| Groundhog Day | |
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![]() Groundhog Day 2005 in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, USA |
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| Type | Cultural |
| Significance | Whether the groundhog sees its shadow determines how much longer winter will last |
| Date | February 2 |
| Celebrations | Observing a groundhog emerging from its burrow and seeing whether it sees its shadow, announcing the result |
Groundhog Day is a holiday celebrated on February 2 in the United States and Canada. According to folklore, if it is cloudy when a groundhog emerges from its burrow on this day, it will leave the burrow, signifying that winter will soon end. If on the other hand, it is sunny, the groundhog will supposedly retreat into its burrow, and winter will continue for six more weeks.[1] The holiday, which began as a Pennsylvania German custom in southeastern and central Pennsylvania in the 18th and 19th centuries, has its origins in ancient European weather lore, wherein a badger or sacred bear is the prognosticator as opposed to a groundhog.[2] The holiday also bears some similarities to the medieval Catholic holiday of Candlemas.[3] It also bears similarities to the Pagan festival of Imbolc, the seasonal turning point of the Celtic calendar, which is celebrated on February 1 and also involves weather prognostication.[4]
Modern customs of the holiday involve celebrations where early morning festivals are held to watch the groundhog emerging from its burrow. In southeastern Pennsylvania, Groundhog Lodges (Grundsow Lodges) celebrate the holiday with fersommlinge,[5] social events in which food is served, speeches are made, and one or more g'spiel (plays or skits) are performed for entertainment. The Pennsylvania German dialect is the only language spoken at the event, and those who speak English pay a penalty, usually in the form of a nickel, dime or quarter, per word spoken, put into a bowl in the center of the table.[6]
The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, where crowds as high as 40,000[7] have gathered to celebrate the holiday since at least 1886.[8] Other celebrations of note in Pennsylvania take place in Quarryville in Lancaster County,[9] the Anthracite Region of Schuylkill County,[10] the Sinnamahoning Valley[11] and Bucks County.[12] Outside of Pennsylvania, notable celebrations occur in the Frederick and Hagerstown areas of Maryland,[13] the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia,[14] Woodstock, Illinois,[15], Lilburn, Georgia[16] and among the Amish populations of over twenty states and at Wiarton, Ontario and Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia in Canada.[14] The University of Dallas in Irving, Texas has taken Groundhog Day as its official university holiday and organizes a large-scale celebration every year in honor of the Groundhog.[17]
Groundhog Day received worldwide attention as a result of the 1993 film of the same name, Groundhog Day, which was set in Punxsutawney and featured Punxsutawney Phil.[18]
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An early American reference to Groundhog Day can be found in a diary[19] entry, dated February 5, 1841, of Berks County, Pennsylvania storekeeper James Morris:
In Scotland the tradition may also derive from an English poem:
As the light grows longer
The cold grows stronger
If Candlemas be fair and bright
Winter will have another flight
If Candlemas be cloud and rain
Winter will be gone and not come again
A farmer should on Candlemas day
Have half his corn and half his hay
On Candlemas day if thorns hang a drop
You can be sure of a good pea crop
This tradition also stems from similar beliefs associated with Candlemas Day[21] and Groundhog Day. Candlemas, also known as the Purification of the Virgin or the Presentation, coincides with the pagan observance Imbolc.
In western countries in the Northern Hemisphere the official first day of Spring is almost seven weeks (46–48 days) after Groundhog Day, on March 20 or March 21. About 1,000 years ago, before the adoption of the Gregorian calendar when the date of the equinox drifted in the Julian calendar, the spring equinox fell on March 16 instead. This is exactly six weeks after February 2. The custom could have been a folk embodiment of the confusion created by the collision of two calendrical systems. Some ancient traditions marked the change of season at cross-quarter days such as Imbolc when daylight first makes significant progress against the night. Other traditions held that Spring did not begin until the length of daylight overtook night at the Vernal Equinox. So an arbiter, the groundhog/hedgehog, was incorporated as a yearly custom to settle the two traditions. Sometimes Spring begins at Imbolc, and sometimes Winter lasts 6 more weeks until the equinox.[22]
Many towns that celebrate Groundhog Day throughout North America have winter-predicting groundhogs. By far, the most notable groundhog is Punxsutawney Phil of Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. Other groundhogs of note include Buckeye Chuck, General Beauregard Lee, Staten Island Chuck, Wiarton Willie and Shubenacadie Sam.
Groundhog Day proponents state that the rodents' forecasts are accurate 75% to 90%.[23] A Canadian study for 13 cities in the past 30 to 40 years puts success rate level at 37%.[23] Also, the National Climatic Data Center reportedly has stated that the overall predictions accuracy rate is around 39%.[24]
WKBW-TV meteorologist Mike Randall put it a different way: since there are always six more weeks of winter after Groundhog Day, and the concept of early spring in the astronomical sense simply does not exist, then whenever the groundhog sees its shadow and predicts six more weeks of winter, the groundhog is always right, but whenever it predicts an early spring, it is always wrong. The results have an approximate 80% rate of accuracy, the average percentage of times a groundhog sees its shadow.[25]
| Date | Prediction | Groundhog | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 6 more weeks of winter[26] | Holtsville Hal | Holtsville, New York |
| 2010 | Early spring[27] | Queen Charlotte | Charlotte, North Carolina |
| 2010 | Early spring[27] | Gus | Athens, Georgia |
| 2010 | Early Spring[28] | Octoraro Orphie | Quarryville, Pennsylvania |
| 2010 | Early Spring[29] | Sir Walter Wally | Raleigh, North Carolina |
| 2010 | Early spring[30] | Jimmy the Groundhog | Sun Prairie, Wisconsin |
| 2010 | Early spring[31] | General Beauregard Lee | Snellville, Georgia |
| 2010 | 6 more weeks of winter[32] | Malverne Mel | Malverne, New York |
| 2010 | Early spring[33] | Staten Island Chuck | Staten Island (New York City) |
| 2010 | Early spring[34] | Woodstock Willie | Woodstock, Illinois |
| 2010 | 6 more weeks of winter[35] | Wiarton Willie | Wiarton, Ontario |
| 2010 | 6 more weeks of winter | Punxsutawney Phil | Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania |
| 2010 | Early spring[36] | Uni | Myerstown, Pennsylvania |
| 2010 | 6 more weeks of winter | Spanish Joe | Spanish, Ontario |
| 2010 | Early spring[37] | Dunkirk Dave | Dunkirk, New York |
| 2010 | Early Spring[38] | Buckeye Chuck | Marion, Ohio |
| 2010 | Early Spring[39] | Balzac Billy | Balzac, Alberta |
| 2010 | 6 more weeks of winter | Shubenacadie Sam | Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia |
| 2010 | Early Spring[40] | French Creek Freddie | French Creek, West Virginia |
| 2010 | 6 more weeks of winter[41] | Chuckles | Manchester, Connecticut |
| 2010 | 6 more weeks of winter[42] | Woody | Howell, Michigan |
| 2010 | 6 more weeks of winter[43] | Stormy Marmot | Aurora, Colorado |
| 2009 | 6 more weeks of winter[27] | Gus | Athens, Georgia |
| 2009 | Early Spring[44] | Queen Charlotte | Charlotte, North Carolina |
| 2009 | 6 more weeks of winter | Sir Walter Wally | Raleigh, North Carolina |
| 2009 | 6 more weeks of winter | Spanish Joe | Spanish, Ontario |
| 2009 | 6 more weeks of winter | Punxsutawney Phil | Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania |
| 2009 | Early spring | General Beauregard Lee | Atlanta, Georgia |
| 2009 | Early spring[45] | French Creek Freddie | French Creek, West Virginia |
| 2009 | 6 more weeks of winter[46] | Buckeye Chuck | Marion, Ohio |
| 2009 | 6 more weeks of winter | Balzac Billy | Balzac, Alberta |
| 2009 | Early Spring[47] | Malverne Mel | Malverne, New York |
| 2009 | 6 more weeks of winter[48] | Woodstock Willie | Woodstock, Illinois |
| 2009 | 6 more weeks of winter[49] | Jimmy the Groundhog | Sun Prairie, Wisconsin |
| 2009 | 6 more weeks of winter[50] | Octoraro Orphie | Quarryville, Pennsylvania |
| 2009 | Early Spring[51] | Staten Island Chuck | Staten Island (New York City) |
| 2009 | 6 more weeks of winter[52] | Wiarton Willie | Wiarton, Ontario |
| 2009 | 6 more weeks of winter[52] | Shubenacadie Sam | |
| 2009 | 6 more weeks of winter[53] | Punxsutawney Phil | Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania |
| 2009 | Early Spring[54] | Dunkirk Dave | Dunkirk, New York |
| 2008 | 6 more weeks of winter[55] | Stormy Marmot | Aurora, Colorado |
| 2008 | 6 more weeks of winter[56] | Punxsutawney Phil | |
| 2008 | Early Spring[57] | Jimmy the Groundhog | |
| 2008 | Early Spring[58] | Dunkirk Dave | |
| 2008 | Early Spring[59] | Pat Lane | |
| 2008 | Early Spring[60] | Balzac Billy | |
| 2008 | 6 more weeks of winter[61] | Sir Walter Wally | |
| 2008 | Early Spring[60] | Wiarton Willie | |
| 2008 | Early Spring[62] | General Beauregard Lee | |
| 2008 | 6 more weeks of winter[62] | Queen Charlotte | |
| 2008 | Early Spring[63] | Malverne Mel | |
| 2008 | 6 more weeks of winter[64] | West Indies Wilbur | |
| 2008 | Early Spring[60] | Shubenacadie Sam | |
| 2008 | Early Spring[63] | Staten Island Chuck | |
| 2008 | Early Spring[65] | Buckeye Chuck | |
| 2008 | Early Spring | Spanish Joe | Spanish, Ontario |
| 2007 | 6 more weeks of winter | Holtsville Hal | |
| 2007 | 6 more weeks of winter | Dunkirk Dave | |
| 2007 | Early Spring | Punxsutawney Phil | |
| 2007 | Early Spring | Staten Island Chuck | |
| 2007 | Early Spring | Wiarton Willie | |
| 2007 | Early Spring | Shubenacadie Sam | |
| 2007 | Early Spring | General Beauregard Lee | |
| 2007 | Early Spring | Malverne Melissa | |
| 2007 | Early Spring | Buckeye Chuck | |
| 2007 | Early Spring | Spanish Joe | |
| 2007 | Early Spring | Sir Walter Wally | |
| 2006 | Early Spring[66] | Stormy Marmot | Aurora, Colorado |
| 2006 | 6 more weeks of winter | Dunkirk Dave | |
| 2006 | 6 more weeks of winter | Punxsutawney Phil | |
| 2006 | 6 more weeks of winter | Buckeye Chuck | |
| 2006 | Early Spring | Spanish Joe | |
| 2006 | Early Spring | Wiarton Willie | |
| 2006 | Early Spring | Fountains Hills Weasel | |
| 2006 | Early Spring | General Beauregard Lee | |
| 2006 | Early Spring | Staten Island Chuck | |
| 2006 | Early Spring | Shubenacadie Sam | |
| 2006 | Early Spring | Jimmy the Groundhog | |
| 2006 | Early Spring | Malverne Mel | |
| 2006 | Early Spring | French Creek Freddie | |
| 2005 | 6 more weeks of winter | Dunkirk Dave | |
| 2005 | 6 more weeks of winter | Punxsutawney Phil | |
| 2005 | 6 more weeks of winter | Shubenacadie Sam | |
| 2005 | 6 more weeks of winter | Spanish Joe | |
| 2005 | 6 more weeks of winter | Octoraro Orphie | |
| 2005 | Early Spring | Wiarton Willie | |
| 2005 | Early Spring | Jimmy the Groundhog | |
| 2005 | Early Spring | General Beauregard Lee | |
| 2005 | Early Spring | Balzac Billy | |
| 2005 | Early Spring | Staten Island Chuck | |
| 2004 | 6 more weeks of winter | Dunkirk Dave | |
| 2004 | 6 more weeks of winter | Punxsutawney Phil | |
| 2004 | 6 more weeks of winter | Wiarton Willie | |
| 2004 | 6 more weeks of winter | Spanish Joe | |
| 2004 | 6 more weeks of winter | Balzac Billy | |
| 2004 | 6 more weeks of winter | General Beauregard Lee | |
| 2004 | 6 more weeks of winter | Malverne Mel | |
| 2003 | 6 more weeks of winter | Punxsutawney Phil | |
| 2003 | Early Spring | Dunkirk Dave | |
| 2003 | Early Spring | Spanish Joe | |
| 2002 | 6 more weeks of winter | Dunkirk Dave | |
| 2002 | 6 more weeks of winter | Punxsutawney Phil | |
| 2002 | Early Spring | Spanish Joe | |
| 2001 | 6 more weeks of winter | Punxsutawney Phil | |
| 2001 | Early Spring | Dunkirk Dave | |
| 2001 | Early Spring | Spanish Joe | |
| 2000 | 6 more weeks of winter | Punxsutawney Phil | |
| 2000 | Early Spring | Spanish Joe | |
| 1999 | Early Spring | Punxsutawney Phil | |
| 1999 | Early Spring | Spanish Joe |
A strikingly similar and almost identical custom is celebrated among Orthodox Christians in Serbia on February 15 (February 2 according to local Julian calendar) during the feast of celebration of Sretenje or The Meeting of the Lord. It is believed that on this day the bear will awake from winter dormancy, and if in this sleepy and confused state it sees (meets) its own shadow, it will get scared and go back to sleep for additional 40 days, thus prolonging the winter. Thus, if it is sunny on Sretenje, it is the sign that the winter is not over yet. If it is cloudy, it is a good sign that the winter is about to end.
In Germany, June 27 is "Siebenschläfertag" (Seven Sleepers Day). If it rains that day, the rest of summer is supposedly going to be rainy. While it might seem to refer to the "Siebenschläfer" squirrel (Glis Glis), also known as the "edible dormouse", it actually commemorates the Seven Sleepers (the actual commemoration day is July 25).
In the United Kingdom, July 15 is known as St. Swithun's day. It is claimed that at one time it was believed if it rained on that day, it would rain for the next 40 days and nights. However, since the probability of such a protracted period of continual rain is virtually nil it is more likely that the belief was simply that the ensuing summer would be wetter than average.
In Alaska, February 2 is observed as Marmot Day rather than Groundhog Day because few groundhogs exist in the state. The holiday was created by a bill passed by the Alaska Legislature in 2009 and signed by then-Governor Sarah Palin that year.[69]
Groundhog Day is a 1993 film about a weather man doomed to repeat the same day over and over again.
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Singular |
Plural |
Groundhog Day
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From the film Groundhog Day.
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Singular |
Plural |
Groundhog Day
Groundhog Day is a holiday on February 2. It is usually celebrated in North America. It marks about 6 weeks before the end of Winter. It began in the year 1886. This holiday celebrates "Punxsutawney Phil", a groundhog that could supposedly forecast the weather.
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