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Another interior view of the Hagia Sophia, showing Islamic elements in the ceiling.
Interior view of the Hagia Sophia
.^ Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque.- Hagia Sophia | Hagia Sophia Tour | Visit to Hagia Sophia | Hagia Sophia Information 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.istanbultourguides.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ HAGIA SOPHIA is a Greek phrase that means 'Holy Wisdom'.- Visit ST.SOPHIA ( HAGHIA SOPHIA ) - Istanbul/Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.helloturkey.net [Source type: General]
^ Sophia is the biblical name (in Greek) for wisdom.- Hagia Sophia: A Rich and Holy History - January 2008 Issue of St. Anthony MessengerMagazine Online 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.americancatholic.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Sack of Constantinople (1204) with a description of the desecration of Hagia Sophia Return: The Middle Ages: 476-1453 .- Procopius: The description of the Hagia Sophia, 537 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC gbgm-umc.org [Source type: Original source]
^ As the Cathedral of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople for over a thousand years, with the brief exception of the Latin occupation, the Hagia Sophia was the center of Eastern Christianity from 360 to the Ottoman conversion.- Hagia Sophia 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC archnet.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ During the Latin Occupation (1204-1261) the church became a Roman Catholic cathedral, and its many treasures and relics were dispersed.- Hagia Sophia, Tourist Attractions of Istanbul, Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.magicaljourneys.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.mlahanas.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The building was a mosque from 23 May 1453 until 1934, when it was secularized; it was opened as a museum on 1 February 1935.
[1]
Famous in particular for its massive
dome, it is considered the epitome of
Byzantine architecture and to have "changed the history of architecture."
[2] It was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the
Seville Cathedral in 1520. The current building was originally constructed as a church between 532 and 537 A.D. on the orders of the
Byzantine Emperor Justinian, and was in fact the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site.
.^ The building was constructed between 532 and 537 AD on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, and was in fact the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site since the previous two had both been destroyed by riots.- Sabiha Gokcen airport to Hagia Sophia transfer.Sabiha Gokcen Istanbul airport transfer service. Turkey Airport transfer service 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC bookyourtransfer.com [Source type: News]
^ It replaced two previous versions of the church that had been destroyed.- Istanbul: From Constantine to Ataturk - Istanbul, Turkey - VirtualTourist.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC members.virtualtourist.com [Source type: General]
^ The current building was originally constructed as a church between 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, and was in fact the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site (the previous two had both been destroyed by riots).- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
)
.^ It was designed by two architects, Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles were the designers of the monument.- Hagia Sophia Facts - Interesting And Fun Facts About Hagia Sophia Istanbul Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC lifestyle.iloveindia.com [Source type: General]
^ Selected as architects for this grand endeavor were Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus, a mathematician and a physicist.- Raggedy Android » Hagia Sophia 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC raggedyandroid.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[3].^ The Church contained a large collection of holy relics and featured, among other things, a 50-foot (15 m) silver iconostasis.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Church used to contain a large collection of holy relics and featured, among other things, a 50 ft (15 m) silver iconostasis.- Sabiha Gokcen airport to Hagia Sophia transfer.Sabiha Gokcen Istanbul airport transfer service. Turkey Airport transfer service 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC bookyourtransfer.com [Source type: News]
^ The Church contained a large collection of holy relics and featured, among other things, a 15m (49 foot) silver iconostasis.
.^ It was the seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople and the religious focal point of the Eastern Orthodox Church for nearly one thousand years.
^ It was the patriarchal church of the Patriarch of Constantinople and the religious focus point of the Orthodox Byzantine Empire for nearly 1000 years.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It was the seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople and the religious home of the Orthodox Byzantine Empire.- Istanbul — Travels in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.cromwell-intl.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It was the church in which Cardinal Humbert marched up to the altar and excommunicated Cerularius, marking the official start of the Great Schism.
^ Patriarch Ceralarius and Cardinal Humbert met here in April 1054.- HAGIA SOPHIA (AYASOFYA) MUSEUM - SkyscraperCity 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.skyscrapercity.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At 3 o' clock afternoon on sunday 16 July 1054, Cardinal HUmbert and his 2 men get up, went out of the Hagia Sophia .- HAGIA SOPHIA (AYASOFYA) MUSEUM - SkyscraperCity 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.skyscrapercity.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In 1453, Istanbul was conquered by the Ottoman Turks, and the Hagia Sophia was ordered to be converted into a mosque.
^ Mehmed II ( in Mehmed II (Ottoman sultan): Second accession in 1451.- Hagia Sophia (church, Istanbul, Turkey) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When the Turks conquer Constantinople in 1453, the building is turned into a mosque.- 11.1 - Byzantium Becomes The New Rome 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.slideshare.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[4] .^ Eventually, all of the figurative mosaics were plastered over.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The bells, altar, iconostasis, and other overtly Christian furnishings were removed.- Istanbul — Travels in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.cromwell-intl.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The bells, altar, iconostasis, and sacrificial vessels were removed, and many of the mosaics were eventually plastered over.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Sabiha Gokcen airport to Hagia Sophia transfer.Sabiha Gokcen Istanbul airport transfer service. Turkey Airport transfer service 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC bookyourtransfer.com [Source type: News]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Islamic features - such as the mihrab, the minbar, and the four minarets outside - were added over the course of its history under the Ottomans.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Islamic features - such as the four minarets outside, the mihrab and minbar - were added over the course of its history under the Ottomans.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Islamic features like the mihrab, the minbar, and the four minarets outside, were added over the course of its history under the Ottomans.- Sabiha Gokcen airport to Hagia Sophia transfer.Sabiha Gokcen Istanbul airport transfer service. Turkey Airport transfer service 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC bookyourtransfer.com [Source type: News]
.^ Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque.- Hagia Sophia | Hagia Sophia Tour | Visit to Hagia Sophia | Hagia Sophia Information 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.istanbultourguides.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It remained as a mosque until 1935, when it was converted into a museum by the Republic of Turkey.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The church of Christ was possessed and converted into a mosque, until it was decreed a museum.- Hagia Sophia 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.teslasociety.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Petition to restore the Hagia Sophia as a church - Jihad Watch 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.jihadwatch.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ For almost 500 years the principal mosque of Istanbul, Hagia Sophia served as a model for many of the Ottoman mosques such as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque of Istanbul), the Şehzade Mosque, the Süleymaniye Mosque, and the Rüstem Pasha Mosque.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque.- Hagia Sophia | Hagia Sophia Tour | Visit to Hagia Sophia | Hagia Sophia Information 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.istanbultourguides.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Later, Hagia Sophia served as the principal mosque of Istanbul for almost 500 years.- Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC info.newkerala.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Although it is sometimes called "Saint Sophia" in English, it is not named after a saint named Sophia — the Greek word sophia means "wisdom."- Hagia Sophia on Flickr - Photo Sharing! 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.flickr.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The basilica was not dedicated to a saint named Sophia, but to Divine Wisdom.- Governorship of Istanbul - Hagia Sophia Museum 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC english.istanbul.gov.tr [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hagia Sophia is Greek for Holy Wisdom, so it's not named after a "Saint Sophia" — it's named for "Holy Wisdom".- Istanbul — Travels in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.cromwell-intl.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[5][6]
History
First church
.^ Nothing remains of the first church that was built on this location, known as the Megalè Ekklèsia (Great Church), or in Latin "Magna Ecclesia".- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Stone remains of the basilica ordered by Theodosius II, showing the Lamb of God.Nothing remains of the first church that was built on this location, known as the Μεγάλη Ἐκκλησία (Megálē Ekklēsíā, "Great Church"), or in Latin "Magna Ecclesia".- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The church was built next to the area where the imperial palace was being developed and next to the smaller church Hagia Eirene, finished first and acting as cathedral until the Hagia Sophia was completed.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Hagia Sophia church is completed, the most magnificent building of its time.- Istanbul - LookLex Encyclopaedia 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC i-cias.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I Love this Church, the hagia sophia is so wonderful .
^ The church of Hagia Eirene shared the fate of the famous church of Hagia Sophia.- MONASTERIES/MONUMENTS IN BYZANTIUM 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.agiasofia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Both churches acted together as the principal churches of the Byzantine Empire.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Justinian intended the cathedral to stand as the ultimate symbol of his empire’s Byzantine Christian faith, and its design, both in concept and scale, was unprecedented.- May 7, 558: The Roof Caves In on the Hagia Sophia 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.wired.com [Source type: General]
^ Hagia Sophia or Holy Wisdom is the mother church of all Eastern Christians of the Byzantine liturgical tradition both Orthodox and Greek Catholic.- Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC info.newkerala.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This church was chronicled by Socrates of Constantinople (380-440), who claimed that it was built by Constantine the Great.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This church was chronicled by Socrates of Constantinople (380–440), who claimed that it was built by Constantine the Great.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The city was renamed Constantinople, after Constantine the Great.- Istanbul — Travels in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.cromwell-intl.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It was built as a traditional Latin colonnaded basilica with galleries and a wooden roof.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The basilica with a wooden roof was built by architect Rufinos.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Actually, the first small basilica with a wooden roof was constructed in the second half of the 4th century by Constantinius, the son of Constantine the Great.- Governorship of Istanbul - Hagia Sophia Museum 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC english.istanbul.gov.tr [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
It was preceded by an
atrium.
.^ This first church was then already claimed to be one of the world's most outstanding monuments.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This first church was then already claimed to be one of the world’s most outstanding monuments.
^ The Hagia Sophia was included in the annual list of 100 most endangered monuments published by the World Monuments Fund in 1996 and in 1998, to secure funds for continued work.- Hagia Sophia 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC archnet.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This second church was also burned down during the Nika riots of 532.- Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC info.newkerala.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Patriarch of Constantinople, John Chrysostom, came into a conflict with Empress Aelia Eudoxia, wife of the Emperor Arcadius and was sent into exile on 20 June 404.
^ The patriarch of Constantinople, John Chrysostom, came into a conflict with Empress Aelia Eudoxia, wife of the Emperor Arcadius and was sent into exile on 20 June 404.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Stone remains of the basilica ordered by Theodosius II, showing the Lamb of God.Nothing remains of the first church that was built on this location, known as the Μεγάλη Ἐκκλησία (Megálē Ekklēsíā, "Great Church"), or in Latin "Magna Ecclesia".- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Nothing remains of the first church that was built on this location, known as the Μεγάλη Ἐκκλησία (Megálē Ekklēsíā, “Great Church”), or in Latin “Magna Ecclesia”.
^ Nothing remains of the first church that was built on this location, known as the Megalè Ekklèsia (Great Church), or in Latin "Magna Ecclesia".- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Second church
Stone remains of the basilica ordered by Theodosius II, showing the Lamb of God
Marble blocks from the second church
.^ A second church was ordered by Theodosius II, who inaugurated it on 10 October 405.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It was built as a traditional Latin colonnaded basilica with galleries and a wooden roof.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The basilica with a wooden roof was built by architect Rufinos.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
A fire started during the tumult of the
Nika Revolt burned the second Hagia Sophia to the ground on 13–14 January 532.
.^ Several marble blocks from this second church have survived to the present day, and they are displayed in the garden of the current (third) church.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Several marble blocks of this second church have survived to our date, and are displayed in the garden of the current (third) church.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The second day of a Byzantine architectural tour should start with Hagia Sophia, the Church of Holy Wisdom.- Istanbul: From Constantine to Ataturk - Istanbul, Turkey - VirtualTourist.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC members.virtualtourist.com [Source type: General]
.^ The relief depicting 12 lambs — 12 apostles as well as other remains of this church were discovered during excavation works in 1935.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Of particular interest is image 3, which is part of a relief depicting 12 lambs believed to represent the 12 apostles.- Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya)- Istanbul, Turkey - VirtualTourist.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.virtualtourist.com [Source type: General]
.^ The blocks were originally part of a monumental front entrance; they were excavated in the western courtyard by A.M. Schneider in 1935.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ They were part of a monumental front entrance.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ They sent relics in valuable casings to churches in the West, where they are now displayed in European museums.- Hagia Sophia: A Rich and Holy History - January 2008 Issue of St. Anthony MessengerMagazine Online 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.americancatholic.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ These marble slabs were excavated in the western courtyard by A.M. Schneider in 1935.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The relief depicting 12 lambs — 12 apostles as well as other remains of this church were discovered during excavation works in 1935.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The blocks were originally part of a monumental front entrance; they were excavated in the western courtyard by A.M. Schneider in 1935.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In order not to harm the present Hagia Sophia building, further excavation works were not carried out.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1935, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder of modern Turkey, declared Hagia Sophia a museum and work started to restore its mosaics.- Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya)- Istanbul, Turkey - VirtualTourist.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.virtualtourist.com [Source type: General]
- Istanbul: From Constantine to Ataturk - Istanbul, Turkey - VirtualTourist.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC members.virtualtourist.com [Source type: General]
^ The number of treasures, relics and miracle-working, painted icons of the Hagia Sophia grew progressively richer into an amazing collection.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Third church (current structure)
Construction of church depicted in codex Manasses Chronicle
.^ On 23 February 532, only a few days after the destruction of the second basilica, Emperor Justinian I took the decision the build a third and entirely different basilica, larger and more majestic than its predecessors.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Depiction of the Hagia Sophia's appearance during Byzantine times.On February 23, 532, only a few days after the destruction of the second basilica, Emperor Justinian I took the decision to build a third and entirely different basilica, larger and more majestic than its predecessors.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On February 23, 532, only a few days after the destruction of the second basilica, Emperor Justinian I took the decision to build a third and entirely different basilica, larger and more majestic than its predecessors.
.^ Justinian chose the physicist Isidore of Miletus and the mathematician Anthemius of Tralles as architects; Anthemius, however, died within the first year.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Justinian chose the physicist, Isidore of Miletus and the mathematician, Anthemius of Tralles as architects; Anthemius, however, died within the first year.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It was designed by two architects, Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The construction is described by the Byzantine historian Procopius’ On Buildings (Peri ktismatōn, Latin: De aedificiis).
^ The construction is described by the Byzantine historian Procopius' On Buildings (Peri ktismatōn, Latin: De aedificiis).- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The anchor casting workshop was built in the era of Ahmet II (1703-1730) and the building’s foundations go back to a 12th century Byzantine construction.- Museums in Istanbul - Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.greatistanbul.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The emperor had material brought over from all over the empire, such as Hellenistic columns from the temple of Artemis at Ephesus.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The four green granite columns on both sides of the nave were brought from the Harbor Gymnasium in Ephesus, the pairs of porphyry columns at the corners were brought from the Apollon Temple in Baalbek (in Lebanon today).- Hagia Sophia | Hagia Sophia Tour | Visit to Hagia Sophia | Hagia Sophia Information 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.istanbultourguides.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Marbles and columns taken from the remains of earlier eras from almost all parts of the empire were used for building material.- Governorship of Istanbul - Hagia Sophia Museum 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC english.istanbul.gov.tr [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Large stones were brought from far-away quarries: porphyry from Egypt, green marble from Thessaly, black stone from the Bosporus region and yellow stone from Syria.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Large stones were brought from far-away quarries : porphyry from Egypt, green marble from Thessaly, black stone from the Bosphorus region and yellow stone from Syria.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Plaques of red, yellow and green marble blend with the mosaics, and these are further embellished by the capitals, imposts, architraves and friezes."
.^ More than ten thousand people were employed during this construction.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The creation of massive walls surrounding Constantinople allowed the city to prosper under Byzantine rule for more than a thousands years.- Istanbul: From Constantine to Ataturk - Istanbul, Turkey - VirtualTourist.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC members.virtualtourist.com [Source type: General]
^ What I mean is: it seems people who comment often are wiliing to recreate conflicts that were fought over more than 500 years ago.- Istanbul pictures - Aya Sofya pictures Photo Gallery by Dick Osseman at pbase.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
.^ This new church was immediately recognized as a major work of architecture, demonstrating the creative insights of the architects.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "If there is one work that realizes the 'ideal' Byzantine model, it is the astonishing church of Hagia Sophia built as the new Cathedral of Constantinople by the Emperor Justinian...He intended it as the keystone of his vast architectural campaign...
^ In Towards a New Architecture, Le Corbusier used an illustration by Choisy of a sectional axonometric of the church in a chapter entitled "Three Reminders to Architects."- DIGITARAMA 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC cat2.mit.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ They may have used the theories of Heron of Alexandria to be able to construct a huge dome over such a large open space.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Translation: this is the first domed structure constructed in such a manner as to permit the insertion of windows at the base of the dome, thereby allowing natural light to enter the structure.- Istanbul's Haghia Sophia: Angel's Face Uncovered 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.huffingtonpost.com [Source type: General]
.^ The emperor, together with the patriarch Eutychius, inaugurated the new basilica on December 27, 537 with much pomp and circumstance.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Byzantine poet Paul the Silentiary composed an extant, long epic poem, known as Ekphrasis, for the rededication of the basilica, presided over by Patriarch Eutychius, on 23 December 562.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It was inaugurated on 29 March 867 by Patriarch Photius and the emperors Michael III and Basil I. This mosaic is situated in a high location on the half dome of the apse.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The mosaics inside the church were, however, only completed under the reign of Emperor Justin II (565–578).- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The mosaics inside the church were, however, only completed under the reign of Emperor Justin II (565-578).- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Built by the decree of Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian, the Hagia Sophia was completed in 537, only five years after construction began.- May 7, 558: The Roof Caves In on the Hagia Sophia 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.wired.com [Source type: General]
Depiction of the Hagia Sophia's appearance during Byzantine times
.^ Earthquakes in August 553 and on 14 December 557 caused cracks in the main dome and the eastern half-dome to appear.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Earthquakes in August 553 and on December 14, 557 caused cracks in the main dome and the eastern half-dome to appear.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The most dramatic feature is the central dome, one hundred feet in diameter, supported far above the main piers of the building by two windowed arches and two half domes, so that it appears to hover over the nave.- Octavo Editions: Fossati Aya Sofia 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.octavo.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The main dome collapsed completely during an earthquake on May 7, 558, destroying the ambon, the altar and the ciborium over it.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The main dome collapsed completely during an earthquake on 7 May 558, destroying the ambon, the altar and the ciborium over it.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Fossati records are the primary sources about a number of mosaic images now believed to have been completely or partially destroyed in an earthquake in 1894.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The emperor ordered an immediate restoration.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He entrusted it to Isodorus the Younger, nephew of Isidore of Miletus.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ An earthquake made central parts of the dome collapse, and a nephew of Isidore of Miletus, called Isidorus the Younger, made changes.- Istanbul - LookLex Encyclopaedia 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC i-cias.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This time he used lighter materials and elevated the dome by 6.25 metres (20.5 ft), thus giving the building its current interior height of 55.6 metres (182 ft).- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This time he used lighter materials and elevated the dome by 6.25 meters, thus giving the building its current interior height of 55.60 meters.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Thus a hierarchy of dome-headed elements builds up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the main dome, a sequence unexampled in antiquity.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[8] This reconstruction, giving the church its present sixth-century form, was completed in 562. The Byzantine poet
Paul the Silentiary composed a long epic poem, still extant, known as
Ekphrasis for the rededication of the basilica, presided over by
Patriarch Eutychius, on 23 December 562.
.^ Hagia Sophia was the seat of the Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople and a principal setting for Byzantine imperial ceremonies, such as crowning ceremonies.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hagia Sophia was the seat of the Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople and a principal setting for Byzantine imperial ceremonies, such as coronations.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ For over 900 years the Hagia Sophia was the seat of the Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople and a principal setting for church councils and imperial ceremonies.
.^ The basilica also offered asylum to wrongdoers.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Foreign visitors were deeply impressed.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In 726 the Emperor Leo the Isaurian issued a series of edicts against the veneration of images, ordering the army to destroy all icons, ushering in the period of Byzantine iconoclasm.
^ In 726 the Emperor Leo the Isaurian issued a series of edicts against the veneration of images, ordering the army to destroy all icons (iconoclasm).- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 726 the Emperor Leo the Isaurian issued a series of edicts against the worship of images (iconoclasm), ordering the army to destroy all icons.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ At that time, all religious pictures and statues were removed from the Hagia Sophia .- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At that time, all religious pictures and statues were removed from the Hagia Sophia.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the Iconoclastic Era that started in 726, the mosaics concerning the religious scenes and holy personalities of all churches together with Hagia Sophia's were destroyed and simple cross shapes were decorated instead.- Hagia Sophia | Hagia Sophia Tour | Visit to Hagia Sophia | Hagia Sophia Information 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.istanbultourguides.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ After a brief reprieve under Empress Irene (797–802), the iconoclasts made a comeback.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After a brief reprieve under Empress Irene (797-802), the iconoclasts made a comeback.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Emperor Theophilus (829-842) was strongly influenced by the Islamic art, forbidding graven images.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Emperor Theophilus (829–842) was strongly influenced by Islamic art,[citation needed] which forbids graven images.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He had a two-winged bronze door with his monograms installed at the southern entrance of the church.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He had a two-winged bronze door with his monograms installed at the southern entrance of the church.The basilica suffered damage, first by a great fire in 859, and again by an earthquake on January 8, 869 that made a half-dome collapse.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He had a two-winged bronze door with his monograms installed at the southern entrance of the church.The basilica suffered damage, first by a great fire in 859, and again by an earthquake on January 8, 869 that made a half-dome collapse.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The basilica suffered damage, first by a great fire in 859, and again by an earthquake on 8 January 869 that made a half-dome collapse.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The basilica suffered damage, first by a great fire in 859, and again by an earthquake on January 8, 869 that made a half-dome collapse.
.^ Emperor Basil I ordered the church to be repaired.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After the great earthquake of 25 October 989, which ruined the great dome of Hagia Sophia , the Byzantine emperor Basil II asked for the Armenian architect Trdat, creator of the great churches of Ani and Agine, to repair the dome.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After the great earthquake of 25 October 989, which ruined the great dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine emperor Basil II asked for the Armenian architect Trdat, creator of the great churches of Ani and Agine, to repair the dome.
.^ After the great earthquake of 25 October 989, which ruined the great dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine emperor Basil II asked for the Armenian architect Trdat, creator of the great churches of Ani and Agine, to repair the dome.
^ After the great earthquake of 25 October 989, which ruined the great dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine emperor Basil II asked for the Armenian architect Trdat, creator of the great churches of Ani and Agine, to repair the dome..- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After the great earthquake of 25 October 989, which ruined the great dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine emperor Basil II asked for the Armenian architect Trdat, creator of the great churches of Ani and Agine, to repair the dome.His main repairs were to the western arch and a portion of the dome.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[9] .^ His main repairs were to the western arch and a portion of the dome.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At the western (entrance) and eastern (liturgical) ends, the arched openings are extended by half domes carried on smaller semidomed exedras.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At the western and eastern ends, the arched openings are extended by semi-domes .
.^ The extent of the church's destruction meant that reconstruction lasted six years.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The extent of the church’s destruction meant that reconstruction lasted six years.
^ The Italian government returned the Orthodox church to the Russians last year.- Turkey Wants The Bones of St. Nicholas 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.freerepublic.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The church was re-opened on 13 May 994.
.^ In his book De caerimoniis aulae Byzantinae (Book of Ceremonies), emperor Constantine VII (913–919) wrote about all the details of the ceremonies held in the Hagia Sophia by the emperor and the patriarch.
^ In his book De Ceremoniis aulae Byzantinae (Book of Ceremonies), emperor Constantine VII (913-919) wrote about all the details of the ceremonies held in the Hagia Sophia by the emperor and the patriarch.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But Sophia adherents remained active in the "underground stream" for centuries even while patriarchal Christianity held total sway in the Western World.- Sophia: Goddess of Wisdom & God's Bride 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC northernway.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ At the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, the church was ransacked and desecrated by the Latin Christians.
^ At the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, the church was ransacked and desecrated.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The church was re-opened on 13 May 994.In his book De caerimoniis aulae Byzantinae (Book of Ceremonies), emperor Constantine VII (913–919) wrote about all the details of the ceremonies held in the Hagia Sophia by the emperor and the patriarch.19th Century marker of the tomb of Enrico Dandolo, the Doge of Venice who commanded the Sack of Constantinople in 1204, inside the Hagia SophiaAt the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, the church was ransacked and desecrated by the Latin Christians.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates described the capture of Constantinople.
^ Niketas Choniates describing the Crusaders.- http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A455230 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.bbc.co.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Byzantine Greek historian Nicetas Choniates described the capture of Constantinople.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Remains of that church can be seen at the West of the current church.- Istanbul pictures - Aya Sofya pictures Photo Gallery by Dick Osseman at pbase.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
^ Many reputed relics from the church, such as a stone from the tomb of Jesus, the Virgin Mary’s milk, the shroud of Jesus, and bones of several saints, were sent to churches in the West and can be seen now in various museums in the West.
^ Many relics from the church, such as a stone from the tomb of Jesus, the Virgin Mary's milk, the shroud of Jesus, and bones of several saints, were sent to churches in the West and can be seen now in various museums in the West.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ During the Latin occupation of Constantinople (1204–1261) the church became a Roman Catholic cathedral.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, the church was ransacked and desecrated by the Latin Christians.
^ During the Sack of Constantinople in 1204, the Latin Crusaders vandalized the valuable items in every important Byzantine structure of the city, including the golden mosaics of the Hagia Sophia.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Baldwin I of Constantinople was crowned emperor on 16 May 1204 in the Hagia Sophia, at a ceremony which closely followed Byzantine practices.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After the great earthquake of 25 October 989, which ruined the great dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine emperor Basil II asked for the Armenian architect Trdat, creator of the great churches of Ani and Agine, to repair the dome.
^ In his book De caerimoniis aulae Byzantinae (Book of Ceremonies), emperor Constantine VII (913–919) wrote about all the details of the ceremonies held in the Hagia Sophia by the emperor and the patriarch.
.^ Enrico Dandolo, the Doge of Venice who commanded the sack and invasion of the city by the Latin Crusaders in 1204, is buried inside the church.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Century marker of the tomb of Enrico Dandolo, the Doge of Venice who commanded the Sack of Constantinople in 1204, inside the Hagia Sophia .
^ The church was re-opened on 13 May 994.In his book De caerimoniis aulae Byzantinae (Book of Ceremonies), emperor Constantine VII (913–919) wrote about all the details of the ceremonies held in the Hagia Sophia by the emperor and the patriarch.19th Century marker of the tomb of Enrico Dandolo, the Doge of Venice who commanded the Sack of Constantinople in 1204, inside the Hagia SophiaAt the capture of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, the church was ransacked and desecrated by the Latin Christians.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ However, restoration carried out during the period 1847–1849 cast doubt upon the authenticity of the doge’s grave.
^ However, restoration carried out during the period 1847-1849 cast doubt upon the authenticity of the doge's grave.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The tomb inscription carrying his name, which has become a part of the floor decoration, was spat upon by many of the angry Byzantine s who recaptured Constantinople in 1261.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It is more likely a symbolic burial site to keep alive his memory.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ After the recapture in 1261 by the Byzantine s, the church was in a dilapidated state.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After the recapture in 1261 by the Byzantines, the church was in a dilapidated state.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The tomb inscription carrying his name, which has become a part of the floor decoration, was spat upon by many of the angry Byzantine s who recaptured Constantinople in 1261.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The four buttresses in the west were probably built during this time.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1317, emperor Andronicus II ordered four new buttresses to be built in the eastern and northern parts of the church.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These were reinforced with buttresses during Ottoman times, under the guidance of the architect Sinan.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In 1317, emperor Andronicus II ordered four new buttresses to be built in the eastern and northern parts of the church.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Emperor Basil I ordered the church to be repaired.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Stone remains of the basilica ordered by Theodosius II, showing the Lamb of God.Nothing remains of the first church that was built on this location, known as the Μεγάλη Ἐκκλησία (Megálē Ekklēsíā, "Great Church"), or in Latin "Magna Ecclesia".- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ After new cracks had developed in the dome after the earthquake of October 1344, several parts of the building collapsed on 19 May 1346.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After that, the church remained closed until 1354, when repairs were undertaken by the architects Astras and Peralta.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He had a two-winged bronze door with his monograms installed at the southern entrance of the church.The basilica suffered damage, first by a great fire in 859, and again by an earthquake on January 8, 869 that made a half-dome collapse.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Mosque
Fountain (
Şadırvan) for ritual ablutions
The
mihrab located in the apse where the altar used to stand, pointing towards Mecca
.^ The mihrab located in the apse where the altar used to stand, pointing towards Mecca.Immediately after the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453, the Hagia Sophia was converted to the Ayasofya Mosque as the symbol of the conquest.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hagia Sophia The Hagia Sophia was originally a church, but was converted into a mosque in 1453, and in 1932 into a museum.- Istanbul - LookLex Encyclopaedia 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC i-cias.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He was amazed at the beauty of the Hagia Sophia and immediately converted it into his imperial mosque.
[4] .^ At that time, the church was very dilapidated.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On a side note, this church/mosque turned into a museum in 1935 - so people have been conflicted over Hagia Sophia for a very long time (not 500 years ago).- Istanbul pictures - Aya Sofya pictures Photo Gallery by Dick Osseman at pbase.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
.^ Several of its doors had fallen off.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This condition was described by several Western visitors, such as the Córdoban nobleman Pero Tafur and the Florentine Cristoforo Buondelmonti.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This condition was described by several Western visitors, such as the Cordoban nobleman Pero Tafur and the Florentine Cristoforo Buondelmonti.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This condition was described by several Western visitors, such as the Córdoban nobleman Pero Tafur[6] and the Florentine Cristoforo Buondelmonti.
[11] .^ The sultan Mehmed the Conqueror ordered the immediate cleanup of the church and its conversion to a mosque.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The sultan Mehmed II ordered the immediate cleanup of the church and its conversion to a mosque.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The architect Atik Sinan got the order, but when he had finished the Fatith Mosque the sultan was annoyed with the result, and Sinan had to live the rest of his life without his head...- Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya)- Istanbul, Turkey - VirtualTourist.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.virtualtourist.com [Source type: General]
.^ The next sultan Bayezid II built a new minaret, replacing the one built by his father.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The next sultan Beyazid II built a new minaret, replacing the one built by his father.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The original church was destroyed in 404 AD. Emperor Theodosius II built a new church in 415 AD. During the rebellion of Monophysites in 532, Hagia Sophia was destroyed.- Church History Links for The Christian Empire-- 313-476 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC gbgm-umc.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In the 16th century the sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566) brought back two colossal candles from his conquest of Hungary.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the 16th century the sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) brought back two colossal candles from his conquest of Hungary.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ They were placed on both sides of the mihrab.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ During the reign of Selim II (1566-1577), the building started showing signs of fatigue and was extensively strengthened with the addition of structural supports to its exterior by the great Ottoman architect Sinan, who is also considered one of the world's first earthquake engineers.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ During the reign of Selim II (1566–1577), the building started showing signs of fatigue and was extensively strengthened with the addition of structural supports to its exterior by the great Ottoman architect Sinan, who is also considered one of the world’s first earthquake engineers.
^ During the reign of Selim II (1566–1577), the building started showing signs of fatigue and was extensively strengthened with the addition of structural supports to its exterior by the great Ottoman architect Sinan, who is also considered one of the world's first earthquake engineers.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[12] .^ The mausoleums of Murad III and Mehmed III were built next to it in the 1600s.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In addition to strengthening the historic Byzantine structure, Sinan built the two additional large minarets at the western end of the building, the original sultan's loge, and the mausoleum of Selim II to the southeast of the building (then a mosque) in 1577.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The next sultan Bayezid II built a new minaret, replacing the one built by his father.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Later additions were the sultan’s gallery, a minbar decorated with marble, a dais for a sermon and a loggia for a muezzin.
^ Later additions were the sultan's gallery, a minbar decorated with marble, a dais for a sermon and a loggia for a muezzin.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The sultan Murad III (1574-1595) had two large alabaster Hellenistic urns transported from Pergamon and placed on two sides of the nave.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The sultan Murad III (1574–1595) had two large alabaster Hellenistic urns transported from Pergamon and placed on two sides of the nave.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Sultan
Mahmud I ordered the restoration of the building in 1739 and added a
medrese (a Koranic school, now the library of the museum), a soup kitchen (for distribution to the poor) and a library, and in 1740 a fountain for ritual ablutions (
Şadirvan), thus transforming it into a
külliye, i.e. a social complex. At the same time a new sultan's gallery and a new mihrab were built inside.
.^ The Hagia Sophia church is completed, the most magnificent building of its time.- Istanbul - LookLex Encyclopaedia 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC i-cias.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The most famous restoration of the Hagia Sophia was ordered by Sultan Abdülmecid and completed by eight hundred workers between 1847 and 1849, under the supervision of the Swiss-Italian architect brothers Gaspare and Giuseppe Fossati.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hagia Sophia ("Divine Wisdom"), 537 AD, built by Emperor Justinian The two original architects of this really magnificent structure were the most famous of their time, mathematician Anthemius of Tralles (Aydin today) and Isidorus from Miletus.- Istanbul - Sultanahmet photos Photo Gallery by Andrys Basten at pbase.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
.^ The brothers consolidated the dome and vaults, straightened the columns, and revised the decoration of the exterior and the interior of the building.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Thus a hierarchy of dome-headed elements builds up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the main dome, a sequence unexampled in antiquity.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This sheathing camouflaged the large pillars, giving them, at the same time, a brighter aspect.On the exterior, simple stuccoed walls reveal the clarity of massed vaults and domes.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The mosaics in the upper gallery were cleaned.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Several mosaics are preserved in the upper gallery, an area traditionally reserved for the empress and her court.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The old chandeliers were replaced by new pendant ones.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On this one day sightseeing tour you will see how old meets new when you visit Istanbul's four "must-see" historic sites.- 360TravelGuide.com | Istanbul in One Day Sightseeing Tour: Topkapi Palace, Hagia Sophia, Blue Mosque, Grand Bazaar 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.partner.viator.com [Source type: General]
^ The next sultan Bayezid II built a new minaret, replacing the one built by his father.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ New gigantic circular-framed disks were hung on columns.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ New gigantic circular-framed disks or medallions were hung on columns.
.^ They were inscribed with the names of Allah, the prophet Mohammed, the first four caliphs Abu Bakr, Omar, Osman and Ali and the two grandchildren of Mohammed : Hassan and Hussain, by the calligrapher Kazasker İzzed Effendi (1801-1877).- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ They were inscribed with the names of Allah, the prophet Muhammad, the first four caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali, and the two grandchildren of Mohammed: Hassan and Hussain, by the calligrapher Kazasker İzzed Effendi (1801–1877).- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ They were inscribed with the names of Allah, the prophet Muhammad, the first four caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali, and the two grandchildren of Mohammed : Hassan and Hussain, by the calligrapher Kazasker İzzed Effendi (1801-1877).- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In 1850 the architect Fossati built a new sultan’s gallery in a Neo-Byzantine style connected to the royal pavilion behind the mosque.
^ In 1850 the architect Fossati built a new sultan's gallery in a Neo-Byzantine style connected to the royal pavilion behind the mosque.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At the same time a new sultan's gallery and a new mihrab were built inside.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Outside the Hagia Sophia, a timekeeper's building and a new medrese were built.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Outside the Hagia Sophia, a timekeeper’s building and a new medrese were built.
^ The Hagia Sophia church is completed, the most magnificent building of its time.- Istanbul - LookLex Encyclopaedia 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC i-cias.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The minarets were altered so that they were of equal height.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
When the restoration was finished, the mosque was re-opened with ceremonial pomp on 13 July 1849.
Museum (current use)
.^ Inönü was the second president of the Turkish Republic.- Museums in Istanbul - Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.greatistanbul.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It remained as a mosque until 1935, when it was converted into a museum by the Republic of Turkey.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It remained as a mosque until 1935, when it was converted into a museum by the secular Republic of Turkey.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The carpets were removed and the marble floor decorations appeared for the first time in centuries, while the white plaster covering the mosaics was painstakingly removed by expert restorers.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The bells, altar, iconostasis, and sacrificial vessels were removed, and many of the mosaics were eventually plastered over.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Since the building was converted into a museum, work has been done to remove the plaster from many of the mosaics and to restore them, revealing some of the best examples of Byzantine art in the world - the ' Deesis Panel ' showing Christ the King dates from the 12th - 13th Century has been called 'the finest representation of Christ'.- http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A455230 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.bbc.co.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[13]
Architecture
A section of the original architecture of Hagia Sophia
Groundplan of the Hagia Sophia
One of the mighty stone columns with metal clasps
.^ PHOTO:2:RIGHT]Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hagia Sophia is known as one of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture.- Istanbul pictures - Aya Sofya pictures Photo Gallery by Dick Osseman at pbase.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
.^ Of great artistic value was its decorated interior with mosaics and marble pillars and coverings.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ All interior surfaces are sheathed with polychrome marbles, green and white with purple porphyry and gold mosaics, encrusted upon the brick.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Originally, under Justinian's reign, the interior decorations consisted of abstract designs of the marble slabs on the walls and mosaics on the curving vaults.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The temple itself was so richly and artistically decorated that Justinian proclaimed, "
Solomon, I have outdone thee!" (Νενίκηκά σε Σολομών).
.^ It was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the Medieval Seville Cathedral in 1520.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Justinian himself had overseen the completion of the greatest cathedral ever built up to that time, and it was to remain the largest cathedral for 1,000 years up until the completion of the cathedral in Seville.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It was the largest cathedral ever built in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the Seville Cathedral in 1520.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Justinian's basilica was at once the culminating architectural achievement of late antiquity and the first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Justinian’s basilica was at once the culminating architectural achievement of late antiquity and the first masterpiece of Byzantine architecture.
.^ Its influence, both architecturally and liturgically, was widespread and enduring in the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Muslim worlds alike.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is time that both the Orthodox and Catholic Churches take a stand and shed light on the hypocrisy of the Islamic world.- Why the Pope should call for the return of the Hagia Sophia - Jihad Watch 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.jihadwatch.org [Source type: Original source]
^ It was commissioned to mark the end of 57 years of Roman Catholic use and the return to the Orthodox faith.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The largest columns are about 19 or 20 meters tall.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ They are at least 1.5 meters diameter.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ They are made out of granite, the largest weighing well over 70 tons.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Under Justinian's orders, eight Corinthian columns were disassembled from Baalbek, Lebanon and shipped to Constantinople for the construction of Hagia Sophia .- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Under Justinian's orders, eight Corinthian columns were disassembled from Baalbek, Lebanon and shipped to Constantinople for the construction of Hagia Sophia.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Under Justinian’s orders, eight Corinthian columns were disassembled from Baalbek, Lebanon and shipped to Constantinople for the construction of Hagia Sophia.
[14]
.^ The vast interior has a complex structure.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The vast nave is covered by a central dome which has a maximum diameter of 31.24 meters and a height from floor level of 55.60 meters, about one fourth smaller than the dome of the Pantheon.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The vast nave is covered by a central dome which has a maximum diameter of 31.24 metres (102 ft 6 in) and a height from floor level of 55.6 metres (182 ft 5 in), about one fourth smaller and greater, respectively, than the dome of the Pantheon.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The nave is covered by a central dome which has a maximum diameter of 31.24 metres (102 ft 6 in) and a height from floor level of 55.6 metres (182 ft 5 in), about one fourth smaller and greater, respectively, than the dome of the Pantheon.
.^ The dome seems rendered weightless by the unbroken arcade of 40 arched windows under it, which help flood the colourful interior with light.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Surrounded by a background of golden paint, the mosiacs appear to glow in the natural light let in by the many arched windows.- Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya)- Istanbul, Turkey - VirtualTourist.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.virtualtourist.com [Source type: General]
^ Under the great dome, filtered amber light revealed vaulted arches, galleries and semi-domes, refracted from exquisite mosaics depicting the Virgin Mary and infant Jesus as well as long-vanished patriarchs, emperors and saints.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Due to consecutive repairs in the course of its history, the dome has lost its perfect circular base and has become somewhat elleptical with a diameter varying between 31.24 and 30.86 m.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Due to consecutive repairs in the course of its history, the dome has lost its perfect circular base and has become somewhat elliptical with a diameter varying between 31.24 m (102 ft 6 in) and 30.86 m (101 ft 3 in).
^ Due to consecutive repairs in the course of its history, the dome has lost its perfect circular base and has become somewhat elliptical with a diameter varying between 31.24 and 30.86 m.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The dome is carried on pendentives — four concave triangular sections of masonry which solve the problem of setting the circular base of a dome on a rectangular base.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The drum is joined to the arches at the four corners of the square by 'pendentives', which are sections of a sphere taking the weight of the dome and transferring it to the arches.- http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A455230 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.bbc.co.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Despite all these measures, the weight of the dome remained a problem, that was solved by adding buttresses from the outside.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[15] .^ At Hagia Sophia the weight of the dome passes through the pendentives to four massive piers at the corners.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The pendentives not only achieve a pleasing aesthetic quality, but they also restrain the lateral forces of the dome and allow the weight of the dome to flow downward.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These ribs allow the weight of the dome to flow between the windows, down the pendentives, and ultimately to the foundation.The unique character of the design of Hagia Sophia shows how this structure is one of the most advanced and ambitious monuments of late antiquity.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Between them the dome seems to float upon four great arches.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The dome seems rendered weightless by the unbroken arcade of 40 arched windows under it, which help flood the colourful interior with light.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ These were reinforced with butresses during Ottoman times, under the guidance of the architect Sinan.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These were reinforced with buttresses during Ottoman times, under the guidance of the architect Sinan.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The four buttresses in the west were probably built during this time.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ At the western (entrance) and eastern (liturgical) ends, the arched openings are extended by half domes carried on smaller semi-domed exedras.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At the western (entrance) and eastern (liturgical) ends, the arched openings are extended by half domes carried on smaller semidomed exedras.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These giant apses are then further extended with smaller apses, to make a confusing collection of circles and arches whichever way you look.- http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A455230 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.bbc.co.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Thus a hierarchy of dome-headed elements builds up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the main dome, a sequence unexampled in antiquity.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This time he used lighter materials and elevated the dome by 6.25 metres (20.5 ft), thus giving the building its current interior height of 55.6 metres (182 ft).- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When Isidorus the Younger rebuilt the original dome, he had to first build up the interior of the walls so that they were vertical in order to support the weight of the new dome.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Despite all these measures, the weight of the dome remained a problem, that was solved by adding buttresses from the outside.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Buttresses were added on the outside to support the walls.- http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A455230 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.bbc.co.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Despite all these measures, the weight of the dome remained a problem, which was solved by adding buttresses from the outside.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ All interior surfaces are sheathed with polychrome marbles, green and white with purple porphyry and gold mosaics, encrusted upon the brick.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Large stones were brought from far-away quarries: porphyry from Egypt, green marble from Thessaly, black stone from the Bosporus region and yellow stone from Syria.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Large stones were brought from far-away quarries : porphyry from Egypt, green marble from Thessaly, black stone from the Bosphorus region and yellow stone from Syria.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This sheathing camouflaged the large pillars, giving them, at the same time, a brighter aspect.On the exterior, simple stuccoed walls reveal the clarity of massed vaults and domes.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This sheathing camouflaged the large pillars, giving them, at the same time, a brighter aspect.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This sheathing camouflaged the large pillars, giving them, at the same time, a brighter aspect.On the exterior, simple stuccoed walls reveal the clarity of massed vaults and domes.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On the exterior, simple stuccoed walls reveal the clarity of massed vaults and domes.
^ The brothers consolidated the dome and vaults, straightened the columns, and revised the decoration of the exterior and the interior of the building.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The yellow and red colour of the exterior was added by the architect Fossati during the restorations in the 19th century.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The entrance mosaic - image 5 - was among the first discovered by the Fossati brothers in the 19th C restorations and again features Mother Mary on a jewelled backless throne with a pedestal for her feet.- Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya)- Istanbul, Turkey - VirtualTourist.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.virtualtourist.com [Source type: General]
^ They were rediscovered during the restorations of 1849 by Fossati.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Dome
.^ The dome of Hagia Sophia has spurred particular interest for many art historians, architects and engineers because of the innovative way the original architects envisioned the dome.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The dome of Hagia Sophia has spurred particular interest for many art historians and architects because of the innovative way the original architects envisioned the dome.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After the great earthquake of 25 October 989, which ruined the great dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine emperor Basil II asked for the Armenian architect Trdat, creator of the great churches of Ani and Agine, to repair the dome.
.^ The dome is supported by pendentives which had never been used before the building of this structure.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This time he used lighter materials and elevated the dome by 6.25 metres (20.5 ft), thus giving the building its current interior height of 55.6 metres (182 ft).- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When Isidorus the Younger rebuilt the original dome, he had to first build up the interior of the walls so that they were vertical in order to support the weight of the new dome.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The pendentive enables the dome to transition gracefully into the square shape of the piers below.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The pendentive enables the round dome to transition gracefully into the square shape of the piers below.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At Hagia Sophia the weight of the dome passes through the pendentives to four massive piers at the corners.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The pendentives not only achieve a pleasing aesthetic quality, but they also restrain the lateral forces of the dome and allow the weight of the dome to flow downward.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Isidore the Younger raised the height of the dome by approximately twenty feet so that the lateral forces would not be as strong and the weight of the dome would flow more easily down the walls.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These ribs allow the weight of the dome to flow between the windows, down the pendentives, and ultimately to the foundation.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Although this design stabilizes the dome and the surrounding walls and arches, the actual construction of the walls of Hagia Sophia weakened the overall structure.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These ribs allow the weight of the dome to flow between the windows, down the pendentives, and ultimately to the foundation.The unique character of the design of Hagia Sophia shows how this structure is one of the most advanced and ambitious monuments of late antiquity.- Everything About The Blue Mosque 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC thebluemosque.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Although Erdogan has not publicly repudiated his stance on reopening Hagia Sophia to Muslim prayer, he has scrupulously enforced existing law against it.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The bricklayers used more mortar than brick, which weakened the walls.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The structure would have been more stable if the builders at least let the mortar cure before they began the next layer; however, they did not do this.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Under subsequent regimes, however, more orthodox sultans would be less tolerant.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If they did that, they would have earned the respect of the entire Moslem world.- Why the Pope should call for the return of the Hagia Sophia - Jihad Watch 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.jihadwatch.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ When the dome was placed atop the building, the weight of the dome caused the walls to lean outward because of the wet mortar underneath.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When Isidorus the Younger rebuilt the original dome, he had to first build up the interior of the walls so that they were vertical in order to support the weight of the new dome.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Isidore the Younger raised the height of the dome by approximately twenty feet so that the lateral forces would not be as strong and the weight of the dome would flow more easily down the walls.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ When Isidorus the Younger rebuilt the original dome, he had to first build up the interior of the walls so that they were vertical in order to support the weight of the new dome.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The pendentives not only achieve a pleasing aesthetic quality, but they also restrain the lateral forces of the dome and allow the weight of the dome to flow downward.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Thus a hierarchy of dome-headed elements builds up to create a vast oblong interior crowned by the main dome, a sequence unexampled in antiquity.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Another probable change in the design of the dome when it was rebuilt was the actual height of the dome.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Although this design stabilizes the dome and the surrounding walls and arches, the actual construction of the walls of Hagia Sophia weakened the overall structure.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Isidore the Younger raised the height of the dome by approximately twenty feet so that the lateral forces would not be as strong and the weight of the dome would flow more easily down the walls.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The pendentives not only achieve a pleasing aesthetic quality, but they also restrain the lateral forces of the dome and allow the weight of the dome to flow downward.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When the dome was placed atop the building, the weight of the dome caused the walls to lean outward because of the wet mortar underneath.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ A second interesting fact about the original structure of the dome was how the architects were able to place forty windows around the base of the dome.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But it's amazing archtecture, most noted by the huge dome atop it, and it's many arched windows around the base, make it one of the most intriguing structures to view in the city.- Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya)- Istanbul, Turkey - VirtualTourist.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.virtualtourist.com [Source type: General]
^ The dome of Hagia Sophia has spurred particular interest for many art historians and architects because of the innovative way the original architects envisioned the dome.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Hagia Sophia is famous for the mystical quality of light that reflects everywhere in the interior of the nave, which gives the dome the appearance of hovering above the nave.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The dome seems rendered weightless by the unbroken arcade of 40 arched windows under it, which help flood the colourful interior with light.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This time he used lighter materials and elevated the dome by 6.25 metres (20.5 ft), thus giving the building its current interior height of 55.6 metres (182 ft).
.^ This design is possible because the dome is shaped like a scalloped shell or the inside of an umbrella with ribs that extend from the top of the dome down to the base.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These ribs allow the weight of the dome to flow between the windows, down the pendentives, and ultimately to the foundation.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ These ribs allow the weight of the dome to flow between the windows, down the pendentives, and ultimately to the foundation.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This design is possible because the dome is shaped like a scalloped shell or the inside of an umbrella with ribs that extend from the top of the dome down to the base.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The pendentives not only achieve a pleasing aesthetic quality, but they also restrain the lateral forces of the dome and allow the weight of the dome to flow downward.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The anomalies in the design of Hagia Sophia show how this structure is one of the most advanced and ambitious monuments of late antiquity.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Blue Mosque: One of the most famous monuments in both the Turkish and Islamic worlds, the Sultan Ahmet Mosque (also known as the Blue Mosque) is a superb creation in the classical Ottoman style.- Istanbul in One Day Sightseeing Tour: Topkapi Palace, Hagia Sophia, Blue Mosque, Grand Bazaar, Istanbul Bus & Minivan Tours | Viator.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.viator.com [Source type: General]
^ Hagia Sophia: Now a museum, Hagia Sophia was built in the 6th century by the Emperor Justinian, and was one of the largest basilicas in the Christian world.- Istanbul in One Day Sightseeing Tour: Topkapi Palace, Hagia Sophia, Blue Mosque, Grand Bazaar, Istanbul Bus & Minivan Tours | Viator.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.viator.com [Source type: General]
Lustration urns
Lustration urn from Pergamon
.^ The sultan Murad III (1574-1595) had two large alabaster Hellenistic urns transported from Pergamon and placed on two sides of the nave.- Hagia Sophia - Ayasofya 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC istanbulvisions.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The sultan Murad III (1574–1595) had two large alabaster Hellenistic urns transported from Pergamon and placed on two sides of the nave.
.^ Columns of purple porphyry and green marble were crowned by capitals so intricately carved that they seemed as fragile as lace.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Several marble blocks from this second church have survived to the present day, and they are displayed in the garden of the current (third) church.
^ The blocks were originally part of a monumental front entrance; they were excavated in the western courtyard by A.M. Schneider in 1935.
Narthex and portals
The Imperial Gate was the main entrance between the exo- and esonarthex. It was reserved only for the emperor.
.^ Medieval pilgrims were awed by the mosaics, ranging from depictions of stylized angels to emperors and empresses, as well as a representation of an all-seeing Christ looming from the dome.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It represents the emperor Leo VI bowing down before Christ Pantocrator, giving His blessing and holding in His left hand an open book.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These mosaics express the timeless power bestowed by Christ on the Byzantine emperors.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
A long ramp from the northern part of the outer narthex leads up to the upper gallery.
Upper Gallery
The upper gallery is laid out in a horseshoe shape that encloses the nave until the apse.
.^ The mosaics in the upper gallery were cleaned.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Several mosaics are preserved in the upper gallery, an area traditionally reserved for the empress and her court.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Empress Zoe mosaics on the eastern wall of the southern gallery date from the 11th century.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The best-preserved mosaics are located in the southern part of the gallery.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Empress Zoe mosaics on the eastern wall of the southern gallery date from the 11th century.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Several mosaics are preserved in the upper gallery, an area traditionally reserved for the empress and her court.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Loge of the Empress
.^ The Loge of the Empress is located in the centre of the upper enclosure, or gallery, of the Hagia Sophia.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Marble Door inside the Hagia Sophia is located in the southern upper enclosure, or gallery.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Reconstructed as a 19th Century Ottoman Mansion located in the center of Istanbul, just 200 meters from Sultanahmet Square, Topkapi Palace, and Hagia Sophia ..- Best Western Acropol Hotel Istanbul Nr Hagia Sofia Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.asiarooms.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ From there the empress and the court-ladies would watch the proceedings down below.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ A round, green stone marks the spot where the throne of the empress stood.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Marble Door
.^ The Loge of the Empress is located in the centre of the upper enclosure, or gallery, of the Hagia Sophia.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Marble Door inside the Hagia Sophia is located in the southern upper enclosure, or gallery.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Reconstructed as a 19th Century Ottoman Mansion located in the center of Istanbul, just 200 meters from Sultanahmet Square, Topkapi Palace, and Hagia Sophia ..- Best Western Acropol Hotel Istanbul Nr Hagia Sofia Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.asiarooms.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It was used by the participants in synods, they entered and left the meeting chamber through this door.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Decorations
.^ Originally, under Justinian's reign, the interior decorations consisted of abstract designs of the marble slabs on the walls and mosaics on the curving vaults.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ All interior surfaces are sheathed with polychrome marbles, green and white with purple porphyry and gold mosaics, encrusted upon the brick.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Blocks of marble, imported from as far away as Egypt and Italy, were cut into decorative panels that covered the walls, making the church's entire vast interior appear to swirl and dissolve before one's eyes.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Of these, one can still see the two archangels Gabriel and Michael in the spandrels of the bema.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The portraits of the archangels Gabriel and Michael (largely destroyed) in the bema of the arch also date from the ninth century.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ There were already a few figurative decorations, as attested by the eulogy of Paul the Silentiary.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The spandrels of the gallery are revetted in
opus sectile, showing patterns and figures of flowers and birds in precisely cut pieces of white marble set against a background of black marble.
.^ In later stages figurative mosaics were added, which were destroyed during the iconoclastic controversy (726-843).- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Present mosaics are from the post-iconoclastic period.
.^ On a side note, this church/mosque turned into a museum in 1935 - so people have been conflicted over Hagia Sophia for a very long time (not 500 years ago).- Istanbul pictures - Aya Sofya pictures Photo Gallery by Dick Osseman at pbase.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
^ In order not to harm the present Hagia Sophia building, further excavation works were not carried out.
^ The Church of Hagia Sophia was built in 537 years, a collection of Roman wisdom, which is a symbol of the Byzantine period, until the Muslim army conquered Istanbul.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The church father Papias of Hierapolis was here in the second century bishop.
^ Hagia Sophia was the seat of the Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople and a principal setting for Byzantine imperial ceremonies, such as coronations.
^ Under the great dome, filtered amber light revealed vaulted arches, galleries and semi-domes, refracted from exquisite mosaics depicting the Virgin Mary and infant Jesus as well as long-vanished patriarchs, emperors and saints.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Mosaics
Mosaics with geometric pattern decorate the upper imperial gallery
The church was richly decorated with mosaics throughout the centuries.
.^ Medieval pilgrims were awed by the mosaics, ranging from depictions of stylized angels to emperors and empresses, as well as a representation of an all-seeing Christ looming from the dome.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Under the great dome, filtered amber light revealed vaulted arches, galleries and semi-domes, refracted from exquisite mosaics depicting the Virgin Mary and infant Jesus as well as long-vanished patriarchs, emperors and saints.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Other parts were decorated in a purely decorative style with geometric patterns.
.^ The fire that started during the tumult of the Nika Revolt resulted in the destruction of the (second) Hagia Sophia, which burned down to the ground on 13–14 January 532.
^ The realm was further weakened in 1204 when western European crusaders en route to the Holy Land, overtaken by greed, captured and looted Constantinople.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The city of Constantinople was being put to the sack by the triumphant Ottoman army.- Istanbul pictures - Aya Sofya pictures Photo Gallery by Dick Osseman at pbase.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
.^ Century marker of the tomb of Enrico Dandolo, the Doge of Venice who commanded the Sack of Constantinople in 1204, inside the Hagia Sophia .
^ Enrico Dandolo, the Doge of Venice who commanded the sack and invasion of the city by the Latin Crusaders in 1204, is buried inside the church.
.^ Following the building's conversion into a mosque in 1453, many of its mosaics were destroyed or covered with plaster, due to Islam's ban on representational imagery.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The bells, altar, iconostasis, and sacrificial vessels were removed, and many of the mosaics were eventually plastered over.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Information About Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.information-turkey.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This work included covering the previously uncovered faces of two seraphim mosaics located in the centre of the building.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Once known as Constantinople, this was one of the great cities of Classical and Christian culture, home to one of Christendom’s most magnificent churches, Hagia Sophia, the church of the Holy Wisdom.- Why the Pope should call for the return of the Hagia Sophia - Jihad Watch 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.jihadwatch.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Many Mosques taken by Christians, including the Mosques in Kordoba, Sevilla, and Granada were converted to and are still being used as churches.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It could be done in a semi-secular light: the church as not just a Christian edifice, but a historical and high-profile symbol of the freedom to worship, and indeed freedom itself.- Why the Pope should call for the return of the Hagia Sophia - Jihad Watch 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.jihadwatch.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ In the process, they have discovered 800-year old submerged graves containing the remains of "canonized children."- BLDGBLOG: Scuba Diving Beneath Hagia Sophia 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC bldgblog.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ Remarkably, the sultan allowed several of the finest Christian mosaics to remain, including the Virgin Mary and images of the seraphs, which he considered to be guardian spirits of the city.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I think that Israel should destroy that abominable building and restore the temple to they way Solomon built it.- Why the Pope should call for the return of the Hagia Sophia - Jihad Watch 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.jihadwatch.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ This work did not include repairing the mosaics and after recording the details about an image, the Fossatis painted it over again.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Fossati records are the primary sources about a number of mosaic images now believed to have been completely or partially destroyed in an earthquake in 1894.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In other cases, the Fossatis recreated damaged decorative mosaic patterns in paint, sometimes redesigning them in the process.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This work included covering the previously uncovered faces of two seraphim mosaics located in the centre of the building.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Most of the missing images were located in the building's two tympana.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Following the building's conversion into a mosque in 1453, many of its mosaics were destroyed or covered with plaster, due to Islam's ban on representational imagery.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The building currently features a total of four of these images and two of them are restorations in paint created by the Fossatis to replace two images of which they could find no surviving remains.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Most of the missing images were located in the building's two tympana.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This work did not include repairing the mosaics and after recording the details about an image, the Fossatis painted it over again.- Hagia Sophia - Terra Anatolia - Trekking in Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.terra-anatolia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In other cases, the Fossatis recreated damaged decorative mosaic patterns in paint, sometimes redesigning them in the process.
.^ Thanks for rendering to all believers of the only God Jesus Christ such a GREAT gift.- Istanbul pictures - Aya Sofya pictures Photo Gallery by Dick Osseman at pbase.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
^ All the buildings survived the war between the Turks and Byzantines until they 1334 by an earthquake completely destroyed.
^ These remains consists of mosaics, columns and other architectural pieces which had once been part of the Great Palace.- Museums in Istanbul - Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.greatistanbul.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Most of the missing images were located in the building's two tympana.
.^ They were inscribed with the names of Allah, the prophet Muhammad, the first four caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali, and the two grandchildren of Mohammed: Hassan and Hussain, by the calligrapher Kazasker İzzed Effendi (1801–1877).
^ The Islamic features — such as the mihrab, the minbar, and the four minarets outside — were added over the course of its history under the Ottomans.
Imperial Gate mosaic
.^ The mosaics inside the church were, however, only completed under the reign of Emperor Justin II (565–578).
.^ The present wooden structure on the site dates from the late 18th century.- Museums in Istanbul - Turkey 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.greatistanbul.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In his book De caerimoniis aulae Byzantinae (Book of Ceremonies), emperor Constantine VII (913–919) wrote about all the details of the ceremonies held in the Hagia Sophia by the emperor and the patriarch.
[16] .^ At the present time I am reading The Historian so your pictures make the book more real to me- I found your website on Answers.com- thank you!- Istanbul pictures - Aya Sofya pictures Photo Gallery by Dick Osseman at pbase.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
^ Read a book, and don't worry about my knowledge: I manage pretty well, thank you.- Istanbul pictures - Aya Sofya pictures Photo Gallery by Dick Osseman at pbase.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
I am the light of the world". (John 20:19; 20:26; 8:12) On each side of Christ's shoulders is a circular medallion : on His left the Archangel Gabriel , holding a
staff, on His right His Mother Mary. These mosaics express the timeless power bestowed by Christ on the Byzantine emperors.
Southwestern entrance mosaic
- Southwestern entrance mosaics, situated in the tympanum of the southwestern entrance, date from 944. They were rediscovered during the restorations of 1849 by Fossati.^ The yellow and red colour of the exterior was added by the architect Fossati during the restorations in the 19th century.
^ However, restoration carried out during the period 1847–1849 cast doubt upon the authenticity of the doge’s grave.
The Virgin sits on a throne without a back, her feet resting on a pedestal, embellished with precious stones. The Child Christ sits on her lap, giving His blessing and holding a scroll in His left hand. .^ The city was named Constantinopolis after the Roman Emperor Constantine made it the Roma Capital in 313CE and built the first Saint Sophia Church.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In his book De caerimoniis aulae Byzantinae (Book of Ceremonies), emperor Constantine VII (913–919) wrote about all the details of the ceremonies held in the Hagia Sophia by the emperor and the patriarch.
^ After the great earthquake of 25 October 989, which ruined the great dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine emperor Basil II asked for the Armenian architect Trdat, creator of the great churches of Ani and Agine, to repair the dome.
^ On a side note, this church/mosque turned into a museum in 1935 - so people have been conflicted over Hagia Sophia for a very long time (not 500 years ago).- Istanbul pictures - Aya Sofya pictures Photo Gallery by Dick Osseman at pbase.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
The medallions on both sides of the Virgin's head carry the monograms MP and ΘY, an abbreviation of "Mētēr" and "Theou", meaning "Mother of God".
Apse mosaics
Apse mosaic of the
Theotokos (Virgin Mother and Child)
- Virgin and Child: this was the first of the post-iconoclastic mosaics. .^ The emperor, together with the patriarch Eutychius, inaugurated the new basilica on December 27, 537 with much pomp and circumstance.
This mosaic is situated in a high location on the half dome of the apse. Mary is sitting on a throne without a back, holding the Child Jesus on her lap. Her feet rest on a pedestal. Both the pedestal and the throne are adorned with precious stones. These mosaics are believed to be a reconstruction of the mosaics of the sixth century that were previously destroyed during the iconoclastic era. The mosaics are set against the original golden background of the 6th century. The portraits of the archangels Gabriel and Michael (largely destroyed) in the bema of the arch also date from the 9th century.
Emperor Alexander mosaic
- The Emperor Alexander mosaic is not easy to find for the first-time visitor, located in the second floor in a dark corner of the ceiling. It depicts Emperor Alexander in full regalia, holding a scroll in his right hand and a globus cruciger in his left. .^ All the buildings survived the war between the Turks and Byzantines until they 1334 by an earthquake completely destroyed.
^ Through earthquakes, the city was destroyed 17 AD, but then in extended form rebuilt.
.^ Magnificent as it was, Hagia Sophia contained none of its splendid figurative mosaics at first.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Once known as Constantinople, this was one of the great cities of Classical and Christian culture, home to one of Christendom’s most magnificent churches, Hagia Sophia, the church of the Holy Wisdom.- Why the Pope should call for the return of the Hagia Sophia - Jihad Watch 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.jihadwatch.org [Source type: Original source]
^ "There most definitely are seismic threats to Hagia Sophia, and the potential ganger are great.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
It was duly cleaned by the Byzantine Institute's successor to Whittemore, Paul A. Underwood.[17]
Empress Zoe mosaics
- The Empress Zoe mosaics on the eastern wall of the southern gallery date from the 11th century. Christ Pantocrator, clad in the dark blue robe (as always the custom in Byzantine art), is seated in the middle against a golden background, giving His blessing with the right hand and holding the Bible in His left hand. On either side of His head are the monograms IC and XC, meaning Iēsous Khristos. He is flanked by Constantine IX Monomachus and Empress Zoe, both in ceremonial costumes. He is offering a purse, as symbol of the donation he made to the church, while she is holding a scroll, symbol of the donations she made. .^ The city was named Constantinopolis after the Roman Emperor Constantine made it the Roma Capital in 313CE and built the first Saint Sophia Church.
- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Medieval pilgrims were awed by the mosaics, ranging from depictions of stylized angels to emperors and empresses, as well as a representation of an all-seeing Christ looming from the dome.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Constantinople, as Istanbul was known for centuries, owed its importance to the Emperor Constantine, who made it the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire in A.D. 330.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Perhaps the earlier mosaic showed her first husband Romanus III Argyrus or her adopted son Michael IV. Another theory is that these mosaics were made for an earlier emperor and empress, with their heads changed into the present ones.
Comnenus mosaics
- The Comnenus mosaics, equally located on the eastern wall of the southern gallery, date from 1122. The Virgin Mary is standing in the middle, depicted, as usual in Byzantine art, in a dark blue gown.^ Under the great dome, filtered amber light revealed vaulted arches, galleries and semi-domes, refracted from exquisite mosaics depicting the Virgin Mary and infant Jesus as well as long-vanished patriarchs, emperors and saints.
- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Remarkably, the sultan allowed several of the finest Christian mosaics to remain, including the Virgin Mary and images of the seraphs, which he considered to be guardian spirits of the city.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
She holds the Child Christ on her lap. He gives His blessing with His right hand while holding a scroll in His left hand. On her right side stands emperor John II Comnenus, represented in a garb embellished with precious stones. He holds a purse, symbol of an imperial donation to the church. Empress Irene stands on the left side of the Virgin, wearing ceremonial garments and offering a document. Their eldest son Alexius Comnenus is represented on an adjacent pilaster. His mournful features reflect his death from tuberculosis in the same year. .^ Medieval pilgrims were awed by the mosaics, ranging from depictions of stylized angels to emperors and empresses, as well as a representation of an all-seeing Christ looming from the dome.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
There is a more realistic expression in the portraits instead of an idealized representation. The empress is shown with plaited blond hair, rosy cheeks and grey eyes, revealing her Hungarian descent. The emperor is depicted in a dignified manner.
Deësis mosaic
Mosaic-1041.jpg
The Deësis mosaic with Christ as ruler
- The Deësis ('Δέησις' in Greek, meaning Entreaty) mosaic probably dates from 1261. It was commissioned to mark the end of 57 years of Roman Catholic use and the return to the Orthodox faith.^ During the Latin occupation of Constantinople (1204–1261) the church became a Roman Catholic cathedral.
^ Its influence, both architecturally and liturgically, was widespread and enduring in the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Muslim worlds alike.
It is the third panel situated in the imperial enclosure of the upper galleries. .^ December 8, 2006 9:07 AM Of course the Pope should call for the return of the Hagia Sophia because it belongs to Christendom.- Why the Pope should call for the return of the Hagia Sophia - Jihad Watch 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.jihadwatch.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Remarkably, the sultan allowed several of the finest Christian mosaics to remain, including the Virgin Mary and images of the seraphs, which he considered to be guardian spirits of the city.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I would be pleased if you could consider Hagia Sophia as the monument of the tolerance and peace dominated by the Turkish Ottoman civilization in our region for centuries.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The style is close to that of the Italian painters of the late 13th or early 14th century, such as Duccio. In this panel the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist (Ioannes Prodromos), both shown in three-quarters profile, are imploring the intercession of Christ Pantocrator for humanity on Judgment Day. The bottom part of this mosaic is badly deteriorated, probably due to rain since the mosaic is next to the windows. This mosaic is considered as the beginning of the Renaissance in Byzantine pictorial art.
Northern tympanon mosaics
- The northern tympanon mosaics feature various saints. They have been able to survive due to the very high and unreachable location. They depict Saints John Chrysostom and Ignatius the Younger standing, clothed in white robes with crosses, and holding richly jewelled Holy Bibles. The names of each saint is given around the statues in Greek, in order to enable an identification for the visitor. The other mosaics in the other tympani have not survived probably due to the frequent earthquakes as opposed to any deliberate destruction by the Ottoman conquerors.
20th-century restoration
The interior of the dome undergoing restoration
A large number of mosaics were uncovered in the 1930s by a team from the
Byzantine Institute of America led by
Thomas Whittemore.
.^ Eventually, all of the figurative mosaics were plastered over.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Remarkably, the sultan allowed several of the finest Christian mosaics to remain, including the Virgin Mary and images of the seraphs, which he considered to be guardian spirits of the city.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ And if he can't be found, or prefers (for obvious reasons) not to, then let Ibn Warraq and Ayaan Hirsi Ali and any number of articulate apostates stand in for Mohammed Rasoel.- Why the Pope should call for the return of the Hagia Sophia - Jihad Watch 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.jihadwatch.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ On a side note, this church/mosque turned into a museum in 1935 - so people have been conflicted over Hagia Sophia for a very long time (not 500 years ago).- Istanbul pictures - Aya Sofya pictures Photo Gallery by Dick Osseman at pbase.com 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: General]
The Christian
iconographic mosaics are being gradually uncovered. However, in order to do so, important, historic Islamic art would have to be destroyed. Restorers have attempted to maintain a balance between both Christian and Islamic cultures.
.^ Medieval pilgrims were awed by the mosaics, ranging from depictions of stylized angels to emperors and empresses, as well as a representation of an all-seeing Christ looming from the dome.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[citation needed]
Minarets
.^ The next sultan Bayezid II built a new minaret, replacing the one built by his father.
^ During the reign of Selim II (1566–1577), the building started showing signs of fatigue and was extensively strengthened with the addition of structural supports to its exterior by the great Ottoman architect Sinan, who is also considered one of the world’s first earthquake engineers.
^ It was designed by two architects, Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles.
[citation needed]
Debate about the status
Current use
.^ The Agia Sophia is a place of worship.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Christians (which the people in Constantinople and the church of Hagia Sophia were).- Why the Pope should call for the return of the Hagia Sophia - Jihad Watch 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.jihadwatch.org [Source type: Original source]
^ As stated, the Hagia Sophia belongs rightfully to the Turkish Government and therefore they are under no moral obligations.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[18] .^ Under Turkish laws dating from the 1930s, public prayer is prohibited in the museum.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ December 8, 2006 9:07 AM Of course the Pope should call for the return of the Hagia Sophia because it belongs to Christendom.- Why the Pope should call for the return of the Hagia Sophia - Jihad Watch 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.jihadwatch.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Hagia Sophia Church Museum Istanbul Filed Under ( Travel Turkey , Turkey , istanbul ) by admin on 16-10-2009 .
[19]
Campaign to restore to use as a church
.^ The restoration of the Hagia Sophia would serve us all.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In June 2007, Chris Spirou, president of the Free Agia Sophia Council of America, a U.S.-based advocacy group whose Web site features photographs depicting the building with its minarets erased, testified in Washington, D. C. at hearings sponsored by the Congressional Human Rights Caucus that the one-time cathedral had been "taken prisoner" by the Turks; he called for it to be restored as the "Holy House of Prayer for all Christians of the world and the Basilica of Orthodoxy that it was before the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks."- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The fire that started during the tumult of the Nika Revolt resulted in the destruction of the (second) Hagia Sophia, which burned down to the ground on 13–14 January 532.
[20] .^ Trouble with the west is that of all beautifull Bible verses, we forgot even the most important ones, like: Man doesnt live only by his bread.- Why the Pope should call for the return of the Hagia Sophia - Jihad Watch 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.jihadwatch.org [Source type: Original source]
^ When shopping you should carefully examine all things.
^ It deserves a gigantic publicity campaign, and distribution all over Washington and the other capitals of the West.- Why the Pope should call for the return of the Hagia Sophia - Jihad Watch 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.jihadwatch.org [Source type: Original source]
The Caucus has paid particular attention and concern to human rights violations which deal with forced conversions of Holy Places and Holy Sites. The situation with Agia Sophia ranks amongst the most important issues to have come before our Caucus."
[21] Chris Spirou gave a series of interviews to
Russian mass media outlets highlighting the issue.
[22][23]
See also
Notes
- ^ Magdalino, Paul, et. al. "Istanbul: Buildings, Hagia Sophia" in Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. http://www.oxfordartonline.com. accessed 28 Feb. 2010.
- ^ Simons, Marlise. "Center of Ottoman Power". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/travel/center-of-ottoman-power.html. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
- ^ Kleiner, Fred, Fred S.; Christin J. Mamiya (2008). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Volume I, Chapters 1-18 (12th ed.). Mason, OH: Wadsworth. p. 329. ISBN 0495467405.
- ^ a b http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2966
- ^ McKenzie, Steven L. (1998). The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. M. Patrick Graham. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 149. ISBN 0-6642-5652-X.
- ^ Binns, John (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-5216-6738-0.
- ^ Alessandro E. FONI, George PAPAGIANNAKIS, Nadia MAGNENAT-THALMANN. "Virtual Hagia Sophia: Restitution, Visualization and Virtual Life Simulation" (PDF). http://www.virtualworldheritage.org/papers/3181_976-Virtual_Hagia_Sophia.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-03.
- ^ Emporis: Haghia Sophia
- ^ Jones, Lynn (2007). Between Islam and Byzantium, Agh'tamar and the Visual Construction of Medieval Armenian Rulership. Burlington, VT.: Ashgate. p. 98. ISBN 0-7546-3852-9.
- ^ Tafur, Pero (1926). Travels and Adventures, 1435-1439. Trans. M. Letts. London: G. Routledge. pp. 138-148.
- ^ G. Gerola, “Le vedute di Costantinopoli di Cristoforo Buondemonti,” SBN 3 (1931): 247–79.
- ^ Mungan, I. (2004). Hagia Sophia and Mimar Sinan. Mungan & Wittek (eds); Taylor & Francis Group, London. pp. 383–384. ISBN 90 5809 642 4. http://books.google.be/books?hl=nl&lr=&id=6j5nuvAd44QC&oi=fnd&pg=PA383&dq=Sinan+earthquake+%22Hagia+Sophia%22&ots=HFASNZ8r-P&sig=zS-hO7E6RtwfhN55LGn6ulpRIE0#PPA383,M1.
- ^ http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1182170385033&pagename=Zone-English-ArtCulture%2FACELayout Hagia Sophia
- ^ Baalbek keeps its secrets
- ^ Kleiner and Mamiya. Gardner's Art Through the Ages, p. 331.
- ^ The Hagia Sophia Church
- ^ Lord Kinross. "Hagia Sophia: A History of Constantinople." Newsweek, 1972, pp. 132-133.
- ^ http://www.istanbul.gov.tr/Default.aspx?pid=343
- ^ İbadete açık Ayasofya (Turkish)
- ^ Free Agia Sophia Council of America
- ^ Press Release 27 June 2007.
- ^ Константинопольская София — мать всех церквей pravoslavie.ru, 29 October 2007.
- ^ Крис Спиру. Возвращение Святой Софии Zavtra 22 April 2009, № 17, page. 5.
References
- Mainstone, Rowland J. (1997). .^ He recognized Hagia Sophia's greatness and he saved it."
- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Sophia or the Great Church, as it was called throughout the East, was constructed by the orders of Justinian on the site of the small basilica of St. Sophia (divine wisdom) which was set on fire during the Nika revolt (532).- St Sophia - by Al. Vasilief - Page 1 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.ellopos.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After the great earthquake of 25 October 989, which ruined the great dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine emperor Basil II asked for the Armenian architect Trdat, creator of the great churches of Ani and Agine, to repair the dome.
W W Norton & Co Inc.. . .
- Hagia Sophia Church, also known as Church of Holy Wisdom.
- Akṣit, Ilhan.^ It is now known as the “Church of holy wisdom.” .
^ Although it is sometimes referred to as Santa Sophia, the Greek name in full is Ναός τῆς Ἁγίας τοῦ Θεοῦ Σοφίας, Church of the Holy Wisdom of God.
^ Hagia Sophia Church Museum Istanbul Filed Under ( Travel Turkey , Turkey , istanbul ) by admin on 16-10-2009 .
Hagia Sophia. Akṣit Kültür ve Turizm Yayincilik. ISBN 975-7039-07-1.
- Turner, J., Grove Dictionary of Art, Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition (January 2, 1996); ISBN 0-19-517068-7
Literature
- Joseph D. Alchermes: Art and Architecture in the Age of Justinian, in: Michael Maas (Ed.): The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian. Cambridge 2005, pg. 343–375.
- Balfour, John Patrick Douglas (1972). Hagia Sophia. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0882250144.
- Cimok, Fatih (2004). Hagia Sophia. Milet Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-9757199618.
- Doumato, Lamia (1980). .^ "Hagia Sophia," says Crowley, "was the mother church—it symbolized the everlastingness of Constantinople and the Empire."
- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I think it goes without saying that I think that the Hagia Sophia should be restored to a church once more.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "There most definitely are seismic threats to Hagia Sophia, and they are great," says Stephen J. Kelley, a Chicago-based architect and engineer who consults on Byzantine churches in Turkey, the former Soviet Union and the Balkans.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Vance Bibliographies. ASIN B0006E2O2M.
- Goriansky, Lev Vladimir (1933). .^ Hagia Sophia, completed in 537, was his crowning architectural achievement.
- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "Hagia Sophia summed up everything that was the Orthodox religion," says Roger Crowley, author of 1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West .- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Thank for the issue that highlighted the significance of Hagia Sophia, not only as a structure and architectural masterpiece but also, and more importantly, as a symbol of preserving cultural heritage in all over the world.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
American School of Philosophy. ASIN B0008C47EA.
- Harris, Jonathan, Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Hambledon/Continuum (2007). ISBN 978 1847251794
- Howland Swift, Emerson (1937). .^ That same afternoon, Constantinople's new overlord, Sultan Mehmet II, rode triumphantly to the shattered doors of Hagia Sophia.
- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
University of Chicago. ASIN B000889GIG.
- Kahler, Heinz (1967). Haghia Sophia. Praeger. ASIN B0008C47EA.
- Kinross, Lord (1972). .^ We spent an entire day wondering around the Hagia Sophia....the 360 degree tour blows my mind away!!!!!
- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Newsweek. ASIN B000K5QN9W.
- Kleinbauer, W. Eugene; Anthony White (2007). Hagia Sophia. London: Scala Publishers. ISBN 978-1857593082.
- Kleinbauer, W. Eugene (2000). Saint Sophia at Constantinople: Singulariter in Mundo (Monograph (Frederic Lindley Morgan Chair of Architectural Design), No. 5.). William L. Bauhan. ISBN 978-0872331235.
- Krautheimer, Richard (1984). Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300052947.
- Mainstone, R. J. (1997). .^ Hagia Sophia, completed in 537, was his crowning architectural achievement.
- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hagia Sophia Church Museum Istanbul Filed Under ( Travel Turkey , Turkey , istanbul ) by admin on 16-10-2009 .
^ That structure was characteristic of the emperor's building where he held court and many Christrian churches are constructed in that pattern and architecturally are designated as basilicas.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
London: Thames & Hudson. .
- Mainstone, Rowland J. (1988).^ Rowland J. Mainstone Thames and Hudson, 1988 .
- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Hagia Sophia. ..^ That structure was characteristic of the emperor's building where he held court and many Christrian churches are constructed in that pattern and architecturally are designated as basilicas.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church .- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-34098-6.
- Mango, Cyril; Ahmed Ertuğ (1997). Hagia Sophia. A vision for empires. Istanbul.
- Nelson, Robert S. (2004). .^ "Hagia Sophia summed up everything that was the Orthodox religion," says Roger Crowley, author of 1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West .
- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I would be pleased if you could consider Hagia Sophia as the monument of the tolerance and peace dominated by the Turkish Ottoman civilization in our region for centuries.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Church of Hagia Sophia was built in 537 years, a collection of Roman wisdom, which is a symbol of the Byzantine period, until the Muslim army conquered Istanbul.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226571713.
- Özkul, T. A. (2007). .^ Thank for the issue that highlighted the significance of Hagia Sophia, not only as a structure and architectural masterpiece but also, and more importantly, as a symbol of preserving cultural heritage in all over the world.
- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Please keep in mind that if the Turks had not saved, upgraded, and preserved the structure, today you would not see a piece of Hagia Sophia.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church .- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Elsevier.
- Swainson, Harold (2005). .^ "Hagia Sophia," says Crowley, "was the mother church—it symbolized the everlastingness of Constantinople and the Empire."
- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hagia Sophia was the seat of the Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople and a principal setting for Byzantine imperial ceremonies, such as coronations.
^ Baldwin I of Constantinople was crowned emperor on 16 May 1204 in the Hagia Sophia, at a ceremony which closely followed Byzantine practices.
Boston, MA: Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 978-1402183454.
- Yucel, Erdem (2005). Hagia Sophia. Scala Publishers. .
- Hagia Sophia from the Age of Justinian to the Present.^ In order not to harm the present Hagia Sophia building, further excavation works were not carried out.
^ Nobel Prize- winning author Orhan Pamuk says that by the 1960s, Hagia Sophia had become a remnant of an unimaginably distant age.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Under Justinian’s orders, eight Corinthian columns were disassembled from Baalbek, Lebanon and shipped to Constantinople for the construction of Hagia Sophia.
Princeton Architectural. 1992. ISBN 978-1878271112.
Articles
Mosaics
- MacDonald, William Lloyd (1951). .^ Magnificent as it was, Hagia Sophia contained none of its splendid figurative mosaics at first.
- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Church of Hagia Sophia was built in 537 years, a collection of Roman wisdom, which is a symbol of the Byzantine period, until the Muslim army conquered Istanbul.- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Archaeological Institute of America. ASIN B0007GZTKS.
- Mango, Cyril (1972). The mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: The church fathers in the north Tympanum. .^ Many of these images are lost; those few that remain are unique, says art historian Natalia Teteriatnikov, former curator at Dumbarton Oaks, in Washington, D.C., where a center for Byzantine studies is housed.
- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
ASIN B0007CAVA0.
- Mango, Cyril (1968). The Apse mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: Report on work carried out in 1964. Johnson Reprints. ASIN B0007G5RBY.
- Mango, Cyril; Heinz Kahler (1967). .^ Magnificent as it was, Hagia Sophia contained none of its splendid figurative mosaics at first.
- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Praeger. ASIN B0000CO5IL.
- Teteriatnikov, Natalia B. (1998). .^ Istanbul (Hagia Sophia: 0.4 mi) - Voir carte .
- H�tels proches Hagia Sophia, Istanbul | H�tels de charme et de luxe | SPLENDIA 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.splendia.com [Source type: General]
^ Htels proches Hagia Sophia, Istanbul .- H�tels proches Hagia Sophia, Istanbul | H�tels de charme et de luxe | SPLENDIA 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.splendia.com [Source type: General]
^ No: 31 - 34400, Istanbul (Hagia Sophia: 0.3 mi) - Voir carte .- H�tels proches Hagia Sophia, Istanbul | H�tels de charme et de luxe | SPLENDIA 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.splendia.com [Source type: General]
Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 978-0884022640.
- Yücel, Erdem (1988). .^ Magnificent as it was, Hagia Sophia contained none of its splendid figurative mosaics at first.
- A Monumental Struggle to Preserve Hagia Sophia | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine 15 January 2010 1:56 UTC www.smithsonianmag.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Efe Turizm. ASIN B0007CBGYA.
External links
Mosaics
| Churches-Mosques (Kilise-Camiler) in Istanbul |
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