 mm high side walls.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[3][4][5][16] .^ Place the shoulder of the glass point into the flame at an angle - rotating at all times - and pull off the excess glass, leaving a semi-rounded bottom.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A similar glass, if its cooling is greatly retarded, produces throughout its substance minute crystals of metallic copper, and closely resembles the mineral called avanturine.
^ The crucible with the semi-solid glass which it contains is now allowed to cool considerably in the melting furnace, or it may be removed to another slightly heated furnace.
.^ While it was a chance of a lifetime to make our own glass, there is no chance we will put any of Fenton’s workers out of a job.- Fenton's 100 Years of Glass Making by Debbie and Randy Coe 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.coesmercantile.com [Source type: General]
^ As a general rule, to which, however, there are important exceptions, both these qualities are found to a greater degree, the lower the refractive index of the glass.
^ Little is known about the actual cause of colour in glass beyond the fact that certain materials added to and melted with certain glass-mixtures will in favourable circumstances produce effects of colour.
[17] .^ Besides the making of vessels of all kinds the factories of Murano had for a long period almost an entire monopoly of two other branches of the art - the making of mirrors and of beads.
^ Select 10 mm glass tubing about 16 inches long, blowhose attached at one end, sealed at the other.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Semi-opacity due to crystallization may be induced in many glasses by maintaining them for a long period at a.
.^ Further, these glasses, when made from properly proportioned materials, possess a very considerable degree of chemical stability, which is amply sufficient for most optical purposes.
^ Working Range Temperature at which glass is hot enough to shape and seal or bond.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As a general rule, to which, however, there are important exceptions, both these qualities are found to a greater degree, the lower the refractive index of the glass.
[18] .^ Fragments of glass of the same composition as that aimed at are generally incorporated to a limited extent with the mixed raw materials to facilitate their fusion.
[19]
Glass versus a supercooled liquid
Glass is generally classed as an amorphous solid rather than a liquid.
[16][20] .^ As regards both mode of production and essential properties optical glass differs widely from all other varieties.
^ Collectors from all across the United States converged on Williamstown, West Virginia for several days of bingo, displays, glass sales, seminars and factory tours.- Fenton's 100 Years of Glass Making by Debbie and Randy Coe 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.coesmercantile.com [Source type: General]
.^ Fenton turned back to the Victorian time period for ideas for their glass.- Fenton's 100 Years of Glass Making by Debbie and Randy Coe 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.coesmercantile.com [Source type: General]
^ The glass, now in its approximate form, is placed in a heated chamber where it is allowed to cool very gradually - the minimum time of cooling from a dull red heat being six days, while for " fine annealing " a much longer period is required (see above).
^ Fragments of glass of the same composition as that aimed at are generally incorporated to a limited extent with the mixed raw materials to facilitate their fusion.
.^ The Glass Furnace by 7 groups for 5 consecutive days, viewing various glass techniques in the workshops and having their own creative experience with glass in the fusion workshop.
^ The wall thickness of the glass will also be more apparent against a solid background.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[21].^ If glass-blowing had been a perfectly new invention of GraecoEgyptian or Roman times, some specimens illustrating the transition from core-moulding to blowing must have been discovered.
^ Although most of the vessels of this mille fiori glass were small, some were made as large as 20 in.
^ The various varieties of rolled plate-glass are now produced for some purposes with a reinforcement of wire netting which is embedded in the mass of the glass.
.^ You may find that painting the bench top and back shield flat black will help in determining the color of heated glass during the glassblowing process.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Tip: Heating large areas of of glass using this technique may give you control problems at step #6.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The crucible with the semi-solid glass which it contains is now allowed to cool considerably in the melting furnace, or it may be removed to another slightly heated furnace.
[23] .
.^ Hold glass tubing in one hand .- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Probably one of the most memorable events, for us, was to participate in the glass making class inside the Fenton factory.- Fenton's 100 Years of Glass Making by Debbie and Randy Coe 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.coesmercantile.com [Source type: General]
^ One workman holds the blowing iron with the mass of glass attached to it, and another fixes an iron rod by means of a seal of glass to the extremity of the mass.
[5]
.^ It has the most modern of electronics, yet next to the school shephards tend flocks while it thrives although there are few professional contemporary glass artists in the country.
^ When the glass has cooled so far as to become hard and solid, the furnace is hermetically sealed up and allowed to cool very gradually to the ordinary temperature.
^ M. de la Bastie's process of " toughening " glass consisted in dipping glass, raised to a temperature slightly below the melting-point, into molten tallow .
[24] A supercooled liquid behaves as a liquid, but it is below the
freezing point of the material, and will crystallize almost instantly if a crystal is added as a
core.
.^ For this reason every piece of pressed glass-ware, as soon as it is liberated from the mould, is exposed to a sharp heat in a small subsidiary furnace in order that the ruffled surface may be removed by melting.
^ This opening serves for the introduction of the glass-mixture, for the removal of the melted glass and as a source of heat for the processes of manipulation.
^ The process of sheet-glass manufacture described above is typical of that in use in a large number of works, but many modifications are to be found, particularly in the furnaces in which the glass is melted.
.^ This only requires to be annealed and is then ready for cutting up, but the lump of glass by which the original globe was attached to the pipe remains as the bullion in the centre of the disk of glass.
^ As a general rule, to which, however, there are important exceptions, both these qualities are found to a greater degree, the lower the refractive index of the glass.
This helps to explain why both crystalline and non-crystalline solids exhibit rigidity on most experimental time scales.
Behavior of antique glass
.^ Albert Hartshorne, Old English Glasses (London); E. W. Hulme, " English Glass-making in XVI. andXVII. Centuries," The Antiquary, Nos.
.^ On the other hand, the more extreme the optical properties of these new glasses, i.e.
[25] .^ The glass is made in cylinders and in " crowns " or circles.
^ Crown and plate-glass .
^ Glassblowing Lathe Equipment used as an aid in glass rotation.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ St Sofia when erected by Justinian had vaults covered with mosaics and immense windows filled with plates of glass fitted into pierced marble frames; some of the plates, 7 to 8 in.
.^ The abrasion is effected by pressing the glass against the edge of wheels, or disks, of hard material revolving on horizontal spindles.
^ The price, however, rapidly increases with the total bulk of perfect glass required in one piece, so that large disks of glass suitable for telescope objectives of wide aperture , or blocks for large prisms, become exceedingly costly.
.^ Place the shoulder of the glass point into the flame at an angle - rotating at all times - and pull off the excess glass, leaving a semi-rounded bottom.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ St Sofia when erected by Justinian had vaults covered with mosaics and immense windows filled with plates of glass fitted into pierced marble frames; some of the plates, 7 to 8 in.
^ Glass, in flat pieces, such as might be employed for windows, has been found in the ruins of Roman houses, both in England and in Italy , and in the house of the faun at Pompeii a small pane in a bronze frame remains.
[26] .^ Traces of Roman glass manufactories have been found in Valencia and Murcia , in the valleys which run down to the coast of Catalonia , and near the mouth of the Ebro .
^ Glass, in flat pieces, such as might be employed for windows, has been found in the ruins of Roman houses, both in England and in Italy , and in the house of the faun at Pompeii a small pane in a bronze frame remains.
^ Melt glass evenly down, forming a hole 10 mm in diameter with level 3 mm high side walls.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The efforts made in France, Germany and England, in the 17th and 18th centuries, to improve the manufacture of glass in those countries had a very injurious effect on the industry of Murano.
^ Attempts to make mirrors of glass were made as early as A.D. 1317, but even in the 16th century mirrors of steel were still in use.
^ The double-handled blue-glass vase in the British Museum,dating from the 5th century, is probably a chalice , as it closely resembles the chalices represented on early Christian monuments.
.^ When the glass has cooled so far as to become hard and solid, the furnace is hermetically sealed up and allowed to cool very gradually to the ordinary temperature.
^ The process consisted in spreading the leaf on a thin film of blown glass and pressing molten glass on to the leaf so that the molten glass cohered with the film of glass through the pores of the metallic leaf.
^ The crucible with the semi-solid glass which it contains is now allowed to cool considerably in the melting furnace, or it may be removed to another slightly heated furnace.
.^ De Nehou's process of rolling molten glass poured on an iron table rendered the manufacture of very large plates possible.
^ The process of sheet-glass manufacture described above is typical of that in use in a large number of works, but many modifications are to be found, particularly in the furnaces in which the glass is melted.
These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness.
.^ Until now, the typical result when laminating conventional clear float glass was color distortion and a reduction of visible light transmission as the laminate thickness increased.
^ For the production of thick sheets which are subsequently to be polished the process may thus claim considerable success, but it is not as yet possible to produce satisfactory sheet-glass by such means.
^ Guardian produces Architectural Laminated Glass in a full array of thicknesses and sizes.
Several other points exemplify the misconception of the "cathedral glass" theory:
- Writing in the American Journal of Physics, physicist Edgar D. Zanotto states "...the predicted relaxation time for GeO2 at room temperature is 1032 years. .^ Fenton turned back to the Victorian time period for ideas for their glass.
- Fenton's 100 Years of Glass Making by Debbie and Randy Coe 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.coesmercantile.com [Source type: General]
^ Towards the middle of the 19th century it became the fashion to regard all cut-glass as barbarous, and services of even the best period were neglected and dispersed.
^ Staying at the Glass Furnace provides students with a time to learn, a time to relax, chat and share their glass and life experiences.
[27] .^ In fact, glass with one of our DiamondGuard SRG coatings is proven to be over 10 times more scratch resistant than tempered and chemically strengthened glass.
)
- If medieval glass has flowed perceptibly, then ancient Roman and Egyptian objects should have flowed proportionately more — but this is not observed. .^ The same oxide may produce different colours with different glass-mixtures, and different oxides of the same metal may produce different colours.
^ The stirring is therefore discontinued and the clay cylinder is either left embedded in the glass, or by the exercise of considerable force it may be gradually withdrawn.
[20]
.^ The efforts made in France, Germany and England, in the 17th and 18th centuries, to improve the manufacture of glass in those countries had a very injurious effect on the industry of Murano.
Any slight deformation in the antique telescopic lenses would lead to a dramatic decrease in optical performance, a phenomenon that is not observed.[20]
- There are many examples of centuries-old glass shelving which has not bent, even though it is under much higher stress from gravitational loads than vertical window glass.
.^ If glass-blowing had been a perfectly new invention of GraecoEgyptian or Roman times, some specimens illustrating the transition from core-moulding to blowing must have been discovered.
^ M. de la Bastie's process of " toughening " glass consisted in dipping glass, raised to a temperature slightly below the melting-point, into molten tallow .
.^ The Glass Furnace invites young glass lovers to introduce this magical material during the school season.
^ During the process of manipulation, whether on the chair or whilst the glass is being reheated, the rod must be constantly and gently trundled to prevent the collapse of the bulb or vessel.
^ During the class, they focused on covering and decorating glass by precious materials such as gold and platinum.
.^ The 3 artists working with the honey like texture of flowing hot glass compare themselves to bees and they are introducing their studio; their "kingdom" to Istanbul.
This simply means that for the fast timescale its transition temperature is above room temperature, but for the slow one it is below. The shift in temperature with timescale is not very large however, as indicated by the transition of
polypropylene glycol of -72 °C and -71 °C over different timescales.
[17] .^ This glass would be no less exciting than the times.- Fenton's 100 Years of Glass Making by Debbie and Randy Coe 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.coesmercantile.com [Source type: General]
^ The bowl is severed from the blowing iron, and the wine-glass is sent to the annealing oven with a bowl, longer than that of the finished glass, and with a rough fractured edge.
^ Finally, fluid steel can be run or poured off, since it is perfectly fluid, while glass cannot be thus treated, but is withdrawn from the furnace by means of either a ladle or a gatherer's pipe , and the temperature required for this purpose is much lower than.
.^ Working Range Temperature at which glass is hot enough to shape and seal or bond.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Natural Gas* Fuel gas mixed with oxygen to generate temperatures hot enough to work borosilicate glass.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Because we offer a variety of high-quality glass options, AFG products are the first choice of many residential architects, designers, builders and remodelers.
Close to this temperature there are interesting time-dependent properties. One of these is known as aging.
.^ Pluro Stopper An adjustable size rubber stopper used in sealing openings in glass.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There were only two other glass companies that used a flower finial and they were Cambridge and Steuben.- Fenton's 100 Years of Glass Making by Debbie and Randy Coe 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.coesmercantile.com [Source type: General]
^ During the class, they focused on covering and decorating glass by precious materials such as gold and platinum.
Their mechanical properties may well change over time and this is serious concern when applying these materials in construction.
.^ Natural Gas* Fuel gas mixed with oxygen to generate temperatures hot enough to work borosilicate glass.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Propane* Fuel gas mixed with oxygen to generate temperature hot enough to work borosilicate glass.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Physical properties
Color
Common soda-lime float glass appears green in thick sections because of Fe
2+ impurities.
.^ Many of the vessels have four or as many as eight handles, and are decorated with serrated ornamentation, and with the trailed strands of glass already referred to.
^ Many glassblowers as policy will not accept glassware for repair until the user has cleaned the glass of all chemical and grease residue.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Spectrally selective glass* is designed to combine excellent visible light transmittance with reduced infrared transmittance thereby reducing solar heat loads.
They absorb certain portions of the
visible spectrum, while reflecting others. The frequencies of the spectrum which are not absorbed are either reflected back or transmitted for our physical observation. This is what gives rise to
color.
.^ You may find that painting the bench top and back shield flat black will help in determining the color of heated glass during the glassblowing process.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1574 Jacob Verzellini, a fugitive Venetian, residing in Antwerp, obtained a patent for making drinking-glasses in London " such as are made in Murano."
^ He obtained a knowledge of the methods of working practised in Bohemia by disguising himself as a porter , and thus worked for three years in a Bohemian glass-house.
[7] .^ The invention, if it may be regarded as one, consisted in eliminating lime from the glass mixture, substituting refined potash for soda, and using a very large proportion of lead oxide.
^ Flint glass particularly, which appeared quite satisfactory when viewed in small pieces, was found to be so far from homogeneous as to be useless for lens construction.
^ Finely divided vegetable charcoal added to a soda-lime glass gives a yellow colour.
Further FeO and
Cr2O3 additions may be used for the production of green bottles.
.^ For melting the leadless glasses, open, bowl-shaped crucibles are used, ranging from 12 to 40 in.
^ In scientific glassblowing the glass used comes in tubing, rod or sheet form.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Solarcool Graylite Glass Solarcool Graylite glass provides a rich silver aesthetic when glazed with the reflective coating on the outboard (#1) surface and a dramatic, almost-black aesthetic when glazed with the reflective coating on the inboard (#2) surface.
[29] .^ Oxides of iron and manganese can only be used in glass manufacture in comparatively small quantities for the purpose of colouring or neutralizing colour in glass, and their introduction would not be a matter of sufficient importance to be specially recorded.
^ The material has been considered by some to be magnetic iron ore and by others oxide of manganese.
^ Manganese dioxide not only acts as a source of oxygen, but develops a pink tint in the glass, which is complementary to and neutralizes the green colour due to ferrous oxide.
Optical waveguides
The propagation of light through a multi-mode optical fiber.
A laser bouncing down an
acrylic rod, illustrating the total internal reflection of light in a multimode optical fiber.
Optically
transparent materials focus on the response of a material to incoming light waves of a range of wavelengths. Frequency selective optical filters can be utilized to alter or enhance the
brightness and
contrast of a
digital image.
.^ Containing a lower iron content, ExtraClear has a higher visible light transmission and offers superior optics and clarity compared to standard glass.
.^ Guardians ExtraClear low-iron float glass utilizes a new material formula that increases light transmission and color neutrality when compared to standard float glass.
.^ There is also an intermediate stage in which the glass has a rusty red colour by reflected light, and a purpleblue colour by transmitted light.
The fiber consists of a
core surrounded by a
cladding layer.
.^ As a general rule, to which, however, there are important exceptions, both these qualities are found to a greater degree, the lower the refractive index of the glass.
^ The optical desideratum is uniformity of refractive index and dispersive power throughout the mass of the glass.
.^ In this table n is the refractive index of the glass for sodium light (the D line of the solar spectrum), while the letters C, F and G' refer to lines in the hydrogen spectrum by which dispersion is now generally specified.
.^ In this table n is the refractive index of the glass for sodium light (the D line of the solar spectrum), while the letters C, F and G' refer to lines in the hydrogen spectrum by which dispersion is now generally specified.
(The index of refraction of a vacuum is therefore equal to 1, by definition). The larger the index of refraction, the more slowly light travels in that medium. Typical values for core and cladding of an optical fiber are 1.48 and 1.46, respectively.
When light traveling in a dense medium hits a boundary at a steep angle, the light will be completely reflected. This effect is used in optical fibers to confine light in the core. Light travels along the fiber bouncing back and forth off of the boundary.
.^ Because Solarcool Azuria glass transmits more visible light than most competitive products, building interiors will be brighter and will require less artificial lighting.
This range of angles is called the
acceptance cone of the fiber. The size of this acceptance cone is a function of the refractive index difference between the fiber's core and cladding.
Modern glass art
Main article:
Studio glass
.^ Dale Chihuly, world's leading glass artist visited The Glass Furnace on June 24, 2006 .
^ As typical of the range of modern optical glasses Table I. is given, which constituted the list of optical glasses exhibited by Messrs Chance at the Optical Convention in London in 1905.
^ Before the cocktail party, Dale Chihuly came together with Beykoz Mayor Muharrem Ergul and masters/artists and students from session 3 of The Glass Furnace.
The piece is 13 feet (4 metres) high and made from 1000 separate glass objects.
.^ Towards the end of the same century from 600 to 1000 workmen were, it is stated, employed on one branch of the art, that of ornamenting beads by the help of the blow-pipe.
^ In dealing with the manufacture of glass it is convenient to group the various branches in the following manner: Manufactured Glass.
^ Whether you are framing priceless art, a family photo or painting decorative glass, you expect the image to be clear and the colors to be true.
.^ In the 13th century the craft of glass-making was practised by the Moors in Almeria, and was probably a survival from Roman times.
^ If glass-blowing had been a perfectly new invention of GraecoEgyptian or Roman times, some specimens illustrating the transition from core-moulding to blowing must have been discovered.
^ The use of oxide of lead in glass-making was no new thing; it had been used, mainly as a flux , both by Romans and Venetians.
.^ Dancing Ladies items with their Art Nouveau style and opaque or transparent colors made them a favorite with customers.- Fenton's 100 Years of Glass Making by Debbie and Randy Coe 25 September 2009 3:29 UTC www.coesmercantile.com [Source type: General]
^ The name " patent plate " arose from the fact that certain patented devices originated by James Chance of Birmingham first made it possible to polish comparatively thin glass in this way.
^ But a modification of the first-named process was in use in the 4th and succeeding centuries, showing great ingenuity and manual dexterity, - that, namely, in which the added portions of glass are united to the body of the cup, not throughout, but only at points, and then shaped either by the wheel or by the hand (Plate I. fig.
.^ Both groups left The Glass Furnace with appreciation and satisfaction; and we are also grateful to the officials that helped us host these special guests.
^ Stained Glass Organization of America .- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The " Favrile " glass of Louis C. Tiffany of New York (Pl.
.^ The participants at kilncasting class by Ebru Susamcolu , this time discovered the secretcs of working with glass and were fascinated by their works.
^ In the later part of the 17th century some glass decorated with enamel was made at Delhi .
^ Exceedingly fine canes of milk -white glass play an important part in the masterpieces produced by the Venetian glass-makers of the 16th century.
.^ Now, AFG's Patterned Glass offers architects, designers and builders the same freedom to create translucent works of art for a myriad of applications.
^ The glass being worked is moved into and around the flame.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At The Glass Furnace, they spent time in the hot glass studio collaborating with some of Turkey's most accomplished glass masters and engaged in learning, applying, and experimenting with various hot and cold glass techniques.
.^ The uneven wall thickness will not heat to the working temperature uniformly, resulting in hot spots (thin wall) that blow out and cold spots (heavy wall) that do not move.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Compressed air is not capable of producing the flame temperatures necessary for working borosilicate and quartz glasses.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Working Range Temperature at which glass is hot enough to shape and seal or bond.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Glass Saw (Cut-Off Wheel) Equipment used to cut glass tubing and apparatus.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Engraving is a process of drawing on glass by means of small copper wheels.
^ Tip: Heating large areas of of glass using this technique may give you control problems at step #6.- Scientific Glassblowing Basics 8 January 2010 23:13 UTC www.ecu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[30] .^ Sometimes purple glass is used in place of brown, probably with the design of imitating the precious murrhine.
^ The substances employed are the same as those used for the manufacture of sheet-glass, viz.
^ In the 16th century the fashion for using glass vessels of ornamental character spread from Italy into France and England.
Traditionally this was done after the glass was blown or cast.
.^ Further, all the subsequent processes of cutting, moulding and annealing become increasingly difficult, owing to the greatly increased risk of breakage arising from either external injury or internal strain, as the dimensions of the individual piece of glass increase.
^ If glass-blowing had been a perfectly new invention of GraecoEgyptian or Roman times, some specimens illustrating the transition from core-moulding to blowing must have been discovered.
^ Although the moulds are heated, the surface of the glass is always slightly ruffled by contact with the mould.
.^ Many of the ornamental processes which we admire in Venetian glass were already in use in this century, as that of mille fiori, and the beautiful kind of glass known as " vitro di trina " or lace glass.
^ The varieties of glass used for the manufacture of table-ware and vases are the potash-lead glass, the soda-lime glass and the potash-lime glass.
^ The substances employed are the same as those used for the manufacture of sheet-glass, viz.
[31] As the types of acids used in this process are extremely hazardous, abrasive methods have gained popularity.
.^ The Turkish ladies and gents cannot get enough of beads, and it is also my job to teach the other skills associated with flameworking such as sculpture off the mandrel, blown forms, filigree vessels etc...
^ The members of the club in other words employees of Turkey's leading holding, firstly joined beadmaking and fusing workshops and made their own glass beads and panels/plates.
^ As the school was full, not only did I meet some truly talented mosaicists but glass blowers and bead makers, Masters and students and some wonderful Turkish people as well...
.^ Whether you are framing priceless art, a family photo or painting decorative glass, you expect the image to be clear and the colors to be true.
^ Sometimes purple glass is used in place of brown, probably with the design of imitating the precious murrhine.
^ Silver oxide, mixed as a paint and spread on the surface of a piece of glass and heated, gives a permanent yellow stain.
Museums
.^ The great variety of these vessels is well shown in the illustrated catalogue of GraecoEgyptian glass in the Cairo museum, edited by C. C. Edgar.
^ At the Glass Furnace, students have a chance to work with world renowned glass artists and masters while creating unforgettable memories.
^ Its more resistant to breakage than normal float glass.
[32]
.^ The author of the Atlante espanol, writing at the end of the 18th century, says that excellent glass was still made at Barcelona on Venetian models.
^ Imitations of natural stones were made by stirring together in a crucible glasses of different colours, or by incorporating fragments of differently coloured glasses into a mass of molten glass by rolling.
^ It has been proved that these variations depend to a great extent on the chemical nature of the glass of which the thermometer is made.
These were
lampworked by
Leopold Blaschka and his son Rudolph, who never revealed the method he used to make them. The Blaschka
Glass Flowers are still an inspiration to glassblowers today.
[33]
See also
References
- ^ Douglas, R. W. (1972). A history of glassmaking. Henley-on-Thames: G T Foulis & Co Ltd. ISBN 0854291172.
- ^ ASTM definition of glass from 1945; also: DIN 1259, Glas – Begriffe für Glasarten und Glasgruppen, September 1986
- ^ a b Zallen, R. (1983). The Physics of Amorphous Solids. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 0471019682.
- ^ a b Cusack, N. E. (1987). The physics of structurally disordered matter: an introduction. Adam Hilger in association with the University of Sussex press. ISBN 0852748299.
- ^ a b c Elliot, S. R. (1984). Physics of Amorphous Materials. Longman group ltd.
- ^ Horst Scholze (1991). Glass – Nature, Structure, and Properties. Springer. ISBN 0-387-97396-6.
- ^ a b c d Werner Vogel (1994). Glass Chemistry (2 ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K. ISBN 3540575723.
- ^ a b c B. H. W. S. de Jong, "Glass"; in "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"; 5th edition, vol. A12, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, 1989, ISBN 3-527-20112-5, pp. 365–432.
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=34W4ZNDBHqQC&pg=PA64&dq=%22borate+glass%22&lr=&num=50&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22borate%20glass%22&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=ASIYuNCp81YC&pg=PA158&dq=%22glass+solders%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=50&as_brr=3&cd=3#v=onepage&q=%22glass%20solders%22&f=false
- ^ "PFG Glass". Pfg.co.za. http://www.pfg.co.za/about%20glass.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
- ^ a b "Glass melting, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory". Depts.washington.edu. http://depts.washington.edu/mti/1999/labs/glass_ceramics/mst_glass.html. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
- ^ Alexander Fluegel. "Glass melting in the laboratory". Glassproperties.com. http://glassproperties.com/melting/. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
- ^ P. F. McMillan (2004). "Polyamorphic transformations in liquids and glasses". Journal of Materials Chemistry 14: 1506–1512. doi:10.1039/b401308p.
- ^ carbon dioxide glass created in the lab 15 June 2006, www.newscientisttech.com. Retrieved 3 August 2006.
- ^ a b S. A. Baeurle et al. (2006). "On the glassy state of multiphase and pure polymer materials". Polymer 47: 6243–6253&year=2006. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2006.05.076.
- ^ a b Folmer, J. C. W.; Franzen, Stefan (2003). "Study of polymer glasses by modulated differential scanning calorimetry in the undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory". Journal of Chemical Education 80 (7): 813. doi:10.1021/ed080p813. http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/Journal/Issues/2003/Jul/abs813.html.
- ^ P.S. Salmon (2002). "Order within disorder". Nature Materials 1: 87. doi:10.1038/nmat737.
- ^ M.I. Ojovan, W.E. Lee (2006). "Topologically disordered systems at the glass transition". J. Phys.: Condensed Matter 18: 11507–11520. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/18/50/007.
- ^ a b c d Philip Gibbs. "Is glass liquid or solid?". http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/Glass/glass.html. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
- ^ "Philip Gibbs" Glass Worldwide, (may/june 2007), pp 14–18
- ^ Jim Loy. "Glass Is A Liquid?". http://www.jimloy.com/physics/glass.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
- ^ M.I. Ojovan, W.E. Lee (2006). "Topologically disordered systems at the glass transition". J. Phys.: Condensed Matter 18: 11507–11520. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/18/50/007.
- ^ Florin Neumann. "Glass: Liquid or Solid – Science vs. an Urban Legend". http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C01/C01Links/www.ualberta.ca/~bderksen/florin.html. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
- ^ Chang, Kenneth (2008-07-29). "The Nature of Glass Remains Anything but Clear". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/science/29glass.html?ex=1375070400&en=048ade4011756b24&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
- ^ "Dr Karl's Homework: Glass Flows". Abc.net.au. 2000-01-26. http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/homework/s95602.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
- ^ Zanotto, Edgar Dutra (1998). "Do Cathedral Glasses Flow?". American Journal of Physics 66: 392–396. doi:10.1119/1.19026.
- ^ "High temperature glass melt property database for process modeling"; Eds.: Thomas P. Seward III and Terese Vascott; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio, 2005, ISBN 1-57498-225-7
- ^ Substances Used in the Making of Coloured Glass 1st.glassman.com (David M Issitt). Retrieved 3 August 2006.
- ^ "Waterford Crystal Visitors Centre". http://www.waterfordvisitorcentre.com/. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
- ^ "Depression Glass". http://www.glassonweb.com/articles/article/201/. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
- ^ "Corning Museum of Glass". http://www.cmog.org/index.asp?pageId=1276. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ the Harvard Museum of Natural History's page on the exhibit
Bibliography
- Brugmann, Birte. .^ It is probable that the glass drinking-vessels, which have been found in pre-Christian Anglo-Saxon tombs, were introduced from Germany.
Oxbow Books, 2004. ISBN 1-84217-104-6
- Ghosh, Amalananda (1990). An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology. BRILL. ISBN 9004092625.
- Gowlett, J.A.J. (1997). High Definition Archaeology: Threads Through the Past. Routledge. ISBN 0415184290.
- Noel C. Stokes; The Glass and Glazing Handbook; Standards Australia; SAA HB125–1998
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