From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A hate group is an organized group or movement
that advocates hate, hostility, or violence towards members of a
race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation or other
designated sector of society.
The classification of a group as a hate group is controversial, and
little or no consensus
has developed. In the United States, two organizations that claim
to address intolerance and hate groups are the Anti-Defamation League (ADL)
[1] and the Southern Poverty Law Center
(SPLC).
[2] The ADL and the SPLC maintain a
list of what they deem to be hate groups, supremacist groups, and
anti-Semitic, anti-government or extremist
groups that have committed "hate crimes."
Violence
The California Association for Human Relations Organizations
(CAHRO) asserts that hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
and White Aryan Resistance preach
violence against racial, religious, sexual and other minorities in
the United States. Joseph E. Agne argues that hate-motivated
violence is a result of the successes of the civil rights movement,
and asserts that the KKK has resurfaced and new hate groups have
formed.[3] Agne
argues that it is a mistake to underestimate the strength of the
hate-violence movement, its apologists, and its silent partners.[4]
In the United States, crimes that
manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual
orientation, or ethnicity, including the crimes of murder and
nonnegligent manslaughter; forcible rape; robbery; aggravated
assault; burglary; larceny-theft; motor vehicle theft; arson;
simple assault; intimidation; and destruction, damage or vandalism
of property
directed at the government, an individual, a business, or
institution, involving hate groups and hate crimes, may be
investigated as acts of domestic terrorism.[5][6][7][8]
Hate
speech
Dr. Ehud Sprinzak, an expert on terrorism and hate crimes,
argues that verbal violence is "the use of extreme language against
an individual or a group that either implies a direct threat that
physical force will be used against them, or is seen as an indirect
call for others to use it." Sprinzak argues that verbal violence is
often a substitute for real violence, and that the verbalization of
hate has the potential to incite people who are incapable of
distinguishing between real and verbal violence to engage in actual
violence. Historian Daniel Goldhagen, discussing anti-semitic hate groups, argues that we
should view verbal violence as "an assault in its own right, having
been intended to produce profound damage—emotional, psychological,
and social—to the dignity and honor of the Jews. The wounds that
people suffer by... such vituperation... can be as bad as... [a]
beating."
In the mid-1990s, the popularity of the Internet brought new international exposure to
many organizations, including groups with beliefs such as white
supremacy, homophobia, Holocaust denial or Islamophobia. Several
white supremacist groups have founded websites dedicated to
attacking their perceived enemies. In 1996, the Simon Wiesenthal Center of Los
Angeles asked Internet access providers to adopt a code of ethics
that would prevent extremists from publishing their ideas online.
In 1996, the European Commission formed the
Consultative Commission on Racism and Xenophobia (CRAX), a
pan-European group which was tasked to "investigate and, using
legal means, stamp out the current wave of racism on the
Internet."[9]
Religious
hate groups
The former "World Church of the Creator", now renamed the Creativity
Movement, is led by Matthew F. Hale and is tied to violence
and bigotry. The Southern Poverty Law Center
classes the Nation of Islam (NOI), an influential
African-American group, as a hate group
under the category "Black separatist".[10] The
NOI preaches that a black scientist named Yakub created the white race, a
"race of devils", on the Greek island of Patmos. The NOI, unlike traditional Islamic groups, does not accept
white members and is not regarded as a legitimate branch of Islam
by mainstream Muslims. The Westboro Baptist Church is
considered a hate group by gay
rights activists, the ADL and many others for its provocative and
bitter stance against homosexuality.[11]
Psychopathology of hate
groups
According to a 2003 FBI Law Enforcement bulletin, a hate group,
if unimpeded, passes through seven successive stages.[12] In
the first four stages, hate groups vocalize their beliefs and in
the last three stages, they act on their beliefs. The report points
to a transition period that exists between verbal violence and
acting that violence out, separating hardcore haters from
rhetorical haters. Thus, hate speech is seen as a prerequisite of hate
crimes, and as a condition of their
possibility.
Notes
References
- Sprinzak, Ehud. Brother against Brother: Violence and
Extremism in Israeli Politics from Altalena to the Rabin
Assassination. New York: The Free Press (1999)
- Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah, Hitler’s Willing Executioners:
Ordinary Germans the Holocaust (Knopf, 1996),
p. 124.
- Schafer,John R. MA & Navarro. Joe, MA . The seven-stage
hate model: The psychopathology of hate groups. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin,
March 2003
- Denning, Dorothy E., and Peter J.
Denning. Internet Besieged: Countering Cyberspace
Scofflaws. New York: ACM Press (1998)
- Perry, Barbara - ‘Button-Down Terror’: The Metamorphosis of
the Hate Movement. Sociological Focus Vol. 33 (No. 2, May
2000): 113.
- Jessup, Michael The Sword of Truth in the Sea of Lies: The
Theology of Hate, Google Print,
p.165-p.166, in Robert J. Priest, Alvaro L. Nieves (ed.),
This Side of Heaven, Oxford University Press US, 2006,
ISBN 019531056X
- J. Wayne Dudley, Phylon, Vol. 42, No. 3 (3rd Qtr., 1981),
pp. 262–274 (JSTOR)
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