From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger[1]),
also known as stinking nightshade, is a plant of
the family Solanaceae[1]
that originated in Eurasia,[1]
though it is now globally distributed.
Toxicity and historical
usage
It was historically used in combination with other plants, such
as mandrake, deadly
nightshade, and datura as
an anaesthetic potion, as well as for its psychoactive properties in "magic
brews."[1][2][3]
These psychoactive properties include visual hallucinations and a
sensation of flight.[4]
Its usage was originally in continental Europe, Asia and the Arabic
world[5], though
it did spread to England sometime during the Middle Ages. The use of Henbane by the ancient Greeks
was documented by Pliny. The plant, recorded as Herba
Apollinaris, was used to yield oracles by the priestesses of Apollo.[1]
Henbane can be toxic, even fatal, to animals in low doses.
Its name dates at least to 1265. The origins of the word are
unclear but "hen" probably originally meant death rather than
referring to chickens.[6]. Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and other
tropane alkaloids have been found in the
foliage and seeds of the plant.[1]
Common effects of henbane ingestion in humans include
hallucinations,[1]
dilated pupils, restlessness, and flushed skin. Less common
symptoms such as tachycardia, convulsions, vomiting,
hypertension, hyperpyrexia and ataxia have all been noted.
Not all animals are susceptible; the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Cabbage Moth eat
henbane.
It was sometimes one of the ingredients in grut, traditionally used in beers as a flavouring, until replaced by hops in the 11th to 16th centuries
(for example, the Bavarian Purity Law of 1516 outlawed
ingredients other than barley, hops, and water).[7]
In 1910, an American homeopathic doctor living in London, Hawley
Harvey Crippen, allegedly used scopolamine, an alkaloid extracted from henbane, to poison his
wife.[8]
Henbane is thought to have been the "hebenon" poured into the ear of Hamlet's father[2][9]
(although other candidates for hebenon exist[10]).
Misidentification
In 2008 celebrity chef Antony Worrall Thompson
recommended Henbane as a "tasty addition to salads" in the August
2008 issue of Healthy and Organic Living magazine. He
subsequently said that he had made an error, confusing the herb
with Fat
Hen, a member of the spinach family. He apologised, and the
magazine sent subscribers an urgent message stating that Henbane
"is a very toxic plant and should never be eaten."[11]
See also
Notes
- ^ a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Roberts 1998, p. 31.
- ^ a
b
Anthony John Carter MB FFARCS (March
2003). "Myths and mandrakes"
(PDF). Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
96 (3): 144–147. doi:10.1258/jrsm.96.3.144. PMID 12612119. PMC 539425. http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/reprint/96/3/144.pdf.
- ^ A. J. Carter (1996-12-21). "Narcosis and nightshade". British Medical
Journal 313 (7072): 1630–1632. PMID 8991015. PMC 2359130. http://www.bmj.com/archive/7072ad4.htm.
- ^ Schultes &
Smith 1976, p. 22
- ^
Joseph Perez, Janet Lloyd, The Spanish Inquisition, Yale
University Press, 2006, ISBN 0300119828, ISBN 9780300119824, p229
footnote 10]
- ^
Anatoly Liberman, J. Lawrence Mitchell
(2008). An Analytic Dictionary of
English Etymology: An Introduction. U of Minnesota Press.
pp. 108–110. ISBN
9780816652723. http://books.google.com/books?id=_m7k1Oi-cakC&pg=PA108&lpg=PA109&dq=henbane+An+Analytic+Dictionary+of+English&sig=ACfU3U3ClrwJijXR1g9Ort5gotA06qlZ0g.
- ^
Dan Rabin, Carl Forget (1998). The Dictionary of Beer
and Brewing. Taylor & Francis. xii. ISBN
9781579580780. http://books.google.com/books?id=XRyxWu8rRnQC&pg=PR12&lpg=PR12&dq=grut+henbane&source=web&ots=VYmiB5FqRw&sig=e_OikTnvaSyfhlwoTJwvDaJrWPs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=8&ct=result.
- ^
"The Crippen Case – Discovery of Poison", The Times,
Wednesday, September 7th, 1910, p3
- ^
"Hebenon". Webster's
Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913 + 1828). http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?action=search&word=hebenon&resource=Webster%27s&quicksearch=on.
- ^
Anatoly Liberman, J. Lawrence Mitchell
(2008). An Analytic Dictionary of
English Etymology: An Introduction. U of Minnesota Press.
pp. 110–111. ISBN
9780816652723. http://books.google.com/books?id=_m7k1Oi-cakC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=hebenon+henbane&source=web&ots=eu8dtBErXl&sig=KPYDD9SUuodWRIp6C0oJo3ooOF4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result.
- ^
"TV chef Worrall Thompson
recommends deadly weed as salad ingredient". The Guardian.
August 4, 2008. http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2008/aug/04/foodanddrink.foodsafety?gusrc=rss&feed=networkfront. Retrieved
2008-08-04.
References
- Roberts, Margaret F. &
Michael Wink (1998), Alkaloids: biochemistry,
ecology, and medicinal applications, Springer, 31–32, ISBN
0306454653, <http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0306454653&id=bMCzyrAtrvYC&dq=henbane>.
Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
- Schultes, Richard Evans
& Elmer W. Smith (1976), A Golden Guide to
Hallucinogenic Plants, Golden Press, <http://kosmicjourney.org/encyclopedia/archives/goldenguide.pdf>.
Retrieved on 2008-05-26.
- Clinicalmind.com, Henbane, <http://www.clinicalmind.com/supplements/henbane.htm>.
Retrieved on 2007-08-18.
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