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This article is about the human body as a whole. For components within the human body, see human anatomy.
Human body features
.The human body is the entire structure of a human organism, and consists of a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs.^ Memmler's the structure and function of the human body.

 ^ This explanation is amplified by the Maharal, who explains how a person's neck connects his head, the seat not only of the intellect but also of spirituality, to his body, which carries out the wishes of the head.
  • The Human Body 11 January 2010 13:54 UTC www.betemunah.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ In primates such as humans and monkeys, the thumb and big toe have two phalanges, while the other fingers and toes consist of three.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 .By the time the human reaches adulthood, the body consists of close to 50 trillion cells, the basic unit of life.^ Read Unit One on the Web Unit One Review Here is what we have learned from this unit: The human body is a single structure but it is made up of billions of smaller structures of four major kinds: cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The body cells need a continuous supply of oxygen for the metabolic processes that are necessary to maintain life.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Also how long does it take to replace all the cells in the human skeleton, and how many times would this process be completed in an average lifespan?
  • New Scientist Last Word Blog - New Scientist 11 January 2010 13:54 UTC www.newscientist.com [Source type: General]

 .These cells are organised biologically to eventually form the whole body.^ Because of a cell's changing requirements, the composition and location of these bodies changes according to mRNA transcription and regulation via phosphorylation of specific proteins.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ These three concentric layers form complete envelopes around the body, except for the various openings.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ In adults, the red marrow of the flat bones is the primary blood-cell forming area of the body.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

Contents

Size, type and proportion

Main article: Body proportion
Constituents of the human body
In a normal man weighing 60 kg
Constituent Weight [1] Percent of atoms[1]
Oxygen 38.8 kg 25.5 %
Carbon 10.9 kg 9.5 %
Hydrogen 6.0 kg 63 %
Nitrogen 1.9 kg 1.4 %
.The average height of an adult male human (in developed countries) is about 1.7–1.8 m (5'7" to 5'11") tall and the adult female about 1.6–1.7 m (5'2" to 5'7") tall.^ The importance of this common origin is that, under certain conditions, females may develop with males characteristics, males may develop with female characteristics, and even true intersexes may occur.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ An average adult male is made up of 40-50% of skeletal muscle and an average adult female is made up of 30-40%.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ TWO DISTINCT SEXES In humans there are two distinctly separate sexes, male and female.
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 This size is firstly determined by genes and secondly by diet. .Body type and body composition are influenced by postnatal factors such as diet and exercise[citation needed].^ Factors such as age, sex, body build, and physical conditioning have an influence on lung volumes and capacities.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Peripheral factors such as emotions, ion concentrations, and body temperature may affect heart rate.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Physical factors: Increased body temperature, exercise, speech, singing, and nonrespiratory air movements modify both rate and depth of breathing.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

Systems

Main article: Organ systems
.The organ systems of the body include the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, digestive system, endocrine system, integumentary system, urinary system, lymphatic system, immune system, respiratory system, nervous system and reproductive system.^ Ten major systems include the skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and the reproductive system.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The pancreas is a digestive and endocrine organ.
  • The Human Body 11 January 2010 13:54 UTC www.betemunah.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ in the body.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]
Anterior (frontal) view of the opened heart. White arrows indicate normal blood flow.

Cardiovascular system

Main articles: Cardiovascular system and Human heart
.The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, veins, arteries and capillaries.^ Cardiovascular System: Unit Review and Quiz Unit Review Here is what we have learned from this unit: The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, which is a muscular pumping device, and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ It consists of the heart, which is a muscular pumping device, and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins to the right atrium of the heart.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 .The primary function of the heart is to circulate the blood, and through the blood, oxygen and vital minerals to the tissues and organs that comprise the body.^ This blood nourishes the tissues of the heart.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The heart is an active organ of the human body.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Blood circulates through two circuits.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 .The left side of the main organ (left ventricle and left atrium) is responsible for pumping blood to all parts of the body, while the right side (right ventricle and right atrium pumps only to the head.^ From the lungs, the blood flows to the left atrium, then to the left ventricle.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The pulmonary vessels transport blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The other system, the systemic vessels, carries blood from the left ventricle to the tissues in all parts of the body and then returns the blood to the right atrium.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 [2][3] .The heart itself is divided into three layers called the endocardium, myocardium and epicardium, which vary in thickness and function.^ The outer layer of the heart wall is the epicardium, the middle layer is the myocardium, and the inner layer is the endocardium.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Three layers of the heart are: the epicardium, the myocardium, and the endocardium.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The various activities of the nervous system can be grouped together as three general, overlapping functions: Sensory Integrative Motor Millions of [[sensory receptors]] detect changes, called stimuli, which occur inside and outside the body.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 [4]

Digestive system

Main articles: Digestive system and Human gastrointestinal tract
.The digestive system provides the body's means of processing food and transforming nutrients into energy.^ CONTINUOUS RENEWAL AND REMOVAL OF FLUIDS Secretory processes continuously renew the various fluid systems of the human body.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The food, which is the nourishment is absorbed within the body, and the extra is made into waste and pushed below.
  • The Human Body 11 January 2010 13:54 UTC www.betemunah.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ At the same time, we will provide an optimal flow of nutrients to our bloodstream, using a completely separate process.
  • Human Body Version 2.0 11 January 2010 13:54 UTC www.kurzweilai.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Integumentary system

Main article: Integumentary system
.The integumentary system is the largest organ system in the human body, and is responsible for protecting the body from most physical and environmental factors.^ The heart is an active organ of the human body.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Identify the organ systems of the human body and the major components of each system.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ INTRODUCTION The integumentary system forms the outermost covering of the human body.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 .The largest organ in the body, is the skin.^ The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ in the body.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The outermost covering of the body is the integument proper, the largest single organ of the body.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The skin is another excretory organ that rids the body of wastes through the sweat glands.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 .The integument also includes appendages, primarily the sweat and sebaceous glands, hair, nails and erectores pili (tiny muscles at the root of each hair that cause goosebumps).^ Those in the periphery include the blood vessels and the sweat glands.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Oil-producing (sebaceous) glands are usually found in relationship to the hair follicles.
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 ^ Muscles and glands are called effectors because they cause an effect in response to directions from the nervous system.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

Lymphatic system

Main articles: Lymphatic system and Immune system
.The main function of the lymphatic system is to extract, transport and metabolise lymph, the fluid found in between cells.^ One function of the cardiovascular system is transport.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Lymph is the fluid in the lymphatic vessels.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The lymphatic system has three primary functions.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 .The lymphatic system is very similar to the circulatory system in terms of both its structure its most basic function (to carry a body fluid).^ They also serve the most basic function of the body (that of transporting the body from place to place).
  • The Human Body 11 January 2010 13:54 UTC www.betemunah.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ Body functions are the physiological or psychological functions of body systems.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The lymphatic system has three primary functions.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

Musculoskeletal system

Main article: Musculoskeletal system
.The human musculoskeletal system consists of the human skeleton, made by bones attached to other bones with joints, and skeletal muscle attached to the skeleton by tendons.^ Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscle, attached to bones, is responsible for skeletal movements.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ SKELETAL MUSCLES The skeletal muscles cross the synovial joint from one bone to the other.
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Bones

Main articles: Human skeleton and List of bones of the human skeleton
An adult human has approximately 206 distinct bones:
Spine and vertebral column (26)
Cranium (8)
Face (14)
Hyoid bone, sternum and ribs (26)
Upper extremities (70)
Lower extremities (62)

Nervous System

Main articles: Nervous system and Human brain
.The nervous system consists of cells that communicate information about an organism's surroundings and itself.^ Action Potential Action Potential animation (Wikipedia) Action Potential: Interactive animation (Harvard) Online Quiz (nervous system) Cranial Nerves (with photos of skull foramina) Neurological Exam : Clinical Skills Tutorial How do nerve cells communicate ?
  • Dr. Ross's Biol 217 Anatomy and Physiology I at CBU 11 January 2010 6:13 UTC www.cbu.edu [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Cell Survival & Differentiation in the Nervous System Catalog Number: 8032 Azad Bonni (Medical School) 2923 *Pathology 322.

 ^ Nanobots—blood- cell -sized robots—will provide the means to radically redesign our digestive systems, and, incidentally, just about everything else.
  • Human Body Version 2.0 11 January 2010 13:54 UTC www.kurzweilai.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Reproductive system

Main article: Reproductive system
.Human reproduction takes place as internal fertilization by sexual intercourse.^ In the human body, two kinds of respiration take place.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ In sexual reproduction, i.e., by the union of two gametes, the complex process of meiosis takes place, which produces cells that each contain only half the normal number of chromosomes.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The majority of digestion in humans takes place in the small intestines.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 .During this process, the erect penis of the male is inserted into the female's vagina until the male ejaculates semen, which contains sperm, into the female's vagina.^ The cervix, the inferior end of the uterus, is inserted into the top of the vagina.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ However, the male urethra is incorporated into the penis.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ MASTICATION During the process known as mastication (chewing), the food particles are gradually broken down into smaller and smaller pieces.
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 The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the uterus or fallopian tubes for fertilization of the ovum.
.The human male reproductive system is a series of organs located outside the body and around the pelvic region of a male that contribute towards the reproductive process.^ Finally, the property of y esod is referred to as the " sign of the Holy Covenant ," which corresponds to the male and female reproductive organs.
  • The Human Body 11 January 2010 13:54 UTC www.betemunah.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ In the coming decades, a radical upgrading of our body's physical and mental systems, already underway, will use nanobots to augment and ultimately replace our organs.
  • Human Body Version 2.0 11 January 2010 13:54 UTC www.kurzweilai.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ We have brain implants based on neuromorphic modeling (i.e., reverse-engineering of the human brain and nervous system) for a rapidly growing list of brain regions.
  • Human Body Version 2.0 11 January 2010 13:54 UTC www.kurzweilai.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .The primary direct function of the male reproductive system is to provide the male gamete or spermatozoa for fertilization of the ovum.^ The lymphatic system has three primary functions.
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 ^ MAJOR ORGAN SUBGROUPS In both males and females, the organs of the reproductive system can be grouped according to function.
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 ^ The primary function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to protect the central nervous system.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]
.The major reproductive organs of the male can be grouped into three categories.^ They belong to three categories with different effects on their target organs (see below “Function”): sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Exocrine glands- secrete their products via a duct, the glands in this group can be divided into three groups: Apocrine glands - a portion of the secreting cell's body is lost during secretion.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ DIVISIONS The air passageway can be conveniently divided into three groups of structures.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 The first category is sperm production and storage. .Production takes place in the testes which are housed in the temperature regulating scrotum, immature sperm then travel to the epididymis for development and storage.^ This development takes place within a follicle, a fluid-filled cavity within the ovary.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Initial development of the embryo also takes place in the uterine tube.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Product development procedures and processes will be presented along with testing and costing considerations.
  • http://www.farmingdale.edu/courseofferings/AZ_cat.html 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC www.farmingdale.edu [Source type: Academic]

 The second category are the ejaculatory fluid producing glands which include the seminal vesicles, prostate, and the vas deferens. .The final category are those used for copulation, and deposition of the spermatozoa (sperm) within the female, these include the penis, urethra, vas deferens and Cowper's gland.^ All that precedes these final words is given on condition that one performs those mitzvot that he can fulfil.
  • The Human Body 11 January 2010 13:54 UTC www.betemunah.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ These organs are responsible for producing the sperm and ova, but they also secrete hormones and are considered to be endocrine glands.
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 ^ These areas include the nucleus, numerous mitochondria and other organelles such as the golgi body, and or chloroplasts within each of their cells.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]
.The human female reproductive system is a series of organs primarily located inside of the body and around the pelvic region of a female that contribute towards the reproductive process.^ Finally, the property of y esod is referred to as the " sign of the Holy Covenant ," which corresponds to the male and female reproductive organs.
  • The Human Body 11 January 2010 13:54 UTC www.betemunah.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ In addition, an import ant aspect of this system will be maintaining ample reserves of all needed resources inside the body.
  • Human Body Version 2.0 11 January 2010 13:54 UTC www.kurzweilai.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ In the coming decades, a radical upgrading of our body's physical and mental systems, already underway, will use nanobots to augment and ultimately replace our organs.
  • Human Body Version 2.0 11 January 2010 13:54 UTC www.kurzweilai.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .The human female reproductive system contains three main parts: the vagina, which acts as the receptacle for the male's sperm, the uterus, which holds the developing fetus, and the ovaries, which produce the female's ova.^ It will, however, still be part of the human-machine civilization, having been derived from human intelligence, i.e., created by humans (or machines created by humans) and based at least in part on the reverse-engineering of the human nervous system.
  • Human Body Version 2.0 11 January 2010 13:54 UTC www.kurzweilai.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Finally, the property of y esod is referred to as the " sign of the Holy Covenant ," which corresponds to the male and female reproductive organs.
  • The Human Body 11 January 2010 13:54 UTC www.betemunah.org [Source type: Original source]

 ^ A survey of human anatomy to include the development, histology and gross anatomy of human systems with a laboratory emphasis on gross anatomy.
  • USCA Bulletin 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC www.usca.edu [Source type: Academic]
  • USCA Bulletin 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC www.usca.edu [Source type: Academic]

 The breasts are also an important reproductive organ during the parenting stage of reproduction.
The vagina meets the outside at the vulva, which also includes the labia, clitoris and urethra; during intercourse this area is lubricated by mucus secreted by the Bartholin's glands. The vagina is attached to the uterus through the cervix, while the uterus is attached to the ovaries via the fallopian tubes. .At certain intervals, typically approximately every 28 days, the ovaries release an ovum, which passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus.^ The early embryo passes into the uterus from the uterine tube.
  • Bob's Anatomy and Physiology Study Page - a reusable non-linear personal web notebook 18 September 2009 7:30 UTC anp.tiddlyspot.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The nutrients that are released to the circulatory system are processed by the liver, having passed through the systemic circulation.
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 ^ Along with the ingested food, almost anything can pass through the mouth into the digestive system.
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 .The lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, and unfertilized ova are shed each cycle through a process known as menstruation.^ The inner lining of the uterus is known as the endometrium.
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 ^ Most proteins, ribosomal subunits, and some RNAs are transported through the pore complexes in a process mediated by a family of transport factors known as karyopherins.
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 ^ Chemical digestion, through a process called hydrolysis, uses water and digestive enzymes to break down the complex molecules.
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References

  1. ^ a b Page 3 in Chemical storylines. Author: George Burton. Edition 2, illustrated. Publisher: Heinemann, 2000. ISBN 0435631195, 9780435631192. Length: 312 pages
  2. ^ "Cardiovascular System". U.S. National Cancer Institute. http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit7_1_cardvasc_intro.html. Retrieved 2008-09-16. 
  3. ^ Human Biology and Health. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 1993. ISBN 0-13-981176-1. 
  4. ^ "The Cardiovascular System". SUNY Downstate Medical Center. 2008-03-08. http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/histomanual/cardiovascular.html. Retrieved 2008-09-16. 
Anatomy
Major systems
Organs
Adrenal gland · Anus · Appendix · Brain · Breast · Colon (large intestine) · Diaphragm · Ear · Eye · Heart · Kidney · Larynx · Liver · Lung · Nose · Ovary · Pharynx · Pancreas · Penis · Placenta · Prostate · Rectum · Skin · Small intestine · Seminal vesicle · Spleen · Stomach · Testicle · Thyroid · Tongue · Uterus · Vulva
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  • Circulatory system: Blood circulations with heart and blood vessels.
  • Digestive system: Processing food with mouth, stomach and intestines.
  • Endocrine system: Communicating within the body using hormones.
  • Immune system: Defending against disease-causing agents.
  • Integumentary system: Skin, hair and nails.
  • Lymphatic system: Structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream.
  • Muscular system: Moving the body.
  • Nervous system: Collecting, transferring and processing information with brain and nerves.
  • Reproductive system: The sex organs.
  • Respiratory system: The organs used for breathing, the lungs.
  • Skeletal system: Structural support and protection through bones.
  • Urinary system: The kidneys and associated structures involved in the production and excretion of urine.

Links to Related Fields of Study


Simple English

The human body is the body of a person. It is the physical structure of a person.

The body is a thing that can be hurt or killed. Its functions are stopped by death.

Study of the human body

File:Da Vinci Vitruve Luc
Leonardo da Vinci's study of the human body

Some people study the human body. They look at where it is different from or the same as other animals' bodies. These animals can be alive today. Or they can be extinct animals like other hominids. (Hominids are primates that are close to humans. Neanderthals and Homo erectus were hominids.) Some people study how the human body works and lives in its environment. Some people study what people think about their body. Artists study how to draw or paint the human body.it has many senses which can let him fell pain or other things

Fields of study

Many different fields of study look at the human:

  • Biology is a field of science. It studies living things. It looks at how the human body works. It studies how the human body came from evolution. It studies how genetics makes the human body.
  • Ecology is a field of science. It studies how the human body senses its environment. It also studies how humans affect the environment. These actions include using natural resources. These actions include making waste.
  • Anthropology is a field of science. It compares humans to other hominids. It also studies all other hominid bodies. They look at how humans and chimpanzees are the same or different.
  • Psychology is a field of medicine. It looks at how people think and feel. The brain is part of the body. How we think and feel comes from the brain. So psychologists study the body. They study how the brain lets us be who we are.
  • Religion also talks about the body. Some religions see the body as where the soul lives. Some see the body as like a church. This is because a church is where people worship God. These people think God should be worshiped inside people. Some religions think the body is made from chakras that connect us to the universe.
  • Medicine sees the body like a machine. Doctors want to fix problems with the body. They study how to fix the problems, called diseases

The human body and other animals

Scientists think that the human body is very much like other animals. They see that some human behaviors are like animal behaviors. (Behaviors are the way an organism acts.) They know that 98% of the DNA in humans is the same as other primates.

The animal that is alive now that is closest to humans is the chimpanzee. 98.4% of the DNA is the same between humans and chimpanzees.

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Citable sentences

Up to date as of December 12, 2010

Here are sentences from other pages on Human body, which are similar to those in the above article.








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