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Großherzogtum Baden
Grand Duchy of Baden |
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Anthem
Badnerlied |
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Baden, shown within the German Empire |
| Capital |
Karlsruhe |
| Language(s) |
Alemannic
German |
| Religion |
Protestant
(after reunification in 1771) |
| Government |
Monarchy |
| Grand Duke |
| - 1771–1811 (first grand duke¹) |
Karl Friedrich |
| - 1907–18 (last grand duke) |
Friedrich II (died
1928) |
| Staatsminister |
| - 1809–10 (first) |
Sigismund von
Reitzenstein |
| - 1917–18 (last) |
Heinrich von
und zu Bodman |
| Legislature |
Landtag |
| - Upper house |
Erste Kammer
(First Chamber)² |
| - Lower house |
Zweiten Kammer
(Second
Chamber) |
| History |
|
| - Raised to Grand Duchy |
1806 |
| - Joined German Empire |
1871 |
| - German
revolution |
November 14, 1918 1918 |
| Area |
| - 1803 |
3,400 km2 (1,313 sq mi) |
| - 1905 |
15,082 km2 (5,823 sq mi) |
| Population |
| - 1803 est. |
210,000 |
| Density |
61.8 /km2 (160 /sq mi) |
| - 1905 est. |
2,009,320 |
| Density |
133.2 /km2 (345.1 /sq mi) |
| Currency |
Baden
gulden(till 1873)
Baden
thaler(1829-1837)Goldmark (1873-1914) Papiermark
(from 1914) |
1: Karl Friedrich was Margrave of Baden-Durlach from
1746–71, when he inherited Baden-Baden, becoming Margrave of unified
Baden. In 1803, support for Napoleon saw him raised to Elector of Baden. He joined the Confederation of the Rhine
in 1806, when he was raised to Grand Duke of
Baden.
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The Grand Duchy of Baden (German: Großherzogtum Baden) was a
historical state in the southwest of Germany, on the right bank of the Rhine. It existed between 1806 and
1918.
History
Baden came into existence in
the 12th century as the Margraviate of Baden and subsequently split
into different lines, which were unified in 1771. In 1803 Baden was
raised to Electoral dignity within the Holy Roman
Empire. Baden became the much-enlarged Grand Duchy of Baden
through the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. In 1815 it
joined the German Confederation. During the
Revolutions of
1848 in the German states, Baden was a center of revolutionist
activities. In 1849 it was the only German state that became a
republic for a short while. Finally the revolution in Baden was
suppressed mainly by Prussian troops.
The Grand Duchy of Baden remained a sovereign country until it
joined the German
Empire in 1871. After the revolution of 1918 Baden became part
of the Weimar
Republic as the Republic of Baden.
Constitution and
Government
The Grand Duchy of Baden was a hereditary monarchy with executive power vested in the
Grand Duke while the legislative authority was shared by him with a
representative assembly (Landtag) consisting of two
chambers.
The upper chamber included all the princes of the ruling family
of full age, the heads of all the mediatized families, the Archbishop of Freiburg, the president of
the Protestant Evangelical Church, a deputy from each of the
universities and the technical high school, eight members elected
by the territorial nobility for four years, three representatives
elected by the chamber of commerce, two by that of
agriculture, one by the trades, two mayors of municipalities, and
eight members (two of them legal functionaries) nominated by the
Grand Duke.
The lower chamber consisted of 73 popular representatives, of
whom 24 were elected by the burgesses of certain communities, and
49 by rural communities. Every citizen of 25 years of age, who had
not been convicted and was not a pauper, had a vote. The elections were,
however, indirect. The citizens selected the Wahlmänner
(deputy electors), the latter selecting the
representatives. The chambers met at least every two years. The
lower chambers were elected for four years, half the members
retiring every two years.
The executive consisted of four departments: The interior,
foreign and grand-ducal affairs, finance, and justice, and
ecclesiastical affairs and education.
The chief sources of revenue were direct and indirect taxes, the railways and domains. The
railways were operated by the state, and formed the only source of
major public debt, about 22 million pounds sterling.
The supreme courts lay in Karlsruhe, Freiburg, Offenburg, Heidelberg, Mosbach, Waldshut, Konstanz, and Mannheim, whence appeals
passed to the Reichsgericht (the supreme tribunal)
in Leipzig.
Grand Dukes
of Baden
Minister of state
1809–1918
- 1809–1810: Sigismund von Reitzenstein
- 1810–1810: Conrad Karl Friedrich von Andlau-Birseck
- 1810–1812: Christian Heinrich Gayling von Altheim
- 1812–1817: Karl Christian von Berckheim
- 1817–1818: Sigismund von Reitzenstein
- 1818–1831: Wilhelm Ludwig Leopold Reinhard von Berstett
- 1832–1833: Sigismund von Reitzenstein
- 1833–1838: Ludwig Georg von Winter
- 1838–1839: Karl Friedrich Nebenius
- 1839–1843: Friedrich Landolin Karl von Blittersdorf
- 1843–1845: Christian Friedrich von Boeckh
- 1845–1846: Karl Friedrich Nebenius
- 1846–1848: Johann Baptist Bekk
- 1848–1849: Karl Georg Hoffmann
- 1849–1856: Friedrich Adolf Klüber
- 1856–1860: Franz von Stengel
- 1861–1866: Anton von Stabel
- 1866–1868: Karl
Mathy
- 1868–1876: Julius
Jolly
- 1876–1893: Ludwig Karl Friedrich Turban
- 1893–1901: Franz Wilhelm Nokk
- 1901–1905: Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Arthur von Brauer
- 1905–1917: Alexander von Dusch
- 1917–1918: Heinrich von Bodman
See also
References
 States of
the Confederation of the Rhine
(1806–13) |
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Rank
elevated
by Napoleon |
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| States
created |
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Kingdoms
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Grand Duchies
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Principalities
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Pre-existing
states |
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| 1 from 1810. 2
until 1810. 3
until 1809. 4
from 1809. 5
until 1811. |
|
 States of the German
Confederation (1815–66) |
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| Empires |
|
 |
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| Kingdoms |
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| Electorates |
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| Grand Duchies |
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| Duchies |
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| Principalities |
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| City-states |
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| 1 Merged with Anhalt from
1863. 2
until 1847. 3
from 1839. 4
from 1826. 5
until 1826. 6
until 1850. |
|
 States of
the German
Empire (1871–1918) |
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| Kingdoms |
|
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| Grand Duchies |
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| Duchies |
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| Principalities |
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| City-states |
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| Other territories |
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| Presidents
of the Baden State Ministry |
|
Sigismund Freiherr von
Reitzenstein | Conrad Karl Friedrich Freiherr von
Andlau-Birseck | Christian Heinrich Freiherr Gayling von
Altheim | Karl Christian Freiherr von Berckheim |
Sigismund Freiherr von Reitzenstein | Wilhelm Ludwig Leopold
Reinhard Freiherr von Berstett | Sigismund Freiherr von
Reitzenstein | Ludwig Georg von Winter | Karl Friedrich Nebenius |
Friedrich Landolin Karl Freiherr von Blittersdorf | Christian
Friedrich von Boeckh | Karl Friedrich Nebenius |
Johann Baptist Bekk | Karl Georg Hoffmann | Friedrich
Adolf Klüber | Franz Freiherr von Stengel | Anton von
Stabel | Karl
Mathy | Julius Jolly | Ludwig Karl Friedrich
Turban | Wilhelm Nokk | Arthur von Brauer |
Alexander Freiherr von Dusch | Heinrich Freiherr von und zu
Bodman |
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Coordinates: 49°1′N 8°24′E / 49.017°N
8.4°E / 49.017;
8.4
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