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Ham fitted into a special biopack couch prior to flight.
The famous "hand shake" welcome. After his flight on the Mercury Redstone rocket, chimpanzee Ham is greeted by the commander of the recovery ship, USS Donner (LSD-20).

Ham (July 1956 – January 19, 1983), also known as Ham the Chimp and Ham the Astrochimp, was the first hominid launched into outer space. Ham's name is an acronym for the lab that prepared him for his historic mission — the Holloman Aerospace Medical Center, located at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico.

Contents

Early life

Ham was born July 1956[1][2]:245 in Cameroon, captured by animal trappers and sent to Rare Bird Farm in Miami, Florida.[2]:245 He was purchased by the United States Air Force and brought to Holloman Air Force Base in 1959.[1]

There were originally 40 chimpanzee flight candidates at Holloman. After evaluation the number of candidates was reduced to 18, then to 6 including Ham.[2]:245-246 Officially, Ham was known as #65 before his flight, and only renamed "Ham" upon his successful return to earth. This was reportedly because officials did not want the bad press that would come from the death of a "named" chimpanzee if the mission were a failure. Among his handlers, #65 had been known as Chop Chop Chang.[3][4]

Training and mission

Beginning in July 1959, the two-year-old chimpanzee was trained at the Holloman Air Force Base Aero Medical Field Laboratory to do simple, timed tasks in response to electric lights and sounds.[5] In his pre-flight training, Ham was taught to push a lever within five seconds of seeing a flashing blue light; failure to do so would result in an application of positive punishment in the form of a mild electric shock to the soles of his feet, while a correct response earned him a banana pellet.[6]:243

What differentiates Ham's mission from all the other primate flights to this point is that he was not merely a passenger, and the results from his test flight led directly to the mission Alan Shepard would make on May 5, 1961 aboard the Freedom 7.

On January 31, 1961, Ham was secured in a Project Mercury capsule labeled MR-2 and launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, into outer space.[6]:314-315 Ham had his vital signs and tasks monitored using computers back on Earth.[7] The capsule suffered a partial loss of pressure during the flight, but Ham's space suit prevented him from suffering any harm.[6]:315 Ham's lever-pushing performance in space was only a fraction of a second slower than on Earth, demonstrating that tasks could be performed in space.[6]:316 Ham's capsule splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean and was recovered by a rescue ship later that day.[6]:316 He only suffered a bruised nose.[7] His flight was 16 minutes and 39 seconds long.[8]

Ten months later, another chimp, named Enos, successfully orbited the earth.[6]:404 This was several months after Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin's orbital flight and Shepard and Grissom's suborbital flights, but before US astronaut John Glenn's orbital flight aboard Mercury's Friendship 7.

Later life

Ham's grave at the New Mexico Museum of Space History in Alamogordo, New Mexico

After the flight, Ham lived for 17 years in the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., then at the North Carolina Zoo before his death at the age of 26 on January 19, 1983.[2]:255-257 Ham appeared repeatedly on television, as well as on film with Evel Knievel.[2]:255

After his death, Ham's body was turned over to the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology for necropsy. It was decided that the AFIP would retain Ham's skeleton for further study, and his body was cleaned of soft tissue by lengthy placement in the Dermestid beetle colony at the Smithsonian. Whatever remained, minus the skeleton, was transported to the International Space Hall of Fame in Alamogordo, NM, and buried. The grave is marked by a memorial plaque. Interestingly, the "Animals in Space" section on the official NASA history website disingenuously states that "Upon his death on January 17, 1983, Ham's body was preserved and loaned by the Smithsonian Institution to the International Space Hall of Fame in Alamogordo, New Mexico," though Ham's skeleton resides in the AFIP's National Museum of Health and Medicine where he is kept and cared for alongside the skeletal remains of Civil War soldiers.

Ham's backup, Minnie, was the only female chimp trained for the Mercury program. After her role in the Mercury program ended, Minnie became part of an Air Force chimpanzee breeding program, producing nine offspring and helping to raise the offspring of several other members of the chimpanzee colony.[2]:258-259 The last surviving astro-chimp, she died at age 41 on March 14, 1998.[2]:259

  • A 2008 animated film entitled Space Chimps was a movie about sending chimps to space.[9] The main character and hero of the movie was named Ham III, the grandson of Ham.[9]
  • In 2008, Bark Hide & Horn, a folk-rock band from Portland, Oregon, released a song titled, "Ham the Astrochimp," detailing the journey of Ham from his perspective.[10]
  • In 2000, in the film Space Cowboys,[11] the main characters Frank Corvin (Clint Eastwood), Hawk Hawkins (Tommy Lee Jones) and their team Daedalus of the U.S. Air Force are replaced by a chimpanzee named Marianne for the new civilian organization (NASA) to take control of the new external atmosphere exploration program. The film mentions that the chimp became the first American to cross into outer space.[11]
  • A 2001 film entitled Race to Space, [12] was a fictionalized version of Ham's story about sending chimps to space. [12] The chimpanzee in the movie was named Mac. [12]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Gray, Tara (1998). "A Brief History of Animals in Space". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://history.nasa.gov/animals.html. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Burgess, Colin; Chris Dubbs (2007). Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle. Springer-Praxis Books in Space Exploration. Springer. ISBN 9780387360539. OCLC 77256557. 
  3. ^ Haraway, Donna. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science (New York: Routledge, 1989), 138.
  4. ^ "The Nearest Thing", Time, 10 February 1961.
  5. ^ House, George (April-June 1991). "Project Mercury's First Passengers". Spacelog (Alamogordo, New Mexico: International Space Hall of Fame Foundation) 8 (2): 4–5. ISSN 10728171. OCLC 18058232. 
  6. ^ a b c d e f Swenson Jr., Loyd S.; James M. Grimwood, Charles C. Alexander. This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury. NASA History Series. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. OCLC 00569889. http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/toc.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-11. 
  7. ^ a b Margaret G. Zackowitz (October 2007). "The Primate Directive". National Geographic Magazine. http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2007-10/flashback.html. Retrieved 2008-04-30. 
  8. ^ "NASA Project Mercury Mission MR-2". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mr-2/mr-2.html. Retrieved 2008-05-11. 
  9. ^ a b http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0482603/
  10. ^ http://www.portlandmercury.com/music/for-melville-with-love/Content?oid=868635
  11. ^ a b http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0186566/
  12. ^ a b c http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0167360/

Further reading

  • Farbman, Melinda; Frye Gaillard (2000) [2000]. Spacechimp: NASA's Ape in Space. Countdown to Space. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers. ISBN 9780766014787. OCLC 42080118.  Brief biography of Ham, aimed at children ages 9–12
  • Rosenstein, Andrew. Flyboy: The All-True Adventures of a NASA Space Chimp. Windham, ME: Yellow Crane Press. ISBN 9780975882528.  A novel about Ham and his trainer.
  • Burgess, Colin; Dubbs, Chris. Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle. Springer-Praxis Books, ISBN 9780387360539. Book covering the life and flight of Ham, plus other space animals.

External links


Ham (July 1956 – January 19, 1983), also known as Ham the Chimp and Ham the Astrochimp, was the first hominid launched into outer space. Ham's name is an acronym for the lab that prepared him for his historic mission — the Holloman Aerospace Medical Center, located at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico.

Contents

Early life

Ham was born July 1956[1][2]:245 in Cameroon, captured by animal trappers and sent to Rare Bird Farm in Miami, Florida.[2]:245 He was purchased by the United States Air Force and brought to Holloman Air Force Base in 1959.[1]

There were originally 40 chimpanzee flight candidates at Holloman. After evaluation the number of candidates was reduced to 18, then to 6 including Ham.[2]:245-246 Officially, Ham was known as #65 before his flight, and only renamed "Ham" upon his successful return to earth. This was reportedly because officials did not want the bad press that would come from the death of a "named" chimpanzee if the mission were a failure. Among his handlers, #65 had been known as Chop Chop Chang.[3][4]

Training and mission

(LSD-20).]]

Beginning in July 1959, the two-year-old chimpanzee was trained at the Holloman Air Force Base Aero Medical Field Laboratory to do simple, timed tasks in response to electric lights and sounds.[5] In his pre-flight training, Ham was taught to push a lever within five seconds of seeing a flashing blue light; failure to do so would result in an application of positive punishment in the form of a mild electric shock to the soles of his feet, while a correct response earned him a banana pellet.[6]:243

What differentiates Ham's mission from all the other primate flights to this point is that he was not merely a passenger, and the results from his test flight led directly to the mission Alan Shepard would make on May 5, 1961 aboard the Freedom 7.

On January 31, 1961, Ham was secured in a Project Mercury capsule labeled MR-2 and launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, into outer space.[6]:314-315 Ham had his vital signs and tasks monitored using computers back on Earth.[7] The capsule suffered a partial loss of pressure during the flight, but Ham's space suit prevented him from suffering any harm.[6]:315 Ham's lever-pushing performance in space was only a fraction of a second slower than on Earth, demonstrating that tasks could be performed in space.[6]:316 Ham's capsule splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean and was recovered by a rescue ship later that day.[6]:316 He only suffered a bruised nose.[7] His flight was 16 minutes and 39 seconds long.[8]

Ten months later, another chimp, named Enos, successfully orbited the earth.[6]:404 This was several months after Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin's orbital flight and Shepard and Grissom's suborbital flights, but before US astronaut John Glenn's orbital flight aboard Mercury's Friendship 7.

Later life

in Alamogordo, New Mexico]]

After the flight, Ham lived for 17 years in the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., then at the North Carolina Zoo before his death at the age of 26 on January 19, 1983.[2]:255-257 Ham appeared repeatedly on television, as well as on film with Evel Knievel.[2]:255

After his death in 1983, Ham's body was turned over to the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology for necropsy. It was decided that the AFIP would retain Ham's skeleton for further study, and his body was cleaned of soft tissue by lengthy placement in the Dermestid beetle colony at the Smithsonian. Whatever remained, minus the skeleton, was transported to the International Space Hall of Fame in Alamogordo, NM, and buried. The grave is marked by a memorial plaque. Ham's skeleton now resides in the AFIP's National Museum of Health and Medicine where he is kept and cared for alongside the skeletal remains of Civil War soldiers.

Ham's backup, Minnie, was the only female chimp trained for the Mercury program. After her role in the Mercury program ended, Minnie became part of an Air Force chimpanzee breeding program, producing nine offspring and helping to raise the offspring of several other members of the chimpanzee colony.[2]:258-259 The last surviving astro-chimp, she died at age 41 on March 14, 1998.[2]:259

  • A 2008 animated film entitled Space Chimps was a movie about sending chimps to space. The main character and hero of the movie was named Ham III, the grandson of Ham.[9]
  • In 2008, Bark Hide & Horn, a folk-rock band from Portland, Oregon, released a song titled, "Ham the Astrochimp," detailing the journey of Ham from his perspective.[10]
  • In 2006, a documentary was made for Animal Planet called "Astrochimp #65" which tells the story of Ham as witnessed by Jeff. Jeff took care of Ham until his departure from the Air Force Base after the success of the mission.
  • In 2000, in the film Space Cowboys, the main characters Frank Corvin (Clint Eastwood), Hawk Hawkins (Tommy Lee Jones) and their team Daedalus of the U.S. Air Force are replaced by a chimpanzee named Marianne for the new civilian organization (NASA) to take control of the new external atmosphere exploration program. The film mentions that the chimp became the first American to cross into outer space.[11]
  • A 2001 film entitled Race to Space, was a fictionalized version of Ham's story about sending chimps to space. The chimpanzee in the movie was named Mac.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Gray, Tara (1998). "A Brief History of Animals in Space". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://history.nasa.gov/animals.html. Retrieved 2008-05-12. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Burgess, Colin; Chris Dubbs (2007) [2007-01-24]. Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle. Springer-Praxis Books in Space Exploration. Springer. ISBN 9780387360539. OCLC 77256557. 
  3. ^ Haraway, Donna. Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science (New York: Routledge, 1989), 138.
  4. ^ "The Nearest Thing", Time, 10 February 1961.
  5. ^ House, George (April-June 1991). [Expression error: Unexpected < operator "Project Mercury's First Passengers"]. Spacelog (Alamogordo, New Mexico: International Space Hall of Fame Foundation) 8 (2): 4–5. ISSN 10728171. OCLC 18058232. 
  6. ^ a b c d e f Swenson Jr., Loyd S.; James M. Grimwood, Charles C. Alexander (1966). This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury. NASA History Series. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. OCLC 00569889. http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4201/toc.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-11. 
  7. ^ a b Margaret G. Zackowitz (October 2007). "The Primate Directive". National Geographic Magazine. Archived from the original on 2007-11-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20071112094423/http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2007-10/flashback.html. Retrieved 2008-04-30. 
  8. ^ "NASA Project Mercury Mission MR-2". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/mercury/mr-2/mr-2.html. Retrieved 2008-05-11. 
  9. ^ Space Chimps at the Internet Movie Database
  10. ^ http://www.portlandmercury.com/music/for-melville-with-love/Content?oid=868635
  11. ^ Space Cowboys at the Internet Movie Database
  12. ^ Race to Space at the Internet Movie Database

Further reading

  • Farbman, Melinda; Frye Gaillard (June 2000) [2000]. Spacechimp: NASA's Ape in Space. Countdown to Space. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers. ISBN 9780766014787. OCLC 42080118.  Brief biography of Ham, aimed at children ages 9–12
  • Rosenstein, Andrew (July 2008). Flyboy: The All-True Adventures of a NASA Space Chimp. Windham, ME: Yellow Crane Press. ISBN 9780975882528.  A novel about Ham and his trainer.
  • Burgess, Colin; Dubbs, Chris. Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle. Springer-Praxis Books, ISBN 9780387360539. Book covering the life and flight of Ham, plus other space animals.

External links

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