Helicobacteraceae: Wikis

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Helicobacter

Scanning electron micrograph of Helicobacter bacteria.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Epsilon Proteobacteria
Order:	Campylobacterales
Family:	Helicobacteraceae
Genus:	Helicobacter Goodwin et al. 1989
Species
H. acinonychis H. anseris H. aurati H. bilis H. bizzozeronii H. brantae H. canadensis H. canis H. cholecystus H. cinaedi H. cynogastricus H. felis H. fennelliae H. ganmani H. hepaticus H. mesocricetorum H. marmotae H. muridarum H. mustelae H. pametensis H. pullorum H. pylori H. rappini H. rodentium H. salomonis H. trogontum H. typhlonius H. winghamensis

Helicobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria possessing a characteristic helix shape. They were initially considered to be members of the Campylobacter genus, but since 1989 they have been grouped in their own genus.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Some species have been found living in the lining of the upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as the liver of mammals and some birds.^[4]. The most widely known species of the genus is H. pylori which infects up to 50% of the human population.^[3] Some strains of this bacterium are pathogenic to humans as it is strongly associated with peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, duodenitis, and stomach cancer. It also serves as the type species of the genus.

Helicobacter spp. are able to thrive in the very acidic mammalian stomach by producing large quantities of the enzyme urease, which locally raises the pH from ~2 to a more biocompatible range of 6 to 7.^[5] Bacteria belonging to this genus are usually susceptible to antibiotics such as penicillin, are microaerophilic (require small amounts of oxygen), and are fast-moving with their flagella.^[6]^[7]

References

^ Goodwin CS, Armstrong JA, Chilvers T, et al. (1989). "Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb. nov., respectively.". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39: 397–405.
^ Vandamme P, Falsen E, Rossaq R, et al. (1991). "Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella taxonomy: emendation of generic descriptions and proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov.". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41 (1): 88–103. PMID 1704793.
^ ^a ^b Yamaoka Y (editor). (2008). Helicobacter pylori: Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-31-8 . ISBN 190445531X. http://www.horizonpress.com/hpl2.
^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
^ Dunn BE, Cohen H, Blaser MJ (1 October 1997). "Helicobacter pylori.". Clin Microbiol Rev. 10 (4): 720–741. http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/10/4/720?.
^ Hua JS, Zheng PY, Ho B (1999). "Species differentiation and identification in the genus of Helicobacter.". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 5 (1): 7–9. http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/5/7.pdf.
^ Rust et al. (2008). "Helicobacter Flagella, Motility and Chemotaxis". Helicobacter pylori: Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology (Yamaoka Y, ed.). Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-31-8 . http://www.horizonpress.com/hpl2.