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Hyderābād state 
pronunciation (help·info) (Telugu: హైదరాబాదు, Urdu: حیدر
آباد) was the largest princely state in the erstwhile British Indian Empire. It was located in
the south-central region of the Indian subcontinent, and was ruled,
from 1724 until 1948, by a hereditary Nizam. The Berar region of the state was merged
with the Central Provinces of British India in
1903, to form the Central Provinces and
Berar.
In 1947, at the time of the partition of India and the formation
of the Union of
India and the Dominion of Pakistan, the then
Nizam, Osman Ali Khan, decided
not to join either new nation. However, the following year, the
Government of India incorporated Hyderabad into the Indian Union,
using military force, in what was known as Operation Polo,
led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
The Mughal Empire began to weaken during the reign of
Aurangzeb's grandson, Muhammad Shah. A Mughal official, Asif Jah,
treacherously defeated a rival Mughal governor to seize control of
the empire's southern provinces, declaring himself Nizam-al-Mulk of
Hyderabad in 1724. The Mughal emperor, under renewed attack from
the Marathas, was unable to prevent it.
The Nizams patronized Islamic art, culture and literature and developed railway
network in Hyderabad. Islamic Sharia law was the guiding principle of the
Nizams' official machinery.
During
the British Raj
The seniormost (21-gun) salute state during the period of British India, Hyderabad was an 82,000
square mile (212,000 km²) region in the Deccan ruled by the Asif
Jahi dynasty, who had the title of Nizam and was bestowed the title of His Exalted
Highness by the British. The Nizam set up numerous
institutions in the name of the dynasty. He set up schools,
colleges, madrasas and a university that imparted education in Urdu. Inspired by the elite and
prestigious Indian Civil Service he founded
the Hyderabad Civil Service. The
pace with which he amassed wealth made him to be the world's
richest men in the 1930s, (Time cover story Feb. 22,
1937). Carrying a gift, called Nazrana, in accordance with one's
net worth while meeting Nizam was a de facto
necessity.
Industries in
pre-Independence Hyderabad
Various industries emerged in pre-independence Hyderabad, the
major industries that were established in various parts of
Hyderabad/Telengana are[1] .
After the British Raj
(1947-48)
When India gained independence in 1947, the British left the
choice of independence or unification up to the local rulers of the
princely states. Razakars(some Muslim nobles under Nizam ), wished
to remain independent or consider joining Pakistan. In the case of
Hyderabad however, this could not be applied as it was right in the
middle of the new state of India. Being Muslim-governed state, the
Nizam wanted to join Pakistan but he was overruled by the viceroy
Lord Mountbatten. As a result, the Indian Government carried out
the so called “Hyderabad Police Action” against the Nizam.
Code-named “Operation Polo” by the Indian military,
this action by the Indian armed forces ended the rule of the Nizams
of Hyderabad by the forceful incorporation of the princely state of
Hyderabad into the Indian Union.
Hyderabad
today
In 1956 during the Reorganisation of the Indian
States, the state of Hyderabad was split up between Andhra Pradesh,
Maharashtra and Karnataka. The last Nizam,
Mir Osman Ali Khan, died in 1967.
Administratively, Hyderabad State was made up of sixteen districts, grouped into four
divisions. Aurangabad division included Aurangabad, Beed, Nanded, and Parbhani districts; Gulbarga (Gulbarga)
division included Bidar District, Gulbarga, Osmanabad
District, and Raichur District; Gulshanabad District or
Medak division included Atraf-i-Baldah, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda (Nalgundah), and Nizamabad districts, and Warangal division included Adilabad, Karimnagar, and Warangal districts
Urdu (in particular, the unique
Dakhani dialect), Telugu, English,Oriya, Marathi and Kannada are among the
important languages spoken in Hyderabad and Andhra Pradesh
today.
The political party All India
Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen, founded by Bahadur Yar
Jung, enjoys prominent support amongst Muslims. Also, there is
a strong hold of Other Parties like Congress, TDP (telugu desam
party) with both Hindu and Muslim support, and some other new party
formed with intention of separation of the telangana state (the
part of nizam state that was merged with andhra pradesh) Telangana
Rashtra Samiti (TRS), Praja Rajyam Party (PRP) a party formed by
telugu film star chiranjeeevi, Lok Satta, BJP with only 2 seats
among 294 seats.
See also
References
- Zubrzycki, John. (2006) The Last Nizam: An Indian Prince in
the Australian Outback. Pan Macmillan, Australia. ISBN
978-0-3304-2321-2.
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links
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