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Updated live from Wikipedia, last check: June 02, 2012 11:10 UTC (48 seconds ago)

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This article is about the ornamental fish. For other uses, see Goldfish (disambiguation).
Goldfish
Conservation status
Domesticated
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cypriniformes
Family: Cyprinidae
Genus: Carassius
Species: C. auratus[1]
Subspecies: C. a. auratus
Trinomial name
Carassius auratus auratus[2]
(Linnaeus, 1758)
.The goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) was one of the earliest fish to be domesticated, and is still one of the most commonly kept aquarium fish.^ Anaerobic metabolism in goldfish, Carassius auratus.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Koi and goldfish come from the same family, Cyprinidae, but their genus and species differ; Carassius auratus for goldfish and Cyprinus carpio for koi.

 ^ Today, most goldfish hobbyists own one or several well equipped aquariums to breed fish.

 .A relatively small member of the carp family (which also includes the koi carp and the crucian carp), the goldfish is a domesticated version of a dark-gray/olive/brown carp (Carassius auratus) native to east Asia (first domesticated in China) that was introduced to Europe in the late 17th century.^ Koi, which also descended from carp, are not goldfish.

 ^ Anaerobic metabolism in goldfish, Carassius auratus.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Others have concluded that the goldfish is a subspecies of the crucian carp Carassius carassius (i.e., C. c.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 .The mutation that gave rise to the goldfish is also known from other cyprinid species, such as common carp and tench.^ Then, you will know what it means to "speak fluent goldfish".  Do you know how great it feels when you and another species both know you are trying to communicate with each other ?
.Goldfish may grow to a maximum length of 23 inches (59 cm) and a maximum weight of 9.9 pounds (4.5 kg), although this is rare; most individual goldfish grow to under half this size.^ If the goldfish are larger, then the koi may attack and the koi will usually have lots of weight and speed behind it.

 ^ Any of these goldfish may grow larger than the averages stated here and would therefore need even larger tanks or to be housed in a pond.

 ^ Goldfish under normal conditions grow to be quite large, easily reaching 6 inches and some will grow to 12 inches or more.

 .In optimal conditions, goldfish may live more than 40 years;[2] however, most household goldfish generally only live six to eight years.^ If, however, there are white spots all over the fish's body, your goldfish most likely has an infection from the parasite, Ich.

 ^ If you are in a climate or reside in a home where there are fluctuations in temperature of more than 2-3 degrees per day and you keep fancy goldfish or have goldfish that are or have been recently sick, then a heater may allow you to better regulate the water’s temperature.

 ^ Any of these goldfish may grow larger than the averages stated here and would therefore need even larger tanks or to be housed in a pond.

Contents

History

A pale yellow and silver fish, with grayish fins and a dark eye, facing left
A wild Prussian carp showing yellow coloration. Some of the first goldfish may have looked like this.
.In ancient China, various species of carp (collectively known as Asian carps) had been domesticated and reared as food fish for thousands of years.^ Vary the food  Tetra makes great flake foods other brands of fish's color flake food is good, too --  a variety of ingredients make the goldfish's colors vivid.

 ^ Knapp (1953) stated that this species is used as a hardy bait fish in many areas or crossed with carp for same purpose.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Last year, a new customer decided to buy fish from mainland China.

 Some of these normally gray or silver species have a tendency to produce red, orange or yellow color mutations; this was first recorded in the Jin Dynasty (265–420).[3]
During the Tang Dynasty (618–907), it was popular to raise carp in ornamental ponds and watergardens. .Due to a natural genetic mutation, some of these carp displayed gold (actually yellowish orange) rather than silver coloration.^ Howells (1992b) reported that some exotic fish experts believe that "goldfish" typically observed in U.S. waters are actually crucian carp x goldfish hybrids.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Some areas may represent repeated escapes or releases rather than established populations (Lee et al.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, NC. (Cited as a work rather than as individual accounts in the interest of space).
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 .People began to breed the gold variety instead of the silver variety, and began to display them in small containers.^ People began to breed the gold variety instead of the silver variety, and began to display them in small containers.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.animalloverworld.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Afterwards, the people began to breed the gold variety instead of the silver variety, and began to keep them in small containers to watch.
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.mypets.net.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ By this time, people outside the royal family were forbidden to keep goldfish of the gold (yellow) variety, yellow being the royal color.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.animalloverworld.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .The fish were not kept in the containers permanently, but would be kept in a larger body of water, such as an outdoor pond, and only for special occasions at which guests were expected would they be moved to the much smaller container.^ Even though the species is one of the most widely distributed foreign fishes in North America , much of its established range is restricted to only portions of certain drainages (Courtenay and Stauffer 1990).
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Last time we played there, they banned outdoor concerts on the beach for a year because we caused such mayhem.
  • GOLDFISH's MySpace Blog | 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC blogs.myspace.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Early the next morning, as she lay on her belly, I saw her gills rise and fall in laborious breathing.  As I sat with her,  I saw them rise and fall much slower, until they stopped moving.

 [4][5]
In 1162, the Empress of the Song Dynasty ordered the construction of a pond to collect the red and gold variety of those carp. .By this time, people outside the imperial family were forbidden to keep goldfish of the gold (yellow) variety, yellow being the imperial color.^ Since yellow was the Imperial color in China, commoners were forbidden from keeping yellow fish.

 ^ By this time, people outside the royal family were forbidden to keep goldfish.
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.mypets.net.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The original goldfish were copper/yellow colored.
  • Exotic Goldfish - Care and Feeding 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.exoticgoldfish.net [Source type: Original source]

 .This is probably the reason why there are more orange goldfish than yellow goldfish, even though the latter are genetically easier to breed.^ DeKay (1842) reported, likely in reference to the early 1800s, that goldfish in the United States were considered an ornamental species rather than a food fish, even though the fish freely reproduced in ponds in New York and adjacent states.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ But there is almost a sense of finality you get before a gig when you realise there is nothing more you can do than do your best.
  • GOLDFISH's MySpace Blog | 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC blogs.myspace.com [Source type: General]

 ^ You can communicate to goldfish by talking softly, making eye contact and reinforcing your relationship with them by feeding them (twice a day sparingly is more than enough!

 [6]
A western aquarium of the 1850s containing goldfish among other coldwater species
.The occurrence of other colors (apart from red and gold) was first recorded in 1276. The first occurrence of fancy tailed goldfish was recorded in the Ming dynasty.^ Vary the food  Tetra makes great flake foods other brands of fish's color flake food is good, too --  a variety of ingredients make the goldfish's colors vivid.

 In 1502, goldfish were introduced to Japan, where the Ryukin and Tosakin varieties were developed. In 1611, goldfish were introduced to Portugal and from there to other parts of Europe.[4]
During the 1620s, goldfish were highly regarded in Southern Europe because of their metallic scales, and were known to symbolize good luck and fortune. It became tradition for married men to give their wives a goldfish on their year anniversary, as a symbol for the prosperous years to come. This tradition quickly died, as goldfish became more available around Europe, thus losing their sacred status. .Goldfish were first introduced to North America around 1850 and quickly became popular in the United States.^ Introduced exotic fishes in North America: status 1979.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Remarks: The goldfish is thought to be the first foreign fish species introduced to North America (DeKay 1842; Courtenay et al.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Goldfish have been widely and repeatedly stocked in the United States from many points of origin, including both Asia and Europe .
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 [7][8]
.The wild form of the goldfish is the Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio).^ Others have concluded that the goldfish is a subspecies of the crucian carp Carassius carassius (i.e., C. c.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Prussian carp, gibele carp, or European goldfish) from eastern Europe (Raicu et al.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 .Some sources claim the Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) as the wild version of the goldfish.^ Others have concluded that the goldfish is a subspecies of the crucian carp Carassius carassius (i.e., C. c.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Howells (1992b) reported that some exotic fish experts believe that "goldfish" typically observed in U.S. waters are actually crucian carp x goldfish hybrids.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 While they are closely related, they can be differentiated by the following characteristics:
.
  • C. auratus have a more pointed snout while the snout of a C. carassius is well rounded.
  • The wild form of the Goldfish C. gibelio often has a grey/greenish color, while crucian carps are always golden bronze.
  • Juvenile crucian carp have a black spot on the base of the tail which disappears with age.^ You will have to form one from stainless steel screening (gutter screening is ok, too)   try not to use aluminum  it's not always goldfish friendly.

     In C. auratus this tail spot is never present.
  • C. auratus have fewer than 31 scales along the lateral line while crucian carp have 33 scales or more.

Varieties of domesticated goldfish

.Selective breeding over centuries has produced several color variations, some of them far removed from the "golden" color of the originally domesticated fish.^ Vary the food  Tetra makes great flake foods other brands of fish's color flake food is good, too --  a variety of ingredients make the goldfish's colors vivid.

 There are also different body shapes, fin and eye configurations. .Some extreme versions of the goldfish do need to be kept in an aquarium—they are much less hardy than varieties closer to the "wild" original.^ Based on Chinese breeders thinking, goldfish need to be in shallow water or else they don't develop the pot-belly.

 ^ You will need to separate the eggs/new babies from the adults  i.e., put them in a bowl or tank with extremely gentle aeration, and after they absorb their egg sac (3 or 4 days after they hatch), you can feed them dried "fry"  food, or baby goldfish food (they are "fry" when they are babies).

 ^ FOOD:                       Please don't over feed!  Let the goldfish "yell" and "goldfish bark" as much as they want  better to see them lively and "hungry" than to see them sick and dying from overfeeding.

 .However, some variations are hardier, such as the Shubunkin.^ However, some variations are hardier, such as the Shubunkin.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.animalloverworld.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Fancy goldfish are unlikely to survive for long in the wild as they are handicapped by their bright fin colors; however it is not beyond the bounds of possibility that such a fish, especially the more hardy varieties such as the Shubunkin, can survive long enough to breed with its wild cousins.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.animalloverworld.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Some extreme versions of the goldfish do need to be kept in an aquarium — they are much less hardy than varieties closer to the "wild" original, however more robust variations such as the Shubunkin are more hardy.

 The main varieties are:
Common goldfish Black Moor Bubble Eye
.Common goldfish are a type of goldfish with no other modifications from their ancestor, the Prussian carp, other than their color.^ Vary the food  Tetra makes great flake foods other brands of fish's color flake food is good, too --  a variety of ingredients make the goldfish's colors vivid.

 ^ Female Goldfish  -- the females usually have one hip bigger than the other (for stowing the eggs), and/or lumpy rear ends.

 Common goldfish come in a variety of colours including red, orange/gold, white, black and yellow or 'lemon' goldfish.		 Common goldfish.JPG The Black moor is a telescope-eyed variety of fancy goldfish that has a characteristic pair of protruding eyes. It is also referred to as popeye, telescope, kuro demekin in Japan and dragon-eye in China. Black Moor Goldfish.jpg The Bubble Eye is a small variety of fancy goldfish with upward pointing eyes that are accompanied by two large fluid-filled sacs. 800px-Bubbleeye1.jpg
Celestial Eye Comet (goldfish) Fantail (goldfish)
Celestial eye goldfish or Choten gan is a double-tailed breed of fancy goldfish that has a breed-defining pair of telescope eyes which are turned upwards, pupils gazing skyward.
チョウテンガン.jpg
 .The comet or comet-tailed goldfish is the most common variety of fancy goldfish in the United States.^ In a recent paper, Courtenay (1993) listed goldfish as established in most states except Alaska and Florida .
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ S/he was a gold and black "comet"  a long skinny body, a common goldfish.

 ^ Go to your local pet store.  See the variety of goldfish and the variety of prices.  Want a fancy fish but can't afford an  adult??

 It is similar to the common goldfish, except slightly smaller and slimmer, and is mainly distinguished by its long deeply forked tail.		 Domesticcometgoldfish.jpg The Fantail goldfish is the western form of the Ryukin that possesses an egg-shaped body, a high dorsal fin, a long quadruple caudal fin, and no shoulder hump. FT2.jpg
Lionhead (goldfish) Oranda Pearlscale
.The lionhead is a hooded variety of fancy goldfish.^ Go to your local pet store.  See the variety of goldfish and the variety of prices.  Want a fancy fish but can't afford an  adult??

 ^ Tags: Goldfish Queen Chinese Goldfish Fancy Goldfish Importing from China Import Goldfish Red Cap Lionhead .

 This fish is the precursor to the ranchu.		 LionheadGoldfishSideviewRodsan18b.jpg An oranda is a fancy goldfish characterized by a prominent raspberry-like hood encasing its head. The hood or headgrowth (also known as wen) encases the whole head except for the eyes and mouth. OrangeOranda.jpg The pearlscale or chinshurin in Japanese, is a spherical-bodied fancy goldfish with finnage similar to the fantail. Goldfish Pearl Scale.jpg
Pompom (goldfish) Ryukin Shubunkin
Pompoms or pompon or hana fusa are a type of fancy goldfish that have bundles of loose fleshy outgrowths between the nostrils, on each side of the head. The ryukin is a short deep-bodied fancy goldfish with a characteristic hump in the shoulder region. Goldfish Ryukin.jpg .Shubunkins (朱文金?) (translated literally as "red brocade") are a hardy, single-tailed fancy goldfish with nacreous scales, and a pattern known as calico.^ Calico Pearl-scale with Phoenix Tail .

 ^ Tags: Goldfish Queen Butterfly Tails Chinese Fancy Goldfish Cold Water Fish Triple Colour Butterfly Tails Importing Goldfish from China Chinese Goldfish .

 ^ Tags: Goldfish Queen Chinese Goldfish Fancy Goldfish Importing from China Import Goldfish Red Cap Lionhead .

 The shubunkins are of Japanese origin.		 Clear shubunkin.jpg
Telescope eye Ranchu Panda Moor
The telescope eye or demekin is a fancy goldfish characterized by its protruding eyes. It is also known as globe eye or dragon eye goldfish. GoldfishDroganeys.jpg .The ranchu is a hooded variety of fancy goldfish developed in Japan.^ Go to your local pet store.  See the variety of goldfish and the variety of prices.  Want a fancy fish but can't afford an  adult??

 ^ Tags: Goldfish Queen Chinese Goldfish Fancy Goldfish Ranchu .

 It is referred to as the "king of goldfish" by the Japanese.		 Goldfish Ranchu 2.jpg The panda moor is a fancy goldfish with a characteristic black-and-white color pattern and protruding eyes. Pandamoor.jpg
Veiltail
The veiltail is a fancy goldfish which is known for its extra-long, flowing double tail. Welon (ryba).JPG

Chinese Goldfish classification

.Goldfish are classified into 4 main types by Chinese tradition.^ Traditional Chinese Goldfish Painting .

 These classifications are not commonly used in the West.
  • Ce (may also be called "grass")—Goldfish without fancy anatomical features. .These include the common goldfish, comet goldfish and Shubunkin.
  • Wen—Goldfish a fancy tail.^ Tags: Goldfish Queen Butterfly Tails Chinese Fancy Goldfish Cold Water Fish Triple Colour Butterfly Tails Importing Goldfish from China Chinese Goldfish .

     e.g. Fantails and Veiltails ("Wen" is also the name of the characteristic headgrowth on such strains as Oranda and Lionhead)
  • Dragon Eye—Goldfish with extended eyes, e.g. Black Moor, Bubble Eye, and Telescope Eye
  • Egg—Goldfish without a dorsal fin, that usually have an 'egg-shaped' body, e.g. Lionhead (note that a Bubble Eye without a dorsal fin belongs to this group)

In ponds

Video of three orange-red fish wriggling as they swim just below the surface of the water
Goldfish coming to the surface of an outdoor pond
.Goldfish are popular pond fish, since they are small, inexpensive, colourful, and very hardy.^ Koi and some variety of goldfish are popular pond fish, since they are very hardy.
  • Information on goldfish and koi , including their types, care, diseases , pictures, facts 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.petgoldfish.net [Source type: General]

 ^ They are very popular for ponds.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ They are small, inexpensive, very hardy and add much colour to the pond.
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.mypets.net.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 In an outdoor pond or water garden, they may even survive for brief periods if ice forms on the surface, as long as there is enough oxygen remaining in the water and the pond does not freeze solid. .Common goldfish, London and Bristol shubunkins, jikin, wakin, comet and some hardier fantail goldfish can be kept in a pond all year round in temperate and subtropical climates.^ This year has been all about consolidation for Goldfish and it has been amazing to see the hard work starting to pay off around the world.
  • GOLDFISH's MySpace Blog | 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC blogs.myspace.com [Source type: General]

 Moor, veiltail, oranda and lionhead can be kept safely in outdoor ponds only in the summer, and in more tropical climates.
Small to large ponds are fine though the depth should be at least 80 cm (30 in) to avoid freezing. During winter, goldfish will become sluggish, stop eating, and often stay on the bottom of the pond. .This is completely normal; they will become active again in the spring.^ This is completely normal and in spring they will become active again.
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.mypets.net.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ This is completely normal; they will become active again in the spring.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ This is completely normal behavior; once the temperature is warmer they will become active again.
  • Information on goldfish and koi , including their types, care, diseases , pictures, facts 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.petgoldfish.net [Source type: General]

 .A filter is important to clear waste and keep the pond clean.^ A filter is important to clear waste and keep the pond clean.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.animalloverworld.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.mypets.net.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Some new kinds of bowls include filters, but the traditional goldfish bowl isn’t compatible with the technology that can keep an aquarium clean.
  • 5 reasons not to use goldfish bowls 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC goldfishcareguide.com [Source type: General]

 ^ If you have an out-of-the-pond type filter, you need to drain and clean it before it freezes.
  • Dan's Goldfish Pond Winterization Tips 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC ky-dan.com [Source type: General]

 .Plants are essential as they act as part of the filtration system, as well as a food source for the fish.^ Plants are essential as they act as part of the filtration system, as well as a food source for the fish.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.animalloverworld.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Essentially, it looks like this is your basic reward system, with a special food wand making it easier to jam food right in your goldfish's face when it does something right.
  • Training Goldfish is a Sad, Sad Practice - Fish - Gizmodo 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC gizmodo.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Until this has occurred, your fish are in danger of being exposed to ammonia and nitrates that there feces and decaying food and plant matter create.
  • Kind Planet Humane Education - Goldfish Care 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.kindplanet.org [Source type: General]

 Plants are further beneficial since they raise oxygen levels in the water.
Compatible fish include rudd, tench, orfe and koi, but the latter will require specialized care. Ramshorn snails are helpful by eating any algae that grows in the pond. .It is of great importance to introduce fish that will consume excess goldfish eggs in the pond, such as orfe.^ It is of great importance to introduce fish that will consume excess goldfish eggs in the pond, such as orfe.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.animalloverworld.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Can I keep goldfish in a pond with other goldfish or other fish?

 ^ When new fish are introduced to an aquarium, aggressive "bully-like" social behaviors may sometimes become evident, such as chasing the new fish, or fin nipping.
  • Information on goldfish and koi , including their types, care, diseases , pictures, facts 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.petgoldfish.net [Source type: General]

 Without some form of animal population control, goldfish ponds can easily become overstocked. .Koi may also interbreed with the goldfish to produce a sterile hybrid fish.^ Howells (1992b) reported that some exotic fish experts believe that "goldfish" typically observed in U.S. waters are actually crucian carp x goldfish hybrids.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

In aquariums

A shiny gold and orange goldfish with a short, bulging body, and very long, flowing fins and tail, facing left
A Fantail goldfish
.Like most carp, goldfish produce a large amount of waste both in their faeces and through their gills, releasing harmful chemicals into the water.^ Nevertheless, this species has the potential to produce large populations in U.S. waters.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Howells (1992b) reported that some exotic fish experts believe that "goldfish" typically observed in U.S. waters are actually crucian carp x goldfish hybrids.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ GOLDFISH AROUND THE WORLD - A PHOTO ESSAY Pic Bernard Bravenboer We’re like fish out of water.
  • GOLDFISH's MySpace Blog | 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC blogs.myspace.com [Source type: General]

 .Build-up of this waste to toxic levels can occur in a relatively short period of time, which is often the cause of a goldfish's sudden death.^ After the play, the MC in charge got up and said: "Now it's time to hear from the artists regarding what they have to say about AIDS. First up we have, Goldfish!!
  • GOLDFISH's MySpace Blog | 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC blogs.myspace.com [Source type: General]

 Because of this, goldfish need a large volume of water in which to live. For common and comet varieties, each goldfish should have about 20 gallons(US) or 75 liters of water. Fancy goldfish (which are smaller) should have about 10 gallons(US) or 37.5 liters per goldfish. The amount of water surface area is also important in determining how many goldfish may live in a container, as water surface area determines how much oxygen diffuses and dissolves from the air into the water. A general rule is have one square foot of water surface area for every inch of goldfish length (370 cm²/cm). If the water is being actively aerated by way of a water pump, filter or fountain, a smaller volume of water is needed.
The goldfish is classified as a coldwater fish, and can live in unheated aquariums at a room temperature comfortable for humans. However, goldfish cannot tolerate rapid changes in temperature (for example in an office building in winter when the heat is turned off at night). The sudden shift in temperature could kill them, especially if the goldfish are kept in a small tank. Care must also be taken when adding water, as the water added may be a different temperature than the water in the tank. Temperatures under about 10°C/50°F are dangerous to fancy varieties of goldfish, though commons and comets can be exposed to slightly lower temperatures without a problem. .Extremely high temperatures (over 30°C/86°F) can also be harmful to goldfish.^ The goldfish is tolerant of high levels of turbidit y (Wallen 1951), temperature fluctuations (reviewed by Spotila et al.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 However, higher temperatures may be helpful for fighting protozoan infestations by accelerating the parasite's life-cycle—thus eliminating it more quickly. The optimum temperature for goldfish is around 25°C/77°F.[9]
.Like all fish that are kept as pets, goldfish do not like to be petted.^ GOLDFISH AROUND THE WORLD - A PHOTO ESSAY Pic Bernard Bravenboer We’re like fish out of water.
  • GOLDFISH's MySpace Blog | 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC blogs.myspace.com [Source type: General]

 .In fact, touching a goldfish can be quite dangerous to its health, as it can cause the protective slime coat to be damaged or removed, which opens the fish’s skin up to infection from bacteria or parasites in the water.^ Goldfish enthusiasts will supplement this diet with shelled peas (with outer skins removed), blanched green leafy vegetables, and bloodworms.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.animalloverworld.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Keep your pleco fat and well fed or he will suck on the slime coat of your goldfish!Choose an appropriate breed of pleco for your size tank...eg.
  • eBay Guides - Goldfish Care 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC reviews.ebay.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Finrot Cause: Bacterial infection, poor water quality.
  • eBay Guides - Goldfish Care 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC reviews.ebay.com [Source type: General]

 However, goldfish will respond to pet owners by coming to the surface of the water at feeding time, and can be trained or acclimated to taking pellets or flakes from a human's fingers. .The supposed reputation of goldfish dying quickly is often due to poor care amongst uninformed buyers looking for a cheap pet.^ The supposed reputation of goldfish dying quickly is often due to poor care amongst uninformed buyers looking for a "cheap" pet.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.animalloverworld.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Their supposed reputation in some areas for dying quickly is often due to poor care amongst uninformed buyers (especially children) looking for a "cheap" pet.
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.mypets.net.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Though these common goldfish may seem prone to death, they often...care such pets require.
  • goldfish Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: General]

 [10] .The true lifespan of a well-cared-for goldfish in captivity can extend beyond 10 years.^ The true lifespan of a well-cared-for goldfish in captivity can extend beyond 10 years.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.animalloverworld.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Many goldfish masters took 10 years to figure out just the basics of how to successfully keep goldfish.

 ^ If you care for your aquarium properly, you will be sure to have happy and healthy Goldfish for many years.
If left in the dark for a period of time, a goldfish will turn almost gray. .Goldfish have pigment production in response to light, which is almost like our tanning in the sun.^ Goldfish produce pigment in response to light.
  • Fantastic and Unique Breed of Goldfish | Bukisa.com 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.bukisa.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Goldfish, therefore, do not like quick changes from darkness to bright light.

 ^ Hobbyists may introduce any new innovation, new/existing products and concepts for better of our goldfish keeping.
  • RafflesGold Forums - Web Space For Goldfish Lovers 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.rafflesgold.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Fish have cells called chromatophores that produce pigments which reflects light, and gives coloration.^ The presence or absence of pigment cells in different combinations, together with variations in the chemical composition of the pigments and the location of the pigments, gives the following range of colours: .
  • Goldfish history, colour and finnage, diseases, how to keep them, and how to breed them 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.bristol-aquarists.org.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Metallic fish have reflective scales owing to the guanine layer present in the skin (see above); pigment cells are on the surface of the skin and colours appear as burnished metal on the body and should be spread throughout the fish including the fins.
  • Goldfish history, colour and finnage, diseases, how to keep them, and how to breed them 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.bristol-aquarists.org.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Most pigments are located in chromatophore cells, but pigments may also be found 'free' on the body surface or deeper within the body tissues.
  • Goldfish history, colour and finnage, diseases, how to keep them, and how to breed them 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.bristol-aquarists.org.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .The color of a goldfish is determined by which pigments are in the cells, how many pigments molecules there are, and whether the pigment is grouped inside the cell or is spaced throughout the cytoplasm.^ How many eggs do goldfish have?
  • WikiAnswers - Goldfish Questions including "How do you tell a female goldfish from a male goldfish" 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC wiki.answers.com [Source type: General]

 ^ How many species of wren are there?
  • goldfish Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: General]

 ^ The scales determine how reflective the goldfish is.
  • Exotic Goldfish - Care and Feeding 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.exoticgoldfish.net [Source type: Original source]

 .So if a goldfish is kept in the dark it will appear lighter in the morning, and over a long period of time will lose its color.^ It is possible to house a baby goldfish in a two gallon bowl for a short period of time, but bowls are never suitable long-term homes for goldfish.

 ^ When the state or county fairs started a long time ago, and they still have them today, they used to put goldfish in very small...
  • WikiAnswers - Goldfish Questions including "How do you tell a female goldfish from a male goldfish" 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC wiki.answers.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Goldfish lose their color if they are kept in a dim light or they are placed in a body of running water, such as a stream.
Aquarium with several breeds
Ryukin goldfish in large aquarium
Two goldfish in an aquarium

Wild goldfish and relationship to Prussian carp

Fancy goldfish are unlikely to survive for long in the wild as they are handicapped by their bright fin colors; however it is not beyond the bounds of possibility that such a fish, especially the more hardy varieties such as the Shubunkin, can survive long enough to breed with its wild cousins. .Common and comet goldfish can survive, and even thrive, in any climate in which a pond for them can be created.^ Even with comet goldfish , the most common goldfish usually offered...
  • goldfish Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: General]

 ^ The Comet Goldfish is a further development of the Common Goldfish.
  • Comet Goldfish, Goldfish Care and Information 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC animal-world.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Common and comet goldfish can survive, and even thrive, in any climate in which a pond for them can be created.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.animalloverworld.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Introduction of wild goldfish can cause problems for native species.^ Introduction of wild goldfish can cause problems for native species.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.animalloverworld.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Because goldfish are a regulated invasive species, and a common aquarium pet, more introductions are inevitable.
  • Population size, growth, and control of exotic goldfish (Crassiusatratus) in a small impoundment: implications for managing 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.d.umn.edu [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Goldfish are a regulated invasive species in Minnesota , which means that they can be bought, sold, transported and possessed but not introduced into the wild .
  • Population size, growth, and control of exotic goldfish (Crassiusatratus) in a small impoundment: implications for managing 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.d.umn.edu [Source type: Academic]

 Within three breeding generations the vast majority of the goldfish spawn will have reverted to their natural olive color. .Since they are carp, goldfish are also capable of breeding with certain other species of carp and creating hybrid species.^ Since they are carp, goldfish are also capable of breeding with certain other species of carp and creating hybrid species.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ From silks to ceramics to jade carvings, goldfish have found their way into Chinese art since the Ming dynasty, when they began to be kept as pets.
  • Goldfish history, colour and finnage, diseases, how to keep them, and how to breed them 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.bristol-aquarists.org.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Research by Dr Yoshiichi Matsui suggests that there are subtle differences which demonstrate that while the crucian carp is the ancestor of the goldfish, they are not the same fish.
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.mypets.net.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Research by Dr. Yoshiichi Matsui, a professor of fish culture at Kinki University in Japan, suggests that there are subtle differences which demonstrate that while the Prussian carp is the ancestor of the goldfish, they have sufficiently diverged to be considered separate species.[11]

Feeding

On a blue background, two large light red wafers at the upper left, a light gray compressed cube at the upper right, small brown pellets at the middle left, and, at the middle right and bottom, various yellow-green and red flakes
Various types of prepared fish food
See also: Fish food
.Like most fish, goldfish are opportunistic feeders and do not stop eating on their own accord.^ GOLDFISH AROUND THE WORLD - A PHOTO ESSAY Pic Bernard Bravenboer We’re like fish out of water.
  • GOLDFISH's MySpace Blog | 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC blogs.myspace.com [Source type: General]

 When an excess of food is offered, they will produce more waste and faeces, partly due to incomplete digestion of protein. Overfed fish can sometimes be recognized by faeces trailing from their cloaca. Goldfish need only be fed as much food as they can consume in three to four minutes, and no more than twice a day. .Contrary to some common belief, extreme overfeeding will not increase the size of the fish but can actually be fatal, typically by bursting of the intestines.^ Howells (1992b) reported that some exotic fish experts believe that "goldfish" typically observed in U.S. waters are actually crucian carp x goldfish hybrids.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 .This happens most often with selectively bred goldfish, which have a convoluted intestinal tract as opposed to a straight one in common goldfish.^ This happens most often with selectively bred goldfish, which have a convoluted intestinal tract as opposed to a straight one in common goldfish.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.animalloverworld.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Goldfish lack a stomach and only have an intestinal tract, and thus cannot digest an excess of proteins.
  • Fantastic and Unique Breed of Goldfish | Bukisa.com 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.bukisa.com [Source type: General]

 ^ This pretty and attractive goldfish is one of the most popular goldfish in the world.
  • Fantastic and Unique Breed of Goldfish | Bukisa.com 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.bukisa.com [Source type: General]

 Novice fish keepers who have newly purchased ryukin, fantail, oranda, lionhead or other fancy goldfish will need to watch their fish carefully for a few days, as it is important to know how much the goldfish will eat in a couple minutes of time.
.Special goldfish food has a lower protein and higher carbohydrate content than conventional fish food.^ DeKay (1842) reported, likely in reference to the early 1800s, that goldfish in the United States were considered an ornamental species rather than a food fish, even though the fish freely reproduced in ponds in New York and adjacent states.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ According to Moyle (1976a), goldfish probably compete with native fishes for food and space; and similar to common carp, large populations of this species can greatly disturb sport fish habitats.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Remarks: The goldfish is thought to be the first foreign fish species introduced to North America (DeKay 1842; Courtenay et al.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 It is sold in two consistencies—flakes that float at the top of the aquarium, and pellets that sink slowly to the bottom.
Goldfish enthusiasts will supplement this diet with shelled peas (with outer skins removed), blanched green leafy vegetables, and bloodworms. Young goldfish also benefit from the addition of brine shrimp to their diet. .As with all animals, individual goldfish will display varied food preferences.^ The Patterns Vary in all types of Goldfish.
  • Goldfish for Sale at AquariumFish.net, where Buying Fancy Gold Fish is Fun. 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.aquariumfish.net [Source type: General]

 ^ Probably it just wants to get some food for herself because the goldfish eat them all before she could get a munch.
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.nunnie.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Goldfish food is available in various forms such as pellets and flakes.
  • How To Look After A Goldfish (Lifestyle & Home: Fishkeeping) 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.videojug.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .In any case, it is better to feed them a variety of foods listed above.^ It is usually better to feed freeze-dried foods as opposed to live foods to avoid parasites and bacterial infections that could be present in live foods.
  • Comet Goldfish, Goldfish Care and Information 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC animal-world.com [Source type: General]

 ^ It is better to feed a little bit of food several times a day than to feed a whole bunch of food all at once.
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.nunnie.com [Source type: General]

 ^ The more varied the food you feed your fish the better.
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.nunnie.com [Source type: General]

Behavior

.Behavior can vary widely both because goldfish are housed in a variety of environments, and because their behavior can be conditioned by their owners.^ Behavior Behavior can vary widely both because goldfish are housed in a variety of environments, and because their behavior can be conditioned by their owners.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Behavior can vary widely both because goldfish are housed in a variety of environments, and because their behavior can be conditioned by their owners.

 ^ I finally found a hanging goldfish plant at the end of last summer--according to most greenhouse owners, these were rare because of a poor season in the midwest.
.Scientific studies done on the matter have shown that goldfish have strong associative learning abilities, as well as social learning skills.^ A hood or canopy keeps foreign matter from falling into the tank as well as the goldfish inside the tank.
  • Goldfish Care - How to Care for Your Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.aquariumguys.com [Source type: General]

 In addition, their strong visual acuity allows them to distinguish between specific humans. .It is quite possible that owners will notice the fish react favorably to them (swimming to the front of the glass, swimming rapidly around the tank, and going to the surface mouthing for food) while hiding when other people approach the tank.^ It is quite possible that owners will notice the fish react favorably to them (swimming to the front of the glass, swimming rapidly around the tank, and going to the surface mouthing for food) while hiding when other people approach the tank.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.animalloverworld.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ After being kept in a tank for several weeks, it becomes possible to "pet" a goldfish on the head, feed it by hand, or even cup a hand around it without it reacting in a frightened manner.
  • Goldfish Official Home Page and Web Site of Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.goldfish.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.animalloverworld.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Needless to say, the Mercurochrome, or Turpentine and brush should be used only for the fish, and NOT be used for any humans in the household!  Be sure you check the other fish in the tank for worms, etc., too.

 Over time, goldfish should learn to associate their owners and other humans with food, often "begging" for food whenever their owners approach. Auditory responses from a blind goldfish proved that it recognized one particular family member and a friend by voice, or vibration of sound.[citation needed] This behavior was remarkable because it showed that the fish recognized the vocal vibration or sound of two people specifically out of seven in the house. Goldfish are gregarious fish that show schooling behavior, as well as displaying the same types of feeding behaviors. .Goldfish may display similar behaviors when responding to their reflections in a mirror.^ Goldfish also display a range of social behaviors.

 ^ Goldfish may display similar behaviors when responding to their reflections in a mirror.

 ^ This fish will typically display a multicoloured body and look a bit similar to a Koi fish.The home of a Comet goldfish should contain densely planted regions as ...
.Goldfish that have constant visual contact with humans also seem to stop associating them as a threat.^ Goldfish that have constant visual contact with humans also seem to stop associating them as a threat.

 ^ Over time, goldfish should learn to associate their owners and other humans with food, often "begging" for food whenever their owners approach.

 After being kept in a tank for several weeks, sometimes months, it becomes possible to feed a goldfish by hand without it reacting in a frightened manner.
.Goldfish have behaviors, both as groups and as individuals, that stem from native carp behavior.^ In addition, goldfish commonly hybridize with common carp Cyprinus carpio , giving rise to individuals that are intermediate in morphology between the two parent species.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 They are a generalist species with varied feeding, breeding, and predator avoidance behaviors that contribute to their success in the environment. As fish they can be described as "friendly" towards each other, very rarely will a goldfish harm another goldfish, nor do the males harm the females during breeding. .The only real threat that goldfish present to each other is in food competition.^ The only real threat that goldfish present to each other is in food competition.

 ^ They should be kept only in Aquariums which are maintained carefully, and should only be kept with other breeds that are similarly delecate, to ensure that they can get their share of food.
  • Exotic Goldfish - Care and Feeding 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.exoticgoldfish.net [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Pet goldfish, as with many other fish, will usually eat more food than it needs if given, which can lead to fatal intestinal blockage.

 Commons, comets, and other faster varieties can easily eat all the food during a feeding before fancy varieties can reach it. .This can be a problem that leads to stunted growth or possible starvation of fancier varieties when they are kept in a pond with their single-tailed brethren.^ This can be a problem that leads to stunted growth or possible starvation of fancier varieties when they are kept in a pond with their single-tailed brethren.

 ^ Fancy goldfish are unlikely to survive for long in the wild as they are handicapped by their bright fin colors; however it is not beyond the bounds of possibility that such a fish, especially the more hardy varieties such as the Shubunkin, can survive long enough to breed with its wild cousins.

 ^ The fish were not kept in the containers permanently, but would be kept in a larger body of water, such as a pond, and only for special occasions at which guests were expected would they be moved to the smaller container.

 .As a result, when mixing breeds in an aquarium environment, care should be taken to combine only breeds with similar body type and swim characteristics.^ As a result, when mixing breeds in an aquarium environment, care should be taken to combine only breeds with similar body type and swim characteristics.

 ^ They should be kept only in Aquariums which are maintained carefully, and should only be kept with other breeds that are similarly delecate, to ensure that they can get their share of food.
  • Exotic Goldfish - Care and Feeding 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.exoticgoldfish.net [Source type: Original source]

 ^ They should be kept only in Aquariums with a temperature of 55 degrees or more.
  • Exotic Goldfish - Care and Feeding 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.exoticgoldfish.net [Source type: Original source]

Memory

In 1994, a public experiment at the Palais de la Découverte science museum showed that goldfish could be trained to recognize and to react to light signals of different colors by using positive reinforcement.[12] More recent research by the School of Psychology at the University of Plymouth in 2003[citation needed] demonstrated that goldfish have a memory-span of at least three months and can distinguish between different shapes, colours and sounds. .They were trained to push a lever to earn a food reward; when the lever was fixed to work only for an hour a day, the fish soon learned to activate it at the correct time.^ When the time comes, the fish would soon...
  • WikiAnswers - Goldfish Questions including "How do you tell a female goldfish from a male goldfish" 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC wiki.answers.com [Source type: General]

 ^ The fish were not kept in the containers permanently, but would be kept in a larger body of water, such as a pond, and only for special occasions at which guests were expected would they be moved to the smaller container.

 ^ Goldfish need only be fed as much food as they can consume in three to four minutes, and no more than twice a day.

 The Discovery Channel's show Mythbusters tested the contemporary legend that goldfish only had a memory span of 3 seconds and were able to prove that goldfish had a longer memory span than commonly believed. The experiment involved training the fish to navigate a maze. It was evident that they were able to remember the correct path of the maze after more than a month.[13] A study at the start of the 2000s showed that fish do actually respond to certain colours; this is most evident when it comes to feeding as fish are also aware of feeding times provided they are fed at around the same time everyday. In May 2008 Good Morning America featured a goldfish performing a variety of tricks, including the limbo, slalom, fetch and soccer. The fish was trained using positive reinforcement training techniques. [14]

Native environment

Goldfish natively live in ponds, and other slow or still moving bodies of water in depths up to 20 m (65 ft). .Their native climate is subtropical to tropical and they live in freshwater with a pH of 6.0–8.0, a water hardness of 5.0–19.0 dGH, and a temperature range of 40–106 °F (4–41 °C) although they will not survive long at the higher temperatures.^ Adults thrive equally well in salinities between 0-6 ppt (Canagartnam 1959), and can survive water temperatures between 0-41 °C (Carlander 1969; Moyle 2002).
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 .They are considered ill-suited even to live in a heated tropical fish tank, as they are used to the greater amount of oxygen in unheated tanks, and some believe that the heat burns them.^ Indeed, they are considered ill-suited even to live in a heated tropical fish tank, as they are used to the greater amount of oxygen in unheated tanks as well as the heat burns them.
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.mypets.net.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Indeed, they are considered ill-suited even to live in a heated tropical fish tank, as they are used to the greater amount of oxygen in unheated tanks also the heat burns them.

 ^ They are considered ill-suited even to live in a heated tropical fish tank, as they are used to the greater amount of oxygen in unheated tanks, and some believe that the heat burns them.

 However, goldfish have been observed living for centuries in outdoor ponds in which the temperature often spikes above 86 °F (30 °C). .When found in nature, the goldfish are actually an olive green color, and will return to this color if domesticated and then released.^ Wild populations vary in color from gold to olive green or even creamy white.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]
In the wild, the diet consists of crustaceans, insects, and various plant matter.
While it is true that goldfish can survive in a fairly wide temperature range, the optimal range for indoor fish is 68–75 °F (20–23 °C). .Pet goldfish, as with many other fish, will usually eat more food than it needs if given, which can lead to fatal intestinal blockage.^ Do betta fish eat live goldfish or other fish?
  • WikiAnswers - Goldfish Questions including "How do you tell a female goldfish from a male goldfish" 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC wiki.answers.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Pet goldfish, as with many other fish, will usually eat more food than it needs if given, which can lead to fatal intestinal blockage.

 ^ No, fish eggs do not eat food!
  • Raising Goldfish | Gomestic 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC gomestic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .They are omnivorous and do best with a wide variety of fresh vegetables and fruit to supplement a flake or pellet diet staple.^ They are omnivorous and do best with a wide variety of fresh vegetables and fruit to supplement a flake or pellet diet staple.

 ^ Goldfish enthusiasts will supplement this diet with shelled peas (with outer skins removed), blanched green leafy vegetables, and bloodworms.

 ^ What's the best food for you goldfish Flake or pellets - which types is best for your goldfish?
  • Goldfish - Learn All The Secrets Pet Shop Owners Don't Want You To Know 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC secretsofgoldfish.com [Source type: General]
.Sudden changes in water temperature can be fatal to any fish, including the goldfish.^ Sudden changes in water temperature can be fatal to any fish, including the goldfish.

 ^ While it is true that goldfish can survive in a fairly wide temperature range, the optimal range for indoor fish is 68 to 75 °F (20 to 23 °C).

 ^ While it is true that goldfish can survive in a fairly wide temperature range, the optimal range for indoor fish is 68 to 75 ?F (20 to 23 ?C).
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.mypets.net.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .When transferring a store-bought goldfish to a pond or a tank, the temperature in the storage container should be equalized by leaving it in the destination container for at least 20 minutes before releasing the goldfish.^ When transferring a store-bought goldfish to a pond or a tank, the temperature in the storage container should be equalized by leaving it in the destination container for at least 20 minutes before releasing the goldfish.

 ^ Conversely, temperatures over 25 C (77 F) can be extremely damaging for goldfish (this is the main reason why they shouldn't be kept in tropical tanks).

 ^ The sudden shift in temperature the comes at night, for example in an office building where a goldfish might be kept in a small office tank, could do them in, especially in winter.
  • Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.mypets.net.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .In addition, some temperature changes might simply be too great for even the hardy goldfish to adjust to.^ In addition, some temperature changes might simply be too great for even the hardy goldfish to adjust to.

 ^ Some goldfish have been trained to swim through mazes, push a ball through a hoop, or even swim in a synchronized routine by their owners.

 ^ A goldfish will need a lot more time, perhaps days or weeks, to adjust to such a different temperature.

 For example, buying a goldfish in a store, where the water might be 70 °F (approximately 21 °C), and releasing it into a garden pond at 40 °F (4 °C) will probably result in the death of the goldfish, even if one uses the slow immersion method just described. .A goldfish needs a lot more time, perhaps days or weeks, to adjust to such a different temperature.^ We had a great time in America , a place I'm sure The Fishies be spending a lot more time in.
  • GOLDFISH's MySpace Blog | 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC blogs.myspace.com [Source type: General]
Because goldfish like to eat live plants, their presence in a planted aquarium can be quite a problem. Only a few of the aquarium plant species can survive in a tank with goldfish, for example Cryptocoryne and Anubias species, but they require special attention so that they are not uprooted. Fake plants are often more durable, but the plant branches can often irritate or harm a fish if it comes in contact with them.

Breeding

Goldfish, like all cyprinids, are egg-layers. .They produce adhesive eggs that attach to aquatic vegetation.^ They produce adhesive eggs that attach to aquatic vegetation.

 ^ They produce adhesive eggs which attach themselves to aquatic vegetation.

 The eggs hatch within 48 to 72 hours, releasing fry large enough to be described as appearing like "an eyelash with two eyeballs". .Within a week or so, the fry begin to look more like a goldfish in shape, although it can take as much as a year before they develop a mature goldfish color; until then they are a metallic brown like their wild ancestors.^ Goldfish may change colors as they mature.

 ^ Within a week or so, the fry begin to look more like a goldfish in shape, although it can be as much as a year before they take their mature goldfish color, until then they are a metallic brown like their wild forebears.

 ^ What do female goldfish look like?
  • WikiAnswers - Goldfish Questions including "How do you tell a female goldfish from a male goldfish" 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC wiki.answers.com [Source type: General]

 .In their first weeks of existence, the fry grow remarkably fast—an adaptation born of the high risk of getting devoured by the adult goldfish (or other fish and insects) in their environment.^ Goldfish grow rapidly and thus are limited in their usefulness as a forage fish.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Remarks: The goldfish is thought to be the first foreign fish species introduced to North America (DeKay 1842; Courtenay et al.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]
.Some scientists believe goldfish only grow to sexual maturity if given enough water and the right nutrition.^ Howells (1992b) reported that some exotic fish experts believe that "goldfish" typically observed in U.S. waters are actually crucian carp x goldfish hybrids.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 However, if kept well, they may breed indoors, but not in a small fishbowl. Breeding usually happens after a significant change in temperature, often in spring. .Eggs are then separated into another tank, as the parents will likely eat any of their young that they happen upon.^ They are so into it, it’s like the national sport!
  • GOLDFISH's MySpace Blog | 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC blogs.myspace.com [Source type: General]

 Dense plants such as Cabomba or Elodea or a spawning mop are used to catch the eggs.
.Most goldfish can and will breed if left to themselves, particularly in pond settings.^ Most goldfish can and will breed if left to themselves, particularly in pond settings.

 ^ In most breeds of exotic goldfish however, anal fins no longer serve their original function.
  • Exotic Goldfish - Care and Feeding 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.exoticgoldfish.net [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Because goldfish are cold water fish, and most aquarium fishes are tropical, it is easiest to raise goldfish in a community of other goldfish (or in a pond with koi).
  • Goldfish Care - How to Care for Your Goldfish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.aquariumguys.com [Source type: General]

 Males chase the females around, bumping and nudging them in order to prompt the females to release their eggs, which the males then fertilize. Due to the strange shapes of some extreme modern bred goldfish, certain types can no longer breed among themselves. In these cases, a method of artificial breeding is used called "hand stripping". This method keeps the breed going, but can be dangerous and harmful to the fish if not done correctly.
Goldfish eggs showing cell division
Goldfish fry just hatched (Ryukin)

Mosquito control

.Like some other popular aquarium fish, such as the guppy, goldfish and other carp are frequently added to stagnant bodies of water in order to reduce the mosquito populations in some parts of the world, especially to prevent the spread of West Nile Virus, which relies on mosquitoes to migrate.^ According to Moyle (1976a), goldfish probably compete with native fishes for food and space; and similar to common carp, large populations of this species can greatly disturb sport fish habitats.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Common Name: goldfish Synonyms and Other Names: Carassius auratus Linnaeus Taxonomy: available through Identification: C. auratus has an elongated, stocky body.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Delaware's freshwater and brackish water fishes - a popular account.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 However, the introduction of goldfish has often had negative consequences for local ecosystems.[15]

Controversy

View from above of children gathered around a pale blue rectangular tub filled with many small orange fish swimming in water. A girl at the top of the scene leans over the tub, with a pink scoop in her right hand and a white bowl in her left hand.
The Japanese game of Goldfish scooping
The popular image of a goldfish in a fishbowl is an enduring one. However, some countries have banned the sale of bowls of that type under animal rights legislation due to the risk of stunting, deoxygenation and ammonia/nitrite poisoning in such a small environment. Because of their large oxygen needs and high waste output, the popular goldfish bowls of the past are no longer considered appropriate housing for goldfish.[16]
.In many countries, the operators of carnivals and fairs commonly give goldfish away in plastic bags as prizes for winning games.^ In addition, goldfish commonly hybridize with common carp Cyprinus carpio , giving rise to individuals that are intermediate in morphology between the two parent species.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 In the United Kingdom, the government proposed banning this practice as part of its Animal Welfare Bill,[17][18] though this has since been amended to only prevent goldfish being given as prizes to unaccompanied minors.[19] However, in Rome, Italy, the city passed a law in late 2005, which banned the use of goldfish or other animals as carnival prizes. Rome has also banned the keeping of goldfish in "goldfish bowls", on the premise that it's cruel to the fish to live in such a small, confined space.[20]
In Japan, during summer festivals and religious holidays (ennichi), a traditional game called goldfish scooping is played, in which a player scoops goldfish from a basin with a special scooper. Sometimes bouncy balls are substituted for goldfish.
Although edible, goldfish are rarely eaten. A fad among American college students for many years was swallowing goldfish as a stunt and as an initiation process for fraternities. The first recorded instance was in 1939 at Harvard University.[21] The practice gradually fell out of popularity over the course of several decades and is no longer continued.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission: Fact Sheet. Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  2. ^ a b Fishbase: Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  3. ^ "Goldfish". Ocean Park. http://www.oceanpark.com.hk/html/en/learning/facts/goldfish.html. Retrieved 2009-11-16. 
  4. ^ a b "Background information about goldfish". http://www.bristol-aquarists.org.uk/goldfish/info/info.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-28. 
  5. ^ Nutrafin Aquatic News, Issue #4, 2004, Rolf C. Hagen, Inc. (USA) and Rolf C. Hagen Corp. (Montreal, Canada)
  6. ^ "goldfish". http://www.wetpetz.com/goldfish.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-21. 
  7. ^ Brunner, Bernd (2003). The Ocean at Home. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-502-9. 
  8. ^ Mulertt, Hugo (1883). The Goldfish And Its Systematic Culture With A View To Profit. http://www.archive.org/details/goldfishitssyste00mule. Retrieved 2009-07-07. 
  9. ^ Goldfish
  10. ^ Goldfish
  11. ^ Les Pearce. ""Common Gold Fish"". Aquarticles. http://www.aquarticles.com/articles/ponds/Pearce_Common_Goldfishhtml.htm. Retrieved 20 June 2006. 
  12. ^ "Poissons rouges: la mémoire dans l'eau". Revue du Palais de la découverte 217. April 1994. 
  13. ^ Mythbuster Results: A goldfish’s memory lasts only three seconds
  14. ^ Send Your Fish to School. ABC News: Good Morning America. Posted: May 7, 2008.
  15. ^ http://www.mosquitoes.org/fpconst.html
  16. ^ "5 reasons not to use goldfish bowls". Goldfish Care Guide. 2008-03-05. http://goldfishcareguide.com/2008/03/05/5-reasons-not-to-use-goldfish-bowls/. Retrieved 2009-02-01. 
  17. ^ "Defra, UK - Animal Health and Welfare - Animal Welfare - Animal Welfare Bill". http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/welfare/bill/index.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-21. 
  18. ^ BBC News Online - Goldfish are no longer to be given as prizes
  19. ^ BBC News Online - Ban on goldfish prizes 'dropped'
  20. ^ "Rome bans goldfish bowls, orders dog owners on walks - World - Times Online". London. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,13509-1844070,00.html. Retrieved 2006-07-21. 
  21. ^ "Swallowing Goldfish". http://library.thinkquest.org/3205/SwalG.html. Retrieved 2006-07-21. 

References

External links

Varieties

  • Goldfish Pages - Hobbyists web site that provides information on goldfish standards, goldfish varieties and goldfish care.
  • Goldfish varieties: Page 1 Page 2
  • Bristol Aquarists' Society - Photographs and descriptions of the different goldfish varieties
  • Goldfish Genetics - A resource on the genetics of the goldfish with a focus on the originator, crucian carp, and how their basic genetic package gave rise to the varieties of modern goldfish.

Care

Other


1911 encyclopedia

Up to date as of January 14, 2010

From LoveToKnow 1911

.GOLDFISH (Cyprinus or Carassius auratus), a small fish belonging to the Cyprinid family, a native of China but natur Telescope-fish.^ A small domesticated cyprinoid fish (Carassius auratus); -- so named from its color.

 ^ Anaerobic metabolism in goldfish, Carassius auratus.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The "lowly" goldfish (Carassius auratus) is possibly the oldest, domesticated fish.
alized in other countries. .In the wild state its colours do not differ from those of a Crucian carp, and like that fish it is tenacious of life and easily domesticated.^ Our modern goldfish are actually domesticated Crucian carp from the slow-moving waters of China.

 ^ As pdworkin said those fish are from different climates.
  • I'm scared that my goldfish won't make it through the night, ... 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC www.fluther.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Knapp (1953) stated that this species is used as a hardy bait fish in many areas or crossed with carp for same purpose.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 .Albinos seem to be rather common; and as in other fishes (for instance, the tench, carp, eel, flounder), the colour of most of these albinos is a bright orange or golden yellow; occasionally even this shade of colour is lost, the fish being more or less pure white or silvery.^ Called also golden fish , and golden carp .

 ^ Goldfish began when a spawn of a species of grass carp that were normally muddy brown occasionally threw a mutant with bright bronze scales that reflected the sunlight and made the normally dull fish brilliant and easy to see.

 ^ You need water, lots of water – because they poo so much, your average goldfish actually needs more water than most other fish: about twenty UK litres per individual fish.

 .The Chinese have domesticated these albinos for a long time, and by careful selection have succeeded in propagating all those strange varieties, and even monstrosities, which appear in every domestic animal.^ Several aquarium morphs are also available (such as the greenish ``Mossy Barb'' and an albino variety) but these are even more sickly and often deformed.
  • FAQ: Good (and Bad) Beginner Fish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC fins.actwin.com [Source type: Original source]

 ^ If you had to buy books containing all the advice these resources can give you (or even just a handful of them) it would cost you a fortune of time and money, right?
  • Goldfish - Learn All The Secrets Pet Shop Owners Don't Want You To Know 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC secretsofgoldfish.com [Source type: General]

 .In some individuals the dorsal fin is only half its normal length, in others entirely absent; in others the anal fin has a double spine; in others all the fins are of nearly double the usual length.^ It possesses a long dorsal fin with 15 to 21 rays and a hard serrate spine at the origin of the dorsal and anal fins.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ In general, females are usually larger in body and have larger anal fins than males.

 ^ It can be distinguished from other Asian cyprinids by the presence of a stiff, serrate spine at the origin of the dorsal and anal fins.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 The snout is frequently malformed, giving the head of the fish an appearance similar to that of a bull-dog. .The variety most highly prized has an extremely short snout, eyes which almost wholly project beyond the orbit, no dorsal fin, and a very long threeor four-lobed caudal fin (Telescope-fish).^ Finally, the only African Tetra frequently seen, the Congo Tetra - Phenacogrammus interruptus is a gorgeous fish which grows up to four inches long.
  • FAQ: Good (and Bad) Beginner Fish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC fins.actwin.com [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Male fighting fish are only agressive to fish of their own size that have long flowing fins and tails as they will be mistaken...
  • WikiAnswers - Goldfish Questions including "How do you tell a female goldfish from a male goldfish" 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC wiki.answers.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Second, their long fins make easy targets for many fish such as Barbs.
  • FAQ: Good (and Bad) Beginner Fish 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC fins.actwin.com [Source type: Original source]
.The domestication of the goldfish by the Chinese dates back from the highest antiquity, and they were introduced into Japan at the beginning of the 16th century; but the date of their importation into Europe is still uncertain.^ Means of Introduction: DeKay (1842) reported that goldfish first were brought into this country shortly after the early part of the seventeenth century.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Goldfish were introduced to England in the 1600s, where they, and the hobby, began its long road to popularity.

 ^ Jordan and Evermann (1905) indicated that these fish were introduced into Hawaii from China , but stated that there is no record as to the date.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 .The great German ichthyologist, M. E. Bloch, thought he could trace it back in England to the reign of James I., whilst other authors fix the date at 1691. It appears certain that they were brought to France, only much later, as a present to Mme de Pompadour, although the de Goncourts, the historians of the mistresses of Louis XV., have failed to trace any records of this event.^ It was great to meet Maxi Jazz and Sister Bliss after our set at the pre-party at Café Mambo, and also nice to confirm what we have always thought, that people who make such great music could only be such down to earth people.
  • GOLDFISH's MySpace Blog | 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC blogs.myspace.com [Source type: General]

 ^ ONLY when they are big enough should you put them back with their parents.  You don't want big mom or dad eating tiny junior.

 .The fish has since spread over a considerable part of Europe, and in many places it has reverted to its wild condition.^ Since this is not a time to scrimp on the electrically powered accessories that your fish will need to survive, it would be wiser for you to look for another place to put the tank.

 .In many parts of south-eastern Asia, in Mauritius, in North and South Africa, in Madagascar, in the Azores, it has become thoroughly acclimatized, and successfully competes with the indigenous fresh-water fishes.^ You are asking about fresh water fish and if the fish are male or females?
  • WikiAnswers - Goldfish Questions including "How do you tell a female goldfish from a male goldfish" 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC wiki.answers.com [Source type: General]

 ^ As of data from 2004, 34% of U.S. Households had a cat, 13% had fresh water fish.
  • WikiAnswers - Goldfish Questions including "How do you tell a female goldfish from a male goldfish" 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC wiki.answers.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Exotic fishes in fresh and brackish waters of Florida.
  • NAS - Species FactSheet 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC nas.er.usgs.gov [Source type: Academic]

 It will not thrive in rivers; in large ponds it readily reverts to the coloration of the original wild stock. .It flourishes best in small tanks and ponds, in which the water is constantly changing and does not freeze; in such localities, and with a full supply of food, which consists of weeds, crumbs of bread, bran, worms, small crustaceans and insects, it attains to a length of from 6 to 12 in., breeding readily, sometimes at different times of the same year.^ Dear I have more gold fish in a pond / equerium from last 12 years in which small and bigg are among but have not seen that they...
  • WikiAnswers - Goldfish Questions including "How do you tell a female goldfish from a male goldfish" 11 January 2010 8:25 UTC wiki.answers.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Remember that salt does not evaporate from the water, so only add the correct proportion to the new change water.

 ^ Ammonia burns will heal over time with a series of small water changes and the use of AmQuel®, in order to keep the ammonia level at zero.


Simple English

[[File:|thumb|right|Typical Goldfish]] Goldfish are pet fish that people keep in aquariums, fish-tanks or fresh-water ponds.

Goldfish belong to the Carp family and were domesticated in China in the 7th century. They can reach up to 59 cm in size, and 3 kg in weight. This is very rare though, and most goldfish grow to only half that size or less. In captivity, goldfish can live for up to 20 years. In the aquarium, however, most will die earlier because their tank is much too small. Goldfish need a lot of space so they have room to swim and so the water does not get dirty too fast. It is sometimes said that goldfish have very short memories, but scientists have proven that this is not true. One person trained a goldfish to kick a small ball under water and another trained a goldfish to swim through a maze.

There are many kinds of goldfish. The most common kind is golden-colored, but goldfish come in many different shapes and sizes. Many gold fish have fancy tails. Another common kind is called a black moor, which is black colored.

Goldfish are very sensitive and should not be stroked. Touching them can hurt them and make them sick.

Wild Goldfish are called prussian carp and are silver-green in colour.

Goldfish can get sick. They can have big stomachs filled with liquids (water) or can get spotty because of bad bacteria, and some lose control of swimming because a special organ in their belly, called a swim bladder, gets sick and stops working. However, sick goldfishes can be cured with medicine. Pet shops or veterinarians can help goldfish get better when they are sick. One simple way to help your goldfish if it has indigestion is to feed them peas, as this will help their digestive track work properly.

pcd:Roujhe-pichon

Retrieved from "http://yak.rapint.com/wiki/Goldfish"

Citable sentences

Up to date as of December 30, 2010

Here are sentences from other pages on Goldfish, which are similar to those in the above article.








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