From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Houston |
| — City — |
|
From top left: the Mission Control Center in the Johnson Space Center, the Houston Ship Channel, Skyline of Downtown Houston, Rice University, and Minute Maid Park |
|
|
| Nickname(s): Space City (Official), more... |
|
Location in Harris County, Texas |
|
Location in the United States
|
| Coordinates: 29°45′46″N 95°22′59″W / 29.76278°N 95.38306°W / 29.76278; -95.38306Coordinates: 29°45′46″N 95°22′59″W / 29.76278°N 95.38306°W / 29.76278; -95.38306 |
| Country |
United States of America |
| State |
Texas |
| Counties |
Harris, Fort Bend, Montgomery |
| Incorporated |
June 5, 1837 |
| Government |
| - Type |
Mayor–council |
| - Mayor |
Annise Parker |
| Area |
| - City |
601.7 sq mi (1,558 km2) |
| - Land |
579.4 sq mi (1,501 km2) |
| - Water |
22.3 sq mi (57.7 km2) |
| Elevation |
43 ft (13 m) |
| Population (2008)[1][2] |
| - City |
2,242,193 (4th U.S.) |
| - Density |
3,828/sq mi (1,471/km2) |
| - Urban |
3,822,509 |
| - Metro |
5,728,143 (6th U.S.) |
| - Demonym |
Houstonian |
| Time zone |
CST (UTC-6) |
| - Summer (DST) |
CDT (UTC-5) |
| Area code(s) |
713, 281, 832 |
| FIPS code |
48-35000[3] |
| GNIS feature ID |
1380948[4] |
| Website |
houstontx.gov |
.^ Houston is the fourth-largest city in the United States and the largest city in the state of Texas.- Houston, Texas TX - Motels, Hotels, Inns, Lodging 28 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.roadsideamerica.com [Source type: General]
^ Houston Medical Center is an upscale property located at the heart of the Texas Medical Center Complex, the largest Medical Center in the world, boasting more that 61 different ...- Houston, Texas TX - Motels, Hotels, Inns, Lodging 28 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.roadsideamerica.com [Source type: General]
^ Connected to The Galleria Shopping Center (Houstons #1 attraction and the fourth largest shopping center in North America over ...- Houston, Texas TX - Motels, Hotels, Inns, Lodging 28 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.roadsideamerica.com [Source type: General]
As of the 2008 U.S. Census estimate, the city had a population of 2.2 million within an area of 600 square miles (1,600 km
2).
[1] .^ Houston Medical Center is an upscale property located at the heart of the Texas Medical Center Complex, the largest Medical Center in the world, boasting more that 61 different ...- Houston, Texas TX - Motels, Hotels, Inns, Lodging 28 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.roadsideamerica.com [Source type: General]
^ Connected to The Galleria Shopping Center (Houstons #1 attraction and the fourth largest shopping center in North America over ...- Houston, Texas TX - Motels, Hotels, Inns, Lodging 28 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.roadsideamerica.com [Source type: General]
^ Close to area attractions, business centers, Port of Houston, Medical Center and downtown.- Houston, Texas TX - Motels, Hotels, Inns, Lodging 28 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.roadsideamerica.com [Source type: General]
Houston was founded on August 30, 1836, by brothers
Augustus Chapman Allen and
John Kirby Allen on land near the banks of
Buffalo Bayou.
[5] .^ N Sam Houston Pkwy East .- Houston, TX Hotels, Houston, TX Lodging, Discount Hotels in Houston, TX 17 September 2009 9:29 UTC www.gothotel.com [Source type: Academic]
The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city's population.
.^ Houston Medical Center is an upscale property located at the heart of the Texas Medical Center Complex, the largest Medical Center in the world, boasting more that 61 different ...- Houston, Texas TX - Motels, Hotels, Inns, Lodging 28 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.roadsideamerica.com [Source type: General]
^ Our central location to the Houston Medical Center ...- Houston, Texas TX - Motels, Hotels, Inns, Lodging 28 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.roadsideamerica.com [Source type: General]
^ Candlewood Suites HOUSTON MEDICAL CENTER 10025 MAIN STREET Houston, TX 77025 2 Star Candlewood Suites Houston Medical Center , located in the heart of the Texas Medical Center , is just minutes from some of the world's top medical institutions such as MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX Ch ...- Houston, Texas TX - Motels, Hotels, Inns, Lodging 28 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.roadsideamerica.com [Source type: General]
.^ Houston Medical Center is an upscale property located at the heart of the Texas Medical Center Complex, the largest Medical Center in the world, boasting more that 61 different ...- Houston, Texas TX - Motels, Hotels, Inns, Lodging 28 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.roadsideamerica.com [Source type: General]
^ Houston, TX 77084 Nightly Rates: ($129.99 - $129.99) 1 Star Centrally located in west Houston, the Comfort Suites hotel is next to the Houston Energy Corridor, Westchase District and Memorial City.- Houston, Texas TX - Motels, Hotels, Inns, Lodging 28 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.roadsideamerica.com [Source type: General]
^ Houston Energy Corridor Hilton GI 12245 Katy Freeway Houston, TX 77079 Nightly Rates: ($169.00 - $189.00) 3 Star The Hilton Garden Inn Houston Energy Corridor hotel is located on Houston*s Westside in the Heart of the Energy Corridor home to several of the most powerful energy companies in the world.- Houston, Texas TX - Motels, Hotels, Inns, Lodging 28 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.roadsideamerica.com [Source type: General]
[6] [7] The
Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled and second in total cargo tonnage handled.
[8] The city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community.
.^ Conveniently located in the Galleria area, this Houston luxury hotel is near more than 200 exclusive stores ...- Houston, Texas TX - Motels, Hotels, Inns, Lodging 28 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.roadsideamerica.com [Source type: General]
^ We are very conveniently located off of Interstate 10 in West Houston, near the famous Galleria Shopping District and close to many excellent dining and shopping ...- Houston, Texas TX - Motels, Hotels, Inns, Lodging 28 January 2010 1:01 UTC www.roadsideamerica.com [Source type: General]
Houston has an active visual and performing arts scene in the
Theater District and is one of few U.S. cities that offer year-round resident companies in all major
performing arts.
[9]
History
Houston was granted incorporation on June 5, 1837, with
James S. Holman becoming its first mayor.
[11] In the same year, Houston became the county seat of Harrisburg County (now Harris County) and the temporary capital of the
Republic of Texas.
[12] In 1840, the community established a chamber of commerce in part to promote shipping and waterborne business at the newly created port on Buffalo Bayou.
[13]
By 1860, Houston had emerged as a commercial and railroad hub for the export of cotton.
[12] Railroad spurs from the Texas inland converged in Houston, where they met rail lines to the ports of
Galveston and
Beaumont. During the
American Civil War, Houston served as a headquarters for General
John Bankhead Magruder, who used the city as an organization point for the
Battle of Galveston.
[14] After the Civil War, Houston businessmen initiated efforts to widen the city's extensive system of bayous so the city could accept more commerce between downtown and the nearby port of Galveston. By 1890 Houston was the railroad center of Texas.
In 1900, after Galveston was struck by a devastating
hurricane, efforts to make Houston into a viable deepwater port were accelerated.
[15] The following year, oil discovered at the
Spindletop oil field near Beaumont prompted the development of the Texas petroleum industry.
[16] In 1902, President
Theodore Roosevelt approved a $1 million improvement project for the Houston Ship Channel. By 1910 the city's population had reached 78,800, almost doubling from a decade before. An integral part of the city were African Americans, who numbered 23,929 or nearly one-third of the residents.
[17] They were developing a strong professional class based then in the Fourth Ward.
President
Woodrow Wilson opened the deepwater Port of Houston in 1914, seven years after digging began. By 1930, Houston had become Texas's most populous city and Harris the most populous county.
[18]
When
World War II started, tonnage levels at the port decreased and shipping activities were suspended; however, the war did provide economic benefits for the city. Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were constructed along the ship channel because of the demand for petroleum and synthetic rubber products during the war.
[19] Ellington Field, initially built during
World War I, was revitalized as an advanced training center for bombardiers and navigators.
[20] The M. D. Anderson Foundation formed the
Texas Medical Center in 1945. After the war, Houston's economy reverted to being primarily port-driven. In 1948, several unincorporated areas were annexed into the city limits, which more than doubled the city's size, and Houston proper began to spread across the region.
[11][21]
In 1950, the availability of air conditioning provided impetus for many companies to relocate to Houston resulting in an economic boom and producing a key shift in the city's economy toward the energy sector.
[22][23]
The increased production of the local shipbuilding industry during World War II spurred Houston's growth,
[24] as did the establishment in 1961 of NASA's "Manned Spacecraft Center" (renamed the
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in 1973), which created the city's aerospace industry. The
Astrodome, nicknamed the "
Eighth Wonder of the World,"
[25] opened in 1965 as the world's first indoor domed sports stadium.
During the late 1970s, Houston experienced a population boom as people from
Rust Belt states moved to Texas in large numbers.
[26] The new residents came for the numerous employment opportunities in the petroleum industry, created as a result of the
Arab Oil Embargo.
The population boom ended abruptly in the mid-1980s, as oil prices fell precipitously. The space industry also suffered in 1986 after the
Space Shuttle Challenger exploded shortly after launch. The late 1980s saw a recession adversely affecting the city's economy.
Since the 1990s, as a result of the recession, Houston has made efforts to diversify its economy by focusing on aerospace and health care/biotechnology and by reducing its dependence on the petroleum industry. In 1997, Houstonians elected
Lee P. Brown as the city's first African American mayor.
[27]
In June 2001,
Tropical Storm Allison dumped up to 37 inches (940 mm) of rain on parts of Houston, causing the worst flooding in the city's history; the storm cost billions of dollars in damage and killed 20 people in Texas.
[28] By December of that same year, Houston-based energy company
Enron collapsed into the second-largest ever U.S. bankruptcy during an investigation surrounding fabricated partnerships that were allegedly used to hide debt and inflate profits.
In August 2005, Houston became a shelter to more than 150,000 people from
New Orleans who evacuated from
Hurricane Katrina.
[29] One month later, approximately 2.5 million Houston area residents evacuated when
Hurricane Rita approached the
Gulf Coast, leaving little damage to the Houston area. This was the largest urban evacuation in the history of the United States.
[30][31]
Geography
A simulated-color image of Houston
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 601.7 square miles (1,558 km
2); this comprises 579.4 square miles (1,501 km
2) of land and 22.3 square miles (58 km
2) of water.
[32] Most of Houston is located on the
gulf coastal plain, and its vegetation is classified as temperate grassland and forest. Much of the city was built on forested land, marshes, swamp, or
prairie, which are all still visible in surrounding areas. Flatness of the local terrain, when combined with
urban sprawl, has made flooding a recurring problem for the city.
[33] Downtown stands about 50 feet (15 m) above sea level,
[34] and the highest point in far northwest Houston is about 125 feet (38 m) in elevation.
[35][36] The city once relied on
groundwater for its needs, but land
subsidence forced the city to turn to ground-level water sources such as
Lake Houston and
Lake Conroe.
[11][37]
Geology
Underpinning Houston's land surface are
unconsolidated clays, clay
shales, and poorly cemented
sands up to several miles deep. The region's
geology developed from river deposits formed from the erosion of the
Rocky Mountains. These
sediments consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic matter, that over time, transformed into oil and natural gas. Beneath the layers of sediment is a water-deposited layer of
halite, a rock salt. The porous layers were compressed over time and forced upward. As it pushed upward, the salt dragged surrounding sediments into
salt dome formations, often trapping oil and gas that seeped from the surrounding porous sands. The thick, rich, sometimes black, surface soil is suitable for rice farming in suburban outskirts where the city continues to grow.
[38][39]
The Houston area has over 150 active
faults (estimated to be 300 active faults)
[40] with an aggregate length of up to 310 miles (500 km),
[41][42] including the
Long Point-Eureka Heights Fault System which runs through the center of the city. There have been no significant historically recorded
earthquakes in Houston, but researchers do not discount the possibility of such quakes occurring in the deeper past, nor in the future. Land in some communities southeast of Houston is sinking because water has been pumped out from the ground for many years. It may be associated with slip along faults; however, the slippage is slow and not considered an earthquake, where stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create seismic waves.
[43] These faults also tend to move at a smooth rate in what is termed "
fault creep,"
[37] which further reduces the risk of an earthquake.
Climate
| Houston |
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| source: Weather.com / NWS[44] |
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During the summer months, it is common for the temperature to reach over 90 °F (32 °C), with an average of 99 days per year above 90 °F (32 °C).
[46][47] However, the humidity results in a
heat index higher than the actual temperature. Summer mornings average over 90 percent
relative humidity and approximately 60 percent in the afternoon.
[48][48] Winds are often light in the summer and offer little relief, except near the immediate coast.
[49] To cope with the heat, people use
air conditioning in nearly every vehicle and building in the city; in 1980 Houston was described as the "most air-conditioned place on earth".
[50] Scattered afternoon thunderstorms are common in the summer. The hottest
temperature ever recorded in Houston was 109 °F (43 °C) on September 4, 2000.
[51]
Winters in Houston are fairly temperate. The average high in January, the coldest month, is 63 °F (17 °C), while the average low is 41 °F (5 °C). Snowfall is generally rare. Recent snow events in Houston include a storm on
December 24, 2004 when one inch (2.5 cm) fell and more recent snowfalls on December 10, 2008. However, more recently on December 4, 2009 an inch of snow fell in the city. This was the earliest snowfall ever recorded in Houston. In addition, it set another milestone marking the first time in recorded history that snowfall has occurred on two consecutive years, and marks the third accumulating snowfall occurring in the decade of 2000-2010. The coldest
temperature ever recorded in Houston was 5 °F (−15 °C) on January 23, 1940.
[52] Houston receives a high amount of rainfall annually, averaging about 54 inches a year. These rains tend to cause floods over portions of the city.
Houston has excessive
ozone levels and is ranked among the most ozone-polluted cities in the United States.
[53] Ground-level ozone, or
smog, is Houston’s predominant air pollution problem, with the American Lung Association rating the metropolitan area's ozone level as the 6th worst in the United States in 2006.
[54] The industries located along the ship channel are a major cause of the city's air pollution.
[55]
Cityscape
Houston was incorporated in 1837 under the
ward system of representation. The ward designation is the progenitor of the nine current-day Houston City Council districts. Locations in Houston are generally classified as either being inside or outside the
Interstate 610 Loop. The inside encompasses the
central business district and many residential neighborhoods that predate World War II. More recently, high-density residential areas have been developed within the loop. The city's outlying areas, suburbs and enclaves are located outside of the loop.
Beltway 8 encircles the city another 5 miles (8.0 km) farther out.
Though Houston is the largest city in the United States without formal
zoning regulations, it has developed similarly to other
Sun Belt cities because the city's land use regulations and
legal covenants have played a similar role.
[56][57] Regulations include mandatory lot size for single-family houses and requirements that parking be available to tenants and customers. Such restrictions have had mixed results. Though some
[57] have blamed the city's low density,
urban sprawl, and lack of
pedestrian-friendliness on these policies, the city's land use has also been credited with a bounty of affordable housing, sparing Houston the worst effects of the
2008 real estate crisis.
[58] The city issued 42,697 building permits in 2008 and was ranked first in the list of healthiest housing markets for 2009, according to Builder magazine.
[59]
Voters rejected efforts to have separate residential and commercial land-use districts in 1948, 1962, and 1993. Consequently, rather than a single central business district as the center of the city's employment, multiple districts have grown throughout the city in addition to
downtown which include
Uptown,
Texas Medical Center,
Midtown,
Greenway Plaza,
Energy Corridor,
Westchase, and
Greenspoint.
Government and politics
The city council line-up of nine district based and five at-large positions was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979.
[64] At-large council members represent the entire city.
[62] Under the current city charter, if the population in the city limits goes past 2.1 million residents, the current nine-member city council districts will be expanded with the addition of two city council districts.
[65]
The city
controller is elected independently of the mayor and council. The controller's duties are to certify available funds prior to committing such funds and processing disbursements. The city's
fiscal year begins on July 1 and ends on June 30.
Ronald Green is the city controller, serving his first term as of January 2010.
Houston is considered to be a politically divided city whose balance of power often sways between
Republicans and
Democrats. Much of the city's wealthier and more white areas vote Republican, while the city's impoverished, middle class, and minority areas vote Democrat. According to the 2005 Houston Area Survey, 68 percent of non-Hispanic whites in Harris County are declared or favor
Republicans while 89 percent of non-Hispanic blacks in the area are declared or favor
Democrats. About 62 percent Hispanics (of any race) in the area are declared or favor Democrats.
[66] The city has often been known to be the most politically diverse city in Texas, a state known for being unanimously conservative.
[67] As a result the city is often a contested area in state elections.
[68]
Economy
Data from city-data.com
[69]
Houston is recognized worldwide for its energy industry—particularly for oil and natural gas—as well as for
biomedical research and aeronautics.
Renewable energy sources—
wind and
solar—are also becoming popular economic bases in Houston.
[70][71] The ship channel is also a large part of Houston's economic base. Because of these strengths, Houston is designated as a beta
world city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network.
[7]
Considered to be the energy capital of the world, five of the six
supermajor energy companies maintain a large base of operations in Houston (international headquarters of
ConocoPhillips; US operational headquarters of
Exxon-Mobil; US headquarters for international companies
Shell Oil (US subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell located in The Hague, Netherlands), and
BP whose international headquarters are in London, England).
[72] Specifically, the headquarters of Shell Oil Company, the US affiliate of
Royal Dutch Shell, is located at
One Shell Plaza. While
ExxonMobil maintains its small, global headquarters in
Irving, Texas, its
upstream and chemical divisions as well as most operational divisions, are located in Houston.
Chevron has offices in Houston, having acquired a 40 story building intended to be the headquarters of Enron.
[73] The company's Chevron Pipe Line Company subsidiary is headquartered in Houston, and more divisions are being consolidated and moved to Houston each year.
[74] Houston is headquarters for the
Marathon Oil Corporation,
Apache Corporation, and
Citgo and
alternative energy companies such as
Horizon Wind Energy.
[75]
Greater Houston is a leading center for building
oilfield equipment.
[76] Much of Houston's success as a
petrochemical complex is due to its busy man-made ship channel, the
Port of Houston.
[77] The port ranks first in the United States in international commerce, and is the tenth-largest port in the world.
[8][78] Unlike most places, where high
oil and
gasoline prices are seen as harmful to the economy, they are generally seen as beneficial for Houston as many are employed in the energy industry.
[79]
The Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown MSA's Gross Area Product (GAP) in 2008 was $440.4 billion,
[80] slightly larger than Belgium’s, Malaysia’s, Venezuela’s or Sweden’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). When comparing Houston's economy to a national economy, only 21 countries other than the United States have a
gross domestic product exceeding Houston's regional gross area product.
[80] Houston's MSA Gross Area Product for 2007 is estimated to be 416.6 billion, up 13.8 percent from 2006.
Mining, which in Houston is almost entirely exploration and production of oil and gas, accounts for 26.3% of Houston's GAP, up sharply in response to high energy prices and a decreased worldwide surplus of oil production capacity; followed by
engineering services, health services, and
manufacturing.
[81]
The Houston area added 42,400
private-sector jobs between November 2007 and November 2008 and registered the nation’s largest gain in private-sector employment among the nation's cities, according to employment statistics of the
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
[82] The unemployment rate in the city was 3.8% in April 2008, the lowest level in eight years while the job growth rate was 2.8%.
[83]
In 2006, the Houston metropolitan area ranked first in Texas and third in the U.S. within the Category of "Best Places for Business and Careers" by
Forbes magazine.
[84] Foreign governments have established 89 consular offices in metropolitan Houston. Forty foreign governments maintain
trade and commercial offices here and 23 active foreign chambers of commerce and trade associations.
[85] Twenty-five foreign banks representing 13 nations operate in Houston, providing financial assistance to the international community.
[86]
In 2008, Houston received top ranking on
Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities of 2008 list which ranks cities on their local economy, employment opportunities, reasonable living costs and quality of life.
[87] The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years, according to
Forbes magazine.
[88] In the same year, the city ranked second on the annual
Fortune 500 list of company headquarters,
[6] ranked first for
Forbes Best Cities for College Graduates,
[89] and ranked first on Forbes list of
Best Cities to Buy a Home.
[90]
Demographics
| Historical populations |
| Census |
Pop. |
|
%± |
| 1850 |
2,396 |
|
—
|
| 1860 |
4,845 |
|
102.2% |
| 1870 |
9,332 |
|
92.6% |
| 1880 |
16,513 |
|
77.0% |
| 1890 |
27,557 |
|
66.9% |
| 1900 |
44,633 |
|
62.0% |
| 1910 |
78,800 |
|
76.6% |
| 1920 |
138,276 |
|
75.5% |
| 1930 |
292,352 |
|
111.4% |
| 1940 |
384,514 |
|
31.5% |
| 1950 |
596,163 |
|
55.0% |
| 1960 |
938,219 |
|
57.4% |
| 1970 |
1,232,802 |
|
31.4% |
| 1980 |
1,595,138 |
|
29.4% |
| 1990 |
1,630,553 |
|
2.2% |
| 2000 |
1,953,631 |
|
19.8% |
| Est. 2008 |
2,242,193 |
|
14.8% |
The annual Houston International Festival spotlights a different culture each year
Houston is a
multicultural city, in part because of its many academic institutions and strong industries. Over 90
languages are spoken in the city.
[91] Houston has among the youngest populations in the nation,
[92][93][94] partly due to an influx of
immigrants into Texas.
[95] The city has the third-largest
Hispanic and third-largest
Mexican-American population in the United States.
.^ Texas Very Small Towns and Villages (fewer than 1000 residents) - Real Estate, Housing, Schools, Residents, Crime, Pollution, Demographics and More .- Texas Very Small Towns and Villages (fewer than 1000 residents) - Real Estate, Housing, Schools, Residents, Crime, Pollution, Demographics and More 17 September 2009 9:29 UTC www.city-data.com [Source type: General]
^ Texas Smaller Cities, Towns, and Villages (between 1000 and 6000 residents) - Real Estate, Housing, Schools, Residents, Crime, Pollution, Demographics and More .- Texas Smaller Cities, Towns, and Villages (between 1000 and 6000 residents) - Real Estate, Housing, Schools, Residents, Crime, Pollution, Demographics and More 17 September 2009 9:29 UTC www.city-data.com [Source type: General]
^ More Texas directories: Cities in Texas with more than 6000 residents Cities, towns, and villages in Texas between 1000 and 6000 residents .- Texas Very Small Towns and Villages (fewer than 1000 residents) - Real Estate, Housing, Schools, Residents, Crime, Pollution, Demographics and More 17 September 2009 9:29 UTC www.city-data.com [Source type: General]
[96] An estimated 400,000
illegal immigrants reside in the Greater Houston area.
[97] Houston has some of the largest communities of
Indian and
Pakistani descent in the United States.
[98] The
Nigerian-American community of Houston, estimated to be over 2.0% of the city's population, is the largest in the United States.
[99][100]
As of the
2000 Census, there were 1,953,631 people and the
population density was 3,371.7 people per square mile (1,301.8/km
2). The racial makeup of the city was 49.3% White, 25.3% African American, 5.3% Asian, 0.4% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 16.5% from some other race, and 3.1% from two or more races. In addition, Hispanics and Latinos made up 37.4% of Houston's population while non-Hispanic whites made up 30.8%.
[103]
There were 717,945 households out of which 33.1 percent had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2 percent were
married couples living together, 15.3 percent had a
female householder with no husband present, and 36.3 percent were non-families. Twenty-nine percent of all households were made up of individuals and 6.2 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.39. The median house price was $115,961 in 2009.
[104]
In the city, the population was spread out with 27.5 percent under the age of 18, 11.2 percent from 18 to 24, 33.8 percent from 25 to 44, 19.1 percent from 45 to 64, and 8.4 percent who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $36,616, and the median income for a family was $40,443. Males had a median income of $32,084 versus $27,371 for females. The
per capita income for the city was $20,101. Nineteen percent of the population and 16 percent of families were below the
poverty line. Out of the total population, 26.1 percent of those under the age of 18 and 14.3 percent of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
Houston has a large number of immigrants from
Asia, including the largest
Vietnamese American population in Texas and third-largest in the United States, with 30,000 people in 2007. Some parts of the city with high populations of Vietnamese and
Chinese residents have
Chinese and
Vietnamese street signs, in addition to
English ones. Houston has two
Chinatowns: the original located in Downtown, and the more recent one north of Bellaire Boulevard in the southwest area of the city.
[105][106] The city has a
Little Saigon in
Midtown and Vietnamese businesses located in the southwest area of Houston's Chinatown.
[107] A "
Little India" community referred to as the "Harwin District" exists along Hillcroft.
[108]
Culture
Houston is a
diverse city with a large and growing international community.
[110] The metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million (21.4 percent) residents who were born outside the United States, with nearly two-thirds of the area's foreign-born population from south of the United States–Mexico border.
[111] Additionally, more than one in five foreign-born residents are from Asia.
[111] The city is home to the nation’s third largest concentration of consular offices, representing 86 countries.
[112]
Many annual events celebrate the diverse cultures of Houston. The largest and longest running is the annual
Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, held over 20 days from late February to early March, which happens to be the largest annual Livestock Show and Rodeo anywhere in the world.
[113] Another large celebration is the annual night-time Houston
Pride Parade, held at the end of June.
[114] Other annual events include the
Houston Greek Festival,
[115] Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, the Westheimer Block Party
[116] and the
Bayou City Art Festival, which is considered to be one of the top five art festivals in the United States.
[117][118]
Arts and theatre
Bayou Bend is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) facility of the Museum of Fine Arts that houses one of America's best collections of decorative art, paintings and furniture. Bayou Bend is the former home of Houston philanthropist
Ima Hogg.
[130]
Many venues scattered across Houston regularly host local and touring
rock,
blues,
country,
hip hop and
Tejano musical acts. There has never been a widely renowned music scene in Houston. Artists seem to relocate to other parts of the United States once attaining some level of success.
[131] A notable exception to the rule is
Houston hip-hop, which celebrates the unique southern flavor and attitude of its roots. This has given rise to a strong, independent
hip-hop music scene, influencing and influenced by the larger Southern
hip hop and
gangsta rap communities.
[132] Many Houstonian hip-hop artists have attained commercial success. Houston is the home of
chopped and screwed music.
Other prominent artists that have come from Houston include the pop and R&B girl group
Destiny's Child, progressive rock band King's X, hard Southern rock band
ZZ Top, sixties psychedelic rock band
Red Krayola, folk-country singer/songwriter
Lyle Lovett, pop singer and actress
Hilary Duff, the actor
Patrick Swayze, and indie-piano rock band
Blue October. Houston also once had fledgling blues and folk scenes in the sixties and seventies with blues performers such as
Lightnin' Hopkins,
Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown, "Texas" Johnny Brown,
Johnny "Guitar" Watson,
Albert Collins,
Johnny Copeland, and
Joe "Guitar" Hughes many of whom recorded with the hometown music label
Peacock Records.
Folk artists in the city in the sixties and seventies such as
Townes Van Zandt,
Rodney Crowell,
Steve Earle and
Guy Clark also called Houston home for many years playing at long standing venues like Anderson Fair and the Old Quarter Acoustic Cafe.
[133] The eighties and nineties produced
punk and
alternative rock such as
Dirty Rotten Imbeciles,
Verbal Abuse,
Really Red,
Culturcide, the
Pain Teens and the
outside musician
Jandek. The new millennium has seen a continuance of
Houston Noise Bands with contemporary performers such as
Jana Hunter and
Indian Jewelry.
Tourism and recreation
The
Theater District is a 17-block area in the center of downtown Houston that is home to the
Bayou Place entertainment complex, restaurants, movies, plazas, and parks. Bayou Place is a large multilevel building containing full-service restaurants, bars, live music,
billiards, and art house films. The Houston
Verizon Wireless Theater stages live
concerts, stage plays, and stand-up comedy; and the
Angelika Film Center presents
art,
foreign and
independent films.
[134]
Houston is home to 337 parks including
Hermann Park, which houses the
Houston Zoo and the
Houston Museum of Natural Science,
Terry Hershey Park,
Lake Houston Park,
Memorial Park,
Tranquility Park,
Sesquicentennial Park,
Discovery Green and
Sam Houston Park (which contains restored and reconstructed homes which were originally built between 1823 and 1905).
[135] Of the 10 most populous U.S. cities, Houston has the most total area of parks and green space: 56,405 acres (228 km
2).
[136] The city also has over 200 additional green spaces—totaling over 19,600 acres (79 km
2) that are managed by the city—including the
Houston Arboretum and Nature Center. The
Williams Waterwall serves as a popular tourist attraction and sits in
Uptown Houston. The Houston Civic Center was replaced by the
George R. Brown Convention Center—one of the nation's largest—and the
Jesse H. Jones Hall for the Performing Arts, home of the
Houston Symphony Orchestra and Society for the Performing Arts. The
Sam Houston Coliseum and Music Hall have been replaced by the
Hobby Center for the Performing Arts.
Sports
Houston has teams for nearly every major professional sport (only the
NHL is not represented). The
Houston Astros (
MLB),
Houston Texans (
NFL),
Houston Rockets (
NBA),
Houston Dynamo (
MLS),
Houston Aeros (
AHL),
Houston Wranglers (
WTT),
Houston Takers (
ABA),
Houston Energy (
IWFL),
Houston Leones (
PDL),
H-Town Texas Cyclones (also
IWFL),
Houston Power (
WFA), and the
Houston Lightning (
SIFL) all call Houston home.
Minute Maid Park (home of the Astros) and
Toyota Center (home of the Rockets, and Aeros) are located in a revived area of downtown. The city has the
Reliant Astrodome, the first domed stadium in the world; it also holds the NFL's first retractable-roof stadium,
Reliant Stadium. Other sports facilities in Houston include
Hofheinz Pavilion,
Reliant Arena (former home of the
WNBA's
Houston Comets, now home to the Lightning), and
Robertson Stadium (both used for
University of Houston collegiate sports, the latter also for the
Houston Dynamo), and
Rice Stadium (home of the
Rice University Owls football team). The infrequently used Reliant Astrodome hosted
World Wrestling Entertainment's
WrestleMania X-Seven on April 1, 2001, where an attendance record of 67,925 was set.
[137] The city also hosted
WrestleMania XXV at
Reliant Stadium on April 5, 2009.
[138]
Houston has hosted major recent sporting events, including the
2004 Major League Baseball All-Star Game,
[139] the 2000 IHL
All-Star Game, the 2005
Big 12 Conference football championship game, the
2006 NBA All-Star Game, the
U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships from 2001–2006, and the
Tennis Masters Cup in 2003 and 2004, as well as the annual
Shell Houston Open golf tournament. Starting in 2009, Houston will host the final official event in the
LPGA golf season, the
LPGA Tour Championship. The city hosts the annual NCAA College Baseball Minute Maid Classic every February and NCAA football's
Texas Bowl in December. Houston has hosted the
Super Bowl championship game twice.
Super Bowl VIII was played at
Rice Stadium in 1974 and
Super Bowl XXXVIII was played at
Reliant Stadium in 2004. From 1998 to 2001, the CART auto racing series held a yearly race, the
Grand Prix of Houston, on downtown streets. After a five-year hiatus, CART's successor series,
Champ Car, revived the race for 2006 and 2007 on the streets surrounding the
Reliant Park complex. However, Champ Car merged with the rival
Indy Racing League (IRL) in 2008, discontinuing the Houston race in the process. Houston Raceway Park is located outside Houston near Baytown, and hosts the
NHRA and other forms of auto racing.
Media
LeRoy and Lucile Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting at the University of Houston
Houston is served by the
Houston Chronicle, its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution. The
Hearst Corporation, which owns and operates the
Houston Chronicle, bought the assets of the
Houston Post—its long-time rival and main competition—when
Houston Post ceased operations in 1995. The
Houston Post was owned by the family of former Lieutenant Governor
Bill Hobby of Houston. The only other major publication to serve the city is the
Houston Press—a free
alternative weekly with a weekly readership of more than 300,000.
[140]
The Houston area is served by a public television station,
KUHT, and public radio station,
KUHF. Both stations are licensed to and operated by the
University of Houston. KUHT (Channel 8) is a
PBS member station and the first public television station in the United States, and KUHF (88.7 FM) is an
NPR member station. Both stations broadcast from the LeRoy and Lucile Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting at the University of Houston.
Architecture
Houston has the third-tallest skyline in
North America and one of the top 10 in the world.
[141][142] The city has a seven-mile (11 km)
system of tunnels and skywalks linking buildings in downtown which contain shops, restaurants, and convenience stores. This system enables pedestrians to avoid the summer heat and rain showers while walking from one building to another.
In the 1960s,
Downtown Houston consisted of a modest collection of mid-rise office structures, but has since grown into one of the largest
skylines in the United States. Downtown was on the threshold of a boom in 1970 with huge projects being launched by
real estate developers with the energy industry boom. A succession of skyscrapers were built throughout the 1970s—many by real estate developer
Gerald D. Hines—culminating with Houston's tallest skyscraper, the 75-floor, 1,002-foot (305 m)-tall
JPMorgan Chase Tower (formerly the Texas Commerce Tower), which was completed in 1982. It is the tallest structure in Texas,
10th-tallest building in the United States and the
30th-tallest skyscraper in the world based on height to roof. In 1983, the 71-floor, 992-foot (302 m)-tall
Wells Fargo Plaza (formerly Allied Bank Plaza) was completed, which became the second-tallest building in Houston and Texas. Based on height to roof, it is the 13th-tallest in the United States and the 36th-tallest in the world. As of 2007, downtown Houston had over 43 million square feet (4,000,000 m²) of office space.
[143]
Centered on Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road, the
Uptown District boomed during the 1970s and early 1980s when a collection of mid-rise office buildings, hotels, and retail developments appeared along
Interstate 610 west. Uptown became one of the most impressive instances of an
edge city. The highest achievement of Uptown was the construction of the 64-floor, 901-foot (275 m)-tall,
Philip Johnson and
John Burgee designed landmark
Williams Tower (known as the Transco Tower until 1999). At the time, it was believed to the be the world's tallest skyscraper outside of a central business district. The Uptown District is also home to other buildings designed by noted architects such as
I. M. Pei,
César Pelli, and
Philip Johnson. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, there was a mini-boom of mid-rise and
high-rise residential tower construction, with several over 30 stories tall.
[144][145][146] In 2002, Uptown had more than 23 million square feet (2,100,000 m²) of office space with 16 million square feet (1,500,000 m²) of
Class A office space.
[147]
Crime
Police services are provided by the
Houston Police Department. Houston's murder rate ranked 46th of U.S. cities with a population over 250,000 in 2005 (per capita rate of 16.3 murders per 100,000 population).
[148] The city's murder rate, however, ranked 3rd among U.S. cities with a population of 1,000,000 or more. Even those statistics were believed to be higher after local TV news investigator Mark Greenblatt found the Houston Police Department under-counted 2005 homicides. Officially counting just two more of the city's murders would have bumped up the city's murder rate to second place.
[149] While nonviolent crime in the city dropped by 2 percent in 2005 compared to 2004, the number of
homicides rose by 23.5 percent.
[150] Since 2005, Houston has been experiencing a spike in crime, which is due in part to an influx of people from New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina.
[151] After Katrina, Houston's murder rate increased 70 percent in November and December 2005 compared to levels in 2004. The city recorded 336 murders in 2005,
[150] compared to 272 in 2004.
[152] Houston's homicide rate per 100,000 residents increased from 16.33 in 2005 to 17.24 in 2006.
[153] The number of murders in the city increased to 379 in 2006.
[150] Among other cities, Houston is a major hub for drug traffickers, who supply cocaine, marijuana, heroin, MDMA, and methamphetamine to distributors in other American markets.
[154]
In 2007, Houston ranked first for auto-theft in the state of Texas when more than 31,000 motor vehicles were stolen in the Houston metropolitan area.
[155] In 2010 WalletPop.com, a personal finance blog, partnered with NeighborhoodScout.com to determine the safest neighborhoods in the fifty largest cities in the United States; in the partnership determined that, in Houston, the area with the least amounts of crime incidents was at the intersection of
Westheimer Road and
Texas State Highway 6.
[156]
Transportation
The predominant form of transportation in Houston is the automobile with 71.7% of residents driving alone to work
[157] This is facilitated through
Houston's freeway system, comprising 739.3 miles (1,189.8 km) of freeways and expressways in a ten-county metropolitan area.
[158] Its highway system uses a
hub-and-spoke freeway structure serviced by multiple loops. The innermost loop is
Interstate 610, which encircles downtown, the medical center, and many core neighborhoods with around a 10-mile (16 km) diameter.
Beltway 8 and its freeway core, the Sam Houston Tollway, form the middle loop at a diameter of roughly 25 miles (40 km). A proposed highway project,
State Highway 99 (The Grand Parkway), would form a third loop outside of Houston. Currently, only two out of eleven segments of State Highway 99 have been completed. Houston is located along the route of the proposed
Interstate 69 NAFTA superhighway that would link Canada, the U.S. industrial
Midwest, Texas, and Mexico. Other spoke freeways either planned or under construction include the
Fort Bend Parkway,
Hardy Toll Road,
Crosby Freeway, and the future
Alvin Freeway.
METRO light rail along the Main Street Corridor in Downtown
The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas, or METRO, provides public transportation in the form of buses, light rail, and lift vans. METRO's various forms of public transportation still do not connect many of the suburbs to the greater city. METRO began light rail service on January 1, 2004 with the inaugural track
("Red Line") running about 8 miles (13 km) from the
University of Houston–Downtown (UHD), which traverses through the
Texas Medical Center and terminates at
Reliant Park. METRO is currently in the design phase of a 10-year expansion plan that will add five more lines to the existing system.
[160]
Amtrak, the national rail passenger system, provides service to Houston via the
Sunset Limited (Los Angeles–New Orleans), which stops at a
train station on the north side of the downtown area. The station saw 14,891 boardings and alightings in fiscal year 2008.
[161]
Houston is served by three airports, two of which are commercial that served 52 million passengers in 2007 and managed by the
Houston Airport System.
[162] The
Federal Aviation Administration and the state of Texas selected the "Houston Airport System as Airport of the Year" for 2005,
[163] largely because of its multi-year, $3.1 billion airport improvement program for both major airports in Houston. The primary city airport is
George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), the eighth-busiest in the United States for total passengers, and sixteenth-busiest worldwide.
[164] Bush Intercontinental currently ranks third in the United States for non-stop domestic and international service with 182 destinations.
[165] In 2006, the
United States Department of Transportation named
George Bush Intercontinental Airport the fastest-growing of the top ten airports in the United States.
[166] Houston is the headquarters of
Continental Airlines and Bush Intercontinental is Continental Airlines' largest
hub. The airline offers more than 700 daily departures from Houston.
[167] In early 2007, Bush Intercontinental Airport was named a model "port of entry" for international travelers by U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
[168] The
Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center stands on the George Bush Intercontinental Airport grounds. The second-largest commercial airport is
William P. Hobby Airport (named Houston International Airport until 1967) which operates primarily small to medium-haul domestic flights. Houston's aviation history is showcased in the
1940 Air Terminal Museum located in the old terminal building on the west side of the airport. Hobby Airport has been recognized with two awards for being one of the top five performing airports in the world and for customer service by
Airports Council International.
[169] Houston's third municipal airport is
Ellington Airport (a former
U.S. Air Force base) used by military, government,
NASA, and general aviation sectors.
[170]
Healthcare and medicine
Houston is the seat of the internationally renowned Texas Medical Center, which contains the world's largest concentration of research and
healthcare institutions.
[171] All 47 member institutions of the Texas Medical Center are
non-profit organizations. They provide patient and preventive care, research, education, and local, national, and international community well-being. Employing more than 73,600 people, institutions at the medical center include 13
hospitals and two specialty institutions, two
medical schools, four
nursing schools, and schools of
dentistry, public health,
pharmacy, and virtually all health-related careers. It is where one of the first—and still the largest—air emergency service,
Life Flight, was created, and a very successful inter-institutional transplant program was developed. More
heart surgeries are performed at the Texas Medical Center than anywhere else in the world.
[172]
Education
There are
17 school districts serving the city. The
Houston Independent School District (HISD) is the seventh-largest in the United States.
[176] HISD has 112 campuses that serve as magnet or vanguard schools—specializing in such disciplines as health professions, visual and performing arts, and the sciences. There are also many
charter schools that are run separately from school districts. In addition, some public school districts also have their own charter schools.
Colleges and universities
Houston has more than sixty colleges, universities and other degree-granting institutions with a total enrollment of approximately 360,000 students.
[181] There are four public universities engaged in research and development in Houston. The
University of Houston (UH) is Texas's
third-largest public research university with 37,000 students from 130 countries. With over 300 degree programs and 40 research centers and institutes, UH is the flagship institution of the
University of Houston System (UHS) and is one of the most ethnically diverse research universities in the country.
[182][183] Its law school—
University of Houston Law Center—ranked No. 55 (Tier 1) of the "Top 100 Law Schools" in 2008 by
U.S. News & World Report.
[184] UH has the only optometry school and one of six pharmacy programs in Texas. The
University of Houston–Clear Lake (UHCL) is an upper-level university with 89 degree programs and an enrollment of 7,700 located adjacent to NASA's Johnson Space Center. The
University of Houston–Downtown (UHD) is an
open admissions four-year university with an enrollment of 12,300 offering 46 degree programs.
Texas Southern University (TSU) is a historically black four-year university with a pharmacy program and the
Thurgood Marshall School of Law.
Houston is home to many private institutions of higher learning—ranging from liberal arts colleges to a nationally recognized Tier One research university.
Rice University is one of the leading teaching and research universities of the United States and ranked the nation's 17th-best overall university by
U.S. News & World Report.
[185] Two private liberal arts colleges are
Houston Baptist University (HBU) and
University of St. Thomas (UST). Founded in 1923,
South Texas College of Law is a private and oldest law school in Houston located in Downtown.
[186]
There are three community college districts with campuses in Houston. The
Houston Community College System serves most of Houston and is the fourth-largest community college system in the United States.
[187] The northwestern through northeastern parts of the city are served by various campuses of the
Lone Star College System while the southeastern portion of Houston is served by
San Jacinto College.
Notes
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Further reading
- Houston, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online
- Houston, New York Has a Problem, City Journal, Summer 2008
- 172 Years of Historic Houston Houstonhistory.com. 2007. Retrieved on 2007-01-13.
- A thumb-nail history of the city of Houston, Texas, from its founding in 1836 to the year 1912, published 1912, hosted by the Portal to Texas History, republished 2007 by Copano Bay Press.
- True stories of old Houston and Houstonians: historical and personal sketches / by S. O. Young., published 1913, hosted by the Portal to Texas History, republished 2007 by Copano Bay Press.
- Allen, O. Fisher (1936). City of Houston from Wilderness to Wonder. Self Published. NA. .
- Johnston, Marguerite (1991). Houston, The Unknown City, 1836–1946. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-476-9.
- Miller, Ray (1984). Ray Miller's Houston. Gulf Publishing Company. ISBN 0-88415-081-X.
- Slotboom, Oscar F. "Erik" (2003). Houston Freeways. Oscar F. Slotboom. ISBN 0-9741605-3-9. [2]
- Wilson, Ann Quin (1982). Native Houstonian - A Collective Portrait. The Donning Company - Houston Baptist University Press. 80-27644.
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