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The Russian alphabet has 33 letters, out of which 10 are vocals and 23 are consonants. Two of the letters (Ь and Ъ) are used for changing sound of the preceding consonant.
Note, that in the list below first is capital, then small letter of Cyrillic alphabet, [then follows pronunciation of the letter], then comes explanation of how the sound should sound/feel like when pronounced
А, а [a] like in car
Б, б [be] like in back
В, в [ve] like in van
Г, г [ge] like in game
Д, д [de] like in den
Е, е [ie] like in yell
Ё, ё [io] like in york
Ж, ж [zhe] like in meas'ure
З, з [ze] like in roze
И, и [i] like in eel
Й, й [ji], [short i] like in bonsai
К, к [ka] like in cat
Л, л [el'] like in lmon, but as soft as in Spanish el
М, м [em] like in mammal
Н, н [en] like in note
О, о [o] like in bore
П, п [pe] like in pet
Р, р [er] like in break, try to emphasize the r or like a Spanish pronunciation of r
С, с [es] like in some
Т, т [te] like in tail
У, у [u] like in tune
Ф, ф [ef] like in fall
Х, х [ha] like in home, but harder or like the Scottish pronunciation of loch.
Ц, ц [ce] like in tsetse
Ч, ч [che] like in cherry
Ш, ш [sha] like in shell
Щ, щ [s'ha] like in shield, it should sound softer than Ш/sh
Ъ, ъ [hard mark] makes preceding consonant sound hard, e.g. compare d's of deal and doll (hard version)
Ы, ы [y, back i] i like in eel, that is being pronounced in behind of your mouth, close to the throat
Ь, ь [soft mark] makes preceding consonant sound soft, e.g. compare l's of life and live
Э, э [e] like in fell
Ю, ю [ju] like in you
Я, я [ja] like in yard
And yahoo!!! you reached the end of the Cyrillic alphabet and now
can go and practice in Lesson 1!
0 ноль [nol']
1 один [odin]
2 два [dva]
3 три [tri]
4 четыре [chetyre]
5 пять [pät']
6 шесть [shest']
7 семь [sem']
8 восемь [vosem']
9 девять [devät']
10 десять [desät']
20 двадцать [dvadtsat']
30 тридцать [tritsat']
100 сто [sto]
Further practice and how to say and ask time in Lesson 2
There are several groups of pronouns in Russian language. The first is Personal Pronoun. A pronoun having a difinite person or thing as an antecedent and functioning grammatically in the same way as a noun that it replaces.
| Russian | Phonetic | English |
|---|---|---|
| я | [ya] | I |
| ты | [ti] | you |
| он | [on] | he |
| она | [ana] | she |
| ано | [ano] | it |
| мы | [mi] | we |
| вы | [vi] | you |
| они | [oni] | they |
| Russian | Phonetic | English |
|---|---|---|
| меня | [menya] | me |
| тебя | [tebya] | you |
| его | [yevo] | him |
| её | [yeyo] | her |
| его | [yevo] | it |
| нас | [nas] | us |
| вас | [vas] | you |
| их | [ich] | them |
Что is used as an interrogative pronoun. Likewise, if you see an object you have never seen before, and have no idea what it is, then you ask the question of "что это?" which means "What's this?" or "What's that?"
Что такое is used when the object has been named or introduced, but you want more information on it. For instance: Что это? Это машина! Что такое машина? translates to: What's this? It's a machine! What's a machine?
If you wish to ask what type or variant something is, like in the sentence: "What type of computer is this?" then you use the adjective какой which declines depending upon its case. Note, it is an irregular adjective.
If you ask what a living creature, like a pet or a family member, is, you use the word кто (who), and apply it to the question: Кто это?
Russian has many words that translate to the English "for". Here are some examples.
For recipient use of the word "for" such as "I have a present for you.", one uses the Dative cases.
For expressing "for the benefit of", such as "Anna reads better than Ivan, therefore Anna reads for him.", one uses для + Genitive.
For expressing "exchange" or "replacement", one uses за + Accusative.
Duration of time (During the action) uses the Accusative case.
Duration of time (After the action) uses на + Accusative.
To express "to get" as in "He went for some food." one uses за + Instrumental.
To express "I am for taxes." as in "I support taxes", one uses за + Accusative. (против + Genitive is the opposite.)
Last, to express "for" in the sense of a deadline or scheduled time, one uses на + Accusative.
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