From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Panaji is the state's capital, while
Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of
Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the
Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants, and conquered it soon thereafter. The Portuguese overseas territory existed for about 450 years, until it was annexed by India in 1961.
[3][4]
Etymology
The name
Goa came to European languages from the Portuguese, but its precise origin is unclear. In ancient literature, Goa was known by many names such as
Gomanta,
Gomanchala,
Gopakapattam,
Gopakapuri,
Govapuri,
Govem, and
Gomantak.
[5] The Indian epic
Mahabharata refers to the area now known as Goa, as
Goparashtra or
Govarashtra which means a nation of cowherds.
Gopakapuri or
Gopakapattanam were used in some ancient
Sanskrit texts, and these names were also mentioned in other sacred
Hindu texts such as the
Harivansa and the
Skanda Purana. In the latter, Goa is also known as
Gomanchala.
Parashurambhoomi is a name that the region is referred to in certain inscriptions and texts such as the
Puranas.
[6] In the third century BCE, Goa was known as
Aparantha, and is mentioned by the Greek geographer
Ptolemy. The Greeks referred to Goa as
Nelkinda in the 13th century. Some other historical names for Goa are
Sindapur,
Sandabur, and
Mahassapatam.
[7]
History
Main article:
History of Goa
Goa's known history stretches back to the third century BC, when it formed part of the
Mauryan Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor,
Ashoka of
Magadha. Buddhist monks laid the foundation of
Buddhism in Goa. Between the second century BCE and the sixth century CE, Goa was ruled by the
Chutus of
Karwar as feudatories of the
Satavahanas of
Kolhapur (second century BCE to the second century CE),
Western Kshatrapas (around 150 CE), the
Abhiras of Western
Maharashtra, Bhojas of the
Yadava clans of
Gujarat, and the Konkan Mauryas as feudatories of the
Kalachuris.
[8] The rule later passed on to the Chalukyas of
Badami, who controlled it between 578 to 753, and later the
Rashtrakutas of
Malkhed from 753 to 963. However from 765 to 1015, the Southern
Silharas of
Konkan ruled Goa as the feudatories of the Chalukyas and the Rashtrakutas.
[9] Over the next few centuries, Goa was successively ruled by the
Kadambas as the feudatories of the
Chalukyas of Kalyani. They patronized
Jainism in Goa.
[10]
In 1510, the
Portuguese defeated the ruling Bijapur kings with the help of a local ally,
Timayya, leading to the establishment of a permanent settlement in Velha Goa (or Old Goa).
Coat of Arms of Goa as a Portuguese possession 1935-1961
The Portuguese converted a large portion of their subjects in Goa to Christianity. The repeated wars of the Portuguese with the Marathas and the Deccan sultanate, along with the repressive religious policies of Portuguese led to large migrations of
Goans to neighbouring areas. Goa was occupied by the
British between 1812 and 1815 during the
Napoleonic Wars.
In 1843 the capital was moved to
Panjim from
Velha Goa. By mid-18th century the area under occupation had expanded to most of Goa's present day state limits. Simultaneously the Portuguese lost other possessions in India until their borders stabilised and formed the
Estado da India Portuguesa, of which Goa was the largest territory.
After India gained independence from the British in 1947, Portugal refused to negotiate with India on the transfer of sovereignty of their Indian enclaves. On 12 December 1961, the
Indian army commenced with
Operation Vijay resulting in the annexation of Goa, Damman and Diu into the Indian union. Goa, along with
Daman and Diu was made into a centrally administered
Union Territory of India. On 30 May 1987, the Union Territory was split, and Goa was made India's twenty-fifth state, with Daman and Diu remaining Union Territories.
Geography and climate
Goa encompasses an area of 3,702 km² (1,430
sq mile).
.^ A few suggestions ( 3.00 / 14 ) ( #90 ) by willie on Fri Apr 30th, 2004 at 08:15:35 AM EST ( rossco AT com DOT hotpop ) .- Raising the Humble Chicken || kuro5hin.org 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.homsher.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Done.-- Poetlister 14:26, 20 March 2008 (UTC) [ edit ] 15,000th article .- Wikiquote:Village pump archive 22 - Wikiquote 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
The highest point is the
Sonsogor, with an altitude of 1,167 meters (3,827 feet). Goa has a coastline of 101 km (63 miles).
Goa's main rivers are the
Mandovi, the
Zuari, the
Terekhol,
Chapora River and the
Sal. The Mormugao harbor on the mouth of the river Zuari is one of the best natural harbors in South Asia. The Zuari and the Mandovi are the lifelines of Goa, with their tributaries draining 69% of its geographic area.
.^ Each has different rules about passwords, so often one can't use one's preferred password (many sites require less that 8 characters, many require more than 8 characters, many require punctuation in the password, many don't allow punctuation).- Articles: Misleading Web Page Cons Conference Organizers 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC rtmark.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ (Randi didn't sound malicious about it, either, so it's more than just liberal spite I think.- Daily Kos: Time Magazine's cover girl this week... 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ If I wanted to read about religion there are probably dozens of religious magazines I could subscribe too, and many of them would probably be more liberal than Newsweek.- Daily Kos: Time Magazine's cover girl this week... 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
The total navigable length of Goa's rivers is 253 km (157 miles).
.^ How is Soviet Union perfect for all people of WWII during Soviet rule when WWII occupied less than 10% of the Soviet Union's existence?- Wikiquote:Village pump archive 22 - Wikiquote 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
^ BD2412 T 03:01, 18 April 2008 (UTC) Because wikisource has more strict rules than wikiquote.- Wikiquote:Village pump archive 22 - Wikiquote 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
Goa, being in the tropical zone and near the
Arabian Sea, has a hot and
humid climate for most of the year.
.^ It started as a high school graduation gift, and ran pretty much uninterrupted until a couple of months ago (FratBoy's face on the cover yet again - I'd had enough).- Daily Kos: Time Magazine's cover girl this week... 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
The
monsoon rains arrive by early June and provide a much needed respite from the heat. Most of Goa's annual rainfall is received through the monsoons which last till late September.
Goa has a short winter season between mid-December and February. These months are marked by nights of around 20 °C (68 °F) and days of around 29 °C (84 °F) with moderate amounts of humidity. Further inland, due to altitudinal gradation, the nights are a few degrees cooler. During March 2008 Goa was lashed with heavy rain and strong winds.
.^ I've never raised chickens, but my wife just got some mail order ones so we will be raising them for the first time this year.- Raising the Humble Chicken || kuro5hin.org 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.homsher.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I’ve seen photos of the settings of The Lord of the Rings and have seen that most of them are during night time.- What I Did Over Christmas Vacation « Miss(ed) Manners 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC missedmanners.wordpress.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Subdivisions
Talukas of Goa. Talukas in purple shades belong to
North Goa district, and orange denote
South Goa.
.^ The kind who divide the world into two kinds of people, and the kind who don't.- Daily Kos: Time Magazine's cover girl this week... 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
Panaji is the headquarters of the north Goa district and
Margao of the south district. Each district is governed by a
district collector, an administrator appointed by the Indian government.
The districts are further divided into eleven
talukas – Talukas of North Goa are
Bardez,
Bicholim,
Pernem,
Ponda,
Sattari and
Tiswadi, the talukas of South Goa are
Canacona,
Mormugao,
Quepem,
Salcete and
Sanguem. Headquarters of the respective talukas are Mapusa, Bicholim, Pernem, Ponda,
Valpoy, Panjim,
Chaudi, Vasco, Quepem, Margao and Sanguem.
Flora and fauna
.^ I didn't even cover my #2 most hated section: the Friday "Arts" section.- Daily Kos: Time Magazine's cover girl this week... 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
Government owned forest is estimated at 1,224.38 km
2 (472.74 sq mi) whilst private is given as 200 km
2 (77.22 sq mi). Most of the forests in the state are located in the interior eastern regions of the state. The
Western Ghats, which form most of eastern Goa, have been internationally recognised as one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world. In the February 1999 issue of
National Geographic Magazine, Goa was compared with the
Amazon and
Congo basins for its rich tropical biodiversity
[citation needed].
Goa's wildlife sanctuaries boast of more than 1512 documented species of plants, over 275 species of birds, over 48 kinds of animals and over 60 genera of reptiles
[11].
Foxes,
wild boars and
migratory birds are found in the jungles of Goa. The
avifauna includes
kingfishers,
mynas and
parrots. Numerous types of fish are also caught off the coast of Goa and in its rivers.
Crabs,
lobsters,
shrimps,
jellyfish,
oysters and
catfish form some of the piscine catch. Goa also has a high
snake population, which keeps the
rodent population in control. Goa has many famous
National Parks, including the renowned
Salim Ali bird sanctuary. Other wildlife sanctuaries include the
Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary,
Molem Wildlife Sanctuary,
Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary,
Madei Wildlife Sanctuary,
Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary Mahaveer Wildlife Sanctuary and the
Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary located on the island of
Chorao.
.^ Each has different rules about passwords, so often one can't use one's preferred password (many sites require less that 8 characters, many require more than 8 characters, many require punctuation in the password, many don't allow punctuation).- Articles: Misleading Web Page Cons Conference Organizers 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC rtmark.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ They had incredibly good media - and he still rarely polled more than about 12%.- John Edwards Made Sex Tape, Abortion Plea, Aide Says - Democratic Underground 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.democraticunderground.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ubiquity 14:54, 17 March 2008 (UTC) There's an awful lot of quotes (indeed, a lot of awful quotes) about, many more than four words.- Wikiquote:Village pump archive 22 - Wikiquote 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
Since there is a substantial area under private forests and a large tract under cashew, mango, coconut, etc. plantations, the total forest and tree cover constitutes 56.6% of the geographic area.
Economy
| Gross State Domestic Product (in millions of Rupees)[12] |
| Year |
GSDP |
| 1980 |
3,980 |
| 1985 |
6,550 |
| 1990 |
12,570 |
| 1995 |
33,190 |
| 2000 |
76,980 |
Goa's gross
state domestic product for 2007 is estimated at $3 billion in current prices.
.^ But the average hours worked per year in the U.S. increased greatly between 1980 and 1997, while in every other developed country but one, they declined.- Articles: Misleading Web Page Cons Conference Organizers 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC rtmark.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[13]
Tourism is Goa's primary industry: it handles 12%
[14] of all foreign tourist arrivals in India. Goa has two main tourist seasons: winter and summer. In the winter time, tourists from abroad (mainly Europe) come to Goa to enjoy the splendid climate.
.^ I think I can answer this … it’s to spend some time with the people you love over the holidays.- What I Did Over Christmas Vacation « Miss(ed) Manners 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC missedmanners.wordpress.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Tourism is generally focused on the coastal areas of Goa, with decreased tourist activity inland.
.^ There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy.- Daily Kos: Time Magazine's cover girl this week... 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ We can do NO MORE than follow the words we want to hear and hope there's some sincerety behind them.- John Edwards Made Sex Tape, Abortion Plea, Aide Says - Democratic Underground 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.democraticunderground.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There were, by all accounts, more people protesting outside than paying for seats inside.- Daily Kos: Time Magazine's cover girl this week... 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
The land away from the coast is rich in minerals and ores and
mining forms the second largest industry. Mining in Goa focuses on ores of
iron,
Bauxite,
manganese, clays,
limestone and
silica. The
Marmagao Port handled 31.69 million tonnes of cargo last year, and accounts for over 39% of India's Iron Ore exports. The leaders in the Goan Iron Ore industry include Sesa Goa (now owned by Vedanta) and Dempo. Rampant mining in areas rich in Iron Ore and other minerals is now threatening the forest cover as well as posing a health hazard to the local population. Mining corporations are also indulging in illegal mining in some areas without proper permits.
Agriculture, while of shrinking importance to the economy over the past four decades, offers part-time employment to a sizable portion of the populace.
Rice is the main agricultural crop, followed by
areca,
cashew and
coconut. The fishing industry provides employment for about forty thousand people, though recent official figures indicate a decline of the importance of this sector and also a fall in catch, perhaps coupled with the fact that traditional fishing has given way to large-scale mechanised trawling.
Medium scale industries include the manufacturing of
pesticides,
fertilisers,
tyres, tubes,
footwear,
chemicals,
pharmaceuticals,
wheat products, steel rolling, fruits and fish canning, cashew nuts, textiles,
brewery products.
The Goa government has recently decided to not allow any more
special economic zones (SEZs) in Goa. This is in stark contrast to policy followed by other states of India. SEZs are known to bring tax revenues for the government and employment option for local citizens since industries flock there for lower tax rates as compared to other areas. Currently there are 16 planned SEZs in Goa. This decision was taken by state government after strong opposition to SEZs by political parties and Goa Catholic Church.
[15]
Goa is also notable for its low liquor prices due to its very low
excise duty on
alcohol. Another source of cash inflow into the state comes from many of its citizens who work abroad and remit money to their families.
Transport
Most of Goa is well connected by roads.
Goa's sole airport, the
Dabolim Airport, is both a military and civilian airport catering to domestic and international airlines that stop en route to other Indian destinations. The airport also handles a large number of chartered flights. Goa receives international flights from Dubai, Sharjah and Kuwait in the Middle East and from the United Kingdom, Germany and Russia during the charter flight tourist season. Dabolim airport is serviced by the following carriers –
Air India,
Indian Airlines,
Kingfisher Airlines,
Go Air,
SpiceJet,
Jet Airways besides Charter flights from the United Kingdom, Russia, Germany operated by
Thomas Cook, Condor,
Monarch Airlines etc.
Goa's
public transport largely consists of privately operated buses linking the major towns to rural areas.
.^ Having your own hens has two advantages you didn't mention, both related to the abysmal state of the filthy corporate farmed animals.- Raising the Humble Chicken || kuro5hin.org 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.homsher.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In large towns such as Panjim and Margao, intra-city buses ply. However, public transport in Goa is less developed, and residents depend heavily on their own transport, usually motorised two-wheelers. Goa has two
National Highways passing through it. NH-17 runs along India's west coast and links Goa to
Mumbai in the north and
Mangalore to the south. NH-4A running across the state connects the capital Panjim to
Belgaum in east, linking Goa to cities in the
Deccan. The NH-17A connects NH-17 to
Mormugao Harbour from Cortalim, and the new NH-17B, is a four lane highway connecting Mormugao Harbour to NH-17 at another location, Verna, via
Dabolim airport. Goa has a total of 224 km (139 mi) of National highway, 232 km (144 mi) of state highway and 815 km of district highway.
.^ A&C Transport is a car hire service and airport transportation company covering the Atlantic city, Philadelphia and New York city areas.- What I Did Over Christmas Vacation « Miss(ed) Manners 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC missedmanners.wordpress.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
A unique form of transport in Goa is the
Motorcycle taxi, operated by drivers who are locally called "pilots". These vehicles transport a single
pillion rider, at fares that are usually negotiated. River crossings in Goa are serviced by flat-bottomed
ferry boats, operated by the river navigation departments.
.^ Two other important ones are that one must be at least 18, and one is required to provide the Foundation with proof of one's real identity, which will be kept private by the Foundation.- Wikiquote:Village pump archive 22 - Wikiquote 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
The line run by the
South Western Railway was built during the colonial era linking the port town of
Vasco da Gama, Goa with
Hubli,
Karnataka via
Margao. The Konkan Railway line, which was built during the 1990s, runs parallel to the coast connecting major cities on the western coast.
The Mormugao harbour near the city of Vasco handles mineral ore, petroleum, coal and international containers. Much of the shipments consist of minerals and ores from Goa's hinterland. Panjim, which is situated on the banks of the Mandovi, also has a minor port, which used to handle passenger
steamers between Goa and Mumbai till the late 1980s. There was also a short-lived catamaran service linking Mumbai and Panaji operated by Damania Shipping in the 1990s.
Demographics
Hindu-Christianity Unity Memorial at Miramar Beach.
A native of Goa is called a
Goan in English,
Goenkar in
Konkani,
Goês (male) or
Goesa (female) in
Portuguese, and a
Govekar in
Marathi. Goa has a population of 1.344 million residents, making it India's fourth smallest (after
Sikkim,
Mizoram and
Arunachal Pradesh). The population has a growth rate of 14.9% per decade.
[18] There are 363 people for each square kilometre of the land.
[17] Goa is the State with highest proportion of Urban Population with 49.76% where of the population live in urban areas.
[19] The literacy rate of Goa is over 82%.
[20] The
sex ratio is 960 females to 1000 males.
.^ Comment by panna81 — January 15, 2007 @ 4:21 am .- What I Did Over Christmas Vacation « Miss(ed) Manners 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC missedmanners.wordpress.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[22]
According to the 2001 census out of a total population of 1,343,998. 886,551 (65%) were
Hindus, 359,568 (26%) were
Christians, 92,210 (6%) were
Muslims, 970 (0.07%) were
Sikhs, 649 (0.04%) were
Buddhists, 820 (0.06%) were
Jains and 3530 (0.24%) belonged to other religious communities.
[23] Konkani is the official language of Goa and spoken as a native language by about 61.21% of the people. Other linguistic minorities in the state as of 1991 are
Marathi (27.12%),
Kannada (3.41%),
Urdu (2.81%), and
Hindi (2.09%).
[24]
Languages
.^ Kos Media, LLC Site content may be used for any purpose without explicit permission unless otherwise specified.- Daily Kos: Time Magazine's cover girl this week... 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[25] However, whilst there have been demands for according Marathi and Konkani in
Roman script co-equal status in the state, As of October 2008, Konkani remained the sole official language.
[26][27]
The most widely used languages are Konkani, Marathi and English.
[28] Konkani is the primary
spoken language and official;
Marathi and
English are used for literary, educational and some official purposes. Other languages in wide use include
Hindi, and
Portuguese.
.^ This Discworld number, discovered by the Mister a few months ago, still [...- What I Did Over Christmas Vacation « Miss(ed) Manners 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC missedmanners.wordpress.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Last year I had a rooster (sometimes you will get one even though you buy all hens) who broke his leg.- Raising the Humble Chicken || kuro5hin.org 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.homsher.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[citation needed]
Tourism
Goa Carnival is one of the main attractions of Goa.
Tourism is generally focused on the coastal areas of Goa, with decreased tourist activity inland.
.^ There's nothing I enjoy more than a half-dozen fresh free-range/bug-fed raw eggs.- Raising the Humble Chicken || kuro5hin.org 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.homsher.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy.- Daily Kos: Time Magazine's cover girl this week... 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ There were, by all accounts, more people protesting outside than paying for seats inside.- Daily Kos: Time Magazine's cover girl this week... 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[citation needed]
Goa has two main tourist seasons: winter and summer. In the winter time, tourists from abroad (mainly Europe) come to Goa to enjoy the splendid climate. In the summertime (which, in Goa, is the rainy season), tourists from across India come to spend the holidays.[citation needed]
With the rule of the Portuguese for over 450 years and the consequential influence of Portuguese culture, Goa presents a somewhat different picture to the foreign visitor than other parts of the country. The state of Goa is famous for its excellent beaches, churches, and temples. The Bom Jesus cathedral, Fort Aguada and a new a wax museum on Indian history, culture and heritage in Old Goa are other tourism destinations.
Historic sites and neighbourhoods
In many parts of Goa, mansions constructed in the Indo-Portuguese style architecture still stand, though in some villages, most of them are in a dilapidated condition.
Fontainhas in Panaji has been declared a cultural quarter, showcasing the life, architecture and culture of Goa. Some influences from the Portuguese era are visible in some of Goa's temples, notably the
Mangueshi Temple and the
Mahalasa Temple, although after 1961, many of these were demolished and reconstructed in the indigenous Indian style.
Museums and Science Center
Goa also has a few museums, the two important ones being
Goa State Museum and the
Naval Aviation Museum.
.^ I am disgusted that those kinds of attacks based on one's physicality or appearance are only made on women, not men.- Daily Kos: Time Magazine's cover girl this week... 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[citation needed] Also, a place not well known to tourists is the
Goa Science Center, which is located in Panjim.
[citation needed]
People and culture
Main article:
Culture of Goa
The tableau of Goa showcases religious harmony by focusing on the Deepastambha, the Cross, Ghode Modni followed by a chariot. Western royal attire of kings and regional dances being performed depict the unique blend of different religions and cultures of the State. The festival of music and dance,
Shigmo Mel or the Holi and Spring celebrations,signify unity in diversity.
[30] Prominent local festivals are
Chavoth,
Diwali,
Christmas,
Easter,
Shigmo,
Samvatsar Padvo,
Dasara etc.The Goan Carnival and new year celebration is known to attract a large number of tourists.
Dance and music
Theatre
Natak,
Tiatr and
Zagor are the chief forms of Goa's traditional performance arts. Other forms are Ranmale, Dashavatari, Kalo, Goulankala, Lalit, Kala and Rathkala. Stories from the
Ramayana and the
Mahabharata along with more modern social subjects are narrated with song and dance.
[31][32] The drummers, keyboard artists, and guitarists are part of the show and give the background score.
Food
Rice with fish
curry (
Xit kodi in
Konkani) is the staple diet in Goa.
Goan cuisine is famous for its rich variety of fish dishes cooked with elaborate recipes.
Coconut and
coconut oil are widely used in Goan cooking along with
chili peppers,
spices and
vinegar giving the food a unique flavour.
Pork dishes such as
Vindaloo,
Xacuti and
Sorpotel are cooked for major occasions among the
Goan Catholics. An exotic Goan vegetable stew, known as
Khatkhate, is a very popular dish during the celebrations of festivals, Hindu and Christian alike. Khatkhate contains at least five vegetables, fresh coconut, and special Goan spices that add to the aroma.
Sannas a variant of
idli and Koilori a variant of
dosa are native to Goa. A rich
egg-based multi-layered sweet dish known as
bebinca is a favourite at Christmas. The most popular alcoholic beverage in Goa is
feni; Cashew feni is made from the fermentation of the fruit of the cashew tree, while coconut
feni is made from the sap of toddy palms.
[citation needed]
Architecture
Fontainhas is a protected area in
Panjim for its old architecture. People living in the houses can only renovate the insides – the outside look has to be left as it is.
The architecture of Goa is a combination of
Indian,
Mughal and
Portuguese styles. Since the Portuguese ruled for four centuries, many churches and houses bear a striking element of the Portuguese style of architecture. Goa was also under the Mughal rule and thus one finds monuments built in the typical Mughal style complete with the domes. The typical Goan architecture is very simple and easy going and is visible in buildings like modern ones.
[citation needed]
Sports
.^ No one can terrorize a whole nation, unless we are all his accomplices.- Daily Kos: Time Magazine's cover girl this week... 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
Government and politics
Goa's capital is
Panaji, known as Panjim in English and earlier called Pangim in Portuguese times, and known in the local language as Ponnje is the administrative capital of Goa lying on the left bank of the Mandovi near Panaji. Goa's legislative assembly building is located in
Porvorim – the seat of the
Goa assembly, which lies across the Mandovi River. The state's judicial hierarchy relates to
Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay, which is the capital of Goa's neighbouring Maharashtra state), as the state comes under the
Bombay High Court. A bench of the High Court is present in Panaji. Unlike other states, which follow the British Indian model of civil laws framed for individual religions, the Portuguese
Uniform Civil Code, based on the
Napoleonic code, has been retained by the Goa government.
Goa has a
unicameral legislature consisting of a forty member
Legislative Assembly, headed by a
Chief Minister who wields the
executive power. The present Chief Minister of Goa is Mr.
Digambar Kamat and the Leader of Opposition is Mr.
Manohar Parrikar. The ruling government consists of the party or coalition garnering the most seats in the state elections and enjoying the support of a
simple majority of the House. The governor is appointed by the
President of India. The governor's role is largely ceremonial, but plays a crucial role when it comes to deciding who should form the next government or in suspending the legislature as has happened in the recent past. After having stable governance for nearly thirty years up to 1990, Goa is now notorious for its political instability having seen fourteen governments in the span of the fifteen years between 1990 and 2005.
[37] In March 2005 the assembly was dissolved by the governor and
President's Rule was declared, which suspended the legislature. A
by-election in June 2005 saw the Congress coming back to power after winning three of the five seats that went to polls. The
Congress party and the
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) are the two largest parties in the state. In the assembly pole of 2007, Congress-led coalition won and started ruling the state.
[38] Other parties include the
United Goans Democratic Party, the
Nationalist Congress Party and the
Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party.
[39]
Media and communication
Main article:
Media in Goa
Goa is served by almost all
television channels available in India. Channels are received through cable in most parts of Goa. In the interior regions, channels are received via
satellite dishes.
Doordarshan, the national television broadcaster, has two free terrestrial channels on air.
DTH (
Direct To Home) TV services are available from
Dish TV,
Tata Sky &
DD Direct Plus. The
All India Radio is the only
radio channel in the state, broadcasting in both
FM and
AM bands. Two AM channels are broadcast, the primary channel at 1287 kHz and the Vividh Bharati channel at 1539 kHz. AIR's FM channel is called FM Rainbow and is broadcast at 105.4 MHz. Private FM radio channels available are
Big FM at 92.7 MHz,
Radio Mirchi at 98.3 MHz, and
Radio Indigo at 91.9 MHz. There is also an educational radio channel,
Gyan Vani, run by
IGNOU broadcast from Panaji at 107.8 MHz. In 2006, St Xavier's College, Mapusa, became the first college in the state to launch a campus community radio station 'Voice of Xavier's'.
Local newspaper publications include the
English language The Herald (Goa's oldest, once a Portuguese language paper known as
O Heraldo), the
Gomantak Times and the
Navhind Times. In addition to these,
The Times of India and the
Indian Express are also received from Bombay and Bangalore in the urban areas.
The Times of India has recently started publication from Goa itself serving the local population news directly from the state capital. Among the list of officially-accredited newspapers are
Sunaparant in Konkani (Devanagari script),
The Navhind Times,
The Herald Times and
The Gomantak Times in English; and
Gomantak,
Tarun Bharat,
Navprabha,
Goa Times,
Sanatan Prabhat,
Govadoot (all in Marathi). All are dailies. Other publications in the state include
Goa Today (English-language, monthly),
Goan Observer (English, weekly),
Vavraddeancho Ixtt (Roman-script Konkani, weekly)
Goa Messenger,
Gulab (Konkani, monthly),
Bimb (Devanagiri-script Konkani) .
Education
According to the 2001 census, Goa has a
literacy rate of 82% with 89% of males and 76% of females being literate.
[40] Each taluka is made up of villages, each having a school run by the government. Due to the low levels of corruption and the quality of the government schools, private schools are less in demand, compared to the rest of the country. All schools come under the state
SSC whose syllabus is prescribed by the state Education department. There are also a few schools run by the all-India
ICSE board or
NIOS board. Most students in Goa complete their high school using English as the medium of instruction. Primary schools, on the other hand are largely run in Konkani and marathi (in private, but government-aided schools). As is the case in most of India, enrollment for vernacular media has seen a fall in numbers in favour of English medium education. As per a report published in the times of India, 84 % of Goan schools run without an administrative head.
[41]
Among the best known schools in Goa include Vidya Prabhodini at Porvorim, K.B. Hedgewar High School, the Progress high school, Don Bosco High School, People's high school, Mushtifund high school in panaji, A. J. De Almeida high school in ponda, Vidya Bharati Mahila Nutan, Manovikas in Margao etc.
Among the best known colleges in Goa include G.V.M's S.N.J.A higher secondary school, Don Bosco College, D.M's college of Arts Science and Commerce, St Xavier's College, Carmel College, Chowgule College, Dhempe College, Damodar College, MES College, etc.
In addition to the engineering colleges, there are quite a few polytechnic institutions such as the Father Agnel Polytechnic, Verna and the Institute of Shipbuilding Technology, Vasco da gama which impart technical and vocational training.
.^ Reading over all the comments in this diary, I'm disgusted by the degree to which so many of them are nothing more or less than scathing attacks on a woman's appearance.- Daily Kos: Time Magazine's cover girl this week... 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ If I wanted to read about religion there are probably dozens of religious magazines I could subscribe too, and many of them would probably be more liberal than Newsweek.- Daily Kos: Time Magazine's cover girl this week... 2 February 2010 14:48 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
Goa is also well-known in India for courses in
marine engineering,
fisheries, hotel management and
cuisine. The State also hosts one of the best
business school in the country – the
Goa Institute of Management which is autonomous and was founded in 1993 by
Romuald D'Souza. Portuguese is taught as a part of the school curriculum, often as a third language in some schools. The Goa University also offers Bachelors and Masters degrees in Portuguese.
See also
Citations
- ^ "Goa". Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd Report, July 2003 to June 2004. National Commissioner Linguistic Minorities. http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm. Retrieved 17 July 2007. "Konkani is the official language of the state. There actually is no second official language. However, as per notification, Marathi will be used for the purpose of reply by the Government whenever communications are received in that language. In the Official Language Act, it is provided that "the Marathi, shall also be used for all or any of the official purposes". Further it is provided that "nothing contained in this sub section shall be deemed to affect the use of the Marathi language in educational, social or cultural fields"."
- ^ UNI (30 May 2007). "Marathi vs Konkani debate continues in Goa". rediff.com (Rediff.com India Limited). http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/may/30goa.htm. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
- ^ "Liberation of Goa". Government Polytechnic, Panaji. http://gpp.nic.in/Liberation.html. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
- ^ Pillarisetti, Jagan. "The Liberation of Goa: an Overview". The Liberation of Goa:1961. bharat-rakshak.com. http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa01.html. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
- ^ a b c "Goa". National Informatics Centre(NIC). http://www.india.gov.in/knowindia/st_goa.php. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
- ^ Press Information bureau. "Goa – The Vibrant State on March". Press release. http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=45884. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
- ^ Sakshena 2003, p. 5
- ^ De Souza 1990, p. 9
- ^ De Souza 1990, p. 10
- ^ De Souza 1990, p. 11
- ^ "Wildlife Sanctuaries in Goa". http://www.goahub.com/wildlife-sanctuaries-in-goa/index.html. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
- ^ "Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation". http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_nad_main.htm. Retrieved 7 September 2006.
- ^ Chandigarh's per capita income highest in India
- ^ Economy of Goa, from goenkar.com verified 2 April 2005.
- ^ "Goa not to have any more SEZs". http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Business/India_Business/Goa_not_to_have_any_more_SEZs_Digamber_Kamat/rssarticleshow/2538932.cms. Retrieved 13 November 2007.
- ^ "Census Population" (PDF, 40 KB). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- ^ a b "Area and population". Government of Goa. http://goagovt.nic.in/gag/arepop.htm. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
- ^ "Goa Population Policy (March 2007)" (DOC, 156 KB). Government of Goa. http://goagovt.nic.in/GoaPPp.doc. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
- ^ "Rural-Urban Distribution". Census Department of India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/rural.aspx. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
- ^ "Education". Government of Goa. http://goagovt.nic.in/gag/educ.htm. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
- ^ "Demographic status of Goa". Navhind Times. http://www.navhindtimes.com/articles.php?Story_ID=053150. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
- ^ "Scheduled Casts & Scheduled Tribes Population". Census Department of India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/scst.aspx. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
- ^ a b "Population by religious communities". Census department of India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
- ^ A. R. Fatihi. "Urdu in Goa". Language in India, Volume 2: 2002-12-09. M. S. Thirumalai, Managing Editor, Language in India. http://www.languageinindia.com/july2003/urduingoa.html. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
- ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 11.3, http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm, retrieved 6 June 2007
- ^ "Solving the Language Imbroglio". Navhind Times. http://www.navhindtimes.com/story.php?story=2008083147. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
- ^ "Konkani:The Tussule over the script". Navhind Times. http://www.navhindtimes.com/story.php?story=2008091733. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
- ^ "Table 26: Three Main Languages in every State, 1991". Census of India 1991. Office of the Registrar General, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Press Information Bureau. "Twenty eight tableaux to participate in year's Republic Day Parade". Press release. http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rjan2002/21012002/r210120025.html. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
- ^ Tiatr folk drama of Goa http://www.goablog.org/posts/tiatr-folk-drama-of-goa/
- ^ Smitha Venkateswaran (14 Apr, 2007). "Konkan goes Tiatrical". The Economic Times. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowarchive.cms?msid=1907414. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
- ^ a b c d Mills, James (Summer 2001). "Football in Goa: Sport, Politics and the Portuguese in India". Soccer & Society 2 (2): 75–88.
- ^ "Goan football has little cause to look back". Goa Football Association. http://www.goa-fa.com/node/45. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ^ "Nehru stadium". Cricinfo.com. http://content-www.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58301.html. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ^ http://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg15601.html
- ^ Odds stacked against Parrikar, Anil Sastry, The Hindu, 31 January 2005, verified 2 April 2005
- ^ Banerjee, Sanjay (6 June 2007). "Congress set to rule Goa again". indiatimes.com (Times Internet Limited). http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2101667.cms. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
- ^ North Goa District Website, Panaji Goa http://northgoa.nic.in
- ^ "District-specific Literates and Literacy Rates, 2001". Education for all in India. http://educationforallinindia.com/page157.html. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
- ^ "No Administrative head". Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/84-Goa-schools-without-heads/articleshow/4363801.cms. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
References
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1 1975 is the date of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, the independence of East Timor was recognized by Portugal and the rest of the world.
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