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| 12nd | Top invasive plant species in the Indiana Dunes |
| Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore | |
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IUCN Category V (Protected Landscape/Seascape)
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| Location | Porter / Lake / LaPorte counties, Indiana, USA |
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| Nearest city | Gary, Indiana |
| Coordinates | 41°38′53″N 87°06′29″W / 41.64806°N 87.10806°WCoordinates: 41°38′53″N 87°06′29″W / 41.64806°N 87.10806°W |
| Area | 15,067 acres (60.97 km2) |
| Established | November 5, 1966 |
| Visitors | 2,127,336 (in 2005) |
| Governing body | National Park Service |
Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore is a U.S. National Lakeshore located in northwest Indiana and managed by the National Park Service. It was authorized by Congress in 1966. The national lakeshore runs for nearly 25 miles (40 km) along the southern shore of Lake Michigan, from Gary, Indiana, on the west to Michigan City, Indiana on the east. The park contains approximately 15,000 acres (6,100 ha).
The National Lakeshore has development rights over the area within its boundaries, but has not purchased the full extent of the property. Its holdings are non-contiguous and do not include the Indiana Dunes State Park (1916), a separate, 2,182-acre (883 ha) parcel of protected dune land on the lakefront near Porter, Indiana.
The park is physically divided into an eastern area and a western area. The eastern area is roughly the lakeshore south to U.S. 12 or U.S. 20 between Michigan City, Indiana on the east and the Mittal Steel Plant on the west. A small extension, south of the steel mill continues west along the Salt Creek river to Indiana 249. The western area is roughly the shoreline south to U.S. 12 between the US Steel Plant at Burns Harbor west to Broadway, downtown Gary, Indiana. In addition, there are several outlying areas, including; Pinhook Bog, in LaPorte County to the east. The Heron Rookery in Porter County, the center of the park, and the Calumet Prairie State Nature Preserve and Hobart Prairie Grove, both in Lake County, the western end of the park. A related area is the Hoosier Prairie State Nature Preserve, managed by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.
Human presences in the Indiana ground and there is little evidence of permanent communities forming during the earlier years. Archeological evidence is consistent with seasonal hunting camps. The earliest evidence for permanent camps is consistent with the Hopwellian occupation of the Ohio valley. Five groups of mounds have been documented in the dunes area. These mounds would be consistent with the period of 200 BCD (Goodall Focus) to 800 BCE (early Mississippian).[1] Even that was a short lived permanency. The advent of European exploration and trade, introduced more changes to the human environment. Tribal animosities and traditional European competition affected tribal relations. Entire populations began moving westward, while others sought to dominate large geographic trading areas. Once again the dunes became a middle point on a journey from the east or the west. It continued to remain a key hunting ground for villages over a wide area.
It wasn’t until the 1800s that native villages once again were scattered through the area, but this was soon followed by European settlement. Joseph Bailly was the earliest recorded settler in the dunes. He moved here from trading villages around Niles, Michigan. Settling along the Calumet River.[2] Soon he was joined by a series of other settlers and the communities in the dunes began to develop. They included Chesterton, Porter, Tremont, and the Town of the Pines. These pioneer communities grew and expanded. Today, the entire coast line has been settled for use as homes, factories, businesses and some reserved for public parks.
Preserving the dunes
A movement began in 1899 to preserve the unique area of the dunes. In 1916, Dir. Mather held hearings in Chicago on a "Sand Dunes National Park".[3] In 1926, the Indiana Dunes State Park opened. In the 1950's, a desire to maximize economic development through a "Port of Indiana" spurred interest in preservation. Save the Dunes Council President Dorothy Buell began a nationwide campaign to buy the land. Their first success was the purchase of 56 acres in Porter County, the Cowles Tamarack Bog.[3] The Kennedy Compromise entailed the creation of a national lakeshore and a port. Then Illinois Senator Paul H. Douglas lead the Congressional effort to save the dunes. In late 1966, the bill passed and the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore became a reality. Four subsequent expansion bills for the park (1976, 1980, 1986, and 1992) have increased the size of the park to more than 15,000 acres. [3]
The Lake Michigan Basin was formed during the Wisconsin Glacial Period. The Michigan Lobe of the continental glacier began its retreat northward over 20,000 years before present (YBP)[4] forming the southern shore of the Lake Michigan Basin.
The Valparaiso Moraine is the dominant geologic form that created the various landscape forms of the Indiana Dunes, about 40,000 YBP[4]. Within the arc created by the Valparaiso Moraine are two younger recessional moraines of the Tinley Moraine and the Lake Border Moraine. Each moraine created an artificial dam across the southern outflow of the melt waters of the receding glaciers. As each glacial lake breached a low spot in the moraines, water levels receded, leaving a series of shorelines and dune ridges.[4]
The Calumet Shoreline is the oldest visible shoreline of Lake Michigan. It is a visible a sand ridge along Ridge Road through Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana. Two older shorelines, the Tolleston and the Glenwood Shoreline are much harder to identify and further south in the counties.[5]
During the periods of glacial retreat, there were periods of stability. During these times, glacial lakes formed along the southern borders of the glaciers, bound into the Lake Michigan Basin by the recessional moraines. Four major glacial lake periods created the Indiana Dunes. They are the glacial Lake Chicago (14,000 YBP), Glacial Lake Algonquin (9,000 YBP), glacial Lake Chippewa (7,000 YBP), and Lake Nipissing stage (4,000 YBP). Once the glaciers had fully retreated from the Lake Michigan basin, post Lake Nipissing stage, the same factors that created the dunes south of the current shoreline, expanded the existing shoreline.[4] The littoral currents or Longshore drift transport sand southward along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. As they encounter streams bringing water from inland, sandbars are created, pointing down current, either southward if the shore is north to south or westward along the southern shore itself.[5] If the currents are strong enough as they were when the Glenwood Shoreline was created, shallow inland bays would be formed with a wide sand spit between it and the open lake.[5] Over time, the sand spits would merge with the far shoreline forming interdunal ponds.[5] Each sand spit would be come a dune ridge. As the ponds filled in and wind built the outer sand ridges higher, the ponds would dry up and only a stream would remain, as the Little Calumet River does today, just south the state and national parks. As the shoreline moved northward, new ridges formed, additional streams, now slower and less powerful formed and the process duplicated itself. To the west of the Indiana Dunes, Wolf Lake in Hammond, Indiana forms a western border to the dunes. Here the same process is at work, only the littoral drift is again south, but along the western shore, pushing the sand and sand spits eastward.[5] Today, it is the remants of the marsh lands and inter-dunal or inter-sand spit lakes that have formed this region over 40,000 years.[5]
BioBlitz 2009: Indiana Dunes will be the third of ten National Park Units to participate in a National Geographic Society and National Park Service BioBlitz. For twenty-four hours beginning at noon May 15, citizen scientist (volunteers) and scientists will explore the national lakeshore, attempting to document all the life forms along the shoreline. This joint project began in 2007 at Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway in Washington, D.C. In 2008, it moved to the west coast and Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area spent twenty-four hours documenting thousands of species. The program is a joint effort by the National Park Service and the National Geographic Society in collaboration with local environmental groups: Dunes Learning Center, Chicago Wilderness, Great Lakes Research and Education Center, Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Sea Grant of Illinois-Indiana, and the United States Geological Survey.[6]
Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Species
The park includes habitats for several rare plants and animals. None of the plants are on the Federal list of Threatened and Endangered Species (T&E Species), but several are on the list of State T&E Species.[7] Populations of each plant group are estimated to be around 100-120 individual plants. The species included are:[7]
Among the rare and endangered wildlife are:[7]
In addition, the park has habitat suitable for:[7]
Species Count
The numbers below are taken from the Main Articles or See also articles attached to this page. They will be updated as additional list/articles are created.
Wildlife - Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore is full of wildlife, including white-tailed deer, Red Fox, raccoons, opossums, cottontail rabbits, Canada geese, seagulls, squirrels, hawks, Turkey Vultures, mallards, Great Blue Herons, garter snakes, songbirds, and rodents.
Flowering Plants - The Indiana Dunes has over 369 species of flowering plants. Of these, thirteen are considered Threatened or Endanger of extinction. Additionally, there four invasive flowering plants on the list. Some of the most common spring flowers include the May Apple, buttercups (6 varieties), and violets (14 varieties). Summer brings out the orchids (5 varieties) and lots of goldenrod (11 varieties).[12]
Invasive Plants - Invasive plants are those introduced species that dominate a landscape pushing out traditionally native species and others species by their ability to multiply rapidly. There are 54 such species in the dunes.[13]
Unusual Sightings
In October of 1920, a rare Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker was captured a mile west of Dune Park Station. Later that month another male was captured east of Dune Park Station. One was busy digging out grubs and the other was nervously flying from tree to tree.[14]
In May of 1919, a Clay-colored Sparrow was found near Dune Park. It was a part of a larger flock of Harris's Sparrow migrating along the western shore of Lake Michigan.[14]
Extirpated Species
Several species of plants and animals have disappeared from the dunes. Few can be clearly identified. Among those species thought to be gone are listed below:
| Species | Latin Name | Last Seen[8] |
|---|---|---|
| Eastern Cougar[15] | F.c. Cougaur[8] |
1830
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| American Bison | Bos Bison[8] |
1731
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| Elk | Wapati (Cervus elephus)[8] |
1830
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| Lynx | Lynx lynx[8] |
1880
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| Bobcat | Lynx rufus[8] |
1880
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| Gray Wolf | Canius Lupus[8] |
1908
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| Red Wolf | Canus Rufus[8] |
1832
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| Black Bear | Ursus Americanus[8] |
1850
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| Fisher | Martes Pennanti[8] |
1855
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| River Otter | Lutra canadenais[8] |
1900
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| Porcupine | Erethizon dorsatum[8] |
1918
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| Passenger Pigeon | Ectopistes migratorius |
1900
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| Piping Plover | Charadrius melodus |
Exotic and Invasive Species
Alien or exotic species are plants and animals which are not native to the area. These plants can be classified as Invasive if they rapidly replace other plants and animals in the ecosystem, creating a monoculture and threatening the extinction of the tradiational plants and animals. Among plants found in the park, the following are considered to be exotic. Those marked with an '*' are listed as invasive
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Calumet Prairie
Calumet Prairie is a joint venture between the National Park Service and the Indiana Department of Natural Resources. The Calumet Prairie State Nature Preserve in the northern portion of the land between Interstate 90 to the north and the Calumet River on the south. The national lakeshore owns the southern half of this plot.
Cowles Bog
Cowles Bog, a National Natural Landmark, is a fen wetland named in honor of biologist and ecologist Henry Chandler Cowles. Located south and west of Dune Acres, Indiana, Cowles Bog is the sole remaining remnant of the Central Dunes where Cowles performed his pioneering field studies of Ecological succession and species diversity. A National Lakeshore trail runs from Mineral Springs Road into Cowles Bog.[16]
Heron Rookery
The Heron Rookery is located along the Little Calumet River in the northeast corner of Porter County. The Rookery is physically separated from the main part of the park. It is accessible from County Road 600 East, south of County Road 1400 North. The rookery is a hardwood forest. In the spring, the Great Blue Herons can be seen nesting in the dead snags north of the river. Spring also brings out a variety of wildflowers.[17]
Hoosier Prairie
Hoosier Prairie, a National Natural Landmark, is a 430-acre (1.7 km2) tallgrass prairie adjacent to Griffith, Indiana. It is a geographically isolated unit of the Lakeshore, owned and maintained by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources as a state nature preserve. Some 574 species of plants have been observed growing in this patch of prairie.
Miller Woods[18]
Miller Woods is located in Miller Beach, Indiana It is accessed through the Douglas Center for Environmental Education on Lake Street. The area is dominated by dune and swale topography. the ridges or swells are beach and dune sand. They date from the post Glacial lake Nipissing period some 3000 years before present. The swales are the depressions between the ridges. They are generally either ponds or marshes.
Mnoke Prairie
Mnoke Prairie is an active prairie restoration along Beam Street in the Town of Porter.
Mount Baldy
Mount Baldy is a sand dune located west of Michigan City, Indiana. At 123 feet tall, it is one of the tallest sand dunes on the southern shore of Lake Michigan. It is a wandering dune that moves an average of 4 feet every year, and so is called a "living dune." Mount Baldy is accessible from U.S. Route 12 (also known as Dunes Highway) between the Town of Pines and the western border of Michigan City. Visitors can hike 0.7 miles (1.1 km) up the dune and from the top, on a clear day, can view Chicago's skyline and the south shore. North of Mount Baldy is a swimming beach. As of early 2007 the dune hike to the summit is closed due to erosion of the dune, however a new trail through the forest will still take hikers to the summit.
Pinhook Bog
Pinhook Bog, a National Natural Landmark, is a geographically isolated unit of the National Lakeshore. The quaking peat bog is located near U.S. Route 421 approximately 9 miles (14 km) south of Michigan City. The bog formed from a postglacial kettle moraine left behind about 14,000 years before the present by the melting of the ice sheet during the end of the Last glacial period. The acidic bog is noted for pitcher plants and other wetland species. Access to the bog is restricted to ranger-led guided tours.[19]
Bailly-Chellberg Farms
The Bailly-Chellberg farmstead is located close to the geographic center of the National Lakeshore, at U.S. Route 20 and Mineral Springs Road.
Bailly Homestead
This is the location of the pioneer trading post established in 1822 by fur trade pioneer Joseph Bailly. Bailly settled here and his last home, adapted from his 1830s retirement house, survives.[20] The Homestead was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1962.
Chellburg Farm
The real estate became the home of the Chellberg family, who built a farm on its sandy soil. As of 2008, the Lakeshore maintains a heritage farm on the Chellberg land, with the Bailly family cemetery on the northern edge of the property.[21]
Bailly Cemetery
The Bailly Cemetery is located half a mile north of the homestead. Its location is a sandy bluff, which once looked out across the dunes to Lake Michigan.[22] Today, the forest covers the dunes and the lake is no visible. Numerous changes have occurred since the first burial in 1827.[23]
Joseph Bailly buried his only son by Marie in the fall of 1827 on a sandy knoll. He erected an oak cross on the site and a three-sided shelter. After 1866, the Bailly area was no longer the quiet place that it had been. Other families now lived in the area and some had been using the cemetery for their families. Late in 1866, Rose Howe (granddaughter of Joseph Bailly) had the family plots fenced and requested that other remove their family to other cemeteries. In 1879, she had the entire cemetery walled in and an iron gate installed to the north.[23]
Finally in 1914, Rose Howe took one further step to protect the cemetery of her family. She had the area inside the wall filled with sand. Stone steps replaced the gate to a contemplative walk atop the cemetery. An oaken cross was raised atop this new ground, continuing the tradition started by her grandfather. Rose Howe died in 1916, while in California. She was returned to Indiana in 1917 and was the last burial in the family cemetery.[24]
Century of Progress Architectural District
The Century of Progress Architectural District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is located in Beverly Shores, Indiana. The district consists of a total of five buildings, all from the Homes of Tomorrow Exhibition during the 1933 Century of Progress World's Fair which took place in Chicago.[25]
Good Fellow Club Youth Camp
Created by the Good Fellow Club of U.S. Steel in 1941, the camp served the children of Gary, Indiana until 1977. It provided outdoor recreation and a chance to leave the city behind for a week or more.[26]
Swedish Farmsteads Historic District (pending
The Swedish Farmsteads of Porter County, Indiana are representative of the numerous rural communities settled by a significant ethnic population. They influenced the religious community and social community. Swedish immigration was at its highest from 1840 until 1920. At its height, 1910, it was estimated that 1 out of every 5 Swedes was living in the United States.[27]
The park contains 15 miles (24 km) of beaches, as well as sand dunes, bogs, marshes, swamps, fens, prairies, rivers, oak savannas, and woodland forests. The park is also noted for its singing sands. More than 350 species of birds have been observed in the park. It has one of the most diverse plant communities of any unit in the U.S. National Park System with 1418 vascular plant species including 90 threatened or endangered ones. The Indiana Dunes area is unique in that it contains both Arctic and boreal plants (such as the bearberry) alongside desert plants (such as the prickly pear cactus).
First-time visitors to the Lakeshore often go to the Dorothy Buell Memorial Visitor Center at U.S. Route 20 and Indiana Route 49, near Porter, Indiana. This brand-new center (2007) offers standard visitor-center amenities, including a video, brochures, hands-on exhibits, and a gift shop. It is free to the general public.
Camping is available at the Dunewood Campground on U.S. Route 12 and Broadway, in Beverly Shores. The campground includes an RV dump station and two loops of trailer accessible sites (some with pull-through drives). All sites have grills, a picnic table, and access to restrooms with running water and showers. There are a limited number of walk-in sites in the Douglas Loop.
The park provides opportunities for bird watching, camping, 45 miles (72 km) of hiking, fishing, swimming, horseback riding, and cross-country skiing. Cycling is available on the Calumet Trail, a crushed limestone multiuse trail which runs through the eastern section of the park, providing access to the Indiana Dunes State Park, as well as to the communities of Beverly Shores; the Town of Pines; and Mount Baldy on the edge of Michigan City, Indiana. The park had more than 2.1 million visits in 2007. Rules state not to feed any of the wildlife, including seagulls, deer, or raccoons.
Ranger-Led Programs: Rangers provide free walks and talks through out the park on a daily basis. The Singing Sands, the official newspaper of the national lakeshore is published quarterly with a listing of Ranger lead activities.[28]
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The Indiana Dunes has numerous short hike trails and a few longer distance trails:
Burnham Plan trails
The Marquette Plan is called a "Lakeshore Investment Strategy" for Indiana. It is composed of two key elements. A 50-mile trail is planned to cross Indiana to link Illinois, Indiana and Michigan communities along the Lake Michigan shore. There are planed both land trails for bicycles and hikers and a 'blue water' trail' for kayakers.[31]
Water Trail Indiana Paddling Association's in conjunction with the NIRPC and the public lands along Indiana's Lake Michigan shore have developed a 45 mile water trail from Chicago's Northerly Island to Michigan City's Millennium Plaza.[32]
Long Distance Hike/Bike Trail There will be links to major parks and a wide variety of cultural and natural sites. The 9 miles (14 km) Marquette Trail will eventually connect the eastern and western segments of Indiana National Lakeshore. The 3 miles (4.8 km) Porter Brickyard Trail will open in the summer of 2009 as part of the Burnham Plan Centennial. It will link several community hike/bike trails to the Calumet Hike/Bike trail creating a link between the Lake County communities and Michigan City. Northwestern Indiana Regional Planning Commission (NIRPC) is guiding the work with assistance from local governments, the National Park Service, private landowners and the American Planning Association.[31]
West Beach, located adjacent to U.S. Route 12 and County Line Road lies on the border of Gary and Portage, Indiana. It is a geographically separated section of the Lakeshore that is preserved as a piece of public beach access and an example of the same theme of plant succession as is found in Cowles Bog. This section of the Lakeshore displays most of the successive stages of Indiana Dunes biotic progression, from open beach sands to mature Eastern Black Oak forest. A new (2007) West Beach Succession Trail (0.7 miles / 1.1 kilometres in length) features different stages of plant succession in the beach and inland dunes.
Maple Sugar Time [33] One weekend every spring, you can experience the making Maple Sugar. You’ll see how the Indians gathered the sap and learn maple trees, and pioneer sugaring. Visit the sugar shack to watch the sap boil down into maple sugar and syrup.
Kids Fun at the Visitor Center[33] Every Sunday afternoon, a Ranger meets with kids to explore the Dorothy Buell Memorial Visitor Center. It is an afternoon of fun kids activities and stories.
Paul H. Douglas Center Open House[33] During the spring and the fall, families can a park ranger and explore Miller Woods. Each month between 1:00 PM to 4:00 PM at the Paul H. Douglas Center there will be a different program.
Threatened Lake Michigan[33] Several times a year, you can join a ranger at the Dorothy Buell Memorial Visitor Center to explore some of the greatest threats facing Lake Michigan. From 1:00 PM to 2:00 PM you’ll learn about the spiny water flea, round goby, and zebra mussel and their impact on Lake Michigan. You can learn how to prevent more invaders to the lake.
Spring Blooms Hike [33] Meet a ranger at the Dorothy Buell Memorial Visitor Center and carpool to the week`s best trail where you will explore the forest for wildflowers and other signs of spring. Several times each spring, between 1:00 PM to 3:00 PM a group will explore the park’s wildflowers.
Discover[34] Explore the diversity of the park using your senses. This program is offered Year-round except during Autumn Harvest and Maple Sugar Time. It is appropriate for Preschool through 3rd grade.
Talk With the Animals[34] Puppets tell the story of life in dune country. In nice weather, students a hike the trail after the show. The program is available all year and is appropriate for Preschool and 1st graders.
Autumn Harvest[34] A chance to experience life on a farm during harvest season. Visit the Chellberg, turn-of-the-century, farm; gather sorghum, press cider, help with chores or play farm games. Program availability: September 25-October 10 It is appropriate for All grades
Maple Sugar Time [34] Experience the making of Maple Sugar. Learn about “horse-power” and maple trees. Students will experience the Native American and pioneer methods before watching the sap boil down in the sugar shack to pure maple sugar and syrup. Available each spring, this program is appropriate for K through 5th grade.
Fall Fanfare[34] Students will learn about the change of the seasons. The cooler weather and short days bring about changes as plants and animals prepare for winter. Available in October and November, the program is appropriate for 1st through 6th graders.
Winter Exploration[34] The class will explore the the winter woods on a nature hike. The program begins with a slide show on animal and plant adaptations to winter. If there is sufficient snow, Snowshoes will be provided for a hike in the woods. Available in January and February, the program is appropriate for 4th through 12th grade.
Indians and Fur Traders[34] Learn about American Indian lifestyles and the fur trade. The program goes back to the early lifestyles of the American Indians, fur traders, and voyageurs. Available all years, the program is appropriate for 3rd through 8th grade.
A Grain of Truth[34] As a class, the students will explore dunes and observe how winds and powerful waves work to create and erode moving sand dunes. There is a hike in the foredunes and down to the beach see first hand processes of dune building, and erosion. Availabile during spring, summer, and fall, the program is appropriate for 4th through 8th grade.
Lake Michigan Alive[34] Students will learn about the diversity of life issues affecting Lake Michigan. Through play acting and games, they will learn about the food chain. View preserved sea lamprey and trout. Students are encouraged to help care for the Great Lakes. The program is available all year, as it is primarily indoors. There is a short trip to the lake. It is appropriate for 4th through 12th grade.
Water World[34] A true field trip, students explore a wetland. Armed with nets and pans, the will discover the diversity of pond life and learn the importance of our water resources. The program can be extended for an in-depth experience, with a 3-hour hike to Lake Michigan. Subject to weather, the program is available from April to October and is appropriate for 4th through 12th grades.
Habitat Hike[34] Visit many of the habitats in the lakeshore. Students will get a chance to see many of the 1,400 species of plants in the lakeshore. Visit forest, dunes, swamp, and sand prairie, while learning about the environmental factors that affect plant survival. Available all year, except during Autumn Harvest and Maple Sugar Time
Reflections on Snow[34] A cross-country skiing journey through winter habitats. . Indoor activities include learning about winter track and winter survival through predation. If there is adequate snow, a Ski hike will take the class out to experince the winter landscape. Availability only in January and February. The program is appropriate for 5th to 12th grade.
Pinhook Bog[34] Hike the unique world of a bog. Students will learn to identify rare, insecting-eating plants and experience a habitats created by the glaciers. There is an opportunity to walk on a floating mat of sphagnum moss. Available from Mid-April through mid-November, the program is appropriate for 6th through 12th grade.
DUNES EDUCATOR INSTITUTES[35]
During the academic year, the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and the Dunes Learning Center (DLC) provide a variety of professional development opportunities for teacher in the K-12 setting. Workshops feature experts in various fields of study, hands-on activities and adventures within the national lakeshore. Illinois and Indiana teachers can receive continuing education units (CEUs) or continuing recertification units (CRUs) for each workshops. Those teacher wishing to earn graduate credit can do so through Indiana University Northwest and Chicago State University. Workshops are held at the DLC.
Duneland Harvest Festival
The Duneland Harvest Festival occurs each fall on the 3rd weekend of September. It Is a time to celebrate the harvest and to learn about life at the beginning of the 20th Century. The main festival grounds are around the Chellberg Home within the National Lakeshore. Craft demonstrations show how apples were turned into cider and how sorghum is crushed into a sweet syrup. Other crafts include wood carving and making utensils. The different herbs, candle making, and sheep shearing. Vendors provide food from the early 1900s, including caramel apples, sweet corn, dripping in butter and a variety of ciders and cookies. Music is not forgotten. Musicians playing traditional songs and instruments entertain throughout the day. Most years, visitors will have an opportunity to see and learn traditional dances.
Maple Sugar Time Festival
The Maple Sugar Time Festival occurs each spring in late March. This festival's success is highly dependent on the weather. The nights have to be cold and the day's warm. This creates the up and down cycle of sap in the maple trees. The festival shows how maple sap was collected by the Potawatomi Indians, the early settlers and the modern maple syrup industry.
BioBlitz 2009 May 15 and 16, the park hosted an All Taxa Biological Diversity survey. In a 24 hour period, 2000 students and 1000s of additional volunteers surveyed the park for every available living species. "We have inventoried 890 species," said John Francis, vice president of research, conservation and exploration for National Geographic in Washington, D.C.[36] The tally at the close of the 24 hours was 890 species, including 26 amphibians and reptiles, 101 birds, 18 fish, 27 fungi, 11 mammals, 410 plants, and 178 insects.[37] The talley had risen to 1200 unique species by June 1.[38]
Gallery
 Dunewood Campground Entrance |
 Calumet Dunes Interpretive Center |
 Dorothy Buell Memorial Visitor Center |
 Bailly-Chellberg Contact Station |
 Pavilion at Portage Lakefront and Riverwalk. |
 West Beach Bathhouse |
 Douglas Center for Environmental Education |
The primary feature of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore is Lake Michigan. The lake brings with it several weather related conditions that can create threats to the enjoyment of the area.
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average high °F | 30.5 | 34.8 | 46.9 | 60.1 | 71.4 | 80.5 | 83.4 | 81.2 | 75.1 | 63.7 | 49.4 | 35.4 | 59.4 |
| Average low °F | 14.3 | 17.8 | 28.7 | 38.4 | 48.3 | 57.6 | 62.2 | 60.2 | 53.7 | 43 | 33.1 | 21.2 | 39.9 |
| Rainfall inches | 1.96 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 4 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3 | 37.2 |
| Snowfall inches | 12 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 3.4 | 9.1 | 55.4 |
| Average high °C | -0.8 | 1.6 | 8.3 | 15.6 | 21.9 | 26.9 | 28.6 | 27.3 | 23.9 | 17.6 | 9.7 | 1.9 | 15.2 |
| Average low °C | -9.8 | -7.9 | -1.8 | 3.6 | 9.1 | 14.2 | 16.8 | 15.7 | 12.1 | 6.1 | 0.6 | -6 | 4.4 |
| Rainfall mm | 49.8 | 43.2 | 76.2 | 101.6 | 99.1 | 106.7 | 101.6 | 96.5 | 81.3 | 81.3 | 86.4 | 76.2 | 944.9 |
| Snowfall mm | 304.8 | 287 | 287 | 38.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.1 | 86.4 | 231.1 | 1,407.2 |
| Source: [46] 2008-08-28 | |||||||||||||
In addition to the rip currents and shelf ice mentioned above, safety conerns at the dunes include:
Working in the Dunes
Volunteers
The National Lakeshore provides a variety of programs through individuals who volunteer their time and energy to the park and its visitors. Over the years, the annual report of Volunteer In Parks has shown significant contributions. Volunteer opportunities are list in a nationwide website called America’s Natural and Cultural Resources Volunteer Portal.
2005
This year docents led more than 100 environmental education programs for more than 2,500 students. The Junior Ranger and Advanced Junior Ranger participants worked over 2,300 hours, conducting exotic species removal, native seed collection, habitat restoration, and various cultural resource projects. A great crew of volunteers hosted a well-received public program titled “Gathering at the Calumet.” Volunteers also worked approximately 2,000 hours during the Maple Sugar Time and Duneland Harvest festivals. Throughout the summer, volunteers enabled the park to keep several historic buildings open to the public during the Summer Open-House programs.[59]
Artist-in-Residence is a unique volunteer program where a variety of visual artist spend 2-4 weeks in the park. In addition to doing their painting, sculpting, or other art, these volunteers display their works and provide public programs about their art.[60]
Geological forms--North to South--
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Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore [1] is a United States National Lakeshore located in Northwestern Indiana.
The history of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore falls into settlement, preservation, and park segments.
Joseph and Monee Bailly, the fur traders, settled on the banks of the Little Calumet River in 1822. The wetlands of the Indiana Dunes proved to be a good place for contacts between the Bailly family and the Pottawatomie tribe of Native Americans. In 1822, the Pottawatomie nation had already developed an established lifetyle of duneland use, including the trapping of local beaver, raccoon, and muskrat.
After the Pottawatomie people were forcibly expelled from the Lake Michigan shoreline in the 1830s and 1840s, railroads built lines through the Indiana Dunes westward to the fast-growing city of Chicago; but the Dunes themselves, with their comparatively infertile soil, were settled relatively slowly.
After the newly-formed U.S. Steel Corporation began to contruct a massive mill complex within the dunes at Gary, Indiana, lovers of the Dunes began efforts to preserve them. The National Park Service offered in 1916 to protect much of the remaining duneland as Sand Dunes National Park, but many locals opposed the proposal. In the 1920s, the state of Indiana preserved 2,182 acres of central duneland as Indiana Dunes State Park. Other sections of duneland were developed as the small communities of Ogden Dunes, Dune Acres, and Beverly Shores.
World War II and the early Cold War years increased pressure upon the United States to increase its production of steel. For reasons of economical coal and iron ore supply, one of the most efficient geographic locations to make steel within the United States is on the southern border of Lake Michigan. During the 1950s and early 1960s, several additional steel mills were sited within the dunelands in areas that could otherwise have been preserved for parkland.
After the former Bethlehem Steel Corporation acquired and built its Burns Harbor mill in 1962-64, a public outcry and pressure from activists, led by Sen. Paul H. Douglas (D-Ill.) led to the creation of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore.
The Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore was created by Congress in 1966. It initially owned no land of its own, and land acquisition opportunities were limited because of previous development. Many local residents were understandably opposed to federal condemnation. By the 1980s, much of the 15,000 acres of land making up the current IDNL (as of 2006) had been acquired. The federal government officially included the Indiana Dunes State Park within the boundaries of the national lakeshore, but has allowed the state to continue to maintain and charge a separate admission fee to the state park.
By 2006, the Lakeshore had come to include eight separate parcels of Lake Michigan beachfront land, as well as numerous parcels of property inland from the lake. Because the national park was founded after much of the drier land had already been developed, many of the inland parcels that make up the current Lakeshore are riverbottoms or sandy wetlands.
The Indiana Dunes, of which the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (IDNL) preserves a part, are a relatively recent product of sand deposition, wave erosion, and wind erosion on the southern tip of Lake Michigan. During the warming process that ended the last Ice Age, the lake at several periods rose to levels much higher than the current lake level and laid down sandy shorelines and beaches at points that are now inland from the current coastline. Today's lake waves and currents continue to bring more sand ashore from beds underneath the surface of the current lake. This sand, further sculpted by wind and foot erosion, has become today's Indiana Dunes.
Many ecosystem types can be readily recognized by amateurs. Ecosystem types, and characteristic grasses and flowering plants, that exist within the Indiana Dunes include the following:
The most common large tree in the Indiana Dunes is the black oak. There are also plenty of cottonwoods. Jack pines often grow in burned-over or disturbed areas, and there are several groves of sugar maples (the Bailly/Chellberg farm operates an maple-syrup boil in early spring). A grove of paper birches on the Cowles Bog Trail is said to be the farthest-south naturally reproducing population of this species in the Great Lakes area.
As of January 2006, whitetail deer lived in quantity in the Indiana Dunes. The common North American wetland and woodland rodents, such as beavers, muskrats, and squirrels, can be easily seen.
The Indiana Dunes are part of the temperate Great Lakes shoreline, characterized by relatively even amounts of rain/snow year-round, but wide jumps in temperature. A dunes shoreline that is crowded with swimmers in August may be caked with unsafe but majestic shelves of pack ice in February.
The Indiana Dunes area is accessible from Chicago by Interstates 80, 90, and 94; from Indianapolis by Interstate 65; from Detroit by Interstate 94; and from Cleveland and the East Coast by Interstates 80 and 90. U.S. Highways 12 and 20 go directly through the park.
The Indiana Dunes is served by the Chicago, South Shore & South Bend electric railroad, known as the "South Shore Line", from Chicago, Michigan City, and South Bend. There are approximately 12 trains through the IDNL each way on weekends, with 9 trains each way on Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays.
As of January 1, 2006, the admission fee for entering the Indiana Dunes State Park section of the National Lakeshore was $10.00 per motor vehicle. The fee covers the driver and passengers, and there is a discount for motor vehicles with Indiana license plates.
One of the IDNL's beaches, West Beach near Beverly Shores, has a summer parking and entry fee. As of December 2005, the announced parking fee was $6.00 per motor vehicle, $30.00 per bus and $1.00 per pedestrian or bicycle entry. Fees are charged at West Beach from mid-May onward for the duration of the "summer swimming season" (no set end date).
Most inland sections of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore can be visited year-round without an admission fee. Parking fees may be charged during seasonal festivals.
The Dunes have several miles of hiking trails and beaches. Outside the immediate park area are many attractions such as a small waterpark and several antique shops. The Calumet Trail, a multiuse, crushed-limestone trail where cycling is acceptable, also runs in a generally east-west direction through the eastern section of the park, providing access to the Indiana Dunes State Park and towns to the east. This trail does not afford views of Lake Michigan, but skirts a wooded area where deer and other wildlife may often be seen, especially early in the morning.
The beaches, owing to the deep blue, often clear water, as well as the huge dunes and the copious sand they bring, are beautiful. Industrial vistas in the distance can lessen the bucolic impact, although with a good sense of humor and appreciation for the weird, they can add to the experience. The worst industrial offender is the big power plant to the east of the park, which is very visible from both Central Beach and the beach below Mt Baldy. A generally useful tip is that the beaches are more crowded with proximity to Chicago. The least crowded, on average, are the two at the east (Central and Mt Baldy). Going to the beach at the state park is also a good way to get more beach space, since Indiana charges an entrance fee. Now of course, if you're from a more crowded section of the country on the East Coast or California, you'll feel like you have an extraordinary amount of space no matter which beach you choose.
From East to West:
The IDNL contains Dunewood Campground, a 79-site camping ground operated by the National Park Service. As of December 2005, the fee was $15.00 per day. The campground is fairly open with few trees between sites. There are two large modern bathhouses with showers and several pit-toilets scattered around. The dunes area is all sand and the campground is no exception. Grass is sparse in some areas and expect to get sand in everything. The campground is often full by the Friday before most summer weekends so it pays to arrive early to secure a site.
Lake Michigan can have strong riptides and there are no lifeguards on several sections of the beach. Look for the warning signs at beach entrances. Sometimes they advise not entering the water at all. During the winter pack ice forms in thick chunks but is highly dangerous to walk on.
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Category: Outline articles
   | Mount Baldy - Mount Baldy Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore |
| | Save the Dunes Council - Save the Dunes |
| | Indiana Dunes State Park - DNR: Error - Page Not Found |
| | Dunes Nature Preserve - DNR: Nature Preserves |
| | Friends of the Indiana Dunes - Friends of Indiana Dunes |
| | Friends of the Indiana Dunes - Duneland\duneland\Friends |
| | Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore - Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore - National Parks Gallery |
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