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Howard Earl Gardner (born July 11, 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania) is an American developmental psychologist who is based at Harvard University. He is best known for his theory of multiple intelligences.^[1]

Multiple intelligences

Multiple intelligences is an idea that maintains there exist many different types of "intelligences" ascribed to human beings. In response to the question of whether or not measures of intelligence are scientific, Gardner suggests that each individual manifests varying levels of different intelligences, and thus each person has refined in subsequent years.

In 1999 Gardner lists eight intelligences as linguistic, logic-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal and intrapersonal. Gardner believes that each intelligence has a unique biological basis, a distinct course of development, and different expert, or "end-state," performances. At the same time, he emphasizes that a lengthy process of education is required to transform any raw potential into a mature social role.

Gardner is still considering a ninth, or existential intelligence, but has not added it yet.^[2]

See Also

• Multiple Natures

References

External links

For thorough, authoritative information on Multiple Intelligences, consult these books:

Frames of Mind (Basic, 1983)
Multiple Intelligences:The Theory in Practice (Basic, 1993)
The Disciplined Mind (Penguin Putnam, 2000)
Intelligence Reframed (Basic Books, 1999)
Multiple Intelligences: New Horizons(Basic Books, 2006)
Howard Gardner Under Fire (Open Court, 2006)
Multiple Intelligences Around the World (Jossey Bass, 2009)

• Howard Gardner's personal home page
• Howard Gardner's Project Zero home page at Harvard University
• The GoodWork Project
• The GoodWork Toolkit
• Howard Gardner School for Discovery in Scranton, PA; another photograph of Howard Gardner's can be seen here, at the link about "History"
• The Howard Gardner School in Alexandria, VA
• Gardner's work in social psychology, Greater Good magazine
• http://www.thomasarmstrong.com/multiple_intelligences.htm