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Jan Brewer, 22nd and current Governor of Arizona

The Governor of Arizona is the head of the executive branch of Arizona's government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws, and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Arizona Legislature, to convene the legislature, and to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.[1]

The state constitution of 1912 called for the election of a governor every two years.[2] The term was increased to four years by a 1968 amendment.[3][4] The constitution originally included no term limit,[5] but an amendment passed in 1992 allows governors to succeed themselves only once;[2] before this, four governors were elected more than twice in a row. Gubernatorial terms begin on the first Monday in the January following the election.[2] Governors who have served the two term limit can run again after four years out of office..

Arizona is one of seven states with no lieutenant governor; instead, in the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the Secretary of State of Arizona, if elected, succeeds to the office. If the secretary of state was appointed, rather than elected, or is otherwise ineligible to hold the office of governor, the first elected and eligible person in the line of succession assumes the office. The state constitution specifies the line of succession to be the Secretary of State, Attorney General, State Treasurer and Superintendent of Public Instruction, in that order. If the governor is out of the state or impeached, the next elected officer in the line of succession becomes acting governor until the governor returns or is cleared.[6] The line of succession has gone beyond secretary of state once, when Bruce Babbitt, as state attorney general, became governor upon the death of Wesley Bolin; the secretary of state at the time, Rose Mofford, was an appointee to replace Bolin,[7] who himself had succeeded to the office due to the resignation of his predecessor, Raul Hector Castro. Mofford would later be elected to the office and succeed Evan Mecham as governor when he was impeached. Arizona has not had a governor whose terms began and ended due to "normal" election circumstances since Jack Williams left office in 1975.

There have been 22 governors, serving 26 distinct terms. All of the repeat governors were in the state's earliest years, when George W. P. Hunt and Thomas Edward Campbell alternated as governor for 17 years, and after a two year gap, Hunt served another term. One governor was successfully impeached, Evan Mecham, and one resigned upon being convicted of a felony, Fife Symington III. The longest-serving governor was Hunt, who was elected seven times and served just under fourteen years. The longest single term was Bruce Babbitt's, who was elected to two 4-year terms after succeeding to the office due to the death of his predecessor, serving nearly nine years total. Wesley Bolin had the shortest term, dying less than five months after succeeding to the office. Arizona has had four female governors, the most in the United States, and is the only state where there have been consecutive female governors.[8] The current governor is Jan Brewer, who took office on January 21, 2009, upon the resignation of Janet Napolitano; her term will expire in January 2011.

Contents

Governors

The area that became Arizona was originally part of Mexico. The bulk of present-day Arizona was ceded to the United States in 1848 by Mexico under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican–American War. This Mexican Cession was divided into territories and states as part of the Compromise of 1850, creating New Mexico Territory. The Gadsden Purchase of 1853 transferred a parcel of land from the Mexican state of Sonora to the southwest part of New Mexico Territory, and nearly all of it was in what became the state of Arizona. Arizona Territory was split from New Mexico Territory in 1863.[9]

For the period before Arizona Territory was formed, see the list of Governors of New Mexico Territory.

Confederate Arizona

Lewis Owings, Governor of the provisional Arizona Territory and first governor of Confederate Arizona

In Tucson between April 2 and April 5, 1860, a convention of settlers from the southern half of New Mexico Territory drafted a constitution for a provisional Arizona Territory, three years before the United States would create such a territory. This proposed territory consisted of the land of New Mexico Territory south of 33° 40' N. On April 2,[10] they elected a governor, Lewis Owings. It was to exist until such time as an official territory were created, but that was rejected by the U.S. Congress at the time.[11]

On March 16, 1861, soon before the American Civil War broke out, a convention in Mesilla voted that the provisional territory secede from the Union and join the Confederate States of America.[12] Lewis Owings remained as territorial governor.

The Confederacy took ownership of the territory on August 1, 1861, when forces led by Lieutenant Colonel John Baylor won decisive control of the territory, and Baylor proclaimed himself governor.[13] The territory was organized on February 14, 1862.[14] On March 20, 1862, Baylor issued an order to exterminate the Apache.[13] When Confederate President Jefferson Davis learned of this order, he strongly disapproved and demanded an explanation. Baylor wrote a letter December 29, 1862, to justify his decision, and after this was received, Davis relieved Baylor of his post and commission, calling his letter an "avowal of an infamous crime."[15] The government of Confederate Arizona was, by that time, in exile in San Antonio, Texas, as the territory was effectively lost to Union forces in July 1862;[16] no new governor was appointed.

Governors of the Territory of Arizona

Arizona Territory was formed on February 24, 1863 from New Mexico Territory, remaining a territory for 49 years.[17] On January 18, 1867, the northwestern corner of the territory was transferred to the state of Nevada.[18]

John A. Gurley was appointed by President of the United States Abraham Lincoln to be the first governor of the territory, but he died on August 19, 1863, before he could arrive in the territory.[19] John Noble Goodwin was appointed in his place.

John Noble Goodwin, first Governor of Arizona Territory
Richard Cunningham McCormick, second Governor of Arizona Territory
Governor Took office[N 1] Left office[N 2] Appointed by Notes
Goodwin, John NobleJohn Noble Goodwin 01863-12-29 December 29, 1863[19][20] 01865-03-04 March 4, 1865 Lincoln, AbrahamAbraham Lincoln [N 3][N 4]
McCormick, Richard CunninghamRichard Cunningham McCormick 01866-07-09 July 9, 1866[21] 01869-03-04 March 4, 1869 Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson [N 4]
Safford, Anson P.K.Anson P.K. Safford 01869-07-09 July 9, 1869[22] 01877-04-05 April 5, 1877 Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant
Hoyt, John PhiloJohn Philo Hoyt 01877-05-30 May 30, 1877[23] 01878-06-12 June 12, 1878 Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes
Frémont, John C.John C. Frémont 01878-10-06 October 6, 1878[24] 01881-10-11 October 11, 1881[25] Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes [N 5][N 6]
Tritle, Frederick AugustusFrederick Augustus Tritle 01882-03-08 March 8, 1882[25][26] 01885-10-07 October 7, 1885[27] Arthur, Chester A.Chester A. Arthur [N 7]
Zulick, C. MeyerC. Meyer Zulick 01885-11-02 November 2, 1885[28] 01889-03-28 March 28, 1889 Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
Wolfley, LewisLewis Wolfley 01889-04-08 April 8, 1889[29] 01890-08-20 August 20, 1890[30] Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison [N 8]
Irwin, John N.John N. Irwin 01891-01-21 January 21, 1891[32] 01892-04-20 April 20, 1892[33] Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison [N 9]
Murphy, Nathan OakesNathan Oakes Murphy 01892-05-11 May 11, 1892[35][36] 01893-04-05 April 5, 1893 Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
Hughes, L. C.L. C. Hughes 01893-04-12 April 12, 1893[37] 01896-04-01 April 1, 1896[38] Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland [N 10]
Franklin, Benjamin JosephBenjamin Joseph Franklin 01896-04-18 April 18, 1896[40] 01897-07-29 July 29, 1897[41] Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
McCord, Myron H.Myron H. McCord 01897-07-29 July 29, 1897[42][43] 01898-08-01 August 1, 1898[44] McKinley, WilliamWilliam McKinley [N 11]
Murphy, Nathan OakesNathan Oakes Murphy 01898-08-01 August 1, 1898[46][47] 01902-06-30 June 30, 1902[48] McKinley, WilliamWilliam McKinley [N 12]
Brodie, Alexander OswaldAlexander Oswald Brodie 01902-07-01 July 1, 1902[50][51] 01905-12-14 December 14, 1905[52] Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt [N 13]
Kibbey, Joseph HenryJoseph Henry Kibbey 01905-03-07 March 7, 1905[52][53] 01909-05-01 May 1, 1909 Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt
Sloan, Richard ElihuRichard Elihu Sloan 01909-05-01 May 1, 1909[54][55] 01912-02-14 February 14, 1912 Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft

Governors of the State of Arizona

The State of Arizona was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1912.

      Democratic       Republican

Ernest McFarland, tenth Governor of Arizona
Bruce Babbitt, 16th Governor of Arizona, and 47th U.S. Secretary of the Interior
Janet Napolitano, 21st Governor of Arizona, and third U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security
#   Governor Term start Term end Party Terms[N 14]
1   Hunt, George W. P.George W. P. Hunt 01912-02-14 February 14, 1912 01917-01-01 January 1, 1917 Democratic 2.02
2 Campbell, Thomas EdwardThomas Edward Campbell 01917-01-01 January 1, 1917 01917-12-25 December 25, 1917 Republican 0.5½[N 15]
1 Hunt, George W. P.George W. P. Hunt 01917-12-25 December 25, 1917 01919-01-06 January 6, 1919 Democratic 0.5½[N 15]
2 Campbell, Thomas EdwardThomas Edward Campbell 01919-01-06 January 6, 1919 01923-01-01 January 1, 1923 Republican 2.02
1 Hunt, George W. P.George W. P. Hunt 01923-01-01 January 1, 1923 01929-01-07 January 7, 1929 Democratic 3.03
3 Phillips, John CalhounJohn Calhoun Phillips 01929-01-07 January 7, 1929 01931-01-05 January 5, 1931 Republican 1.01
1 Hunt, George W. P.George W. P. Hunt 01931-01-05 January 5, 1931 01933-01-02 January 2, 1933 Democratic 1.01
4 Moeur, Benjamin BakerBenjamin Baker Moeur 01933-01-02 January 2, 1933 01937-01-04 January 4, 1937 Democratic 2.02
5 Stanford, Rawghlie ClementRawghlie Clement Stanford 01937-01-04 January 4, 1937 01939-01-02 January 2, 1939 Democratic 1.01
6 Jones, Robert TaylorRobert Taylor Jones 01939-01-02 January 2, 1939 01941-01-06 January 6, 1941 Democratic 1.01
7 Osborn, Sidney PrestonSidney Preston Osborn 01941-01-06 January 6, 1941 01948-05-25 May 25, 1948 Democratic 3.53½[N 16]
8 Garvey, Dan EdwardDan Edward Garvey 01948-05-25 May 25, 1948 01951-01-01 January 1, 1951 Democratic 1.51½[N 17]
9 Pyle, John HowardJohn Howard Pyle 01951-01-01 January 1, 1951 01955-01-03 January 3, 1955 Republican 2.02
10 McFarland, ErnestErnest McFarland 01955-01-03 January 3, 1955 01959-01-05 January 5, 1959 Democratic 2.02
11 Fannin, PaulPaul Fannin 01959-01-05 January 5, 1959 01965-01-04 January 4, 1965 Republican 3.03
12 Goddard, Jr., Samuel PearsonSamuel Pearson Goddard, Jr. 01965-01-04 January 4, 1965 01967-01-02 January 2, 1967 Democratic 1.01
13 Williams, Jack RichardJack Richard Williams 01967-01-02 January 2, 1967 01975-01-06 January 6, 1975 Republican 3.03[N 18]
14 Castro, Raul HectorRaul Hector Castro 01975-01-06 January 6, 1975 01977-10-20 October 20, 1977 Democratic 0.3⅓[N 19]
15 Bolin, WesleyWesley Bolin 01977-10-20 October 20, 1977 01978-03-04 March 4, 1978 Democratic 0.3⅓[N 20][N 16]
16 Babbitt, BruceBruce Babbitt 01978-03-04 March 4, 1978 01987-01-05 January 5, 1987 Democratic 2.32⅓[N 21]
17 Mecham, EvanEvan Mecham 01987-01-05 January 5, 1987 01988-04-04 April 4, 1988 Republican 0.5½[N 22]
18 Mofford, RoseRose Mofford 01988-04-04 April 4, 1988 01991-03-06 March 6, 1991 Democratic 0.5½[N 20]
19 Symington III, FifeFife Symington III 01991-03-06 March 6, 1991 01997-09-05 September 5, 1997 Republican 1.51½[N 23][N 24][N 25]
20 Hull, Jane DeeJane Dee Hull 01997-09-05 September 5, 1997 02003-01-06 January 6, 2003 Republican 1.51½[N 17][N 25]
21 Napolitano, JanetJanet Napolitano 02003-01-06 January 6, 2003 02009-01-21 January 21, 2009 Democratic 1.51½[N 26]
22 Brewer, JanJan Brewer 02009-01-21 January 21, 2009 incumbent Republican 0.5½[N 20][N 27]

Other high offices held

This is a table of congressional seats, other federal offices, and other governorships held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Arizona except where noted.

* Denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take.
Governor Gubernatorial term Other offices held Sources
Goodwin, John NobleJohn Noble Goodwin 1863–1866 (territorial) Territorial Delegate*, U.S. Representative from Maine [61]
McCormick, Richard CunninghamRichard Cunningham McCormick 1866–1868 (territorial) Territorial Delegate*, U.S. Representative from New York [62]
Hoyt, John PhiloJohn Philo Hoyt 1877–1878 (territorial) Governor of Idaho Territory* but later declined the post, finding his predecessor was wrongly removed. [63]
Frémont, John C.John C. Frémont 1878–1881 (territorial) U.S. Senator from California, Military Governor of California [64]
Irwin, John N.John N. Irwin 1890–1892 (territorial) Governor of Idaho Territory, U.S. Minister to Portugal [65][66]
Murphy, Nathan OakesNathan Oakes Murphy 1892–1893, 1898–1902 (territorial) Territorial Delegate [67]
Franklin, Benjamin JosephBenjamin Joseph Franklin 1896–1897 (territorial) U.S. Representative from Missouri [41]
McCord, Myron H.Myron H. McCord 1897–1898 (territorial) U.S. Representative from Wisconsin [68]
Hunt, George W. P.George W. P. Hunt 1912–1917, 1917–1919, 1923–1929, 1931–1933 U.S. Minister to Siam [69]
McFarland, ErnestErnest McFarland 1955–1959 U.S. Senator (including as majority leader) [70]
Fannin, PaulPaul Fannin 1959–1965 U.S. Senator [71]
Castro, Raul HectorRaul Hector Castro 1975–1977 Ambassador to El Salvador, Ambassador to Bolivia, Ambassador to Argentina* [72]
Babbitt, BruceBruce Babbitt 1978–1987 U.S. Secretary of the Interior [73]
Napolitano, JanetJanet Napolitano 2003–2009 U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security* [74]

In addition, the first appointed governor of Arizona Territory who died before taking office, John A. Gurley, was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.[75] One Confederate governor, John Baylor, served as a Confederate Congressman from Texas.[76]

Living former governors

As of January 2010, six former governors were alive. The most recent former governor to die was Evan Mecham (1987–1988), who died on February 21, 2008.

Governor Gubernatorial term Date of birth
Raul Hector Castro 1975–1977 June 12, 1916 (1916-06-12) (age 93)
Bruce Babbitt 1978–1987 June 26, 1938 (1938-06-26) (age 71)
Rose Mofford 1988–1991 June 10, 1922 (1922-06-10) (age 87)
Fife Symington III 1991–1997 August 12, 1945 (1945-08-12) (age 64)
Jane Dee Hull 1997–2003 August 8, 1935 (1935-08-08) (age 74)
Janet Napolitano 2003–2009 November 29, 1957 (1957-11-29) (age 52)

Notes

  1. ^ The date the governor took the oath of office in Arizona. Due to the distance from Washington, D.C., to Arizona, many governors were appointed and confirmed months before being able to exercise power in the territory.
  2. ^ The date the governor left office. When it happened in unusual circumstances, it is noted; otherwise, it was simply when his term expired or he was replaced by the president.
  3. ^ John A. Gurley died prior to taking office as first appointed governor; Goodwin, who was Chief Justice of the Arizona Territorial Supreme Court, was appointed in his place.
  4. ^ a b Resigned to take an elected seat as delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives
  5. ^ It is unknown when Frémont took the oath of office; Goff states that he and his family arrived in Prescott on the afternoon of October 6, 1878.
  6. ^ Resigned. Frémont spent little time in the territory; and the Secretary of the Territory asked him to resume his duties or resign, and he chose resignation.[25]
  7. ^ Resigned after Grover Cleveland was elected, so that the Democrat could appoint a Democrat as governor[27]
  8. ^ Resigned due to a disagreement with the federal government on arid land policy[31]
  9. ^ Resigned to handle family business out of state[34]
  10. ^ Hughes had abolished many territorial offices, and unhappy officials successfully petitioned President Cleveland to remove him.[39]
  11. ^ Resigned to serve in the Spanish–American War[45]
  12. ^ Asked by President Roosevelt to resign for opposing the Newlands Reclamation Act[49]
  13. ^ Resigned to accept appointment as assistant chief of the records and pension bureau at the U.S. Department of War[52]
  14. ^ The fractional terms of some governors are not to be understood absolutely literally; rather, they are meant to show single terms during which multiple governors served, due to resignations, deaths and the like.
  15. ^ a b Thomas Edward Campbell's narrow election win was overturned by the Arizona Supreme Court on December 22, 1917, which, following a recount, awarded the office to George W.P. Hunt. Campbell vacated the office three days later.[56]
  16. ^ a b Died in office
  17. ^ a b As secretary of state, filled unexpired term, and was subsequently elected in their own right
  18. ^ The Constitution was amended in 1968 to increase gubernatorial terms from two to four years; Williams' first two terms were for two years, his third was for four years.
  19. ^ Resigned to take post as U.S. Ambassador to Argentina
  20. ^ a b c As secretary of state, filled unexpired term
  21. ^ As state attorney general, filled unexpired term, and was subsequently elected in his own right; the secretary of state at the time had been appointed,[7] not elected, and therefore not in the line of succession according to the Arizona constitution.[6]
  22. ^ Impeached and removed from office on charges of obstruction of justice and misuse of government funds[57]
  23. ^ Arizona adopted runoff voting after Evan Mecham won with only 43% of the vote. The 1990 election was very close, and a runoff was held on February 26, 1991, which Symington won, and he was inaugurated on March 6, 1991.[58]
  24. ^ Resigned after being convicted of bank fraud, since state law does not allow felons to hold office; the conviction was later overturned and he was pardoned by President Bill Clinton.[59]
  25. ^ a b Fife Symington resigned on September 5, 1997; Jane Dee Hull did not take the oath of office until September 8, but she was governor for those three days regardless of the delay.[60]
  26. ^ Resigned to become U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security
  27. ^ Governor Brewer's first term expires on January 3, 2011; she is not yet term limited.

References

General
Constitution
Specific
  1. ^ AZ Const. art. 5
  2. ^ a b c AZ Const. art 5, § 1
  3. ^ Ralph E. Hughes v. Douglas K. Martin (PDF), (Arizona Supreme Court 2002-08-20). “Nelson involved two allegedly conflicting amendments both approved by voters in the 1968 election, to Article 5 of the Arizona Constitution. ... The other amendment, proposition 104, extended the term of offices of the executive department, including the office of state auditor, from two years to four years.”
  4. ^ Berman, David R. (1998). Arizona Politics & Government: The Quest for Autonomy, Democracy, and Development. University of Nebraska Press. p. 112. ISBN 0803261462. http://books.google.com/books?id=LHYBFuW9B34C.  
  5. ^ AZ Const. art. 5, old § 1
  6. ^ a b AZ Const. art 5, § 6
  7. ^ a b "Arizona Governor Rose Mofford". National Governors Association. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=dd57ae3effb81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved 2008-10-20.  
  8. ^ "Arizona Governor Janet Napolitano". National Governors Association. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=d008224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved 2008-10-20.  
  9. ^ "Arizona's Chronology". Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records. http://www.lib.az.us/links/AZchronology.cfm. Retrieved 2008-11-25.  
  10. ^ Robinson, William Morrison (1941). Justice in Grey: A History of the Judicial System of the Confederate States of America. Harvard University Press. p. 310. http://books.google.com/books?id=TMYlAAAAMAAJ.  
  11. ^ McClintock pp. 142–143
  12. ^ Colton, Ray Charles (1985). The Civil War in the Western Territories. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 0806119020. http://books.google.com/books?id=JdMnyfgENN0C.  
  13. ^ a b Colton, Ray Charles (1985). The Civil War in the Western Territories. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 0806119020. http://books.google.com/books?id=JdMnyfgENN0C.  
  14. ^ Cowles, Calvin Duvall (1900). The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. United States Government Printing Office. p. 930. http://books.google.com/books?id=NasoAAAAYAAJ.  
  15. ^ Wellman, Paul Iselin (1987). Death in the Desert: The Fifty Years' War for the Great Southwest. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 83–85. ISBN 080329722X. http://books.google.com/books?id=P5MM7isgtoUC.  
  16. ^ Heidler, David Stephen; Jeanne t. Heidler, David J. Coles (2002). Encyclopedia Of The American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 1412. ISBN 039304758X. http://books.google.com/books?id=SdrYv7S60fgC.  
  17. ^ Wagoner p. 20
  18. ^ McClintock p. 329
  19. ^ a b McGinnis, Ralph Y.; Calvin N. Smith (1994). Abraham Lincoln and the Western Territories. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 91. ISBN 0830412476. http://books.google.com/books?id=nWGoZvF42W8C.  
  20. ^ Goff pp. 26–27
  21. ^ Nicolson, John (1974). The Arizona of Joseph Pratt Allyn. University of Arizona Press. p. 39. ISBN 0816503869. http://books.google.com/books?id=K40lAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1. Retrieved 2008-10-11. "McCormick was appointed April 10 and took the oath of office July 9, 1866."  
  22. ^ Goff p. 55
  23. ^ Goff p. 66
  24. ^ Goff pp. 76–77
  25. ^ a b c Walker, Dale L. (1997). Rough Rider: Buckey O'Neill of Arizona. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 0803297963. http://books.google.com/books?id=bO5HPgpFGbQC.  
  26. ^ Goff p. 88
  27. ^ a b Wagoner p. 221
  28. ^ Goff pp. 98–99
  29. ^ Goff p. 112
  30. ^ Walker, Dale L. (1997). Rough Rider: Buckey O'Neill of Arizona. University of Nebraska Press. p. 81. ISBN 0803297963. http://books.google.com/books?id=bO5HPgpFGbQC.  
  31. ^ Wagoner p. 276
  32. ^ Goff pp. 118–119
  33. ^ "Arizona". Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events. New series, Volume 17 (1892 ed.). 1893. p. 16. http://books.google.com/books?id=1kcoAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2008-10-10.  
  34. ^ Goff p. 127
  35. ^ A Biographical Congressional Directory, 1774 to 1903. United States Government Printing Office. 1903. p. 711. http://books.google.com/books?id=_ZkFAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA711&lr=&ei=BurhSPH-Lae6jgGK-9DnDg. Retrieved 2008-10-11.  
  36. ^ Goff p. 129
  37. ^ Goff p. 146
  38. ^ "Arizona". Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events. 3rd series, Volume 1 (1896 ed.). 1897. p. 26. http://books.google.com/books?id=aacoAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 2008-10-11.  
  39. ^ Johnson, Rossiter; John Howard Brown (1904). The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans. The Biographical Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=afEUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT451&ei=-RTvSPCEJoO6yAT4-aziAw#PPT451,M1. Retrieved 2008-10-11.  
  40. ^ Goff pp. 154–155
  41. ^ a b "Franklin, Benjamin Joseph". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000343. Retrieved 2008-10-11.  
  42. ^ McClintock p. 345
  43. ^ Goff p. 167
  44. ^ Wagoner p. 345
  45. ^ Roth, Mitchel P.; James Stuart Olson (2001). Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 207. ISBN 0313305609. http://books.google.com/books?id=wIf5w6BJOmQC. Retrieved 2008-10-11.  
  46. ^ McClintock p. 346
  47. ^ Goff p. 132
  48. ^ "Resignation of Arizona's Governor". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). April 30, 1902. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D00E4D61230E733A25753C3A9629C946397D6CF. Retrieved 2008-10-11.  
  49. ^ Goff p. 136
  50. ^ Goff p. 178
  51. ^ Herner, Charles (1970). The Arizona Rough Riders. University of Arizona Press. p. 221. ISBN 0816502064. http://books.google.com/books?lr=&ei=F9zjSLHZB4jkMp7f2NcL&id=39MBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22On+July+1%2C+1902%2C+Brodie%22&pgis=1. Retrieved 2008-10-11.  
  52. ^ a b c McClintock p. 354
  53. ^ Goff p. 189
  54. ^ McClintock p. 359
  55. ^ Goff p. 199
  56. ^ "Arizona Governor Thomas Edward Campbell". National Governors Association. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=9369224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved 2008-10-13.  
  57. ^ "Arizona Governor Evan Mecham". National Governors Association. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=cf3f97fa7b49b010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved 2008-10-13.  
  58. ^ Mullaney, Marie Marmo (1994). Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1988–1994. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 29–30. ISBN 0313283125. http://books.google.com/books?id=gN_LGy81_iIC. Retrieved 2008-10-11.  
  59. ^ "Arizona Governor J. Fife Symington III". National Governors Association. http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=48e6ae3effb81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD. Retrieved 2008-10-13.  
  60. ^ Todd S., Purdum (1997-09-04). "Arizona Governor Convicted Of Fraud and Will Step Down". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0D81530F937A3575AC0A961958260. Retrieved 2008-10-11.  
  61. ^ "Goodwin, John Noble". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000301. Retrieved 2008-10-10.  
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