From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Human immunodeficiency virus |
 |
Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1 (in green) budding from cultured lymphocyte. .^ Receptor : a molecule on the surface of a cell that serves as a recognition or binding site for antigens, antibodies or other cellular or immunologic components.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Outside of a T cell HIV will be like spherical particles - virions- with spiked surface.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
|
| Virus classification |
| Group: |
Group VI (ssRNA-RT) |
| Family: |
Retroviridae
|
| Genus: |
Lentivirus
|
| Species |
- Human immunodeficiency virus 1
- Human immunodeficiency virus 2
|
| International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems Codes |
| Classification and external resources |
| ICD-10 |
B20-B24 |
| ICD-9 |
042-044 |
.^ Human Immunodeficiency Virus, type 1 (HIV-1): The retrovirus isolated and recognized as the cause of AIDS. HIV-1 is classified as a lentivirus in a subgroup of retroviruses.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ HIV- Human immunodeficiency virus is called HIV - And this is a lentivirus one of the retrovirus family- that will create AIDS- illness- acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its related illness and death.
.^ HIV will be infected through many media- Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen- while doing sex, vaginal fluid- when doing sex, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The main ways of viral transmission ( HIV) are unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing of contaminated needles, patient's breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Injecting a substance contaminated with HIV directly into the blood stream is a particularly efficient means of transmission than occurs for example through sexual activity.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ HIV may cause apoptosis in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected immune system cells.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ HIV will be infected through many media- Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen- while doing sex, vaginal fluid- when doing sex, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ A breastfeeding mother can pass THC to her baby through breast milk.
^ The main ways of viral transmission ( HIV) are unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing of contaminated needles, patient's breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ HIV will be infected through many media- Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen- while doing sex, vaginal fluid- when doing sex, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Screening of blood products for HIV has largely eliminated transmission through blood transfusions or infected blood products in the developed world.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ HIV will be infected through many media- Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen- while doing sex, vaginal fluid- when doing sex, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The main ways of viral transmission ( HIV) are unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing of contaminated needles, patient's breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection dramatically increases the risk of developing active tuberculosis and is driving the TB epidemic in Africa.
^ By 1972, the World Health Organization called on scientists to work on such viruses "to see if viruses can in fact exert selective effects on the immune function."- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ January 27, 2005 - The World Health Organization released its "3 by 5" progress report on January 26, 2005 at the Davos World Economic Forum congratulating itself on progress made in the drive to fight the HIV pandemic.
.^ That's more than 128 million people.- Drugs 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The United States has 5% of the world's population, but 25% of the world's prisoners, incarcerating more than 2.3 million citizens in its prisons and jails, at a rate of one in every 136 U.S. residents - the highest rate of incarceration in the world .- Untitled Document 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC prorev.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ More than a million civilians are exposed when army scientists drop lightbulbs filled with the bacteria onto ventilation grates.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[3] .^ Prevalence: A proportion of persons in a population who are infected, at a specified point in time or over a specified period of time, with HIV. .
^ With approximately 930,000 infected persons, Malawi has one of the world's highest HIV/AIDS rates.
^ It is estimated that there are about 2 million HIV-infected people in the country.
[3] .^ That's more than 128 million people.- Drugs 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ People living with HIV/AIDS are up to 50 times more likely to develop active TB in a given year compared with HIV-negative individuals, and roughly a third of the 33 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide are infected with latent TB. Yet, in 2006 less than one percent of people living with HIV/AIDS were screened for TB. .
^ Every minute of every day, a child under the age of 15 is infected with HIV. AIDS kills 1,400 children every single day, and claims more than half a million young lives every year.
.^ Efforts to eradicate drug production and trafficking can easily lead to increased poverty in these areas, as it is may prove difficult to generate income from alternative activities.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These are exacerbated by the social, economic and political changes occurring in Asia and Central Eastern Europe.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Shifts to private economic production have occurred in the context of sharp declines in gross domestic product and have led to dramatic unemployment, increased income differentials and poverty, and the rapid expansion of criminal economies.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[4] .^ It is estimated that there are about 2 million HIV-infected people in the country.
^ The decline is a result of prevention activities and the impact of potent antiretroviral therapies which are delaying progression to AIDS in many HIV-infected individuals.
^ In conjunction with this year’s International AIDS Conference in Mexico City, this document presents MSF’s current “state of play” in providing quality care to people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in resource-limited settings.
[5] .^ Reduce deaths from HIV infection.
^ HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy): Aggressive anti-HIV treatment usually including a combination of drugs called protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors whose purpose is to reduce viral load infection to undetectable levels.
^ All these tests can be very helpful in making treatment decisions about which medications will work against the mutations one has developed in order to try to get the HIV under control and reduce viral load.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
[6]
.^ HIV and binds to the CD4 molecule on helper T cells, which is part of the way HIV attacks the body's immune system.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ HIV may cause apoptosis in both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected immune system cells.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ CD4+ cell (also known as T helper cell): A type of T cell found in the blood that is involved in protecting the body against infections.
.^ CD8 T cells may be cytotoxic T lymphocytes or suppressor T cells.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Because HIV infection kills CD4+ cells, CD4+ cell count is used to track the progress of HIV infection.
^ HIV will be infected through many media- Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen- while doing sex, vaginal fluid- when doing sex, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ More CD4 cells will be pumped in and human body will not face immunity deficiency there after.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ CD4+ cell (also known as T helper cell): A type of T cell found in the blood that is involved in protecting the body against infections.
^ By this time immune system will be seriously damaged by HIV. Main reasons of this stage are- severe damage of lymph nodes and tissues, HIV mutates and becomes more pathogenic-and start to kill more CD4 cells, and body will be tired - fails to keep up with replacing the T helper cells that are lost.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Eventually most HIV -infected individuals develop AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)- And the patient will die from opportunistic infections or malignant cancers which are associated with the down fall and failure of the immune system.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ An HIV infection is not the same as an AIDS diagnosis.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ HIV will be infected through many media- Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen- while doing sex, vaginal fluid- when doing sex, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
[7] .^ The HIV/AIDS subepidemics not only vary by region and community but also may vary by population, risk behavior, and geography.
^ The decline is a result of prevention activities and the impact of potent antiretroviral therapies which are delaying progression to AIDS in many HIV-infected individuals.
^ The rapid rate of progression from infection with TB bacteria to active TB disease among HIV-positive patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been well documented.
.^ Many progress much sooner.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ An HIV infection is not the same as an AIDS diagnosis.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ This HIV infection becomes AIDS and ensure the death of the patient in some days.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
[8][9] .^ People with virologic failure who do not switch to a more effective treatment regimen usually progress to immunologic failure within about 3 years.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ That's more than 128 million people.- Drugs 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is estimated that there are about 2 million HIV-infected people in the country.
[11]
Classification
HIV is a member of the
genus Lentivirus,
[12] part of the family of
Retroviridae.
[13] Lentiviruses have many common
morphologies and
biological properties.
.^ A long incubation period of relatively constant duration permits the operatives responsible to leave the country before the first case is diagnosed .- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Acute Infection: The time period just after a person is first infected with HIV but before their body mounts an antibody response that is detectable by conventional HIV tests.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The duration of illness for those who recover is relatively long.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[14] Lentiviruses are transmitted as single-stranded, positive-
sense, enveloped
RNA viruses.
.^ T cell T cell will be a virus factory- HIV will pass its RNA to cell's DNA and make that a factory of virus.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ It is used to identify the genes (pieces of DNA) in specific cells or tissue that are actively used to make RNA, which then may be used to make proteins.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Even when the viral load is undetectable, a small amount of virus is still present and copying itself in an HIV-positive person's body.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ HIV converts its RNA into DNA and inserts into the host cell's DNA, preventing the host cell from carrying out its natural functions and turning it into an HIV factory.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Recombinant DNA Technology: the technique by which genetic material from one organism is inserted into a foreign cell in order to mass produce the protein encoded by the inserted genes.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Used in photodynamic therapy, a drug that is absorbed by tumor cells; when exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the cancer cells.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ HIV (human immunodeficiency virus): A virus that infects and takes over certain cells of the immune system that are important in fighting disease.
^ Most randomized trials have two "arms," which may be comparing either a new drug with a placebo, or comparing two drugs to each other.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ When drug-using women are also involved in sex work, the risk of acquiring HIV infection through unprotected sex, compounds the existing risk of transmission through the reuse of needles and syringes.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Research results suggest that there is also an effect against the HIV virus .- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ There was a special cancer virus program he had limited association with, Gallo has said.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The lower infectivity of HIV-2 compared to HIV-1 implies that fewer of those exposed to HIV-2 will be infected per exposure.
.^ Proximity to large HIV+ IDU groups, poor DU and IDU data .- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Human Immunodeficiency Virus, type 2 (HIV-2): A virus closely related to HIV-1 that has also been found to cause AIDS. It was first isolated in West Africa.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Cancer is the second safety concern for widely used drugs because drug therapy involves the body absorbing relatively large amounts of a powerful chemical.- Drugs 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[17]
Signs and symptoms
.^ The HIV/AIDS subepidemics not only vary by region and community but also may vary by population, risk behavior, and geography.
^ Interval between HIV infection and AIDS diagnosis .
^ The rapid rate of progression from infection with TB bacteria to active TB disease among HIV-positive patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been well documented.
CD4+ T cell count (cells per µL) HIV RNA copies per mL of plasma
.^ Because HIV infection kills CD4+ cells, CD4+ cell count is used to track the progress of HIV infection.
^ The rapid rate of progression from infection with TB bacteria to active TB disease among HIV-positive patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been well documented.
^ Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection dramatically increases the risk of developing active tuberculosis and is driving the TB epidemic in Africa.
.^ Trace elements in patients with HIV-1 infection.
^ CD4+ cell count: A measure of the number of CD4+ cells present in the blood.
^ HIV and binds to CD4+ T cells.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Interval between HIV infection and AIDS diagnosis .
^ The cornerstone of the theory is that HIV is a combination of Visna and HTLV-I. Segal claims that any trained laboratory technician could produce AIDS from these components, today, in less than two weeks.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If declines continue in newly diagnosed AIDS cases in the coming years, an increasing number of persons will be living with HIV infection.
.^ On day five, just prior to smoking the last cigarette, median ratings of current chronic pain intensity were lower in the cannabis group than in the placebo group.- Inhaled Cannabis Significantly Reduces HIV-Associated Neuropathy - NORML 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC norml.org [Source type: News]
^ Symptoms include muscle spasms and cramps in the abdomen.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Withdrawal symptoms from cocaine include irritability, depression and muscle aches .
.^ In the last few years it has been gaining popularity as a "recreational" drug offering an alcohol-like, hangover free "high" with possible pro-sexual effects (dis-inhibition often occurs and inhibitions are extremely suppressed).
^ The human body takes anywhere from a few weeks to several months to mount a humoral immune response to HIV (that's slower than to other pathogens).
^ Last year, the number of random off-season tests was increased from a maximum of two per player to six per player.
.^ Interval between HIV infection and AIDS diagnosis .
^ If declines continue in newly diagnosed AIDS cases in the coming years, an increasing number of persons will be living with HIV infection.
^ Experience in other countries shows that, once HIV does enter the IDU population, infection rates can rise to 40% in 12 months or less.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The main ways of viral transmission ( HIV) are unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing of contaminated needles, patient's breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy): Aggressive anti-HIV treatment usually including a combination of drugs called protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors whose purpose is to reduce viral load infection to undetectable levels.
^ The decline is a result of prevention activities and the impact of potent antiretroviral therapies which are delaying progression to AIDS in many HIV-infected individuals.
.^ These long-term changes in brain morphology lower mood.- The Good Drug Guide : new mood-brighteners and antidepressants 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC biopsychiatry.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Most of these people are taking medications long-term, so their exposures aren't brief.- Drugs 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[18]
Acute HIV infection
Main symptoms of acute HIV infection.
.^ HIV evolves within the body of an infected person.
^ HIV will be infected through many media- Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen- while doing sex, vaginal fluid- when doing sex, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The "NAT" or "NAAT" test (nucleic acid amplification test) is used to detect the presence of genetic material that is specific to HIV. It is not approved for the use of diagnosis of HIV infection perhaps with the exception of diagnosing infection in newborns of infected mothers who have antibodies to HIV that are transferred from the mother.- San Francisco AIDS Foundation: HIV Testing 20 November 2009 7:44 UTC www.sfaf.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The first stage of infection, the primary, or acute infection, is a period of rapid
viral replication that immediately follows the individual's exposure to HIV leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood with levels of HIV commonly approaching several million viruses per mL.
[19]
.^ CD4+ cell count: A measure of the number of CD4+ cells present in the blood.
^ In HIV disease, the number of CD4+ T cells per cubic millimeter of blood is often used as a surrogate marker.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ CD4+ cells normally orchestrate the immune response, signaling other cells in the immune system to perform their special disease-fighting functions.
.^ Over time, the HIV can destroy virtually all of an infected person's T cells.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The main ways of viral transmission ( HIV) are unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing of contaminated needles, patient's breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ HIV (human immunodeficiency virus): A virus that infects and takes over certain cells of the immune system that are important in fighting disease.
.^ CD4+ cell count: A measure of the number of CD4+ cells present in the blood.
^ All symptoms will be subsided and CD4 count will be back to the normal.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ An *accurate* creatinine "clearance" test would require a urine and blood test 24 hours before the drug test to determine the normal creatinine level for that individual.- Erowid Drug Testing Vaults : FAQ 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.erowid.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ CCR5 density on CD4+ cells increases so too does disease progression.
^ Vector: in vaccine research, a bacterium or virus that does not cause disease in humans and is used in genetically engineered vaccines to transport genes coding for antigens into the body to induce an immune response.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ An observational study linked high doses of vitamin C with slower progression to AIDS. 70 High intake of vitamin E was also linked to decreased risk of progression to AIDS in a different observational study.
[20]
.^ People living with HIV/AIDS are up to 50 times more likely to develop active TB in a given year compared with HIV-negative individuals, and roughly a third of the 33 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide are infected with latent TB. Yet, in 2006 less than one percent of people living with HIV/AIDS were screened for TB. .
^ Although the evidence still is not entirely clear, persons who are being treated successfully for HIV may be less likely to transmit the virus.
^ Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection dramatically increases the risk of developing active tuberculosis and is driving the TB epidemic in Africa.
.^ The signs and symptoms of some of these infections may include: .- HIV/AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But I will assert that these ‘symptoms’ are nothing ‘special’, and that most likely they are not ‘symptoms’ of some particular irritation, as we pass through this vale of tears.- drugs, smoking and addiction - abelard 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.abelard.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Besides AIDS, there are a series of other problems that HIV causes that do not count as AIDS. Some of these problems may be caused directly by HIV. For example, there are subtle and sometimes not so subtle effects of HIV on brain.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ These symptoms usually subside by 1 week of age.- Illicit Drug Use During Pregnancy - March of Dimes 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.marchofdimes.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Varicella-zoster virus keratitis VZV infection usually manifests with fever, malaise, and cutaneous rash, which typically lasts 7-10 days.- Ocular Manifestations of HIV: eMedicine Ophthalmology 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Symptoms usually appear within the first six weeks of treatment and generally disappear when the drug is discontinued.- HIV/AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[21]
.^ HIV infection (4 of these 33 were from the USA).- Circumcision and HIV: The AIDS Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.circinfo.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The signs and symptoms of some of these infections may include: .- HIV/AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But I will assert that these ‘symptoms’ are nothing ‘special’, and that most likely they are not ‘symptoms’ of some particular irritation, as we pass through this vale of tears.- drugs, smoking and addiction - abelard 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.abelard.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Doctors are prescribing drugs by the truckload, but for the most part, they are keeping their patients in the dark about adverse reactions.- Drugs 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Their training no longer prepares them to explore beyond lab tests or routine signs and symptoms, nor do they often, if ever, consider truly alternative therapies.- Drugs 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Doctors cannot routinely monitor, test and report, they are restricted by official limitations not applied to other infectious diseases.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Injecting drug use and HIV infection .- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ They can be used for all ages and for any occasion.- Drug Abuse: Guide & Resources Directory 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC drugsarehorrible.com [Source type: General]
^ Because the time from initial infection with HIV to the development of AIDS is long and variable (often 8 to 10 years or more), many of these young adults likely acquired their infections while in their teens.
.^ He considers 'casual' drug users 'carriers' who are even more infectious than addicts because they suggest to young people 'that you can do drugs and be O.K.'" (pg.- The Duplicity of the War on Drugs 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.lycaeum.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ [T]ests were limited to narcotic analgesics and to the three classes of stimulants; however, testing was much more comprehensive with 2079 samples being analyzed.
^ Coloring your urine isn't all that important because it's normal for people to have clear urine even when they don't consume much fluid.- Erowid Drug Testing Vaults : FAQ 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.erowid.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[22]
Latency stage
.^ (Developmental) Reduce the number of cases of HIV infection among adolescents and adults.
^ Virologic failure has occurred if HIV can still be detected in your blood 48 weeks after starting treatment, or if it is detected again after treatment had previously lowered your viral load to undetectable.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ During this acute or primary phase of infection, the blood contains many viral particles that spread throughout the body, seeding various organs, particularly the lymphoid organs.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Now, they can be tested for as little as two weeks, then given the stamp of safety approval by the FDA after which they will be used for years, if not decades, on unsuspecting patients.- Drugs 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Researchers have shown that even early in disease, HIV actively replicates within the lymph nodes and related organs, where large amounts of virus become trapped in networks of specialized cells with long, tentacle-like extensions.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ See also follicular dendritic cells.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ (FDCs): cells found in the germinal centers (B cell areas) of lymphoid organs.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
[23]
.^ These rafts are high in cholesterol and glycolipids and may provide a new target for blocking HIV. Embedded in the viral envelope are proteins from the host cell, as well as 72 copies (on average) of a complex HIV protein (frequently called "spikes") that protrudes through the surface of the virus particle (virion).- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ The patient may be apparently healthy for a decade or more but behind the scenes HIV is still replicating and destroying CD4 T-cells.
^ New HIV particles (viruses) are assembled inside the cell from the cut viral proteins and the viral RNA copies.
.^ Better, faster drugs for TB will stop TB in HIV+ individuals before it becomes infectious and lethal WHO: .- OURJEET - SANDOZ | TB and HIV 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.ourjeet.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Most notably, crucial immune cells called CD4+ T cells are disabled and killed during the typical course of infection.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Viral load at enrolment and duration of antiretroviral therapy before delivery were significantly associated with transmission but CD4 cell count at enrolment was not.
^ Immune activation set point during early HIV infection predicts subsequent CD4+ T-cell changes independent of viral load .- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[24]
AIDS
- For more details on this topic, see AIDS Diagnosis, AIDS Symptoms and WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease
.^ CD4+ cell (also known as T helper cell): A type of T cell found in the blood that is involved in protecting the body against infections.
^ If declines continue in newly diagnosed AIDS cases in the coming years, an increasing number of persons will be living with HIV infection.
^ CD4+ cell count: A measure of the number of CD4+ cells present in the blood.
.^ Other symptoms include fever, night sweats, and weight loss.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Signs and symptoms vary and may include speech problems, weakness on one side of the body, loss of vision in one eye, or numbness in one arm or leg.- HIV/AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Dozens of types of bacteria can cause bacterial pneumonia, which may develop on its own or after you've had an upper respiratory infection such as a cold or the flu.- HIV/AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Differentiated tumor cells resemble normal cells and tend to grow and spread at a slower rate than undifferentiated or poorly differentiated tumor cells, which lack the structure and function of normal cells and grow uncontrollably.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ CD4+ cell (also known as T helper cell): A type of T cell found in the blood that is involved in protecting the body against infections.
^ Because HIV infection kills CD4+ cells, CD4+ cell count is used to track the progress of HIV infection.
Typically, resistance is lost early on to oral Candida species and to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which leads to an increased susceptibility to
oral candidiasis (thrush) and
tuberculosis.
.^ Deforolimus stops cells from dividing and may cause cancer cells to die.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Dexamethasone is used to treat leukemia and lymphoma and may be used to treat some of the problems caused by other cancers and their treatment.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ In fact, these irreversible cases of blindness are caused by Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a member of the herpes virus family, which leads to blindness in those with compromised immune systems.
.^ Cryptococcal meningitis is a common central nervous system infection associated with HIV, caused by a fungus that is present in soil.- HIV/AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) prophylaxis .
^ Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC): Bacteria that cause disease in individuals who have weakened immune systems and one of the opportunistic infections that define AIDS. .
^ AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the most severe phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
.^ Other authors reported that they found less circumcised men among patients with GUD than expected, given the frequency of circumcision in the local population [ 42,43 ].- Male circumcision: a role in HIV prevention? 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.cirp.org [Source type: Academic]
^ This HIV infection becomes AIDS and ensure the death of the patient in some days.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Besides AIDS, there are a series of other problems that HIV causes that do not count as AIDS. Some of these problems may be caused directly by HIV. For example, there are subtle and sometimes not so subtle effects of HIV on brain.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Pathophysiology
Transmission
Estimated per-act risk for acquisition
of HIV by exposure route[25]
| Exposure Route |
Estimated infections
per 10,000 exposures
to an infected source |
| Blood Transfusion |
9,000[26] |
| Childbirth |
2,500[27] |
| Needle-sharing injection drug use |
67[28] |
| Percutaneous needle stick |
30[29] |
| Receptive anal intercourse* |
50[30][31] |
| Insertive anal intercourse* |
6.5[30][31] |
| Receptive penile-vaginal intercourse* |
10[30][31][32] |
| Insertive penile-vaginal intercourse* |
5[30][31] |
| Receptive oral intercourse*§ |
1†[31] |
| Insertive oral intercourse*§ |
0.5†[31] |
* assuming no condom use
§ source refers to oral intercourse
performed on a man
|
| † "best-guess estimate" |
.^ AIDS is transmitted via three main routes: The most common mode of transmission is the transfer of body secretions through sexual contact.- AIDS and HIV Infection - Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.healthscout.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The main ways of viral transmission ( HIV) are unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing of contaminated needles, patient's breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ There are currently three main classes of medications that are used to treat HIV: Entry Inhibitors, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (Nucleoside, Non-Nucleoside, Nucleotide), and Protease Inhibitors.- AIDS Action Committee of Massachusetts: 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.aac.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
HIV-2 is transmitted much less frequently by the mother-to-child and sexual route than HIV-1.
Sexual
.^ Perinatally acquired HIV infection .
^ When drug-using women are also involved in sex work, the risk of acquiring HIV infection through unprotected sex, compounds the existing risk of transmission through the reuse of needles and syringes.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Injecting a substance contaminated with HIV directly into the blood stream is a particularly efficient means of transmission than occurs for example through sexual activity.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Injecting a substance contaminated with HIV directly into the blood stream is a particularly efficient means of transmission than occurs for example through sexual activity.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Men who have sex with men, facilitated by frequent changes of sex partners in highly infected sexual networks and by high-risk sexual practices.
^ Behavioral interventions emphasize reducing the number of sex partners, knowing the serostatus of ones partner, using condoms consistently and correctly, and avoiding risky sexual behaviors.
.^ The report recommended supervised drug consumption rooms - which operate in eight European countries - as a way of preventing overdoses and offering treatment to high-risk users.- Untitled Document 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC prorev.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ A recent World Health Organisation study of cities with stable and low HIV prevalence among IDUs concluded that several factors were associated with these low rates: .- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These drugs, sold by prescription, have been implicated in higher rates of heart problems and stroke.- Drugs 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Experience from many countries has shown that it is exceedingly difficult to contain the epidemic among IDU once a prevalence rate of 10% has been reached.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[33]
.^ Injecting drug use and HIV transmission .- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ By improving the health of IDUs and enabling them to participate in community activities including productive work, harm reduction programmes reduce the association between drug use, poverty and HIV risk.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When drug-using women are also involved in sex work, the risk of acquiring HIV infection through unprotected sex, compounds the existing risk of transmission through the reuse of needles and syringes.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[34] .^ If restricting the supply of injectable drugs does not effectively reduce risky injecting behaviour and may actually increase it, what about attempts to reduce demand?- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[35][36][37]
.^ When drug-using women are also involved in sex work, the risk of acquiring HIV infection through unprotected sex, compounds the existing risk of transmission through the reuse of needles and syringes.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The behaviour which places IDUs at risk of HIV infection is the consequence of specific social and political factors.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection dramatically increases the risk of developing active tuberculosis and is driving the TB epidemic in Africa.
[38] .^ A recent World Health Organisation study of cities with stable and low HIV prevalence among IDUs concluded that several factors were associated with these low rates: .- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, except in a limited number of countries, these efforts have not as yet focused specifically upon HIV and injecting drug use.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Acknowledgement of these factors can assist the police and other law enforcement officers to assume important roles in HIV prevention.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[39] .^ A cartoon, drawn as part of an art competition to raise awareness among Lithuanian youth about HIV and injecting drug use.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The common scenario, wherein concern is raised only after HIV has begun to spread widely among IDUs, means that responses have to be developed within a context which includes the provision of care for many people who have HIV-related disease.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Migrant and border populations are therefore potentially very important to the spread of HIV infection, both among drug-using populations and within the wider community.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[40] .^ Injecting a substance contaminated with HIV directly into the blood stream is a particularly efficient means of transmission than occurs for example through sexual activity.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Where harm reduction programmes have been introduced among IDUs, there has been an overwhelmingly positive effect in slowing the rate of HIV transmission.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The wider social, economic and policy environment surrounding illicit drug use probably has more impact on HIV transmission and illicit drug use than any other factor.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
As a result, a panel of experts convened by WHO and the
UNAIDS Secretariat has "recommended that male circumcision now be recognized as an additional important intervention to reduce the risk of heterosexually acquired HIV infection in men."
[44]
.^ An HIV vaccine trial in Thailand involving 16,000 volunteers showed potentially promising results as transmission of the virus was cut by a third.
Blood or blood product
.^ Injecting a substance contaminated with HIV directly into the blood stream is a particularly efficient means of transmission than occurs for example through sexual activity.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There is disturbing evidence that the virus is transmitted by more than sexual contact and blood.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Certainly, HIV-AIDS can be passed through sexual contact, blood supply and contact, saliva and urine.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ HIV among injecting drug users.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Injecting drug use and HIV infection .- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Drug users face widespread stigma and discrimination which, coupled with the fact that they may be living under extremely disadvantaged conditions, render them particularly vulnerable to HIV infection.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In addition, one may also get infected by using medical equipments used by an infected person such as syringes.- HIV/AIDS - HIV and AIDS Facts 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.buzzle.com [Source type: News]
^ The risk of medical needle use stems from reusing a needle, or sharing needles with another person.- Catching AIDS 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.aproposinc.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There are currently three main classes of medications that are used to treat HIV: Entry Inhibitors, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (Nucleoside, Non-Nucleoside, Nucleotide), and Protease Inhibitors.- AIDS Action Committee of Massachusetts: 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.aac.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Nurse Jane Doe was infected with AIDS while caring for patients at S.F. General on the job occupational injury.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Injecting drug use and HIV transmission .- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This confusion of civil rights with public health is killing people and very few public health officials or medical doctors have the guts to stand up and tell the truth, that HIV-AIDS may possibly use numerous transmission routes.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When drug-using women are also involved in sex work, the risk of acquiring HIV infection through unprotected sex, compounds the existing risk of transmission through the reuse of needles and syringes.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ A clinical trial in which the medical staff, the patient, and the people who analyze the results do not know the specific type of treatment the patient receives until after the clinical trial is over.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ There is no evidence that this has occurred with HIV. .- Catching AIDS 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.aproposinc.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If the partner was not HIV positive, there is no risk.- San Francisco AIDS Foundation: How HIV Is Spread 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.sfaf.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There is then no legal precedent with regard to HIV transmission in sports.
[45] It is not possible for
mosquitoes to transmit HIV.
[46]
Mother-to-child
The transmission of the virus from the mother to the child can occur
in utero (during pregnancy),
intrapartum (at
childbirth), or via
breast feeding.
.^ Either the current birth rates must come down more quickly or the current death rates must go up.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[27] .^ Left, drug users: high risk but low priority .- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Press teleconference on Thailand's compulsory licensing of an HIV/AIDS treatment, Abbott's response, and the coming crisis in availablity of second-line HIV drugs in developing countries.
^ Of the 22 antiretroviral drugs currently available, eight are not approved for pediatric use and seventeen are not available in pediatric formulations.
[27] .^ In the West, infections from mother to child can be effectively prevented, and ARV therapy gives children born with HIV an excellent chance of reaching adulthood.
^ Kerr oversaw the prevention of mother-to-child transmission program for pregnant women and new mothers.
^ Kenya: Preventing Mother-to-Child HIV .
Exclusive breast feeding and the provision of extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to the infant are also efficacious in avoiding transmission.
[47]Multiple infection
.^ Prevent HIV and other STD infection.- HIV/AIDS and Sexuality • thrive • Rhode Island's Coordinated School Health Program 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.thriveri.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But in China, where there are now more than four million young female sex workers, some are resorting to a nasty trick—they’re telling their prostitutes that they’re giving them a shot to protect them from HIV and other STDs.
^ The steep increase in transfusion AIDS cases despite the great reduction of HIV-contaminated transfusions argues directly against HIV as the cause of AIDS. 5) In addition to the correlation that "in countries with many persons with HIV antibodies there is much AIDS," it is necessary to demonstrate some HIV-specific biochemical activity at the onset of AIDS to prove that HIV causes AIDS. All other viruses and microbes are very active when they cause fatal, degenerative diseases similar to AIDS. There is also abundant generic evidence that this activity is necessary for pathogenicity.- Duesberg on AIDS- HIV is not the cause of AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.duesberg.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ The strains are tougher, mutate more easily and even have a facility to convert antibodies (generated by the body to fight off disease) into the virus itself i.e.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[49] .^ Moreover, the severity of the fetal infection depends on time in pregnancy.- Ocular Manifestations of HIV: eMedicine Ophthalmology 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Research into the prevalence of HIV infection among health care workers at two Johannesburg hospitals in 2005 (CIC) found that 11.5% of hospital employees were HIV-positive.- ::::Aids Foundation South Africa::::HIV/AIDS in South Africa 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.aids.org.za [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is generally known that viruses can be divided into two groups based upon the nature of the virus' genetic material.- Method of inhibiting the transmission of AIDS virus - Patent 4952411 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
Coinfection refers to two strains that appear to have been acquired at the same time (or too close to distinguish).
Reinfection (or
superinfection) is infection with a second strain at a measurable time after the first.
.^ U.N. report: New HIV infections decreasing .- HIV and AIDS: News & Videos about HIV and AIDS - CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC topics.cnn.com [Source type: News]
^ As of the end of 2004, there were an estimated 39.4 million people around the world living with HIV or AIDS, 25.4 million of whom were in sub-Saharan Africa.- HIV - AIDS - Drug Companies - Pipeline Drugs -- Clinical Trials 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.pipelinedrugs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ With the continued growing numbers of HIV-infected individuals, physicians need to recognize acute HIV infection as well as screen for asymptomatic infections.- HIV, Early Recognition and Rapid Testing: eMedicine Emergency Medicine 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
[50][51][52][53]
Structure and genome
.^ The destruction of the lymphoid tissue structure seen late in HIV disease may preclude a successful immune response against not only HIV but other pathogens as well.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Reverse Transcriptase: the enzyme produced by HIV and other retroviruses that enables them to direct a cell to synthesize DNA from their viral RNA. .- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ HIV looks quite different to the classic retroviruses described in the 1960's.- HIV - AIDS - Drug Companies - Pipeline Drugs -- Clinical Trials 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.pipelinedrugs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ There is disturbing evidence that the virus is transmitted by more than sexual contact and blood.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "Ice" is more expensive than crack cocaine, but its effects last about twenty times longer than those of crack cocaine.
^ Here are the number of times more frequently blacks are incarcerated on drug charges than is the case for whites in other places around the country: .- Untitled Document 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC prorev.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[55] .^ MK-NAOMI is the code for the development of AIDS. The MK portion stands for the two co-authors of the AIDS virus, Robert Manaker and Paul Kotin.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[56] .^ It is needed to develop and maintain male sex characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle growth.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ New HIV particles (viruses) are assembled inside the cell from the cut viral proteins and the viral RNA copies.
^ The virus protease enzyme cleaves Gag into several smaller proteins (Matrix, Capsid, p2, Nucleocapsid, p1 and P6) and this step can be inhibited by drugs.- HIV - AIDS - Drug Companies - Pipeline Drugs -- Clinical Trials 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.pipelinedrugs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Protease inhibitors (PIs) inhibit activity of protease , an enzyme used directly by HIV to cleave nascent viral proteins , and so prevent final assembly of HIV virions .- HIV - AIDS - Drug Companies - Pipeline Drugs -- Clinical Trials 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.pipelinedrugs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[56] .^ It is later named HTLV (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus).- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ New HIV particles (viruses) are assembled inside the cell from the cut viral proteins and the viral RNA copies.
^ These rafts are high in cholesterol and glycolipids and may provide a new target for blocking HIV. Embedded in the viral envelope are proteins from the host cell, as well as 72 copies (on average) of a complex HIV protein (frequently called "spikes") that protrudes through the surface of the virus particle (virion).- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Envelop e(or viral envelope): The outer surface of a virus, also called the coat.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
[56] .^ An enzyme (a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body) that attaches a methyl group to DNA. A methyl group is a chemical group containing one carbon and three hydrogen molecules.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Incorporated into its molecular structure is 40 percent of the HIV protein coat, indicating that it had been man-made.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[57] .^ They are located at the outer part of the virus particle and enable the virus to attach to and to fuse with the target cells to initiate the infectious cycle.- HIV - AIDS - Drug Companies - Pipeline Drugs -- Clinical Trials 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.pipelinedrugs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Unfortunately, however, CD4 proteins also function as receptors for HIV, allowing the virus to attach itself to the cell and thereby gain access to the cell's biochemical machinery.
^ When the virus leaves the cell it is not infectious and the inner part of the virus particle contains a spherical core (stains dark on electron micrographs).- HIV - AIDS - Drug Companies - Pipeline Drugs -- Clinical Trials 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.pipelinedrugs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[57] Both these surface proteins, especially gp120, have been considered as targets of future treatments or vaccines against HIV.
[58]
The RNA genome consists of at least seven structural landmarks (
LTR,
TAR, RRE, PE, SLIP, CRS, and INS) and nine genes (
gag,
pol, and
env,
tat,
rev,
nef,
vif,
vpr,
vpu, and
tev) encoding 19 proteins.
.^ Three of these, gag, pol and env, contain information needed to make structural proteins for new virus particles.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ This protein, known as Env, consists of a cap made of three molecules called glycoprotein (gp) 120, and a stem consisting of three gp41 molecules that anchor the structure in the viral envelope.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ All retroviruses contain the genes gag (codes for internal structural proteins and capsid proteins using about 2000 base pairs), pol (codes for the three enzymes necessary for replication using about 2900 bp), and env (codes for the surface proteins gp120 and gp41 that protrude from the lipid envelope and attach to cellular receptors using about 1800 bp).
[56] .^ New HIV particles (viruses) are assembled inside the cell from the cut viral proteins and the viral RNA copies.
^ The protein encoded by nef, for instance, appears necessary for the virus to replicate efficiently, and the vpu-encoded protein influences the release of new virus particles from infected cells.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ To reproduce, HIV infects an immune cell called the helper T cell.
[56] The two Tat proteins (p16 and p14) are
transcriptional transactivators for the LTR promoter acting by binding the TAR RNA element. The TAR may also be processed into
microRNAs that regulate the
apoptosis genes
ERCC1 and
IER3.
[59][60] The
Rev protein (p19) is involved in shuttling RNAs from the nucleus and the cytoplasm by binding to the RRE RNA element.
.^ It is used to identify the genes (pieces of DNA) in specific cells or tissue that are actively used to make RNA, which then may be used to make proteins.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
The Vpr protein (p14) arrests
cell division at G2/M. The Nef protein (p27) down-regulates
CD4 (the major viral receptor), as well as the
MHC class I and
class II molecules.
[61][62][63] Nef also interacts with SH3 domains.
.^ The protein encoded by nef, for instance, appears necessary for the virus to replicate efficiently, and the vpu-encoded protein influences the release of new virus particles from infected cells.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ The virus is then able to infect a further cell.- HIV - AIDS - Drug Companies - Pipeline Drugs -- Clinical Trials 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.pipelinedrugs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This is because killing these cells when present in semen or vaginal fluids may lead to release of virus making it more susceptible to the effects of the drug.- Method of inhibiting the transmission of AIDS virus - Patent 4952411 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.freepatentsonline.com [Source type: Academic]
[56] The ends of each strand of HIV RNA contain an RNA sequence called the
long terminal repeat (LTR).
.^ Regions in the LTR act as switches to control production of new viruses and can be triggered by proteins from either HIV or the host cell.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ These rafts are high in cholesterol and glycolipids and may provide a new target for blocking HIV. Embedded in the viral envelope are proteins from the host cell, as well as 72 copies (on average) of a complex HIV protein (frequently called "spikes") that protrudes through the surface of the virus particle (virion).- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ In the vaginal mucosa HIV enters CD4+ T cells almost exclusively by CD4 and CCR5 receptor-mediated direct fusion, leading to overt productive infection [247].- Circumcision and HIV: The AIDS Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.circinfo.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The
Psi element is involved in viral genome packaging and recognized by Gag and Rev proteins.
.^ Three of these, gag, pol and env, contain information needed to make structural proteins for new virus particles.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ This enzyme cleaves gag - and gag-pol -derived proteins into functional pieces.- HIV - AIDS - Drug Companies - Pipeline Drugs -- Clinical Trials 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.pipelinedrugs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[56]Tropism
Main article:
HIV tropismThe term
viral tropism refers to which cell types HIV infects.
.^ A special type of immune cell that is found in tissues, such as the skin, and boosts immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
HIV-1 entry to macrophages and CD4
+ T cells is mediated through interaction of the virion envelope glycoproteins (gp120) with the CD4 molecule on the target cells and also with
chemokine coreceptors.
[57]Macrophage (M-tropic) strains of HIV-1, or non-
syncitia-inducing strains (NSI) use the
β-chemokine receptor
CCR5 for entry and are thus able to replicate in macrophages and CD4
+ T cells.
[64] .^ In the vaginal mucosa HIV enters CD4+ T cells almost exclusively by CD4 and CCR5 receptor-mediated direct fusion, leading to overt productive infection [247].- Circumcision and HIV: The AIDS Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.circinfo.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When the mutation, called D 32 and read "delta-32", occurs in the gene on only one of the two human chromosomes, called a heterozygous mutation , the ability to be infected by the B clade variant of HIV that uses the CCR5 coreceptor is reduced by about 70%.
^ HIV uses one of two molecules as a co-receptor: CCR5 or CXCR4.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Macrophages, which are susceptible to HIV infection, are also present.- Catching AIDS 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.aproposinc.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Though the risk for infection is indeed statistically greater for gay men and injection drug users, HIV can infect anyone.- HIV - AIDS - Drug Companies - Pipeline Drugs -- Clinical Trials 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.pipelinedrugs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The country is mentioned several times, mostly to note high HIV prevalence among key populations at higher risk.- HIV Information for Myanmar :: Main Page 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC him.civiblog.org [Source type: General]
.^ After HIV infects cells .- Living with HIV 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.apositivelife.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- HIV Treatment: Antiretroviral Drugs 20 November 2009 7:44 UTC www.apositivelife.com [Source type: Academic]
- Information on the treatment of HIV 20 November 2009 7:44 UTC www.apositivelife.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ CD4 + cell depletion controversy .- HIV - AIDS - Drug Companies - Pipeline Drugs -- Clinical Trials 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.pipelinedrugs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ HIV replication HIV causes disease by infecting the CD4+ T cells .- HIV - AIDS - Drug Companies - Pipeline Drugs -- Clinical Trials 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.pipelinedrugs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Primary central nervous system lymphoma .
^ After HIV infects cells .- Living with HIV 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.apositivelife.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- HIV Treatment: Antiretroviral Drugs 20 November 2009 7:44 UTC www.apositivelife.com [Source type: Academic]
- Information on the treatment of HIV 20 November 2009 7:44 UTC www.apositivelife.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is a type of central nervous system stimulant.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ The next question is, if it is possible to produce HIV from Visna and HTLV-I now, was it also possible in 1977, when Segal claims the AIDS virus was created?- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The beta-3 andrenergic receptor is located on the surface of fat cells, and controls the amount of fat the cell releases into the bloodstream.- Erowid Drug Testing Vaults : FAQ 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.erowid.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
T-tropic isolates, or
syncitia-inducing (SI) strains replicate in primary CD4
+ T cells as well as in macrophages and use the
α-chemokine receptor,
CXCR4, for entry.
[64][65][66] .^ This new strain was reported as infecting epithelia] cells thus raising the possibility that the AIDS virus is now airborne.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ There may be other immune system molecules - yet undiscovered - that can suppress HIV replication to some degree.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Selenium also suppresses the enhancing effect of cytokines on HIV replication (Hori K et al 1997; Tolando R et al 2000).- HIV/AIDS: Online References For Health Concerns 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ M-tropic HIV-1 uses CCR5 and CD4 receptors to enter target cells, unlike T-tropic HIV which uses CXCR4 with CD4.- HIV - AIDS - Drug Companies - Pipeline Drugs -- Clinical Trials 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.pipelinedrugs.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In the same vein, stress causes nerve cells to secrete norepinephrine and this seems to increase CCR5 density, CXCR4 density, and increase the rate of viral gene expression.
^ Following reactivation, HSV is transported down the nerve axon to the epithelial cells on the ocular surface or cornea.- Ocular Manifestations of HIV: eMedicine Ophthalmology 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ How many of those they infected died because they were termed at risk How sick is that?- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is possible that second hand [marijuana] smoke will raise someone to the 50 ng/mL level; however, *extreme* exposure is required.- Erowid Drug Testing Vaults : FAQ 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.erowid.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The only guarantees regarding the continued illicit use of steroids are severe side effects and long-term health complications.
.^ In early 1990 Science reported that AIDS researcher Dr. Robert Gallo had tested an altered AIDS virus, one that could infect' cells previously left uninfected by the early AIDS strain.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The main active chemical in the marijuana is THC. It effects the membranes of some certain nerve cells.- Drug Abuse: Guide & Resources Directory 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC drugsarehorrible.com [Source type: General]
^ This new strain was reported as infecting epithelia] cells thus raising the possibility that the AIDS virus is now airborne.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Sexual intercourse is the major mode of HIV transmission.
.^ Certainly, HIV-AIDS can be passed through sexual contact, blood supply and contact, saliva and urine.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The virions can then infect numerous cellular targets and disseminate into the whole organism.
.^ Transmission of the virus between HIV-positive people and health care workers through needle sticks is low.- HIV/AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While researchers discovered cell-to-cell transmission through the virological synapse earlier this decade, researchers say the videos highlight the extreme efficiency of this transmission process.
[69][70][71] .^ One of my sons was lagging behind in course work at college and I want to lit a fire under him so he can be the best he can be.- Drug Abuse: Guide & Resources Directory 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC drugsarehorrible.com [Source type: General]
^ For instance, a closed car full of pot smokers and a non-smoker may render the non-smoker positive for both urinalysis and the hair test, provided that they are sealed in the car for a while.- Erowid Drug Testing Vaults : FAQ 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.erowid.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ (One who has read this file and is well informed may still fail because of the random nature of drug testing labs.- Erowid Drug Testing Vaults : FAQ 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.erowid.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[73] .^ A drug used in the treatment of infections caused by viruses.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ New York Times reports Kenyan hospital system overloaded, two AIDS patients to a bed, many just placed in corridors.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A special type of immune cell that is found in tissues, such as the skin, and boosts immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
[76][77]
.^ Many major pharmaceutical companies license the manufacturing of their patent prescription medicines to subsidiary pharmaceutical companies in India, where these prescription medicines are sold for much less than anywhere else in the world.- Prescription Medicines - Prescription Drugs & Medicines, Indian online pharmacy for all type of generic drugs 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.alldaychemist.com [Source type: Reference]
^ All of the known varieties of SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus) are structurally so dissimilar to HIV (much less similar than HIV and Visna) that a common origin is out of the question.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But it is much less dangerous than, for instance, tobacco and alcohol."- Untitled Document 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC prorev.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The adoption of "accessory genes" by HIV-2 and its more promiscuous pattern of coreceptor usage (including CD4-independence) may assist the virus in its adaptation to avoid innate restriction factors present in host cells.
.^ Increased risk for AIDS/HIV or Hepatitis where needles are used .
^ This confusion of civil rights with public health is killing people and very few public health officials or medical doctors have the guts to stand up and tell the truth, that HIV-AIDS may possibly use numerous transmission routes.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Two years later, 1889, we were able to identify mycoplasmas, a transmissible agent, that is now found at the heart of human diseases, including (AIDS) HIV. In 1893, we strengthened the Federal Quarantine Act and suddenly there was an explosion of polio.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
A survival strategy for any infectious agent is not to kill its host but ultimately become a
commensal organism. Having achieved a low pathogenicity, over time, variants more successful at transmission will be selected.
[78]
Replication cycle
The HIV replication cycle
Entry to the cell
.^ The beta-3 andrenergic receptor is located on the surface of fat cells, and controls the amount of fat the cell releases into the bloodstream.- Erowid Drug Testing Vaults : FAQ 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.erowid.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[79][80]
.^ A special type of immune cell that is found in tissues, such as the skin, and boosts immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The beta-3 andrenergic receptor is located on the surface of fat cells, and controls the amount of fat the cell releases into the bloodstream.- Erowid Drug Testing Vaults : FAQ 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.erowid.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[79][80] gp120 binds to
integrin α
4β
7 activating
LFA-1 the central integrin involved in the establishment of virological synapses, which facilitate efficient cell-to-cell spreading of HIV-1.
[81] The gp160 spike contains binding domains for both CD4 and chemokine receptors.
[79][80] The first step in fusion involves the high-affinity attachment of the CD4 binding domains of
gp120 to CD4. Once gp120 is bound with the CD4 protein, the envelope complex undergoes a structural change, exposing the chemokine binding domains of gp120 and allowing them to interact with the target chemokine receptor.
[79][80] .^ Fusion with the cell membrane.
^ It blocks fusion of HIV with the cell membrane.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is understood that gp41 binding occurs after gp120 and that a peptide-like molecule which can bind to gp41 prevents HIV entering the cell.- Find-a-Drug Projects - HIV 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.find-a-drug.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[79][80] Repeat sequences in gp41, HR1 and HR2 then interact, causing the collapse of the extracellular portion of gp41 into a hairpin.
.^ The envelope of the virus and the cell membrane then fuse, leading to entry of the virus into the cell.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Fusion with the cell membrane.
^ It blocks fusion of HIV with the cell membrane.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[79][80]
After HIV has bound to the target cell, the HIV
RNA and various
enzymes, including reverse transcriptase, integrase, ribonuclease, and protease, are injected into the cell.
[79] .^ It “reverse transcribes” the HIV RNA genetic material, eventually producing a double stranded DNA version of HIV that is ready to be spliced into the host chromosome.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Integration into the host nucleus using the enzyme integrase .
^ RNA ssDNA (single strand DNA) dsDNA (double strand DNA) RNA protein synthesis .
HIV can infect
dendritic cells (DCs) by this CD4-
CCR5 route, but another route using mannose-specific C-type lectin receptors such as
DC-SIGN can also be used.
[82] .^ The lymphocyte undergoes a series of cell divisions to produce many cells that are identical to the one that first recognized the antigen.
^ In 1954, Dr. Bjorn Sigurdsson publishes his first paper on Visna virus and establishes himself as the Grandfather of the AIDS virus. He will encounter competition from Dr. Carlton Gajdusek.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Some of these are specialized cells at the mucosa that may bind to HIV following sexual exposure and carry the virus from the site of infection to the lymph nodes.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Key player: Among the scientists Graves accuses of playing a key role is Dr. Robert Gallo, an internationally acclaimed researcher in the field of AIDS and HIV. He is often credited as a co-discoverer of the AIDS virus in 1984.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[82] The presence of
FEZ-1, which occurs naturally in
neurons, is believed to prevent the infection of cells by HIV.
[83]Replication and transcription
Shortly after the viral capsid enters the cell, an
enzyme called
reverse transcriptase liberates the single-stranded (+)
RNA genome from the attached viral proteins and copies it into a
complementary DNA (cDNA) molecule.
[84] .^ The flowchart is the absolute missing link in proving the existence of a coordinated research program to develop a cancer virus that depletes the immune system.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In fact, these irreversible cases of blindness are caused by Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a member of the herpes virus family, which leads to blindness in those with compromised immune systems.
^ The cells, viruses, or bacteria may be resistant to the drug at the beginning of treatment, or may become resistant after being exposed to the drug.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ It is used to identify the genes (pieces of DNA) in specific cells or tissue that are actively used to make RNA, which then may be used to make proteins.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ An iron-chelating agent that removes iron from tumors by inhibiting DNA synthesis and causing cancer cell death.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ A protein on the surface of certain cells that binds another protein called TRAIL, which may kill some cancer cells.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Dornase alfa inhalation solution contains an enzyme that breaks the DNA in mucus into small pieces and makes the mucus thinner.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ It blocks a certain enzyme needed for cell division and DNA repair, and it may kill cancer cells.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
[84]
Reverse transcription of the HIV genome into double strand DNA
.^ STAGE3- This is Symptomatic stage of HIV infection .- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In addition to the inhibitors described in the tutorial, current research is focusing on inhibitors that will block the attachment of HIV to helper T cells (step 1 above), the integration of HIV's DNA into the cell's genetic material (step 4 above), and the assembly of new viral particles (step 8 above).
^ The idea of being tested for HIV infection may be frightening.- HIV/AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[84] .^ Used in photodynamic therapy, a drug that is absorbed by tumor cells; when exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the cancer cells.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The main active chemical in the marijuana is THC. It effects the membranes of some certain nerve cells.- Drug Abuse: Guide & Resources Directory 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC drugsarehorrible.com [Source type: General]
[86] .^ Knowing as much as you can about HIV is one of the most powerful weapons in your fight against the virus.- Information on the treatment of HIV 20 November 2009 7:44 UTC www.apositivelife.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Related Pages Prevention There is currently no cure for HIV infection, but avoiding high-risk activities such as unprotected sex and sharing needles can prevent most cases.
^ This means that LLO won't form pores in the plasma (outer) membrane of the cell, which would likely kill it, thus ensuring the maintenance of a nice little cell incubator for the bacterium to multiply in.
.^ Dornase alfa inhalation solution contains an enzyme that breaks the DNA in mucus into small pieces and makes the mucus thinner.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Dornase alfa inhalation solution contains an enzyme that breaks the DNA in mucus into small pieces and makes the mucus thinner.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
As the newly produced Rev protein accumulates in the nucleus, it binds to viral mRNAs and allows unspliced RNAs to leave the nucleus, where they are otherwise retained until spliced.
[87] .^ Three of these, gag, pol and env, contain information needed to make structural proteins for new virus particles.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ This protein, known as Env, consists of a cap made of three molecules called glycoprotein (gp) 120, and a stem consisting of three gp41 molecules that anchor the structure in the viral envelope.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ New HIV particles (viruses) are assembled inside the cell from the cut viral proteins and the viral RNA copies.
.^ It is used to identify the genes (pieces of DNA) in specific cells or tissue that are actively used to make RNA, which then may be used to make proteins.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ GUD than for HIV infection.- Male circumcision: a role in HIV prevention? 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.cirp.org [Source type: Academic]
^ HIV/AIDS has been a global epidemic for more than 25 years.- HIV/AIDS - HIV and AIDS Facts 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.buzzle.com [Source type: News]
^ Time between HIV infection and AIDS .- HIV/AIDS testing information, resources, STDs STIs AIDS awareness-Madison, Wisconsin-United States 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.onetoughpirate.com [Source type: General]
Assembly and release
.^ Viral proteins push against the cell membrane and begin budding .
^ It blocks fusion of HIV with the cell membrane.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These rafts are high in cholesterol and glycolipids and may provide a new target for blocking HIV. Embedded in the viral envelope are proteins from the host cell, as well as 72 copies (on average) of a complex HIV protein (frequently called "spikes") that protrudes through the surface of the virus particle (virion).- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
The Env polyprotein (gp160) goes through the
endoplasmic reticulum and is transported to the
Golgi complex where it is cleaved by
protease and processed into the two HIV envelope glycoproteins gp41 and gp120. These are transported to the
plasma membrane of the host cell where gp41 anchors the gp120 to the membrane of the infected cell.
.^ Viral proteins push against the cell membrane and begin budding .
^ It blocks fusion of HIV with the cell membrane.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ RNA nuclear transport moves the RNA out of the host nucleus toward the inner surface of the cell membrane.
.^ Each infected cell can produce an average of 250 new virions by budding before it fails and dies.
^ Release of virions by either budding (see the pictures below, which were taken from a September 1998 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine ) or cell lysis.
^ Thousands of new virions (complete viruses) are assembled together in an infected cell and bud off to infect a new cell (step 5).- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ HIV precursor protein that is cleaved by the HIV protease enzyme into gp41 and gp120.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ The polyprotein must be cleaved into the individual functional proteins.
^ The mechanism by which protease cleaves the HIV polyprotein will not be discussed in this tutorial.
.^ These drugs stop the action of the protease enzyme, which HIV needs to produce a fully mature virus.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At this point, the mature new HIV virus (called a virion) is ready to find a new cell to infect, and the viral lifecycle is complete.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Transmission rates of HIV vary with the number of virions available for infection.
[88] .^ The most successful treatments for HIV have resulted from using inhibitors for the two enzymes reverse transcriptase (step 3 above) and protease (step 7 above).
^ Drugs called protease inhibitors interfere with this step of the viral life cycle.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ The generation of a DNA copy of the viral genome by reverse transcriptase (Step 3) and the cleavage of viral proteins (Step 7) by protease are two important processes catalyzed by enzymes.
.^ The protein encoded by nef, for instance, appears necessary for the virus to replicate efficiently, and the vpu-encoded protein influences the release of new virus particles from infected cells.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ HIV (human immunodeficiency virus): A virus that infects and takes over certain cells of the immune system that are important in fighting disease.
^ Thus, even non-HIV-infected T cells can feel the negative effects of the virus.
Genetic variability
HIV differs from many viruses in that it has very high
genetic variability. This diversity is a result of its fast
replication cycle, with the generation of 10
9 to 10
10 virions every day, coupled with a high
mutation rate of approximately 3 x 10
−5 per nucleotide base per cycle of replication and
recombinogenic properties of reverse transcriptase.
[89][90].^ HIV and TB - one community, one patient .- OURJEET - SANDOZ | TB and HIV 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.ourjeet.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Although the percentage of mothers infected with HIV approaches 40 percent in some African communities, it generally is much lower, rarely above 25 percent (one in four).- Breastfeeding and HIV/AIDS - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) - Rehydration Project 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC rehydrate.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ HIV will be infected through many media- Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen- while doing sex, vaginal fluid- when doing sex, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk.- HIV, HIV Infection, HIV Virus, HIV Medicine, HIV Cure, HIV Treatment 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC hiv-info.org [Source type: Academic]
[89] .^ Transmission rates of HIV vary with the number of virions available for infection.
^ HIV binds to two different receptors in the process of cell entry.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Most HIV virions infect cells in the lymph nodes.
.^ During the course of HIV disease, viral strains emerge in an infected individual that differ widely in their ability to infect and kill different cell types, as well as in their rate of replication.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ The protein encoded by nef, for instance, appears necessary for the virus to replicate efficiently, and the vpu-encoded protein influences the release of new virus particles from infected cells.- Causes of HIV/AIDS - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Each infected cell can produce an average of 250 new virions by budding before it fails and dies.
As this happens, the reverse transcriptase, by jumping back and forth between the two different RNA templates, will generate a newly synthesized retroviral
DNA sequence that is a recombinant between the two parental genomes.
[89] This recombination is most obvious when it occurs between subtypes.
[89]
The closely related
simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has evolved into many strains, classified by the natural host species. SIV strains of the
African green monkey (SIVagm) and
sooty mangabey (SIVsmm) are thought to have a long evolutionary history with their hosts.
.^ Graves said these documents will further prove the laboratory birth of the HIV/AIDS enzyme via a secret federal virus development program, the US Special Virus Program.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Segal argued that the AIDS virus is "the product of an abortive experiment carried out at a laboratory to develop biological warfare means."- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ MK-NAOMI is the code for the development of AIDS. The MK portion stands for the two co-authors of the AIDS virus, Robert Manaker and Paul Kotin.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[94] .^ The next question is, if it is possible to produce HIV from Visna and HTLV-I now, was it also possible in 1977, when Segal claims the AIDS virus was created?- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In early 1990 Science reported that AIDS researcher Dr. Robert Gallo had tested an altered AIDS virus, one that could infect' cells previously left uninfected by the early AIDS strain.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Obviously the community, seen as the source of HIV-AIDS, will face quarantine.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[95] Chimpanzee SIV (SIVcpz), the closest genetic relative of HIV-1, is associated with increased mortality and AIDS-like symptoms in its natural host.
[96] .^ The HIV antibody test will show positive if you have a weakened immune system, regardless of whether you have the relatively harmless HIV virus in your system.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[91] .^ However, even though it doesn't harm like the other drugs do its more addicting than the other drugs that to can also lead to many severe problems.- Drug Abuse: Guide & Resources Directory 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC drugsarehorrible.com [Source type: General]
[96].^ The portion (about three percent) of the HIV genome which does not correspond structurally to Visna corresponds exactly to part of the HTLV-I genome.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[98] .^ In North America, the prevalence of HIV infection is estimated to be about 0.6% while in Western Europe it is 0.3%.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ HIV-2 is mostly found in West Africa.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Both medications contained HIV fragments from subtype B — common in Europe and North America — and subtype E, found in Thailand and Southeast Asia.- Discuss HIV Blog 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC discusshiv.com [Source type: Academic]
In 2000, the last year in which an analysis of global subtype prevalence was made, 47.2% of infections worldwide were of subtype C, 26.7% were of subtype A/CRF02_AG, 12.3% were of subtype B, 5.3% were of subtype D, 3.2% were of CRF_AE, and the remaining 5.3% were composed of other subtypes and CRFs.
[99] .^ The human body takes anywhere from a few weeks to several months to mount a humoral immune response to HIV (that's slower than to other pathogens).
^ Many biological reactions, such as most normal reactions of the cells, and the reactions employed by HIV to replicate itself, are thermodynamically favorable ( D G <0) or can be made thermodynamically favorable by coupling with other reactions.
^ Because the leukocytes are the most numerous immune cells, and also include the type of cells attacked by HIV, we shall focus on the different types of leukocytes, and how they protect the body from infections.
[100] The existence of a fourth group, "P", has been hypothesised based on a virus isolated in 2009.
[101][102][103] The strain is apparently derived from
gorilla SIV (SIVgor), first isolated from
western lowland gorillas in 2006.
[101]
The genetic sequence of HIV-2 is only partially homologous to HIV-1 and more closely resembles that of SIVsmm.
Diagnosis
.^ Although rare in people not infected with HIV, it's common in HIV-positive people.- HIV/AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ How many people are already infected with HIV? .- ::::Aids Foundation South Africa::::HIV/AIDS in South Africa 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.aids.org.za [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ How many did they infect?- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[104] .^ Thus at least half of the sexually-active population of western countries are not using condoms.- Circumcision and HIV: The AIDS Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.circinfo.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Malawi to Test All Sexually Active Adults for Hiv The Malawian government launched a campaign yesterday to test all sexually active adults for HIV to try to identify thousands of people infected with the virus.- HIV/AIDS - HIV and AIDS Facts 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.buzzle.com [Source type: News]
^ Injecting a substance contaminated with HIV directly into the blood stream is a particularly efficient means of transmission than occurs for example through sexual activity.- HIV and Injecting Drug Use: 17 January 2010 20:020 UTC www.undp.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[104] Furthermore, only 0.5% of
pregnant women attending urban health facilities are counselled, tested or receive their test results.
[104] Again, this proportion is even lower in rural health facilities.
[104] Since donors may therefore be unaware of their infection,
donor blood and blood products used in medicine and
medical research are routinely screened for HIV.
[105]
.^ The HIV antibody test will show positive if you have a weakened immune system, regardless of whether you have the relatively harmless HIV virus in your system.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Specimens with a reactive ELISA result are retested in duplicate.
[106] If the result of either duplicate test is reactive, the specimen is reported as repeatedly reactive and undergoes confirmatory testing with a more specific supplemental test (e.g.,
Western blot or, less commonly, an
immunofluorescence assay (IFA)).
.^ Only 1 sex worker was HIV positive.- Circumcision and HIV: The AIDS Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.circinfo.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Only if both the EIA and Western blot are positive is the individual considered HIV infected.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If the Western blot is completely negative, the person is also considered HIV negative.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ If the Western blot is completely negative, the person is also considered HIV negative.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Western blot test was important because you may have non-HIV antibodies that cause a false-positive result on the ELISA test.- HIV/AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Although the evidence still is not entirely clear, persons who are being treated successfully for HIV may be less likely to transmit the virus.
[107] .^ Although these have been controversial because of concerns that they may encourage drug use, there is now strong evidence that they reduce the risk of HIV infection (and other infections) in drug users, and have little, if any, effect on frequency of drug use.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Though these appear to work, they are much less widely used than male condoms.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A peripheral blood mononuclear cells-based neutralization assay was used to test these samples against three primary HIV-1 isolates.
.^ Prijic is pretty good at general dentistry and if you would like to get more information on him then you should take a look at RobinsonPrijic.com.- Drug Abuse: Guide & Resources Directory 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC drugsarehorrible.com [Source type: General]
^ More than sixteen months after the multinational pharmaceutical company Merck & Co.
^ By 2005 cocaine use in America was down to 2.3% of the general population, more than 50% lower than the rate two decades ago.- Untitled Document 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC prorev.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He says it was, by use of the less precise "shotgun" method of gene manipulation available then, though it would have taken longer--about six months.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A type of method or test used to help diagnose a disease or condition.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
[106] .^ Although most false positive viral load tests will produce results with low viral copies (less than 3,000 copies/ml), these quantitative tests have not been approved by the FDA for diagnosis of HIV infection, in part because of the issues with false positive tests.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Perform a second test or send the specimen to a laboratory to obtain quantitative results.
^ Also the chemical stability of the drug or drug metabolite may be compromised resulting in a false negative or negative test reaction requiring a retest with a fresh specimen.
.^ HIV infection (4 of these 33 were from the USA).- Circumcision and HIV: The AIDS Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.circinfo.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The idea of being tested for HIV infection may be frightening.- HIV/AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Although most false positive viral load tests will produce results with low viral copies (less than 3,000 copies/ml), these quantitative tests have not been approved by the FDA for diagnosis of HIV infection, in part because of the issues with false positive tests.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Modern HIV testing is extremely accurate. The chance of a false-positive result in the two-step testing protocol is estimated to be 0.0004% to 0.0007% in the general U.S. population.
[108][109][110][111]Treatment
- See also Antiretroviral drug
Abacavir - a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NARTIs or NRTIs)
.^ The cornerstone of the theory is that HIV is a combination of Visna and HTLV-I. Segal claims that any trained laboratory technician could produce AIDS from these components, today, in less than two weeks.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Graves took his charges to the Supreme Court after failing to convince two lower f ederal courts to conduct a trial and call on witnesses to explain the records he has discovered.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Between February 1995 and September 1997, at least 341 people received experimental anti-AIDS vaccines in Thailand involving squalene as an adjuvant at the same time that 93 people were administered placebos.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[114] Additionally, a course of antiretroviral treatment administered immediately after exposure, referred to as
post-exposure prophylaxis, is believed to reduce the risk of infection if begun as quickly as possible.
[115] However, due to the incomplete protection provided by the vaccine and/or post-exposure prophylaxis, the avoidance of exposure to the virus is expected to remain the only reliable way to escape infection for some time yet. Current treatment for HIV infection consists of
highly active antiretroviral therapy, or HAART.
[116] This has been highly beneficial to many HIV-infected individuals since its introduction in 1996, when the protease inhibitor-based HAART initially became available.
[117] .^ It is a type of cyclooxygenase inhibitor, a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and a type of antiangiogenesis agent.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called chemoprotective agents.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
Typically, these classes are two
nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NARTIs or NRTIs) plus either a
protease inhibitor or a
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI).
.^ Four hundred prisoners in Chicago are infected with Malaria in order to study the effects of new and experimental drugs to combat the disease.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ A Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents recommends initiating treatment in a patient with HIV when the person has an AIDS-defining illness or when their CD4 T-cell count is less than 200 cells/mm3.
^ Understanding the lifecycle of HIV is more than just an academic exercise: it is key to truly understanding how current HIV treatments work.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Evidence suggests that people with HIV who are low in choline may experience more rapid disease progression.
[118] In developed countries where HAART is available, doctors assess their patients thoroughly: measuring the
viral load, how fast CD4 declines, and patient readiness.
.^ But ultimately, the addict themselves must decide that they are, in fact, addicted, before they can seek any sort of meaningful treatment.
^ This finding contradicts current treatment guidelines, which generally recommend waiting to start treatment until your CD4+ cells (T-cells) drop below 200.
^ Viral load tests are also used to decide when to start and when to change your treatment.- HIV/AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[119]
.^ HIV-associated retinal microvasculopathy: HIV-associated retinal microvasculopathy often is asymptomatic and transient, but it may contribute to the optic nerve atrophy seen in many of the patients.- Ocular Manifestations of HIV: eMedicine Ophthalmology 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Patient Story: “This painful treatment is my only way out of drug-resistant TB” .
^ VZV and HSV keratitis tend to reoccur more often, and they may be resistant to treatment in HIV patients.- Ocular Manifestations of HIV: eMedicine Ophthalmology 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
[120][121] .^ We have all kinds of top quality basses for sale, if you would like more information, please visit us at www.bsxbass.com.- Drug Abuse: Guide & Resources Directory 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC drugsarehorrible.com [Source type: General]
^ Prijic is pretty good at general dentistry and if you would like to get more information on him then you should take a look at RobinsonPrijic.com.- Drug Abuse: Guide & Resources Directory 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC drugsarehorrible.com [Source type: General]
^ However, even though it doesn't harm like the other drugs do its more addicting than the other drugs that to can also lead to many severe problems.- Drug Abuse: Guide & Resources Directory 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC drugsarehorrible.com [Source type: General]
[117][123][124] .^ The length of time after treatment for a specific disease during which a patient survives with no sign of the disease.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ This synthetic anent is AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome virus or HIV-1) ARPA requested $10 million to develop AIDS, 10 years before the virus was identified in the field.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A research program to explore the feasibility of this could be completed in approximately 5 years at a total cost of $10 million. This was major funding for the development of what would later be called AIDS/HIV. Yes Virginia, AIDS is a man-made virus.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[11] .^ Experts put the risk at far less than 1 percent.- HIV/AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After 48 weeks, 84% of the patients taking Viread/Emtriva had a viral load of less than 400, compared to 73% of those taking Combivir.
^ Increased uptake of circumcision might result in stigmatisation of uncircumcised men as being less ‘safe’ [288].- Circumcision and HIV: The AIDS Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.circinfo.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Describes side effects of a drug or other treatment that are serious enough to prevent an increase in dose or level of that treatment.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ A drug that is used to treat Alzheimer disease and is being studied in the treatment of side effects caused by radiation therapy to the brain.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The active ingredient in a drug used to treat severe side effects caused by certain anticancer drugs.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Drug abuse may lead to social, physical, emotional, and job-related problems.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Describes side effects of a drug or other treatment that are serious enough to prevent an increase in dose or level of that treatment.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
[127][128][129] .^ Describes side effects of a drug or other treatment that are serious enough to prevent an increase in dose or level of that treatment.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ It also has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina or cervix in daughters exposed to DES before birth.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ It also has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina or cervix in daughters exposed to diethylstilbestrol before birth.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
[130][131]
.^ The study is seeking participants who have not yet started treatment for their HIV. .
^ The time period usually begins at the time of diagnosis or at the start of treatment and ends at the time of death.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The sooner the better when it comes to starting HIV treatment .
.^ The "Africa Legend," as it is called in a 1988 West German (Westdeutscher Rundfunk) television documentary, is further debunked by the epidemiological history of AIDS. There is no solid evidence of AIDS in Africa before 1983.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The other day when I started to look for some nice buses which are for sale, I also decided to call one of my friends and ask him for advice about where I should look.- Drug Abuse: Guide & Resources Directory 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC drugsarehorrible.com [Source type: General]
^ Soon there will be no more Black people and a confused military, older White people will start suddenly dying and you still wont get it.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ G. Johnson of Stanford Medical Center, in 1988, determined that HIV could be transmitted through the air.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Four hundred prisoners in Chicago are infected with Malaria in order to study the effects of new and experimental drugs to combat the disease.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Unfortunately, only a vaccine is thought to be able to halt the pandemic. This is because a vaccine would cost less, thus being affordable for
developing countries, and would not require daily treatment.
[134] .^ Why has it been so difficult to develop an HIV vaccine?- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, researchers could only identify 20 cases of serious symptoms among ephedra users where there was an attempt to rule out alternative explanations.- Drugs 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This is a difficult question to answer because there have been a series of dead ends in HIV vaccine research so far, despite a lot of research.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[134]
Treatments in development
.^ New York Times reports Kenyan hospital system overloaded, two AIDS patients to a bed, many just placed in corridors.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The active ingredient in a drug used to treat acute leukemias and some other types of cancer.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ A substance being studied in the treatment of myeloid leukemia (a disease in which too many immature non-lymphocyte white blood cells are found in the blood and bone marrow).- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ She said that she would recommend this pranic facelift for women who have a stressful life and who need some peace and relaxation.- Drug Abuse: Guide & Resources Directory 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC drugsarehorrible.com [Source type: General]
[135][136] .^ However, even though it doesn't harm like the other drugs do its more addicting than the other drugs that to can also lead to many severe problems.- Drug Abuse: Guide & Resources Directory 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC drugsarehorrible.com [Source type: General]
^ Marijuana is a drug that can lead into other drugs, but it can also have you adiccted to it like a piece of sunflower seed you can't put down.- Drug Abuse: Guide & Resources Directory 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC drugsarehorrible.com [Source type: General]
^ Other drugs as well as marijuana can get you addicted, but the only ones that should have the same level which is opiates.- Drug Abuse: Guide & Resources Directory 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC drugsarehorrible.com [Source type: General]
.^ I did some research and I found out that this pulp drainage equipment is one of the best and I would recommend it to others.- Drug Abuse: Guide & Resources Directory 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC drugsarehorrible.com [Source type: General]
^ A substance being studied in the treatment of myeloid leukemia (a disease in which too many immature non-lymphocyte white blood cells are found in the blood and bone marrow).- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The treatment plan for a disease or disorder that has been chosen as the best one for a patient after all other choices have been considered.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
[137][138]
HIV latent reservoir
.^ Used in photodynamic therapy, a drug that is absorbed by tumor cells; when exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the cancer cells.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
Many people on HAART achieve suppression of HIV to levels below the limit of detection of standard clinical assays for many years. However, upon withdrawal of HAART, HIV viral loads rebound quickly with a concomitant decline in CD4+ T-Cells, which, in most cases, absent a resumption of treatment, leads to
AIDS.
.^ It is used to identify the genes (pieces of DNA) in specific cells or tissue that are actively used to make RNA, which then may be used to make proteins.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The strains are tougher, mutate more easily and even have a facility to convert antibodies (generated by the body to fight off disease) into the virus itself i.e.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ D-1MT blocks the breakdown of the amino acid tryptophan, which is needed for T cells (a type of immune system cell) to kill tumor cells.- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The HIV antibody test will show positive if you have a weakened immune system, regardless of whether you have the relatively harmless HIV virus in your system.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (cancer of the immune system) that is usually aggressive (fast-growing).- Dictionary of Cancer Terms - National Cancer Institute 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.cancer.gov [Source type: Academic]
Memory T-Cells may survive for many years and possibly for decades. The latent HIV reservoir can be measured by co-culturing CD4+ T-Cells from infected patients with CD4+ T-Cells from uninfected donors and measuring HIV protein or RNA.
[139]
The failure of vaccine candidates to protect against HIV infection and progression to AIDS has led to a renewed focus on the biological mechanisms responsible for HIV latency.
.^ The placenta and fetal tissues may deal with drugs differently from adult target tissues.
[140]Prognosis
Without treatment, the net median survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype,
[141] and the median survival rate after diagnosis of AIDS in resource-limited settings where treatment is not available ranges between 6 and 19 months, depending on the study.
[142] .^ Our conclusion is that Robert McNamara knowingly encouraged development of AIDS as a means to reduce the worlds' Population.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This synthetic anent is AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome virus or HIV-1) ARPA requested $10 million to develop AIDS, 10 years before the virus was identified in the field.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A research program to explore the feasibility of this could be completed in approximately 5 years at a total cost of $10 million. This was major funding for the development of what would later be called AIDS/HIV. Yes Virginia, AIDS is a man-made virus.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[143][144].^ People like weathering steel because over time it develops a pleasing rusty patina when exposed to natural weather conditions.- Drug Abuse: Guide & Resources Directory 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC drugsarehorrible.com [Source type: General]
.^ AIDS patients who do not die of the consequences of immune deficiency show the same damage to the brain, lungs, intestines, and kidneys that occurs in sheep affected with Visna.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This synthetic anent is AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome virus or HIV-1) ARPA requested $10 million to develop AIDS, 10 years before the virus was identified in the field.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ We are looking at 100 million infections within six years so the urgency is obvious, AT LEAST TO PHOENIX LETTER, THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS STALLING ON RESEARCH. .- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[7] The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by many factors such as host susceptibility and immune function
[68][145][146] health care and co-infections,
[7][11] as well as which particular strain of the virus is involved.
[147][148][149]
Epidemiology
Main article:
AIDS pandemic
Estimated prevalence of HIV among young adults (15-49) per country at the end of 2005.
Disability-adjusted life year for HIV and AIDS per 100,000 inhabitants.
no data ≤ 10 10-25 25-50 50-100 100-500 500-1000 1000-2500 2500-5000 5000-7500 7500-10000 10000-50000 ≥ 50000
.^ That's more than 128 million people.- Drugs 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Over 25 million people have died from AIDS. So far approx.- Circumcision and HIV: The AIDS Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.circinfo.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The CDC estimates that more than one million people in America may be infected with HIV and that as many as 250,000 of these may not know that they are infected and can pass on the virus to others.
.^ That's more than 128 million people.- Drugs 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC www.tuberose.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ WORLD AIDS DAY 2005 .
^ People living with HIV/AIDS are up to 50 times more likely to develop active TB in a given year compared with HIV-negative individuals, and roughly a third of the 33 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide are infected with latent TB. Yet, in 2006 less than one percent of people living with HIV/AIDS were screened for TB. .
[3]
.^ Among people living with HIV, TB is the commonest cause of death and over 1.4 million people living with HIV develop TB each year.
^ There were an estimated 2.5 million new infections in 2007, and 2.1 million deaths.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ An estimated 39.5 million people have HIV worldwide.- HIV/AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[141]
.^ The largest impact of which so far has been the over 93 MILLION vaccinated with AIDS tainted smallpox vaccine in Africa by the World Health Organization.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This synthetic anent is AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome virus or HIV-1) ARPA requested $10 million to develop AIDS, 10 years before the virus was identified in the field.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ McNamara extended the extraordinary thesis that "the children who were dying were fortunate, for the millions of those who lived languidly on were stunted in their bodies and cripples in their minds."- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
More than 64% of all people living with HIV are in sub-Saharan Africa, as are more than three quarters of all women living with HIV. In 2005, there were 12.0 million (10.6–13.6 million)
AIDS orphans living in sub-Saharan Africa 2005.
[3]
South & South East Asia are second-worst affected with 15% of the total.
.^ AIDS is the leading cause of death in this region.- HIV - a knol by Frederick (Rick) Hecht 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, it is estimated that Zimbabwe has 1 000 000 children orphaned due to AIDS among a total population of fewer than 13 million.- ::::Aids Foundation South Africa::::HIV/AIDS in South Africa 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.aids.org.za [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ (However, it is estimated that Zimbabwe has 1 000 000 children orphaned due to AIDS, among a total population of fewer than 13 million).- ::::Aids Foundation South Africa::::HIV/AIDS in South Africa 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.aids.org.za [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ South Africa is regarded as having the most severe HIV epidemic in the world .- ::::Aids Foundation South Africa::::HIV/AIDS in South Africa 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.aids.org.za [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ South Africa with 5.5 million people infected has more than any country in the world.- Circumcision and HIV: The AIDS Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.circinfo.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Dr Eric Goemaere, medical co-ordinator for MSF in South Africa, discusses diagnosing and managing HIV-TB co-infection.
[150] .^ Trace elements in patients with HIV-1 infection.
^ It is estimated that there are about 2 million HIV-infected people in the country.
^ Approximately one-quarter to one-third of all untreated pregnant women infected with HIV will pass the infection to their babies.
.^ After 48 weeks, 84% of the patients taking Viread/Emtriva had a viral load of less than 400, compared to 73% of those taking Combivir.
^ Other areas with rates higher than the national average are Philadelphia, Detroit, Boston, San Francisco and Phoenix.- Untitled Document 1 February 2010 2:49 UTC prorev.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Monteith was one of the very first to recognize the significance of AIDS and has devoted over 20 years of his life to investigation and warning about the dangerous nature of the disease to everyone .- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[151]
.^ The largest impact of which so far has been the over 93 MILLION vaccinated with AIDS tainted smallpox vaccine in Africa by the World Health Organization.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Our conclusion is that Robert McNamara knowingly encouraged development of AIDS as a means to reduce the worlds' Population.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This synthetic anent is AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome virus or HIV-1) ARPA requested $10 million to develop AIDS, 10 years before the virus was identified in the field.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[152] .^ HIV and AIDS Indicators at mid-2006 .- ::::Aids Foundation South Africa::::HIV/AIDS in South Africa 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.aids.org.za [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ WORLD AIDS DAY 2004 .
^ World AIDS Day 2004 .
.^ In brief, Robert McNamara was in the final decision making role for development of AIDS at the very time he was contemplating the idea that "world death rates must got up."- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Graves contends the Special Virus Program was started with the intention of designing a ³wasting² disease to help reduce world population, especially among developing countries in Africa.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[117] As the life expectancy of persons with HIV has increased in countries where HAART is widely used, the continuing spread of the disease has caused the number of persons living with HIV to increase substantially.
In Africa, the number of MTCT and the prevalence of AIDS is beginning to reverse decades of steady progress in child survival.
.^ Transmission from mother to child.- HIV/AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) encourages voluntary HIV testing as a routine part of medical care for all adolescents and adults ages 13 to 64.- HIV/AIDS 28 January 2010 0:59 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Breastfeeding with maternal antiretroviral therapy or formula feeding to prevent HIV postnatal mother-to-child transmission in Rwanda.
History
Origins
Main article:
Origin of AIDS
- See History of known cases and spread for early cases of HIV / AIDS
.^ The true history of the origin of AIDS can be traced throughout the 20th Century and back to 1878.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[153] The first paper recognizing a pattern of opportunistic infections characteristic of AIDS was published in 1981.
[154]
Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are believed to have originated in West-Central Africa and to have jumped species (a process known as
zoonosis) from non-human primates to humans.
.^ All of the known varieties of SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus) are structurally so dissimilar to HIV (much less similar than HIV and Visna) that a common origin is out of the question.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The world already knows (now), HIV was originally called 'leukemia/lymphoma' virus.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[155][156] .^ The HIV antibody test will show positive if you have a weakened immune system, regardless of whether you have the relatively harmless HIV virus in your system.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The world already knows (now), HIV was originally called 'leukemia/lymphoma' virus.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[17] .^ Government has no really accurate number of HIV-AIDS infections because gay lobbies vehemently oppose any form of monitoring or reporting.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[157]Discovery
.^ The HIV antibody test will show positive if you have a weakened immune system, regardless of whether you have the relatively harmless HIV virus in your system.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ We are not dealing with the same HIV-AIDS strains today that were encountered in the early 1980's.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Monteith was one of the very first to recognize the significance of AIDS and has devoted over 20 years of his life to investigation and warning about the dangerous nature of the disease to everyone .- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The men are later studied for development of cancer, which indicates that Agent Orange had been a suspected carcinogen all along.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ How American Medical Association, Centers for Disease Control, and the Surgeon General attack any doctor who dare propose monitoring or controlling the disease.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ AIDS entered the United States through the New York Blood Center/Centers for Disease Control in the late 1970's.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
A CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak.
.^ AIDS patients who do not die of the consequences of immune deficiency show the same damage to the brain, lungs, intestines, and kidneys that occurs in sheep affected with Visna.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This synthetic anent is AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome virus or HIV-1) ARPA requested $10 million to develop AIDS, 10 years before the virus was identified in the field.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1978, the federal government produced 60,000 liters of a biological agent that would subsequently be known as acquired immune deficiency syndrome, Graves says.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[158]
.^ In early 1990 Science reported that AIDS researcher Dr. Robert Gallo had tested an altered AIDS virus, one that could infect' cells previously left uninfected by the early AIDS strain.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is strongly held that because of Dr. Nicolson, Dr. Robert Gallo and Dr. Luc Montagnier would secretly meet in Southern California to coordinate what they would and would not say about the special virus development program.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ AIDS patients who do not die of the consequences of immune deficiency show the same damage to the brain, lungs, intestines, and kidneys that occurs in sheep affected with Visna.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[159][160] .^ The next question is, if it is possible to produce HIV from Visna and HTLV-I now, was it also possible in 1977, when Segal claims the AIDS virus was created?- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1954, Dr. Bjorn Sigurdsson publishes his first paper on Visna virus and establishes himself as the Grandfather of the AIDS virus. He will encounter competition from Dr. Carlton Gajdusek.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Scrutiny of the technical literature, Segal says, reveals that Dr. Robert Gallo isolated such a virus, HTLV-I, by 1975, though it was not given this name until later.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Gallo's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV-III. At the same time, Montagnier's group isolated a virus from a patient presenting
lymphadenopathy (swelling of the
lymph nodes) of the neck and
physical weakness, two classic symptoms of AIDS. Contradicting the report from Gallo's group, Montagnier and his colleagues showed that core proteins of this virus were immunologically different from those of HTLV-I. Montagnier's group named their isolated virus lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV).
[158]
.^ Phoenix Letter has reported a new string of AIDS virus, much tougher, much more dangerous and p ossibly airborne .- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is ludicrous and preposterous to fail to review the U.S. virus program in which to elucidate the etiology of AIDS. More of the history of the secret virus program can be found in the archives of Dr. John B. Moloney.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The book is controversial because it documents a growing scientific debate over whether the Federal government has blamed the AIDS epidemic on the wrong cause; no charges of indecency, libel, or violation of national security have been made against the book.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Together with his colleague
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Montagnier was awarded one half of the 2008
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "discovery of human immunodeficiency virus".
[161] Harald zur Hausen also shared the Prize for his discovery that
human papilloma virus leads to
cervical cancer, but Gallo was left out.
[162] Gallo said that it was "a disappointment" that he was not named a co-recipient.
[163] .^ Graves said these documents will further prove the laboratory birth of the HIV/AIDS enzyme via a secret federal virus development program, the US Special Virus Program.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Monteith was one of the very first to recognize the significance of AIDS and has devoted over 20 years of his life to investigation and warning about the dangerous nature of the disease to everyone .- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There are hundreds of well known doctors, microbiologists, professors, laymen who have proved that AIDS is not caused by HIV but by drugs end/or other immuno suppresive factors.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
I'm very sorry for Robert Gallo."
[162]
AIDS denialism
Main article:
AIDS denialism.^ The next question is, if it is possible to produce HIV from Visna and HTLV-I now, was it also possible in 1977, when Segal claims the AIDS virus was created?- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Some government officials and scientists have verified the document¹s existence, but none agree with his assertion it was a secret program responsible for the creation of the AIDS virus.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ We have found a curtain of AIDS. We can identify some of the people who work in the shadows of the curtain.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[164][166] .^ Not surprisingly, some Federal officials have openly stated they do not want the general public to learn about the AIDS information contained in the book.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Some government officials and scientists have verified the document¹s existence, but none agree with his assertion it was a secret program responsible for the creation of the AIDS virus.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Government officials dominated by gays refuse to follow up with research on these initial findings, because the gay lobby fm monitoring and quarantine .- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[168][169][170]
See also
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External links
.
"UNAIDS: The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS". UNAIDS. ..^ Proof: Department of Defense Appropriations for 1970 H.B. 15090 http://www.apfn.org/apfn/aids.pdf .- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ American Masses Hoodwinked http://www.apfn.org/apfn/aids2.pdf .- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ LAB RATS - SHAD Project 112 http://www.apfn.org/apfn/SHAD.htm .- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Retrieved 2008-03-21.
"AIDS.gov: Portal to all Federal HIV/AIDS information". AIDS.gov. ..^ Thousands of other official government document archives may be previewed online at http://www.boydgraves.com and http://www.archives.gov ### =============================================== AIDS [HIV] AIDS: 'The Manufactured Virus' http://www.apfn.org/apfn/aids.htm From the Official U.S. Govt.- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Proof: Department of Defense Appropriations for 1970 H.B. 15090 http://www.apfn.org/apfn/aids.pdf .- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Smoking Gun of AIDS: a 1971 Flowchart See, http://www.boydgraves.com/flowchart/ .- Aids; The Manufactured Virus 10 September 2009 22:16 UTC www.apfn.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Retrieved 2008-05-20.
"HIV News and Resources". The Body. http://www.thebody.com/. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
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