| Huế | |
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Huế
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| Coordinates: 16°28′N 107°36′E / 16.467°N 107.6°E | |
| Country |  Vietnam |
| Province | Thua Thien-Hue Province |
| Population () | |
| - Total | 340,000 |
Huế (help·info) (化 in
chữ Nôm) is the
capital city of Thừa Thiên - Huế province, Vietnam. Between 1802 and 1945,
it was the imperial capital of the Nguyễn
Dynasty. As such, it is well known for its monuments and
architecture. Its population stands at about 340,000 people.
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Huế originally rose to prominence as the capital of the Nguyễn Lords, a feudal dynasty which dominated much of southern Vietnam from the 17th to the 19th century. In 1775 when Trinh Sam captured it, it was known as Phú Xuân. In 1802, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (later Emperor Gia Long) succeeded in establishing his control over the whole of Vietnam, thereby making Huế the national capital.[1]
Huế was the national capital until 1945, when Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated and a Communist government was established in Hà Nội (Hanoi), in the north.[2] While Bảo Đại was briefly proclaimed "Head of State" with the help of the returning French colonialists in 1949 (although not with recognition from the Communists and the full acceptance of the Vietnamese people), his new capital was Sài Gòn (Saigon), in the south.[3]
In the Vietnam War, Huế's central position placed it very near the border between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. The city was located in the South. In the Tết Offensive of 1968, during the Battle of Hue, the city suffered considerable damage not only to its physical features, but its reputation as well, most of it from American firepower and bombings on the historical buildings as well as the now infamous massacre at Huế committed by the Communist forces. After the war's conclusion, many of the historic features of Huế were neglected, being seen by the victorious regime and some other Vietnamese as "relics from the feudal regime"; the Vietnamese Communist Party doctrine officially describes the Nguyen Dynasty as "feudal" and "reactionary", but there has since been a change of policy, and some parts of the historic city have been restored.[4]
The city is located in central Vietnam on the banks of the Sông Hương (Hương River), just a few miles inland from the Biển Đông. It is about 700 km (438 mi.) south of the national capital of Hanoi and about 1100 km (690 mi.) north of Hồ Chí Minh City, the country's largest city formerly known as Saigon.
The climate is hot and generally wet (Köppen Af). Because of the angle of the central coast of Vietnam to the prevailing winds, however, Huế, like Chennai in India, receives most of its rainfall during the northeast monsoon between October and December. It is driest around March and April, but rain may still fall. The average annual rainfall of 3,000 millimetres (120 in) makes Huế one of the very wettest of Asian cities.[5]
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Huế is perhaps best known for its historic monuments, which have earned it a place in the UNESCO's World Heritage Sites.[6] The seat of the Nguyen emperors was in the Citadel, which occupies a large, walled area on the north side of the river. Inside the citadel was a forbidden city where only the concubines, emperors, and those close enough to them were granted access, the punishment for trespassing being death. Today, little of the forbidden city remains, though reconstruction efforts are in progress to maintain it as a tourist attraction as a view of the history of Huế.
Roughly along the Perfume River from Huế lie myriad other monuments, including the tombs of several emperors such as Minh Mang, Khai Dinh, Tu Duc, and others. Also notable is the Thien Mu Pagoda, located not far from the city centre along the river, the largest pagoda in Huế and chosen as the official symbol of the city.[7]
Less ancient but not less important are the French-style buildings along the south bank of the Fragrant or Perfume River, among them are the famed Quoc Hoc High School and the Hai Ba Trung High School.
The Hue Museum of Royal Fine Arts on 3 Le Truc Street also maintains a collection of various artifacts from the city.
| Complex of Huế Monuments* | |
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| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
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| State Party | Vietnam |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | iv |
| Reference | 678 |
| Region** | Asia-Pacific |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1993 (17th Session) |
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* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ** Region as classified by UNESCO. |
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Huế comprises 27 administrative divisions, including 24 phường (urban wards) and 3 xã (rural communes):
The cuisine of Huế draws from throughout Vietnam, but one of the most striking differences is the prominence of vegetarianism in the city. Several all-vegetarian restaurants are scattered in various corners of the city to serve the locals who have a strong tradition of eating vegetarian twice a month, as part of their Buddhist beliefs. Another feature of Huế dishes that sets them apart from other regional cuisines in Vietnam is the relatively small serving size with refined presentation, a vestige of its royal cuisine. Finally, another feature of Huế cuisine is that it is often very spicy.[8]
 Imperial cannons |
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 Thế Miếu temple |
 Hiển Lâm |
 Thai Hoa Palace from the Courtyard of Audience |
 Emperor's throne, Thai Hoa Palace |
 The Nine Dynastic Urns in front of the Thế Miếu (Temple of Generations) |
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 Hiển Nhân gate |
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 Right bank of Hương river |
 Right bank of Hương river |
 Hương river by night |
 Trần Hưng Đạo street |
 Huong river |
 Huong river and a bridge |
 Thien Mu pagoda |
 Minh Mang tomb |
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 Khai Dinh tomb |
 Khải Định tomb |
 Từ Hiếu pagoda |
Coordinates: 16°28′N 107°36′E / 16.467°N 107.6°E
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are cyclically rotated with time.]]
Hue is one of the main properties of a color described with names such as "red", "yellow", etc. The two other main properties of light are saturation, and lightness.
Usually, colors with the same hue are distinguished with adjectives referring to their lightness and/or chroma, such as with "light blue", "pastel blue", "vivid blue". Exceptions include brown, which is a dark orange,[1] and pink, a light red with reduced chroma.
In painting color theory, a hue refers to a pure color—one without tint or shade (added white or black pigment, respectively).[citation needed] A hue is an element of the color wheel.
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In opponent color spaces in which two of the axes are perceptually orthogonal to lightness, such as CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB) and CIE L*u*v* (CIELUV), hue may be computed together with chroma by converting these coordinates from rectangular form to polar form. Hue is the angular component of the polar representation, while chroma is the radial component.
Specifically, in CIELAB:[2]
while, analogously, in CIELUV:[2]
In practice, a four-quadrant arctangent may be used if available to invert these formulae.
Preucil[3] describes a color hexagon, similar to a trilinear plot described by Evans, Hanson, and Brewer,[4] which may be used to compute hue from RGB. To place red at 0°, green at 120°, and blue at 240°, one may solve:
He also used a polar plot, which he termed a color circle.[3] Using R, G, and B, rather than the R, G, and B densities Preucil used, one may compute hue angle using the following scheme: determine which of the six possible orderings of R, G, and B prevail, then apply the appropriate formula; see table below.
| Ordering | Hue Region | Formula |
|---|---|---|
| Red-Yellow | ||
| Yellow-Green | ||
| Green-Cyan | ||
| Cyan-Blue | ||
| Blue-Magenta | ||
| Magenta-Red |
Note that in each case the formula contains the fraction , where H is the highest of R, G, and B; L is the lowest, and M is the mid one between the other two. This is referred to as the Preucil Hue Error, and was used in the computation of mask strength in photomechanical color reproduction.[5]
Hue angles computed for the Preucil circle agree with the hue angle computed for the Preucil Hexagon at integer multiples of 30 degrees (red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, magenta, and the colors mid-way between contiguous pairs), and differ by approximately 1.2 degrees at odd integer multiples of 15 degrees (based on the circle formula), the maximum divergence between the two.
The process of converting an RGB color into an HSL color space or HSV color space is usually based on a 6-piece piecewise mapping, treating the HSV cone as a hexacone, or the HSL double cone as a double hexacone.[6] The formulae used are those in the table above.
The hues exhibited by caramel colorings and beers are fairly limited in range. The Linner hue index is used to quantify the hue of such products.
Manufacturers of pigments use the word hue e.g. 'Cadmium Yellow (hue)' to indicate that the original pigmentation ingredient, often toxic, has been replaced by safer (or cheaper) alternatives whilst retaining the hue of the original. Replacements are often used for chromium, cadmium and alizarin.
Dominant wavelength (or sometimes equivalent wavelength) is a physical analog to the perceptual attribute hue. On a chromaticity diagram, a line is drawn from a white point through the coordinates of the color in question, until it intersects the spectral locus. The wavelength at which the line intersects the spectrum locus is identified as the color's dominant wavelength if the point is on the same side of the white point as the spectral locus, and as the color's complementary wavelength if the point is on the opposite side.[7]
There are two main ways in which hue difference is quantified. The first is the simple difference between the two hue angles. The symbol for this expression of hue difference is in CIELAB and in CIELUV. The other is computed as the residual total color difference after Lightness and Chroma differences have been accounted for; its symbol is in CIELAB and in CIELUV.
Huế
Hue is one of the main properties of a color.
It is defined as “the degree to which a stimulus is similar to, or different from, stimuli that are red, green, blue, and yellow” (the unique hues).
The other main aspects of color appearance are colorfulness, chroma, saturation, lightness, and brightness.
Usually, colors with the same hue are distinguished with adjectives referring to their lightness and/or chroma, such as with "light blue", "pastel blue", "vivid blue".
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