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Islamic Republic of Iran
جمهوری اسلامی ایران
Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān
Flag Coat of arms
MottoIndependence, Freedom, Islamic Republic
AnthemNational Anthem of Iran²
Capital
(and largest city)
Tehran
35°41′N 51°25′E / 35.683°N 51.417°E / 35.683; 51.417
Official language(s) Persian
Recognised regional languages .Azeri, Kurdish, Luri, Mazandarani, Gilaki, Baluchi and Arabic.^ (The Pentagon has established covert relationships with Kurdish, Azeri, and Baluchi tribesmen, and has encouraged their efforts to undermine the regimes authority in northern and southeastern Iran.
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Demonym Iranian
Government Islamic republic (a "theocratic republic".[1])
 -  Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei
 -  President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
 -  First Vice President Mohammad-Reza Rahimi
 -  Speaker of the Parliament Ali Larijani
Unification[2]
 -  Median Empire 625 BC 
 -  Parthian Empire 247 BC 
 -  Safavid Empire 1501[3] 
 -  Islamic Republic declared 1 April 1979 
Area
 -  Total 1,648,195 km2 (18th)
636,372 sq mi 
 -  Water (%) 0.7
Population
 -  2009 estimate 74,196,000[4] (18th)
 -  2006 census 70,495,782 
 -  Density 45/km2 (163rd)
116.6/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2009 estimate
 -  Total $830.058 billion[5] (17th)
 -  Per capita $11,202[5] (73rd)
GDP (nominal) 2009 estimate
 -  Total $331.757 billion[5] (29th)
 -  Per capita $4,477[5] (87th)
Gini (2008) 38[6] (medium
HDI (2007) 0.782 (medium) (88th)
Currency Rial (ريال) (IRR)
Time zone IRST (UTC+3:30)
 -  Summer (DST) Iran Daylight Time (IRDT) (UTC+4:30)
Drives on the right
Internet TLD .ir
Calling code 98
1 Bookrags.com
2 Iranchamber.com
3 Statistical Center of Iran. "جمعيت و متوسط رشد سالانه" (in Persian). .http://www.sci.org.ir/content/userfiles/_sci/sci/SEL/f02/2.1.html.^ Retrieved from " http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Persia " Categories : PEO-PET .

Retrieved 2009-02-13
.
 
4 CIA Factbook
.Iran (Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn]  ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran[7] is a country in Western Asia.^ As for terror, al-Qaida boss Ayman Zawahiri's recent tirade against the Islamic Republic notwithstanding, Iran has apparently intensified its cooperation with al-Qaida.
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^ In contrast, Iran's nuclear facilities, which are officially described as intended only for civilian purposes, are dispersed around the country and some are in fortified bunkers underground.
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^ (Urartu, Ararat), in the country which has since borne their name; and the entry of the Cappadociansfirst mentioned in the Persian periodinto the east of Asia Minor.

[8] .The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use in the Western world in 1935, before which the country was widely known as Persia.^ Tell Iran and the world that you have 'em and will use 'em!
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^ It was in Fath Ali Shahs reign that Henry Martyn was in Persia, and completed his able translation of the New Testament into the language of that country.

^ Before the new coinage came into use (1877) the proportion of pure silver was from 92 to 9~%; subsequently the proportion was for some time 90%; now it is about 894%.

.Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.^ Israel should however use any and all weapons other than nukes to destroy Irans nuke facilities.
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^ However, both deployments would be useful to deter or defend against retaliatory missile strikes from Iran if the Israelis or the United States bomb Irans nuclear facilities or stage military raids inside Iranian territory.
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^ Israeli intelligence, however, has also failed to provide specific evidence about secret sites in Iran, according to current and former military and intelligence officials.
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[9][10] The name Iran is a cognate of Aryan, and means "Land of the Aryans".[11][12][13]
.The 18th largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km², Iran has a population of over 70 million.^ Iran has the world's second-largest proven reserves of conventional crude oil, after Saudi Arabia, and the second-largest reserves of natural gas, after Russia.
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^ Add in its location, its population of nearly 70 million (the largest in the Middle East) and its ambitions to regional leadership, and the significance of Iran's future international role is undeniable.
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^ With a population of close to 70 million, more than 70 percent of which is literate, a vibrant culture, and a geographic spread from Central Asia and the Caucasus to the Persian Gulf, Iran is today a rising power in the Middle East.
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[14] .It is a country of particular geostrategic significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia.^ Israel should remain the only country in the middle east with nukes.
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^ Add in its location, its population of nearly 70 million (the largest in the Middle East) and its ambitions to regional leadership, and the significance of Iran's future international role is undeniable.
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^ It would give full justification for any middle east country to develop nukes as a deterent to Israel's nuclear force.
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Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. .As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea and condominium, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north.^ The Bush Administration, she said, would be willing to join Russia, China, and its European allies in direct talks with Iran about its nuclear program.
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^ We cannot allow North Korea, Iran, Iraq or similar states to undermine American leadership, intimidate American allies or threaten the American homeland itself.
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^ After Russia, the neighboring state next in importance to the well-being of Persia was Turkey, with whom she was united on the west by a common line of frontier.

.Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey.^ Khorasan to the Perso-Afghan border, its western limit being indicated by a long line to the northwest from near Shiraz, taking in the whole upper country to the Russian frontier and the Elburz; (2) the provinces south and south-west of the Caspian; (3) a narrow strip of wooded country south-west of the Zagros range, from the Diyala River in Turkey in Asia to Shiraz; (4) the Persian side of the Shatt-el-Arab, and Aralictan, east of the Tigris; and (5) the shores of the Persian Gulf and Baluchistan.

^ Advocates of an American invasion of Iran say that last months strengthening of the American armada in the Persian Gulf has frightened the Iranian regime.
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^ One was US concern over Iran's likely retaliation, which would probably include a wave of attacks on US military and other personnel in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as on shipping in the Persian Gulf.
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.Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation.^ Over the past two decades, Tehran has nurtured cultural, economic, and political ties with various regional forces, most notably the Shiites of Iraq.
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^ Reference may thus be made to the model of volontarily and conventionally submitting a politically sensitive national facility to sovereign control by a friendly foreign country.
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^ Farhad Kazemi, Politics and Culture in Iran (Ann Arbor: Center for Political Studies, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 1988).
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.Iran is a regional power,[15][16] and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas.^ The plutonium issue is one of several over which the United Nations Security Council has imposed sanctions to get Iran to cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency, the watchdog that is investigating American charges that Iran is covertly developing nuclear weapons.
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^ (China, a major purchaser of Iranian oil, is negotiating a multibillion-dollar deal with Iran for the purchase of liquefied natural gas over a period of twenty-five years.
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^ In any other country this man would have been spurned as a swindler; here he holds a high position in the mercantile world and at court.

.Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations.^ I hope the Nations of the World tells Iran they can't have Nuclear Weapons or continue to taunt Israel!
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^ Shireen T. Hunter, Iran and the World: Continuity in a Revolutionary Decade (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Shireen T. Hunter, Iran and the World: Continuity in a Revolutionary Decade (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), pp.
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[17][18][19] .The first Iranian dynasty formed during the Elamite kingdom in 2800 BCE. The Iranian Medes unified Iran into an empire in 625 BCE.[2] They were succeeded by the Iranian Achaemenid Empire, the Hellenic Seleucid Empire and two subsequent Iranian empires, the Parthians and the Sassanids, before the Muslim conquest in 651 CE. Iranian post-Islamic dynasties and empires expanded the Persian language and culture throughout the Iranian plateau.^ Again, they perpetuate the traditions of the Achaemenid Empire.

^ The Parthian Empire, as founded by the conquests of Mithradates I. and restored, once by Mithradates II. and again by Phraates III., was, to all exterior appearance, a conOrganizatinuation of the Achaemenid dominion.

^ Consequently, also, the language and writing of the Parthian period, which are retained under the Sassanids, received the name Pahksvi, i.e.

Early Iranian dynasties which re-asserted Iranian independence included the Tahirids, Saffarids, Samanids and Buyids.
The blossoming of Persian literature, philosophy, medicine, astronomy, mathematics and art became major elements of Muslim civilization and started with the Saffarids and Samanids. .Iran was once again reunified as an independent state in 1501 by the Safavid dynasty[3]—who promoted Twelver Shi'a Islam[20] as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam.^ The wreck of Xerxes expedition is the turning-point in the history of the Persian Empire.

^ This event brings us to one of the most interesting periods of Persian history, any account of which must be defective without a prefatory sketch of Ismail Sufi.

^ Buddhism and Zoroastrianism have been wedded in the state religion, and, in characteristic rndian fashion, are on the best of terms with one another, precisely as, in the Chinese Empire at the present day, we find the most varied religions, side by side, and on an equal footing.

[21] ."Persia's Constitutional Revolution" established the nation's first parliament in 1906, within a constitutional monarchy.^ The first are the invaders from Toorkistan, who, from time immemorial, have established themselves in Persia, and who still preserve their language.

^ Constitution and Government.Up to the year 1906 the government of Persia was an absolute monarchy, and resembled in its principal features that of the Ottoman Empire, with the exception, however, that the monarch was not the religious head of the community.

^ Such is the beginning of the free press to be established in Persia five hundred years hence; for within any less period it is hopeless.

.Iran officially became an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979, following the Iranian Revolution.^ Mehrdad Valibeigi, "Banking and Credit Rationing under the Islamic Republic of Iran," Iranian Studies 25:3-4 (1992): 51-66.
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^ Ziba Mir-Hosseini, "Religious Modernists and the 'Woman Question'," in Eric Hoogland, ed., Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since 1979 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2002), pp.
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^ America and Iran have been at loggerheads ever since Ayatollah Khomeini's revolution of 1979.
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[22][23]
Iran is a founding member of the UN, NAM, OIC and OPEC. .The political system of Iran, based on the 1979 constitution, comprises several intricately connected governing bodies.^ Dariush Gitisetan, Iran, politics and government under the Pahlavis: an annotated bibliography (London: Scarecrew, 1985).
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^ The newly minted government faced severe, real-life tests after Saddam Hussein's troops invaded Iran in 1980.
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^ Formed in 1979 by clerics who did not trust Iran's existing army, the Revolutionary Guards have grown into a major force in Iran's economy and political offices.
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.The highest state authority is the Supreme Leader.^ The presidency is a relatively weak position with no official authority over foreign policy, the domain of the supreme leader.
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^ Politicians rise and fall, but the supreme leader's authority remains supreme.
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.Shia Islam is the official religion and Persian is the official language.^ Zend is the language of the so-called Ayes/a,3 the holy book of the Persians, containing the oldest documents of the religion of Zoroaster.

^ Not till the time of Artaxerxes II. were Mithra and Anaitis received into the official religion of the Persian kings.

[24]

Contents

Name

.The term Iran (ایران) in modern Persian derives from the Proto-Iranian term Aryānā, first attested in Zoroastrianism's Avesta tradition.^ Advocates of an American invasion of Iran say that last months strengthening of the American armada in the Persian Gulf has frightened the Iranian regime.
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^ Farzin Vahdat, "Mehdi Haeri Yazdi and the Discourse of Modernity," in Ramin Jahanbegloo, ed., Iran: Between Tradition and Modernity (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2004), pp.
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^ Mohammad Faghfoory, "The Impact of Modernization on the Ulama of Iran, 1925-1941," Iranian Studies 26 (Summer/Fall 1993): 277-312.
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[25] Ariya- and Airiia- are also attested as an ethnic designator in Achaemenid inscriptions. The term Ērān, from Middle Persian Ērān (written as ʼyrʼn) is found on the inscription that accompanies the investiture relief of Ardashir I at Naqsh-e Rustam.[26] .In this inscription, the king's appellation in Middle Persian contains the term ērān (Pahlavi ʼryʼn), while in the Parthian language inscription that accompanies it, the term aryān describes Iran.^ Only towards the end of the Parthian sasty and after the rise of the Sassanians, under whom the national ditions were again cultivated in Persia, do we recover the lost Ces of the Persian language in the Pahlavi inscriptions and rature.

^ With such materials the cuneiform script could not be used; instead, the Persian language was written in, Aramaic characters, a method which later led to the so-called Pahlavi, i.e.

^ In Cappadocia, Aramaic inscriptions have been discovered (1900), in which the indigenous god, there termed Bel the king, recognizes the Mazdayasnian Religion (Din Mazdayasnish)i.e.

.In Ardeshir's time, ērān retained this meaning, denoting the people rather than the state.^ At the same time, an Iran concentrating on the development of the talents of its people and the resources of its country should have nothing to fear from the United States.
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^ His ifi-starred father, at no time more than a nominal ruler, was at Shiraz, apparently deserted by soldiers and people.

^ Clerics I spoke to from the traditional conservative camp associated with Khamenei were paternalistic in their view of the state rather than outright authoritarian.
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.Notwithstanding this inscriptional use of ērān to refer to the Iranian peoples, the use of ērān to refer to the geographical empire is also attested in the early Sassanid period.^ As has already been indicated, it was in their religious attitudes that the essential difference lay between the Sassanid Empire and the older Iranian states.

An inscription relating to Shapur I, Ardashir's son and immediate successor, includes regions which were not inhabited primarily by Iranians in Ērān regions, such as Armenia and the Caucasus."[27] In Kartir's inscriptions the high priest includes the same regions in his list of provinces of the antonymic Anērān.[27] Both ērān and aryān come from the Proto-Iranian term Aryānām, (Land) of the (Iranian) Aryas. .The word and concept of Airyanem Vaejah is present in the name of the country Iran (Lit.^ In Herodotus their place is taken by the Pactyans, whose name survives to the present day in the word Pushtu , with which the Afghans denote their language (Herod.

.Land of the Aryans) inasmuch as Iran (Ērān) is the modern Persian form of the word Aryānā.^ Stephanie Cronin, "Modernity and Rural Resistance in Iran: Southern Tribal Uprisings of 1929," Studies in Persianate Societies 1 (2003/1382): 57-81.
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^ The whole country is designated Ariana (Zend, Airyana) the land Descent of the Aryans the original of the Middle-Persian of the Eran and the modern Iran; the Greek geo- 1rau1ma~ui~, graphers Eratosthenes and Strabo were in error when they limited the name to the eastern districts of Iran.

^ Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak, Recasting Persian Poetry: Scenarios of Poetic Modernity in Iran (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1995).
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.Since Sassanian era the country has been known to its own people as Iran; however, to the western world, the official name of Iran from the 6th century BCE until 1935 was Persia or similar foreign language translations (La Perse, Persien, Perzie, etc.^ At the same time, an Iran concentrating on the development of the talents of its people and the resources of its country should have nothing to fear from the United States.
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^ Turkey, however, is a fair parellel with Persia, from the similarity of manners, religion, and race.

^ An inroad of Turks, therefore, backed though it may be by the name and reputation of England and France, will have little allurement for people in their condition, who, from similarity of religion, hardly feel their conquerors to be foreigners.

).[9] .In that year, Reza Shah asked the international community to call the country by the name "Iran". A few years later, some Persian scholars protested to the government that changing the name had separated the country from its past, so in 1949[9][10] Mohammad Reza Shah announced that both terms could officially be used interchangeably.^ In 1897 M. J. de Morgan, who had been on a scientific mission in Persia some years before and later in Egypt, was appointed chief of a mission to Persia, and began work at Susa in December.

^ The US hopes that an attack on Iran will inevitably result in a chaos in the country, and that it will be possible to bribe some of the Iranian generals and thus to create a fifth column in the country.
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^ The change in personnel signified also a transfer of superintendence of the Persian legation, which passed from the government in India to the authorities in England.

.Now both terms are common, but "Iran" is used mostly in the modern political context and "Persia" in a cultural and historical context.^ Arsacids now began to assume the old title king of kings (the s/iahanshah of modern Persia),though previously their coins, as a rule, had borne only the legend great king.

^ Though fallen from its high estate, even now Tabreez is considered one of the finest cities in Persia, both in population and wealth.

^ "Because now the major threat for both Iran and the U.S.A. is al Qaeda."
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Since the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the official name of the country has been the "Islamic Republic of Iran."

Geography and climate

Mount Damavand, Iran's highest point, is located in Mazanderan.
Simplified Climatic Map of Iran      Caspian Mild      Mountains      Desert and Semi-Desert
.Iran is the eighteenth largest country in the world,[28] with an area of 1,648,000 km2 (636,000 sq mi).^ Iran has the world's second-largest proven reserves of conventional crude oil, after Saudi Arabia, and the second-largest reserves of natural gas, after Russia.
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^ Taking the area of Persia at 628,000 sq.

[29] .Its area roughly equals that of the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Germany combined, or somewhat more than the US state of Alaska.^ He was then fifty-seven years of age, and had ruled over part of Persia for more than eighteen yearsover the kingdom generally for about three years, and from his coronation for about one year only.

^ More fortunate than poor Stoddart and Conolly in their expedition to the rival Uzbek state of Bokhara, Mr. Thomson returned in safety from his perilous undertaking.

^ All classes enjoy abundance of liberty, more so, I think, than among us.

[30] .Its borders are with Azerbaijan (432 km/268 mi) and Armenia (35 km/22 mi) to the north-west; the Caspian Sea to the north; Turkmenistan (992 km/616 mi) to the north-east; Pakistan (909 km/565 mi) and Afghanistan (936 km/582 mi) to the east; Turkey (499 km/310 mi) and Iraq (1,458 km/906 mi) to the west; and finally the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south.^ Khorasan to the Perso-Afghan border, its western limit being indicated by a long line to the northwest from near Shiraz, taking in the whole upper country to the Russian frontier and the Elburz; (2) the provinces south and south-west of the Caspian; (3) a narrow strip of wooded country south-west of the Zagros range, from the Diyala River in Turkey in Asia to Shiraz; (4) the Persian side of the Shatt-el-Arab, and Aralictan, east of the Tigris; and (5) the shores of the Persian Gulf and Baluchistan.

^ (I) into the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf, 135,000 sq.

^ For the provinces remaining tinsubdued on the extreme frontiers to the west, the north and the east are in their view almost negligible quantities.

.Iran consists of the Iranian Plateau with the exception of the coasts of the Caspian Sea and Khuzestan.^ The Caspian Sea washes the coasts of the Persian provinces of Talish, Geelan, Mazenderan, Asterabad, and Persian Toorkomania.

^ The real lowlands are the tracts near the sea-coast belonging to the forest-clad provinces of the Caspian in the north and the shores of the Persian Gulf below Basra and elsewhere.

^ Ali Geranmayeh, "The Caspian Sea in Iranian History and Politics," Central Asian Quarterly 2:3 (Summer 1995).
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.It is one of the world's most mountainous countries, its landscape dominated by rugged mountain ranges that separate various basins or plateaux from one another.^ "It's the most unusual relationship we have with any country in the world," explains US Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs Nicholas Burns.
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^ These mountains (the first range of them we crossed immediately after leaving the Cheshmeh Aalā) separate Tehran from the Caspian.

^ These ladies have each a separate little establishment, and some a separate court from the rest, but all the courts have a communication with one another.

.The populous western part is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the Caucasus, Zagros and Alborz Mountains; the last contains Iran's highest point, Mount Damavand at 5,610 m (18,405 ft), which is not only the country's highest peak but also the highest mountain on the Eurasian landmass west of the Hindu Kush.^ Shahan Kuh, Kuh-iGerra, Zardeh Kuh and Kuh-i-Karan (by some writers called Kuh-i-Rang), all in the Bakhtiari country west of Isfahan, are 12,800 to 13,000 ft.

^ In contrast, Iran's nuclear facilities, which are officially described as intended only for civilian purposes, are dispersed around the country and some are in fortified bunkers underground.
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^ The Saudis are driven by their fear that Iran could tilt the balance of power not only in the region but within their own country.
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[31]
.The Northern part of Iran is covered by dense rain forests called Shomal or the Jungles of Iran.^ The Democratic victories this month led to a surge of calls for the Administration to begin direct talks with Iran, in part to get its help in settling the conflict in Iraq.
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^ When Hezbollah led street demonstrations in Beirut in December, John Bolton, who was then the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., called them part of the Iran-Syria-inspired coup.
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^ Despite this revelation and despite having called Iran part of the Axis of Evil in his State of the Union that year President Bush continued to focus on Iraq.
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.The eastern part consists mostly of desert basins such as the Dasht-e Kavir, Iran's largest desert, in the north-central portion of the country, and the Dasht-e Lut, in the east, as well as some salt lakes.^ To do this, he must convince Europe, China and Russia that a nuclear Iran will be catastrophic for Middle East stability as well as for their own economies.
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^ I have been able to see the anderoons or harams of the Shah and some of the principal personages of his Court; and to judge, to a certain extent, with my own eyes, of the condition of women in that portion of the East.

^ According to him, the whole land is divided into two portions–one being desert with salt, and the other desert without salt.

.This is because the mountain ranges are too high for rain clouds to reach these regions.^ That range places Israel, Iran's sworn enemy, well within reach, as well as U.S. bases in the Gulf region and parts of southeastern Europe.
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^ I had on a previous occasion seen these fountains, which take their rise in a small basin at the summit of very high mountains.

^ With their range of 1,300 kilometers, Shihab-3 missiles are capable of reaching Israel and other countries throughout the region.
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.The only large plains are found along the coast of the Caspian Sea and at the northern end of the Persian Gulf, where Iran borders the mouth of the Shatt al-Arab (or the Arvand Rūd) river.^ The Iranian navy will now be deployed only in the Gulf of Oman and along the Caspian Sea.
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^ Along the shores of the Caspian, particularly in Gilan and Mazandaran , and of the Persian Gulf from the mouth of the Shatt el Arab down to Bander Abbasi, the air during a great part of the year contains much moisturedry- and wet-bulb thermometers at times indicating the same temperatureand at nights there are heavy falls of dew .

^ Khorasan to the Perso-Afghan border, its western limit being indicated by a long line to the northwest from near Shiraz, taking in the whole upper country to the Russian frontier and the Elburz; (2) the provinces south and south-west of the Caspian; (3) a narrow strip of wooded country south-west of the Zagros range, from the Diyala River in Turkey in Asia to Shiraz; (4) the Persian side of the Shatt-el-Arab, and Aralictan, east of the Tigris; and (5) the shores of the Persian Gulf and Baluchistan.

.Smaller, discontinuous plains are found along the remaining coast of the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz and the Sea of Oman.^ It is widely believed that Iran would respond to an attack by blockading the Strait of Hormuz, a 20-mile-wide narrows in the eastern part of the Persian Gulf through which about 40 percent of the world's oil exports are transported.
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^ The small sandy island of Ashoorada is situated in the gulf or bay of Asterabad, about twelve miles from the coast nearest to that city, which is twenty miles from the sea.

^ (I) into the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf, 135,000 sq.

.Iran's climate ranges from arid or semiarid, to subtropical along the Caspian coast and the northern forests.^ Iran has more than seven hundred undeclared dock and port facilities along its Persian Gulf coast.
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^ There are no towns; the villages are built along the coast, but are not very numerous; the houses are dispersed through the forest, which is not thick and reaches close to the sea.

^ The real lowlands are the tracts near the sea-coast belonging to the forest-clad provinces of the Caspian in the north and the shores of the Persian Gulf below Basra and elsewhere.

.On the northern edge of the country (the Caspian coastal plain) temperatures rarely fall below freezing and the area remains humid for the rest of the year.^ The thermometer falls to 27° below zero, Fahrenheit; and nevertheless wheat and barley are produced in abundance in the ample plain or valley below.

Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29 °C (85 °F).[32][33] .Annual precipitation is 680 mm (27 in) in the eastern part of the plain and more than 1,700 mm (67 in) in the western part.^ He was then fifty-seven years of age, and had ruled over part of Persia for more than eighteen yearsover the kingdom generally for about three years, and from his coronation for about one year only.

^ Gipsies are found in all parts of Persia, but in Geelan they are more numerous than elsewhere.

^ Time and violence have done their work; although it is supposed that research among its ruins would bring to light more antiquities than are to be found in any part of the Crimea.

To the west, settlements in the Zagros basin experience lower temperatures, severe winters with below zero average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall. .The eastern and central basins are arid, with less than 200 mm (eight in) of rain, and have occasional deserts.^ But the Persians say, and with justice, that an occasional chepawool of these pirates was less irksome than the presence and interference of consul and commodore.

^ In Tajrish, an election official told me that he had seen just 200 voters far fewer than in the presidential election less than two years ago.
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[33] Average summer temperatures exceed 38 °C (100 °F). .The coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman in southern Iran have mild winters, and very humid and hot summers.^ Advocates of an American invasion of Iran say that last months strengthening of the American armada in the Persian Gulf has frightened the Iranian regime.
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^ The southern boundary is the coast line of the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf from Gwetter to the mouth of the Shatt el Arab, a distance of about 870 m., comprised Southern , .

^ Stephanie Cronin, "Modernity and Rural Resistance in Iran: Southern Tribal Uprisings of 1929," Studies in Persianate Societies 1 (2003/1382): 57-81.
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The annual precipitation ranges from 135 to 355 mm (five to fourteen inches).[33]
.Iran's wildlife is composed of several animal species including bears, gazelles, wild pigs, wolves, jackals, panthers, Eurasian lynx, and foxes.^ Among the wild animals are the lion , tiger, leopard , lynx , brown bear , hyena , hog, badger , porcupine , pole -cat, weasel , marten , wolf , jackal , fox , hare , wild ass, wild sheep, wild cat, mountaingoat, gazelle and deer.

^ Lynxes and bears were to be found in the same vicinity, and the wild pig was both numerous and destructive.

.Domestic animals include, sheep, goats, cattle, horses, water buffalo, donkeys, and camels.^ Cromwell exclaim; but I say, "The Lord deliver me from Turkish Armenia, its subterranean dwellings and their blinding smoke, with cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats, asses, horses, fleas, bugs, and other small deer unmentionable, for companions and comrades!"

^ They consist of stables of vast extent, sunk under ground, and filled with buffaloes, cows, sheep, horses, poultry; here the family live, and here too we lived.

^ There were camels, horses, asses, sheep, cattle, cats, dogs, men, women, and children.

The pheasant, partridge, stork, eagles and falcon are also native to Iran.

Provinces and cities

.Iran is divided into thirty provinces (ostān), each governed by an appointed governor (استاندار, ostāndār).^ In the important provinces and subprovinces the governors are assisted by a man of experience, to whom the accounts and details of the government are entrusted.

^ The Aryans of Iran are divided into numerous tribes; these, again, being subdivided into minor tribes and clans.

^ The great majority of the civilized provinces were subdivided into local administrative districts governed by officials of the king and his satraps.

.The provinces are divided into counties (shahrestān), and subdivided into districts (bakhsh) and sub-districts (dehestān).^ The Aryans of Iran are divided into numerous tribes; these, again, being subdivided into minor tribes and clans.

^ The great majority of the civilized provinces were subdivided into local administrative districts governed by officials of the king and his satraps.

^ The political divisions of Persia, provinces, sub-provinces, districts, &c., ruled by, hakims number over 200 (cf.

Iran has one of the highest urban growth rates in the world. From 1950 to 2002, the urban proportion of the population increased from 27% to 60%.[34] The United Nations predicts that by 2030, 80% of the population will be urban.[35] .Most internal migrants have settled near the cities of Tehran, Isfahan, Ahvaz, and Qom.^ In this way the inhabitants of the immense city of Reï, near Tehran, were exterminated.

^ Isfahan was then one of the most magnificent cities in Asia, containing more than 600,000 inhabitants.

The listed populations are from the 2006/07 (1385 AP) census.[36] .Tehran, with a population of 7,705,036, is the largest city in Iran and is the Capital.^ Add in its location, its population of nearly 70 million (the largest in the Middle East) and its ambitions to regional leadership, and the significance of Iran's future international role is undeniable.
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Tehran is home to around 11% of Iran's population. .Tehran, like many big cities, suffers from severe air pollution.^ Hassan A. Ronaghy, "Major Source of Air Pollution in Iranian Cities," Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 17:1 (April 2001): 56-65.
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It is the hub of the country's communication and transport network.
.Mashhad, with a population of 2,410,800, is the second largest Iranian city and the centre of the province of Razavi Khorasan.^ He occupied the K ~rm&in city of Kerman, then a flourishing commercial town, e half-way between the Persian Gulf and the province of Khorasan.

.Mashhad is one of the holiest Shi'a cities in the world as it is the site of the Imam Reza shrine.^ It possesses some interest as being the site of one of the cities near which Mark Antony is supposed to have passed in his retreat from Persia.

.It is the centre of tourism in Iran and between 15 and 20 million pilgrims go to the Imam Reza's shrine every year.^ (Iran lost nearly 1 million citizens between 1980 and 1988 without blinking.
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^ Since then, Swiss good offices represent US interests in Iran and Swiss diplomats serve as go-betweens (and more, if desired).
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^ They ignored warnings from the intelligence community about the ties between Iraqi Shiite leaders and Iran, where some had lived in exile for years.
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[37][38]
.Another major Iranian city is Isfahan (population 1,583,609), which is the capital of Isfahan Province.^ Hassan A. Ronaghy, "Major Source of Air Pollution in Iranian Cities," Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 17:1 (April 2001): 56-65.
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^ Taheri, 80, said during an interview at his bedside in the central Iranian city of Isfahan that "taking weapons of mass destruction as a whole, I'm against it."
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The Naghsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The city contains a wide variety of Islamic architectural sites ranging from the eleventh to the 19th century. .The growth of the suburban area around the city has turned Isfahan into Iran's second most populous metropolitan area (3,430,353).^ He related this to concerns that Iran or Syria might decide to turn Lebanon into a theatre of conflict.
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^ The rhetoric between the United States and Iran has intensified of late, with Washington most recently blaming Tehran for funneling weapons into Iraq.
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^ The only gamble that could turn things around is removal of Iran as a regional influence.
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[39]
.The fourth major city of Iran is Tabriz (population 1,378,935), the capital of the East Azerbaijan provience.^ The chief events of his reign were a successful war against Tatar invaders and the substitution of the new city of Sultania as capital ror Tabriz, which had been Ghazans headquarters.

^ Farzin Sarabi, "The post-Khomeini era in Iran: The elections of the Fourth Islamic Majles," Middle East Journal 48:1 (Winter 1994).
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^ Add in its location, its population of nearly 70 million (the largest in the Middle East) and its ambitions to regional leadership, and the significance of Iran's future international role is undeniable.
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It is also the second industrial city of Iran after Tehran. .Tabriz had been the second largest city in Iran until the late 1960s and one of its former capitals and residence of the crown prince under the Qajar dynasty.^ The governorship of the province of Azerbaijan was an exception until the end of ioo, being always held by the Valiahd, heir apparent, or crown prince.

^ The last-named Persian poet was apparently one of the earliest eulogists of the Seljul~s, and it was under this Turkish dynasty Bncomiasts that lyrical romanticism rose to the highest pitch .

^ Shiva Balaghi, "Print Culture in Late Qajar Iran: the Cartoons of Kashk_l ," Iranian Studies 34:1-4 (2001): 165-182.
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.The city has proven extremely influential in the country’s recent history.^ When I visited recently with Mr. Peres, who is now Israels president, I asked him if there is a chance that his country has over-learned the lessons of Jewish history.
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.The fifth major city is Karaj (population 1,377,450), located in Tehran province and situated 20 km west of Tehran, at the foot of the Alborz mountains; however, the city is increasingly becoming an extension of metropolitan Tehran.^ Naturally, however, the wild tribes of the mountains and deserts, who could be curbed only by strict imperial control, asserted their independence and harassed the neighboring provinces.

^ In other words, it would seem that Tehran is becoming increasingly isolated and is looking for support, which could explain the idea for the international conference, he said.
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.The sixth major Iranian city is Shiraz (population 1,214,808); it is the capital of Fars Province.^ Hassan A. Ronaghy, "Major Source of Air Pollution in Iranian Cities," Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 17:1 (April 2001): 56-65.
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^ J.I. Clarke, The Iranian City of Shiraz , University of Durham, Department of Geography, Research Paper 7, 1963.
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The Elamite civilization to the west greatly influenced the area which soon came to be known as Persis. .The ancient Persians were present in the region from about the 9th century BC, and became rulers of a large empire under the Achaemenid dynasty in the 6th century BC. The ruins of Persepolis and Pasargadae, two of the four capitals of the Achaemenid Empire, are located in or near Shiraz.^ The Persian Empire under Hulagu and his descendants extended from the dominions of Jagatai on the north to that of the Egyptian dynasts on the south, and from the Byzantine Empire on the west to the confines of China.

^ Hulagu at Once proceeded to destroy a number of nascent dynasties which endeavoured to establish themselves on the ruins of the Khwarizm Empire; about 1255 he destroyed the dynasty of the i by the capture of their stronghold of Alamut (Eagles Nest ), and finally in 1258 captured Bagdad.

^ To most of the provinces the Achaemenid dominion was synonymous with two centuries of peace and order.

Persepolis was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire and is situated 70 km northeast of modern Shiraz. UNESCO declared the citadel of Persepolis as a World Heritage Site in 1979.
Cities by population

Rank City Province Population in 2006 Rank City Province Population in 2006
1 Tehran Tehran 7,705,036 10 Urmia West Azerbaijan 583,255
2 Mashhad Razavi Khorasan 2,427,316 11 Zahedan Sistan and Baluchestan 552,706
3 Isfahan Isfahan 1,602,110 12 Rasht Gilan 551,161
4 Tabriz East Azerbaijan 1,398,060 13 Kerman Kerman 496,684
5 Karaj Tehran 1,377,450 14 Hamedan Hamedan 473,149
6 Shiraz Fars 1,227,311 15 Arak Markazi 438,338
7 Ahvaz Khuzestan 969,843 16 Yazd Yazd 423,006
8 Qom Qom 951,918 17 Ardabil Ardabil 412,669
9 Kermanshah Kermanshah 784,602 18 Bandar Abbas Hormozgan 367,508

History

Early history (9000 BCE – 625 BCE)

19th century reconstruction of a map of the world by Eratosthenes, c.200 BCE. The name Ariana (Aryânâ) was used to describe the region where the Iranian Plateau is found.
.Dozens of pre-historic sites across the Iranian plateau point to the existence of ancient cultures and urban settlements in the fourth millennium BCE,[40][41][42] centuries before the earliest civilizations arose in nearby Mesopotamia.^ Younes P. Benab, "Tabriz in Perspective: A Historical Analysis of the Current Struggle of Iranian Peoples," RIPEH 2:2 (June 1978): 1-42.
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[43] .Proto-Iranians first emerged following the separation of Indo-Iranians, and are traced to the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex.^ Some scholarl attribute it to the Iranian family; others prefer to regard it as a separate and independent member of the Indo-European group.

^ The Iranian languages form one of the great branches of the Indo-European stem, first recognized as such by Sir William Jones and Friedrich Schlegel .

[44] .Aryan, (Proto-Iranian) tribes arrived in the Iranian plateau in the third and second millennium BCE, probably in more than one wave of emigration, and settled as nomads.^ More by good luck than good guiding I was happy to find, on reaching the end of the passage I had selected, that it was the right one, and the lad who had guided me waiting my return.

^ One in my possession is adorned with the following,–"I am sharper than the wit of Plato: I am more murderous than the eyebrow of a young damsel."

^ Dead dogs, and here and there a dead horse half eaten, offended more than one sense.

.Further separation of Proto-Iranians into "Eastern" and "Western" groups occurred due to migration.^ Some scholarl attribute it to the Iranian family; others prefer to regard it as a separate and independent member of the Indo-European group.

^ The inhabitants of Persis properfrom which the eastern tribes of Carmanians, Utians, &c., were excluded and Th formed into a separate satrapypay no taxes.

.By the first millennium BCE, Medes, Persians, Bactrians and Parthians populated the western part, while Cimmerians, Sarmatians and Alans populated the steppes north of the Black Sea.^ The inhabitants of these spacious territories carry on an extensive commerce, in part with the Persian ports on that sea, in part with the Russian districts on its northern and western shores.

^ The first district comprises most of the south-western provinces and the whole of the coast region as far east as Gwetter; the second relates to the tracts west, south and east of the southern part of the Caspian Sea.

^ The real lowlands are the tracts near the sea-coast belonging to the forest-clad provinces of the Caspian in the north and the shores of the Persian Gulf below Basra and elsewhere.

.Other tribes began to settle on the eastern edge, as far as on the mountainous frontier of north-western Indian subcontinent and into the area which is now Balochistan.^ He strengthened his position in Khorasan by planting colonies of Kurdish horsemen on the frontier, or along what is called the atak or skirt of the Turkoman mountains north of Persia.

^ The Uxians, moreover, with the Cossaeans and other mountain tribes, maintained their independence exactly as under the later Achaemenids (Strabo xvi.

^ Shamil in Persia is regarded as chief of the Lezgees, a tribe, the fiercest among these mountaineers, who inhabit the tracts towards the Caspian, at the eastern extremity of the Caucasus.

.Others, such as the Scythian tribes spread as far west as the Balkans and as far east as Xinjiang.^ Among others the wandering Turkish tribes in Fars have the credit of possessing good steeds.

^ Soon, however, the nomads (Dahae) gained their independence, and, as we have seen, repeatedly attacked and devastated the Parthian Empire in conjunction with the Tocharians and other tribes of Sacae and Scythians.

Avestan is an eastern Old Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrian Gathas in c. 1000 BCE.

Pre-Islamic statehood (625 BCE – 651 CE)

The Cyrus Cylinder a document issued by Cyrus the Great and regarded by some as a charter of human rights.
.The Medes are credited with the unification[2] of Iran as a nation and empire (625[2]–559  BCE), the largest of its day, until Cyrus the Great established a unified empire of the Medes and Persians leading to the Achaemenid Empire (559–330  BCE), and further unification between peoples and cultures.^ Simultaneously there arose in the East the powerful Indo-Scythian empire of the Kushana, which doubtless limited still further the Parthian possessions in eastern Iran.

^ The empire, which in extent did not exceed that of the Arsacids with its vassal states, was protected on the east and west by the great Mlii deserts of central Iran and Mesopotamia.

^ Although the Arsacids are strangers to any deep religious interest (in contrast to the Achaemenids and Sassanids), they acknowledge the Persian gods and the leading tenets of Zoroastrianism.

.After Cyrus' death, his son Cambyses continued his father's work of conquest, making significant gains in Egypt.^ The east of Iran was further subdued, and, after Cyrus met his end (528 B.C.) in a war against the eastern Nomads (Dahae, Massagetae ), his son Cambyses conquered Egypt (525 B.C.).

^ The extent of the Persian Empire was, in essentials, defined by the great conquests of Cyrus and Cambyses.

^ Within the empire, the two great civilized states incorporated by Cyrus and Cambyses, Babylon and Egypt, occupied a position of their own.

.Following a power struggle after Cambyses' death, Darius I was declared king (ruled 522–486 BCE).^ After his defeat of Nabonidus, Cyrus ~ proclaimed himself King of Babel ; and the same title was born by Cambyses, Smerdis and Darius.

.Under Cyrus the Great and Darius the Great, the Persian Empire eventually became the largest and most powerful empire in human history up until that point.^ The wreck of Xerxes expedition is the turning-point in the history of the Persian Empire.

^ History of the Achaemenian Empire.The history of the Persian Empire was often written by the Greeks.

^ The Persian Empire under Hulagu and his descendants extended from the dominions of Jagatai on the north to that of the Egyptian dynasts on the south, and from the Byzantine Empire on the west to the confines of China.

[45] .The borders of the Persian empire stretched from the Indus and Oxus Rivers in the east to the Mediterranean Sea in the west, extending through Anatolia (modern day Turkey) and Egypt.^ He had extended his boundary on the east to the Indus, and to the Oxus on the north.

^ The centre of force in Persian politics now changes from west to east.

^ Thus the task now faced them of annexing the remainder of the Macedonian Empire, the whole East from the Euphrates to the Indus, and of thereby saving Greek civilization (cf.

The Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent, at about 500 BCE
.In 499 BCE Athens lent support to a revolt in Miletus which resulted in the sacking of Sardis.^ Nevertheless, Darius left European Greece to itself, till the support accorded to the ronian and Carian insurgents by Athens and Eretria (499 B.C.) made war inevitable.

.This led to an Achaemenid campaign against Greece known as the Greco-Persian Wars which lasted the first half of the 5th century BCE. During the Greco-Persian wars Persia made some major advances and razed Athens in 480 BCE, but after a string of Greek victories the Persians were forced to withdraw.^ Persia has already made some advance.

^ Like the Greek drama and the mysteries of the European middle ages , it is the offspringof purely religious ceremony, which for centuries has been performed annually during the first ten days of the month Muharramthe recital of mournful lamentations in memory of the tragic fate of the house of the caliph All, the hero of the Shiitic Persians.

^ In this house, built expressly for the accommodation of the Russian representative, was signed the treaty which, twenty-eight years ago, concluded the last war between Russia and Persia.

Fighting ended with the peace of Callias in 449 BCE.
.The rules and ethics emanating from Zoroaster's teachings were strictly followed by the Achaemenids who introduced and adopted policies based on human rights, equality and banning of slavery.^ The latter prince was the worthier of the throne, but the other better suited the policy of the eunuchs and those noblemen who had the right of election.

^ The interpretation of the Persian seiform, the character and dialect of which were equally known, was begun by G. F. Grotefend, who was followed by Burnouf, Sir Henry Rawlinson and J. Oppert.

.Zoroastrianism spread unimposed during the time of the Achaemenids and through contacts with the exiled Jewish people in Babylon freed by Cyrus, Zoroastrian concepts further propagated and influenced the Abrahamic religions.^ You represent a nation whose ancient Persian forebearsthemselves migrants from Europeconquered Babylon and freed the Jewish people from captivity, permitting their return to the Land of Israel after the destruction of the first Jewish state.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ I believe that the U.S. is at risk for such an attack because she has abandoned the Israeli people during a critical time of need.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Thus Cyrus himself gave the exiled Jews in Babylon permission to return and rebuildJerusalem.

.The Golden Age of Athens marked by Aristotle, Plato and Socrates also came about during the Achaemenid period while their contacts with Persia and the Near East abounded.^ It possesses some interest as being the site of one of the cities near which Mark Antony is supposed to have passed in his retreat from Persia.

^ Fath ~Ali Shah came to the throne at about thirty-two years of age, and died at sixty-eight, after a reign of thirty-six years.

^ July .-Summer in Persia, as I have already described, is most wearisome, but this year was a more than ordinary trial during our period of banishment.

.The peace, tranquility, security and prosperity that were afforded to the people of the Near East and Southeastern Europe proved to be a rare historical occurrence, an unparalleled period where commerce prospered, and the standard of living for all people of the region improved.^ "If we improve the standard of living, that will unite the people, and that will bring security."
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Abagha was a peaceful ruler and endeavoured by wise administration to give order and prosperity to a country torn asunder by a long period of intestine war and the Mongol invasion.

^ Strolling about the heights near the town later in the evening, we were shown, far to the north-east, the hills where Shamil was said to be living in defiance of the Emperor of all the Russias.

[46]
.In 334 BCE, Alexander the Great invaded the Achaemenid Empire, defeating the last Achaemenid Emperor Darius III at the Battle of Issus in 333 BCE. He left the annexed territory in 328–327. In each of the former Achaemenid territories he installed his own officers as caretakers, which led to friction and ultimately to the partitioning of the former empire after Alexander's death, and the subsequent formation of the Seleucid Empire.^ After capturing Alamoot, for thirty-five years he never left that fortress, and twice only did he move from the chamber whence issued his mandates of death.

.The Parthian Empire (238 BCE–226 CE), led by the Arsacid Dynasty, was the third Iranian kingdom to dominate the Iranian plateau, after defeating the Greek Seleucid Empire, beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca.^ Robert Grant Watson, A history of Persia from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the year 1858 with a review of the principal events that led to the establishment of the Kajar dynasty (London: Smith, Elder and co., 1866).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ As has already been indicated, it was in their religious attitudes that the essential difference lay between the Sassanid Empire and the older Iranian states.

^ This would show how the national Iranian element in the Parthian Empire was continually gathering strength.

.150 BCE and 224 CE. These were the third native dynasty of ancient Iran and lasted five centuries.^ The development of Persian poetry under these first native dynasties was slow.

^ Malcolm E. Yapp, "1900-1921: The Last Years of the Qajar Dynasty," in Hossein Amirsadeghi, ed., Twentieth Century Iran (London: Heinemann, 1977), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.After the conquests of Media, Assyria, Babylonia and Elam, the Parthians had to organize their empire.^ The Parthian Empire, as founded by the conquests of Mithradates I. and restored, once by Mithradates II. and again by Phraates III., was, to all exterior appearance, a conOrganizatinuation of the Achaemenid dominion.

^ But the power of the mo-Persian Empire was not great enough for further conquests, though its army was capable and animated by a far stronger national feeling than that of the Parthians.

^ The Parthians proved incapable of creating a firm, united organization, such as the Achaemenids before them, and the Sassanids after them gave to their empire.

.The former elites of these countries were Greek, and the new rulers had to adapt to their customs if they wanted their rule to last.^ "They want him to be George Washington, to bind together the new country of Iraq," says Lang.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ If they coordinated their production and marketing decisions, these two countries could be twice as dominant in international gas markets as Saudi Arabia is in the global oil market.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ They want to minimize the consequences of sanctions now that they have been imposed, said Mohammad Atrianfar, an executive at the daily Shargh, which was closed last fall, and a reformist politician.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.As a result, the cities retained their ancient rights and civil administrations remained more or less undisturbed.^ The more international media coverage Iran’s civil rights leaders receive, the more emboldened the Iranian people will be in their demands for democracy.
  • OMID: The Future of Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC omidforiran.org [Source type: General]

^ This gallery contains different historical remainings of the PERSIA (Ancient Iran),in the individual galleries, belonging not only to Iran and Iranians but also to human civilization.
  • PERSIA, the Ancient Iran Photo Gallery by Ali Majdfar at pbase.com 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Intelligence has just arrived from Tabreez of an extraordinary device adopted by the moollas of that city for restoring the right of bast, or sanctuary, to its ancient vigour.

.Parthia was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the east, limiting Rome's expansion beyond Cappadocia (central Anatolia).^ When Tigranes attempted to seize Cappadocia, and the Roman praetor P. Cornelius Sulla advanced against him, Mithradates in 92 B.C. concluded the first treaty between Parthia and Rome (Plut.

^ Simultaneously there arose in the East the powerful Indo-Scythian empire of the Kushana, which doubtless limited still further the Parthian possessions in eastern Iran.

^ The empire, which in extent did not exceed that of the Arsacids with its vassal states, was protected on the east and west by the great Mlii deserts of central Iran and Mesopotamia.

.By using a heavily armed and armoured cataphract cavalry, and lightly armed but highly mobile mounted archers, the Parthians "held their own against Rome for almost 300 years".[47] Rome's acclaimed general Mark Antony led a disastrous campaign against the Parthians in 36 BCE, in which he lost 32,000 men.^ Rome, nevertheless concluded a treaty with Lucullus (69 B.C.) and with Pompey , aBd even supported the latter in his campaign against Tigranes in 66.

^ In the army of 50,000 mounted men which took the field against Mark Antony there were, says Justin, only 400 freemen.

^ The whole country was overrun by Antony B.C. 34, in his Parthian wars, which it is conjectured led him to the neighbourhood of Tabreez.

By the time of Roman emperor Augustus, Rome and Parthia were settling some of their differences through diplomacy. By this time, Parthia had acquired an assortment of golden eagles, the cherished standards of Rome's legions, captured from Mark Antony, and Crassus, who suffered a defeat at Carrhae in 53 BCE.[48]
Rock-face relief at Naqsh-e Rustam of Iranian emperor Shapur I (on horseback) capturing Roman emperor Valerian (kneeling) and Philip the Arab (standing)
.The end of the Parthian Empire came in 224 AD, when the empire was loosely organized and the last king was defeated by Ardashir I, one of the empire's vassals.^ Ardashir I., moreover, and his successors endeavoured to establish the validity of the royal will by absorbing the vassal states and instituting a firmer organization.

^ The last of these witnessed the fall of Artabanus (A.D. 226), though a Parthian king, Artavasdesperhaps a son of Artabanus IV.who is only known to us from his own coins, appears to have retained a portion of the empire for some time longer.

^ For the literature dealing with the Parthian Empire and numismatics , see PARTHIA, under which heading will be found a complete list of the kings, so far as we are able to reconstitute them.

.Ardashir I then went on to create the Sassanid Empire.^ The Parthians proved incapable of creating a firm, united organization, such as the Achaemenids before them, and the Sassanids after them gave to their empire.

.Soon he started reforming the country both economically and militarily.^ The country's economic problems were starting to be resolved.
  • History: The Iranian Revolution 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.cyberessays.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The shah introduces his "White Revolution," a package of comprehensive social and economic reforms that aim to modernize the country.
  • frontline: terror and tehran: chronology - u.s. iran relations, 1906-2002 | PBS 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: News]

^ Tensions between reformers in parliament and conservatives in the judiciary and the Guardian Council, over both social and economic changes, increased after Khatami's reelection.
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The Sassanids established an empire roughly within the frontiers achieved by the Achaemenids, referring to it as Erânshahr or Iranshahr, Eranshahr.svg, "Dominion of the Aryans", (i.e. of Iranians), with their capital at Ctesiphon.[49] .Unlike the diadochic Seleucids and the succeeding Arsacids, who used a vassalary system, the Sassanids—like the Achaemenids—had a system of governors (MP: shahrab) personally appointed by the Emperor and directed by the central government.^ Although the Arsacids are strangers to any deep religious interest (in contrast to the Achaemenids and Sassanids), they acknowledge the Persian gods and the leading tenets of Zoroastrianism.

^ Unless in an extraordinary case, his Majesty would not like to use force in the removal of a person who had thus thrown himself on his protection or on his mercy.

^ At the same time Persia would not listen to the overtures of peace made to her by the governor-general who had succeeded Zizianov.

The Romans suffered repeated losses particularly by Ardashir I, Shapur I, and Shapur II.[50] During their reign, Sassanid battles with the Roman Empire caused such pessimism in Rome that the historian Cassius Dio wrote:
Geographical extent of Iranian influence in the 1st century BCE. The Parthian Empire (mostly Western Iranian) is shown in red, other areas, dominated by Scythia (mostly Eastern Iranian), in orange.
.Here was a source of great fear to us.^ You've got rights here in the US, IF you don't like what's going on, You have the right to LEAVE. Why don't you go live in IRAN if you think it's so great.

^ You've got rights here in the US, IF you don't like what's going on, You have the right to LEAVE. Why don't you go live in IRAN if you think it's so great."

^ Here is a great blog post to read about the US Independence Day from my blogger friend in New Zealand.
  • Iran Parliament to Debate Death Penalty for Bloggers 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.readwriteweb.com [Source type: General]

.So formidable does the Sassanid king seem to our eastern legions, that some are liable to go over to him, and others are unwilling to fight at all
.^ For some reason, my mail does not seem to arrive at all.
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thereafter the Safavids had to maintain a defense that mixed diplomacy and treaties for some enemmies while fighting other enemies.
  • The Economic History and Economy of Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.sjsu.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Bickerman says, "The identity of some kings who issued coins...remains uncertain," and, "not all pretenders and temporary rulers are mentioned in this list," though a fair number of overlapping reigns do seem to be mentioned.
  • Media, Persia, Parthia, & Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]

[51]
Persian and Median soldiers at Persepolis
In 632 raiders from the Arab peninsula began attacking the Sassanid Empire. .Iran was defeated in the Battle of al-Qâdisiyah, paving way for the Islamic conquest of Persia.^ The nuclear issue has paved the way for other forms of pressures on Iran, Mr. Shirzad said.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ As for terror, al-Qaida boss Ayman Zawahiri's recent tirade against the Islamic Republic notwithstanding, Iran has apparently intensified its cooperation with al-Qaida.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ But out of the public eye, a chillingly similar battle has been under way on the Iraqi border with Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.During Parthian, and later Sassanid era, trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the great civilizations of China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Indian subcontinent, and Rome, and helped to lay the foundations for the modern world.^ In 1897 M. J. de Morgan, who had been on a scientific mission in Persia some years before and later in Egypt, was appointed chief of a mission to Persia, and began work at Susa in December.

^ Thus the great empire was reduced to immobility and stagnationa process which was assisted by the deteriorating influences of civilization and world-dominion upon the character Internal of the ruling race.

^ Ten years later, "A Clean Break" looks like nothing less than a playbook for U.S.-Israeli foreign policy during the Bush-Cheney era.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Parthian remains display classical Greek influences in some instances and retain their oriental mode in others, a clear expression of the cultural diversity that characterized Parthian art and life.^ The Parthian magnates, on the other hand, with the army, would have little to do with Greek culture and Greek modes of life, which they contemptuously regarded as effeminate and unmanly.

^ On the other side, the reign of Vologaeses I. is characterized by a great advance in the Oriental reaction against Hellenism.

^ Margaret Caton and Neil Siegel, eds., Cultural Parameters of Iranian Musical Expression (Redondo Beach, Cal.: Institute of Persian Performing Arts, 1986).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[52]
The Parthians were innovators of many architecture designs such as that of Ctesiphon, which later influenced European Romanesque architecture.[53][54] .Under the Sassanids, Iran expanded relations with China.^ It is often asserted that what is needed in relation to Iran is a diplomacy comparable to that which, in the 1970s, moved China from hostility to cooperation with the United States.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Arts, music, and architecture greatly flourished, and centers such as the School of Nisibis and Academy of Gundishapur became world renowned centers of science and scholarship.

Middle Ages (652–1501)

Map of Iranian Dynasties c. 1000
.After the Islamic conquest of Persia, most of the urban lands of the Sassanid empire with the exception of Caspian provinces and Transoxiana came under Islamic rule.^ Low state of the revenue of Persia – System of the late Shah – Taxes – Expenditure – Revenue from the principal provinces – Cultivation of land – Causes of the decline of Persia .

^ Mazenderān, owing to its secluded position, is perhaps the province in Persia most infected with a fanatical attachment to the Mahommedan faith.

^ In the Caspian provinces he found the fauna, on the whole, Palaearctic also, most of the animals being identical with those of south-eastern Europe .

[55] .Many provinces in Iran defended themselves against the Arab invaders, although none in the end was able to repulse the invaders.^ "If a nation arms itself with such weapons, it is quite logical for other nations to think of defending themselves against these kinds of weapons.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Lavrov said Tuesday the Hamas chief pledged to end missile attacks and violence against Israel, although Mashaal reaffirmed his group's refusal to recognize Israel.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ As tensions with Iran rise, many gulf countries have come to see themselves as the likely first targets of an Iranian attack.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.However, when the Arabs had subdued the country, many of the cities rose in rebellions, killing Arab governors, although reinforcement by Arab armies succeeded in putting down the rebellions.^ In recent months, however, he has increasingly been seen by many Sunnis not as a symbol of Arab unity but as a participant in a sectarian war.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ However, many countries are genuinely worried about Irans program.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ He rose to the rank of brigadier and khan, and notwithstanding that he continued to be a Christian, he was made military governor of the holy and bigoted city of Meshed.

.However, the Iranians' conversion to Islam was a complex process and is generally considered to have been gradual and the notion of force has largely been discredited,[56] although occasional acts of violence did take place, with Zoroastrian scriptures being burned and Zoroastrian priests being executed.^ The real invasion, if it ever takes place, must be by Herat, although, no doubt, a diversion would be made by Khiva and the Hindoo Koosh.

^ Soon, however, the two elements began to coalesce; in the Seleucid Empire, the process seems generally to have been both rapid and complete.

^ I must take up my journey, however, from our last halting-place, Tabreez, which we left on the 30th of March.

[55][57]
.By the 9th century, Islam became a dominant religion in Persia and the conversion of Iranians to Islam brought profound changes to their life and culture.^ The Medes, then, were an Iranian nation, already occupying in the 9th century B.C. their later home in the centre of the Median highland.

^ In these traits are engrained the general conditions of history and culture, under which the Iranians lived: on the one hand, the contrast between Iranian and Turanian; on the other, the dominating position of Babylon, which influenced most strongly the civilization and religion of Iran.

^ But, meanwhile, in its Iranian home and especially in Persis, the religion of Zoroaster lived a quiet life, undisturbed by the proceedings of the outside world.

[55] However in some regions, like Fars province, Zoroastrianism was strong up to the 9th century, although Sufis like Abu Eshaq Kazeruni, the founder of Kazeruni Sufi order brought mass conversion of Zoroastrians to Islam in the 10th century.[55]
.During the Abbasid caliphate decline, independent[58][59] and semi-independent native Iranian dynasties arose in different parts of Persia including the Tahirids, Saffarids, Samanids, Afrighids, Ghurids, Sallarid, Justanids, Shaddadids and Buyids.^ The natives of Mazenderan are strict Mussulmans, and have not yet adopted the wine-drinking habits not uncommon in other parts of Persia.

^ From Nadir Shah to the Kajar Dynasty.After the death of Nadir Shah something like anarchy prevailed for thirteen years ~ d f in the greater part of Persia as it existed under Anarchy.

^ With the rise of the Ghaznevids and later uhaznevtds the Seljuks, the Abbasid caliphate ceased to count as an independent power.

.Socially, the Arabs abolished the previous social class system of Sassanians while later, especially under the Ummayyads, another form of discrimination and exclusion against non-Arabs evolved.^ And though this may sound like another non-starter, this might build on and evolve from the reportedly on-going (sic!
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Iranians under quietly accepted the foreign yoke, and the higher Greek Rule, classes adopted the external forms of the alien civilization (cf.

[60] .In reaction to these, Abu Moslem, an Iranian[61][62] general, expelled the Umayyads from Damascus and helped the Abbasid caliphs to conquer Baghdad.^ All of these private initiatives are vital for raising public awareness in the West about the lethality of the Iranian threat to Israel and to global security in general.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Abbasid caliphs frequently chose their "wazirs" (viziers) among Iranians, and Iranian governors acquired a certain amount of local autonomy.^ Indiscriminate cutting has occasionally been confined within certain bounds, but such restrictions were generally either of short duration or made for the convenience and profit of local governors.

.Thus in 822, the governor of Khorasan, Tahir, proclaimed his independence and founded a new Persian dynasty of Tahirids.^ By the action of Abmad Abdali, Afghanistan was at once lost to the Persian crown, for this leader was strong enough to found an independent kingdom.

^ The new empire founded by Ardashir 1.the Sassanian, or Neo-Persian Empireis essentially different from that of his Arsacid predecessors.

^ It is convenient at this point to mention several other minor dynasties founded by nominal governors in various parts of Mi Persia and its borderland.

And by the Samanid era, Iran's efforts to regain its independence had been well solidified.[63]
.Attempts of Arabization thus never succeeded in Iran, and movements such as the Shuubiyah became catalysts for Iranians to regain their independence in their relations with the Arab invaders.^ Shireen Hunter, "Iran and the Arab World," in Myron Rezun, ed., Iran at the Crossroads: Global Relations in a Turbulent Decade (Boulder, Co.: Westview, 1989), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The US hopes that an attack on Iran will inevitably result in a chaos in the country, and that it will be possible to bribe some of the Iranian generals and thus to create a fifth column in the country.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Such sanctions could include penalties against foreign companies that sell Iran refined petroleum and provide an insurance policy for Iranian shipping.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[64] .Other notable major revolts, some by Iranian Muslims and others by practitioners of old Iranian religions against Arab rule were lead by Al-Muqanna, Sunpadh, Khurramites, Babak Khorramdin, Maziar, Mardavij, Ustadh Sis and Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari.^ Some scholarl attribute it to the Iranian family; others prefer to regard it as a separate and independent member of the Indo-European group.

^ Hazm the Abbasids were a Persian dynasty which destroyed the old tribal system of the Arabs and ruled despotically as Chosroes had done.

^ America will appeal to pro-Western Arabs, Muslims, and Iranians.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The cultural revival of the post-Abbasid period led to a resurfacing of Iranian national identity. The resulting cultural movement reached its peak during the 9th and 10th centuries. .The most notable effect of the movement was the continuation of the Persian language, the official language of Iran to the present day.^ They both speak dialects the greater part of which is Persian, bearing a strong resemblance to the colloquial language of the present day, divested of its large Arabic mixture.

^ In Herodotus their place is taken by the Pactyans, whose name survives to the present day in the word Pushtu , with which the Afghans denote their language (Herod.

^ Mohammad Ali Jazayeri, "The Modernization of the Persian Vocabulary and Language Reform in Iran," in István Fodor and Claude Hagège, eds., Language Reform: History and Future , Vol.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Ferdowsi, Iran's greatest epic poet, is regarded today as the most important figure in maintaining the Persian language.^ Although we have no record of Median language we cannot regard it as differing to any great ant from the Persian.

^ I. Kurdish, a language nearly, akin to New Persian, with which it has important characteristics in common.

^ Calling the crisis over Irans nuclear program the most serious weighing on the international order today, Mr. Sarkozy also reiterated his position that a nuclear-armed Iran was unacceptable for France.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

After an interval of silence Iran re-emerged as a separate, different and distinctive element within Islam.
Khwarezmid Empire around 1200
In 1218, the eastern Khwarazmid provinces of Transoxiana and Khorasan suffered a devastating invasion by Genghis Khan. .During this period more than half of Iran's population was killed,[65] turning the streets of Persian cities such as Neishabur into "rivers of blood", as the severed heads of men, women, and children were "neatly stacked into carefully constructed pyramids around which the carcasses of the city's dogs and cats were placed".[66] Between 1220 and 1260, the total population of Iran had dropped from 2,500,000 to 250,000 as a result of mass extermination and famine.^ (I) into the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf, 135,000 sq.

^ Both women brazenly violated every traffic law known to man, but with their head scarves in place, the loose ends firmly clenched between their teeth.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Go more into that, the US and Iran and nuclear weapons.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[67]
.In a letter to King Louis IX of France, Holaku, one of the Genghis Khan's grandsons, alone took responsibility for 200,000 deaths in his raids of Iran and the Caliphate.^ A retired American diplomat, who has experience in the Gulf, confirmed that the Qatari government is very scared of what America will do in Iran, and scared to death about what Iran would do in response.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It was at one time imagined that Persia took from England, by the way of Trebizond alone, manufactured goods to the value of a million sterling.

[68] .He was followed by yet another conqueror, Tamerlane, who established his capital in Samarkand.^ Those who follow him are ruthless to the unbeliever but merciful to one another.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ True, though trite, it is easy to be wise after the event; yet who can help regretting that a different plan was not followed in the subjugation of Sebastopol?

[69] .The waves of devastation prevented many cities such as Neishabur from reaching their pre-invasion population levels until the 20th century, eight centuries later.^ If invasion be practicable, the best mode of preventing it is by preparation, and by surrounding it by such difficulties as will make the undertaking an act of desperation.

[70]
In 1387, Tamerlane avenged a revolt in Isfahan by massacring 70,000 people.[71] .But both Hulagu, Tamerlane, and their successors soon came to adopt the ways and customs of that which they had conquered, choosing to surround themselves with a culture that was distinctively Persian.^ They were both in a takhterewan, surrounded by guards.

^ They call themselves Soonnee Mahommedans, and on that pretext make it lawful to carry off Persian Sheeahs.

^ Persians were of all mankind the readiest to adopt foreign customs, good or bad, a sentence which is equally applicable to the Romans , and which in the case of both nations goes far to explain, not merely their successes, but also the character of their empires.

[72] .The mid-14th-century Black Death killed about 30% of the country's population.^ At his death, this person presented himself to the Prime Minister, and, with protestations of loyalty and devotion, announced that 30,000 tomans (about 15,000 l .

[73]
Illustration from Jami "Rose Garden of the Pious", dated 1553. The image blends Persian poetry and Persian miniature into one, as is the norm for many works of the Timurid era.
.Iran was gradually Islamized after the collapse of the Sassanid empire; however, it was not Arabized.^ Soon afterwards, however, the Roman Empire seemed to collapse utterly.

.Iranian culture re-emerged with a separate and distinctive character and made an immense contribution to the Islamic civilization.^ Gustav Thaiss, "Unity and Discord: The Symbol of Husayn in Iran," in Charles J. Adams, ed., Iranian Civilization and Culture (Montreal: McGill University, 1972).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[74][75] .When Islam came through Iran, there developed Iranian Islam or Persian Islam rather than the original Arab Islam, and this new Islam is sometimes referred to by scholars as Islam-i Ajam (Persian Islam).^ In short, there is a new willingness among the Iranian political elite to avoid the rhetoric of confrontation and to negotiate.
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^ Among the kings then following, only known to us from their coins, there appears a dynasty with Iranian and sometimes peculiarly Parthian names which seems to have reigned in the Punjab and Arachosia.

^ Advocates of an American invasion of Iran say that last months strengthening of the American armada in the Persian Gulf has frightened the Iranian regime.
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[74][76]
.It was this Persian Islam and Sufism which was brought to new areas and new peoples like the Turks of Central Asia, the Ottoman Empire, and the Indian subcontinent.^ The new empire founded by Ardashir 1.the Sassanian, or Neo-Persian Empireis essentially different from that of his Arsacid predecessors.

^ Scott Levi, "The Indian Merchant Diaspora in Early Modern Central Asia and Iran," Iranian Studies 32:4 (1999): 483-512.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ By the resolution of Julian (363) to begin an energetic attack on the Persian Empire, the conflict, after the lapse of a quarter of a century, assumed a new phase.

[74] .Among the major Iranian Muslims who cultivated Sufism and helped the spread of Islam through Sufism, one can mention Habib Ajami, Hallaj, Hasan Basri, Junayd Baghdadi, Bayazid Bistami, Maruf Karkhi, Abdul Qadir Jilani, Moinuddin Chishti, Jalaluddin Rumi, Najmuddin Kubra, and Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari.^ He brought with him one of his boon companions, who, when helping himself to wine, observing a drop at the mouth of the bottle, stretched out his tongue and licked it up.

^ To these was added an intriguing veteran major, who actually invited part of the regiment to pelt with stones one of the rival colonels.

Note should also be made of Abu Hanifa, the founder of the Hanafi school of thought which is followed by most Muslims today.
.Arabic writer Ibn Khaldun has remarked that the sedentary culture which was necessary for the development of civilization was rooted in the Persian empire.^ They were the predecessors of the Persians in the empire and the more civilized people.

^ For the development of the Asiatic religions, the Persian Empire was of prime importance.

[77]
.One of the main developments after the advent of Islam in Iran was the rise of the New Persian language as an important Indo-European language.^ Their subjects, on the contrary, speak absolutely different tongues: for the attempts to explain the languages of the Cossaeans, Mitannians, and Arzapians as Indo-European (Iranian) have ended in failure (cf.

^ The Anti-Defamation League and AIPAC are waging public campaigns against European oil and gas companies that are involved in developing Iran's oil and gas fields.
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^ The Iranian languages form one of the great branches of the Indo-European stem, first recognized as such by Sir William Jones and Friedrich Schlegel .

.The New Persian language was an evolution of Middle Persian, which in turn was derived from Old Persian.^ I. Kurdish, a language nearly, akin to New Persian, with which it has important characteristics in common.

^ Old y often appears as j: Zend yOma (glass), New Persian jam; yavan (a youth), New Persian javan.

^ The languages which it disguises rather Middle ,n expressesMiddle Persian, as we may call it Persian.

.New Persian absorbed a considerable amount of Arabic vocabulary[78][79] during this era, although the Arabic vocabulary that was Persianized[80] often took a different meaning than the Arabic origin.^ But experience shows that engagement means something different in Iran than in the West.
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^ Old y often appears as j: Zend yOma (glass), New Persian jam; yavan (a youth), New Persian javan.

^ During my abode among the Sheghaghees an occurrence took place so intimately connected with the religious sentiments of the Persians that this seems to be the proper time to describe it.

.In terms of contribution to the Arabic language, Iranians like Sibawayhi[81] pioneered writing books of grammar of the Arabic language.^ I have since heard that, like Koran, the word is derived from an Arabic term meaning "to read."

.Culturally, Iranians preserved their language, while they used Arabic for scientific and philosophical discourses;[82] this enabled them to reach a worldwide audience for the first time.^ They will use the time to increase international pressure on countries that do business with Iran and sell it arms.
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^ The first are the invaders from Toorkistan, who, from time immemorial, have established themselves in Persia, and who still preserve their language.

^ They will use the time to conduct covert operations against nuclear and regime targets.
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[82] .After the 10th century, Persian, written in the modified Perso-Arabic script alongside Arabic, was used for scientific, philosophical, historical, mathematical, musical, and medical works, as important Iranian writers such as Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Avicenna, Qotb al-Din Shirazi, Gurgani, Naser Khusraw, Biruni, Abdul Qadir Maraghi made contributions to Persian scientific writing.^ The uranium that the Iranians took from their Isfahan plant will be weapons grade and attached to Shihab-3 missiles or transferred to Hizbullah, al-Qaida or Hamas terrorists for use long before such hypothetical sanctions would even be noticed.
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^ Jennifer M. Scarce, "The Architecture and Decoration of the Gulistan Palace: The Aims and Achievements of Fath `Ali Shah (1797-1834) amd Nasir al-Din Shah (1848-1896)," Iranian Studies 34:1-4 (2001): 103-116.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Abbas Amanat, Pivot of the Universe: Nasir al-Din Shah and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.During this era, Iranians continued on a much larger scale the cultural and scientific enterprises set up by the Sassanids.^ We set that up during the Cold War.
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^ Wilhelm Eilers, "Education and Cultural Development in Iran during the Pahlavi Era," in George Lenczowski, ed., Iran under the Pahlavis (Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1978), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Kamran M. Dadkhah, "Iran's Economic Policy During the Mosaddeq Era," Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 16:2 (November 2000): 39-54.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[83] The blossoming Persian literature, philosophy, medicine, and art became major elements in the forming Muslim civilization. .The Islamic Golden Age, which is characterized by developments in science, owed to a large extent its importance to vital contributions made by Iranians.^ Although these tenets are perfectly well known as existing to a large extent among these tribes, not the slightest attempt is made to disturb their opinions.

[84] .The Islamic Golden Age reached its peak in the 10th and 11th centuries, during which Persia was the main theatre of scientific activity.^ Ann K.S. Lambton, Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia: Aspects of Administrative, Economic, and Social History, 11th to 14th Century (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Richard N. Frye, The Golden Age of Persia: Arabs in the East (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[83] .The Persian influence of this period relied heavily upon the achievements of the Sassanids, and the weight of this influence has led the Muslim world to accept Islamic civilization as the Perso-Islamic civilization.^ C. Edmund Bosworth, "The Persian contribution to Islamic historiography in the pre-Mongol period," in Richard Hovannisian and Georges Sabagh, eds., The Persian Presence in the Islamic World (Cambridge: CUP, 1998), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Thus the great empire was reduced to immobility and stagnationa process which was assisted by the deteriorating influences of civilization and world-dominion upon the character Internal of the ruling race.

^ He reigned fourteen years, and his reign was a succession of barbarities, which can only be attributed to an evil disposition acted upon by an education void of all civilizing influences.

[85]
Even in the development of Arabic scientific prose itself, which differs in style from that of the Quran, Persian scholars like Ibn al-Muqaffa had a major role. .Indeed, the class of clerks and civil administrators that was responsible for the cultivation of the sciences in the early Islamic centuries consisted mostly of Persians.^ The works of James Morier , especially his Adventures of Hajji Baba of .Tspahan, throw much light on Persian society in the early years of the 19th century.

^ Hormoz Ebrahimnejad, "Theory and Practice in Nineteenth-Century Persian Medicine: Intellectual and Institutional Reforms," History of Science 38 (2000): 171-178.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ H. Kuklan, "The Administrative System in the Islamic Republic of Iran: New Trends and Directions," Revue internationale de sciences administratives 3 (1981): 218-224.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[86] The contributions of Iranians to the Arabic language are however not limited to scientific prose but are also found in Arabic poetry. The contributions by Iranians are characterised as "the lively and graceful fancy, elegance of diction, depth and tenderness of feeling, and a rich store of ideas".[87]
.Iranian philosophy after the Islamic conquest is characterized by different interactions with Old Iranian philosophy, with Greek philosophy, and with the development of Islamic philosophy.^ A year ago you could have characterized the interaction with the Iranians as professional, said Vice Adm.
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The Illumination School and Transcendent Philosophy are regarded as two of the main philosophical traditions of this era in Persia. .These movements continued well into the 11th century, during which the Nizamiyya university was founded and hundreds of Iranian scholars and scientists contributed greatly to technology, science, and medicine, later influencing the rise of European sciences during the Renaissance.^ His operations had converted Kief into a small English colony, from the numerous artisans whom Mr. Vignolles had brought from England to contribute their practical skill to his science.

^ Armenia was rent into factions during the wars of the Romans and the Sassanians, till at length, near the middle of the fifth century, these two powers made a formal division of the country.

^ At each movement of the wheels and of the horses, these planks sank into the water, sometimes to an alarming depth; but though the passage looked hazardous, it was free from danger.

[88]

Early modern era (1501–1921)

Shah Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid Dynasty (1501–1736)
.Iran's first encompassing Shi'a Islamic state was established under the Safavid Dynasty (1501–1722) by Shah Ismail I.^ From Nadir Shah to the Kajar Dynasty.After the death of Nadir Shah something like anarchy prevailed for thirteen years ~ d f in the greater part of Persia as it existed under Anarchy.

^ The men had been arrested while trying to establish an Islamic mini-state in northern Lebanon.
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^ Roger M. Savory, "A Secretarial Career under Tahm_sp I (1524-1576), Islamic Studies (Karachi) 2 (1963): 343-352, reprinted in Studies on the History of Safavid Iran (London: Variorum Reprints, 1987).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.The Safavid Dynasty soon became a major political power and promoted the flow of bilateral state contacts.^ The United States is the only major power not sending a diplomat with Mr. Solana.
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.The Safavid peak was during the rule of Shah Abbas The Great.^ Sholeh A. Quinn, Historical Writing During the Reign of Shah `Abbas: Ideology, Imitation and Legitimacy in Safavid Chronicles (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2000).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ V.B. Moreen, "The Persecution of Iranian Jews During the Reign of Shah `Abbas II (1642-1666)," Hebrew Union College Annual 52 (1981), pp.
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^ Close to the tomb was a large chamber containing an enormous quantity of blue china of all shapes and sizes, the offering of Shah Abbas to his great ancestor.

[21] The Safavid Dynasty frequently warred with the Ottoman Empire, Uzbek tribes and the Portuguese Empire.
.The Safavids moved their capital from Tabriz to Qazvin and then to Isfahan, where their patronage for the arts propelled Iran into one of its most aesthetically productive eras.^ This last account is extremely probable, and would show that the young Turkoman had wished to make one grand effort to save Isfahan and Shiraz (with Kazvin and the neighboring country), these being, after the capital Tabriz, the most important cities of Uzun ~iasans Persia.

^ The rhetoric between the United States and Iran has intensified of late, with Washington most recently blaming Tehran for funneling weapons into Iraq.
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^ Intelligence has also shown that for the past two years the Iranians have been shifting their most sensitive nuclear-related materials and production facilities, moving some into urban areas, in anticipation of a bombing raid.
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.Under their rule, the state became highly centralized, the first attempts to modernize the military were made, and even a distinct style of architecture developed.^ No attempt has been made to standardize or modernize spelling or use of diacriticals.

^ And one story that really went under the radar screen is, one of the reactors in Iran that's come under scrutiny was actually provided to Iran in the first place by the United States, under the Shah.
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^ Even before his January 10 speech, many inside the military had concluded that the decision to bomb Iran has already been made.
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.In 1722 Afghan rebels defeated Shah Sultan Hossein and ended the Safavid Dynasty, but in 1735, Nader Shah successfully drove out the Afghan rebels from Isfahan and established the Afsharid Dynasty.^ His descendants, except for Jelal ed-din (Jalaluddin) Shah Shuja , the patron of the poet Hafiz, were unimportant, and the dynasty was wiped out by Timur about 1392.

He then staged an incursion into India in 1738, securing the Peacock throne, Koh-i-Noor, and Darya-ye Noor among other royal treasures. .His rule did not last long, however, as he was assassinated in 1747. The Mashhad based Afshar Dynasty was succeeded by the Zand dynasty in 1750, founded by Karim Khan, who established his capital at Shiraz.^ While differing widely in character, he was a worthy successor of Karim Khan, the great founder of the Zend dynasty.

^ The last ilnportant dynasty in Persia prior to the Mongol invasion was that of the Saigharids in Fars, founded by the descendants of a Turkish general Salaghar, who had formerly been a Turkoman leader and ultimately became chamberlain to Toghrul Beg.

^ Soon after this, in 820 (205 A.IL), Thhir, who aided MamUn to wrest the caliphate from his brother AmIn, succeeded in establishing the first semiindependent Persian dynasty in Khorksgn, which was overthrown ~n 872 (259 All.

.His rule brought a period of relative peace and renewed prosperity.^ His rule brought a period of peace and renewed prosperity.
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^ Abagha was a peaceful ruler and endeavoured by wise administration to give order and prosperity to a country torn asunder by a long period of intestine war and the Mongol invasion.

^ After almost one hundred years of Mongol devastation, Rashid ad-Din's policies brought about a short-lived period of peace and prosperity.
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.The Zand dynasty lasted three generations, until Aga Muhammad Khan executed Lotf Ali Khan, and founded his new capital in Tehran, marking the dawn of the Qajar Dynasty in 1794. The Qajar chancellor Amir Kabir established Iran's first modern college system, among other modernizing reforms.^ Shaul Bakhash, Iran: Monarchy, Bureaucracy, and Reform under the Qajars, 1858-1896 (London: Ithaca Press for the Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College, 1978).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The last, according to Watson, becarns settled in Iran and Turan, and seem at first to have given then name to all the tribe.

^ Tehran cleary received the message and viewed the US-backed Israeli war on Hizbullah as the first stage of a war on Iran.
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.Iran suffered several wars with Imperial Russia during the Qajar era, resulting in Iran losing almost half of its territories to Imperial Russia and the British Empire, via the treaties of Gulistan, Turkmenchay and Akhal.^ In this house, built expressly for the accommodation of the Russian representative, was signed the treaty which, twenty-eight years ago, concluded the last war between Russia and Persia.

^ Wilhelm Eilers, "Education and Cultural Development in Iran during the Pahlavi Era," in George Lenczowski, ed., Iran under the Pahlavis (Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1978), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Kamran M. Dadkhah, "Iran's Economic Policy During the Mosaddeq Era," Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 16:2 (November 2000): 39-54.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.The Great Persian Famine of 1870–1871 is believed to have caused the death of 2 million persons.^ "The colonel of this regiment finished his earthly career the day after our return, and the cause of his death affords a good specimen of Persian manners and customs.

^ Shoko Okazaki, "The great Persian famine of 1870-71," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 49 (1986): 183-192.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[89]
.In spite of The Great Game Iran managed to maintain her sovereignty and was never colonized, unlike neighbouring states in the region.^ To maintain, Or regain, the suzerainty over Mesopotamia and the vassal states of that region, as also over Atropatene and Armenia, was its most imperative task.

^ In other words, the U.S. can't nuke Iran, but Israel, which never signed the treaty and maintains an unacknowledged nuclear arsenal, can.
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^ The empire, which in extent did not exceed that of the Arsacids with its vassal states, was protected on the east and west by the great Mlii deserts of central Iran and Mesopotamia.

.Repeated foreign intervention and a corrupt and weakened Qajar rule led to various protests, which by the end of the Qajar period resulted in Iran's constitutional revolution establishing the nation's first parliament in 1906, within a constitutional monarchy.^ Haggay Ram, "Exporting Iran's Islamic Revolution: Steering a Path between Pan-Islam and Nationalism," Terrorism and Political Violence 8:2 (Summer 1996): 7-24.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Mangol Bayat, "The cultural implications of the Constitutional Revolution," in Edmond Bosworth and Carole Hillenbrand, eds., Qajar Iran: Political, Social, and Cultural Change, 1800 1925 (Costa Mesa, Cal.: Mazda Publishers, 1992), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Pirmoazzen said that two UN resolutions against Iran in the first 18 months of the government's term demonstrated that the current foreign ministry was incapable of looking after Iran's national interests.
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Recent history (1921–present)

Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq
.In 1925, Reza Khan overthrew the weakening Qajar Dynasty and became Shah.^ Nikki R. Keddie, Qajar Iran and the Rise of Reza Khan 1796-1925 (Costa Mesa: Mazda, 1999).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Cyrus Ghani, Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah from Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Rule (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Reza Shah initiated industrialization, railroad construction, and the establishment of a national education system.^ M. Reza Ghods, "Iranian Nationalism and Reza Shah," Middle Eastern Studies 27 (January 1991): 35 45.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Reza Shah sought to balance Russian and British influence, but when World War II started, his nascent ties to Germany alarmed Britain and Russia.^ But Russian financial and commercial influence ii?

^ The five permanent members of the Security Council (the US, Britain, China, France and Russia) and Germany have also offered it incentives to give up the programme.
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^ Reader Bullard, Letters from Tehran: A British Ambassador in World War II Persia (London: I.B. Tauris, 200?
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.In 1941, Britain and the USSR invaded Iran to use Iranian railroad capacity during World War II.^ Tell Iran and the world that you have 'em and will use 'em!
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^ Willem Floor, "The Art of Smoking in Iran and Other Uses of Tobacco," Iranian Studies 35:1-3 (2002), pp.
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^ John R. Perry, "Forced Migration in Iran during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," Iranian Studies 8:4 (1975): 199-215.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.The Shah was forced to abdicate in favour of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.^ Reza Pahlavi, the son of the late Shah, has been shopped around Washington as a prospective leader of Iran.
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^ Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Mission for my Country (London: Hutchinson, 1960).
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^ Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Mission for My Country , excerpts.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

In 1951, Dr. Mohammed Mossadegh was elected prime minister. .As prime minister, Mossadegh became enormously popular in Iran after he nationalized Iran's petroleum industry and oil reserves.^ E arlier this year, the government of Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert created a task force to coördinate all the available intelligence on Iran.
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^ If Iran gains nuclear capacity, Israel will have judged him a failure as prime minister; if he does serious damage to his countrys standing in Washington, he will have failed as well.
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^ Its large market, economic output, industrial potential, and vast oil and natural gas reserves make it central to American geostrategic and energy interests.
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.In response, The British government, headed by Winston Churchill, embargoed Iranian oil and successfully enlist the United States to join in a plot to depose the democratically elected government of Mossadegh, and in 1953 President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized Operation Ajax.^ Formula for the future My 90-minute conversation with the senior Iranian government official ended with him describing a way forward between the United States and Iran.
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^ Indyk added, At the end of the day, the United States can live with Iranian, Pakistani, and Indian nuclear bombsbut for Israel theres no Mutual Assured Destruction.
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^ It would be a noble thing for the United States to support Israels efforts to stop an Iranian bomb or, if it comes to that, to back Israels response to an attack.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The operation was successful, and Mossadegh was arrested on 19 August 1953. The coup was the first time the US had openly overthrown an elected, civil government.^ And while that was going on, the reactor and the people in the reactor in the Romanian government used that reactor that the US supplied and the highly enriched uranium to separate plutonium, which is the first step to make an atomic bomb.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[90]
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Empress Farah in official uniform
.After Operation Ajax, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's rule became increasingly autocratic.^ Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Mission for my Country (London: Hutchinson, 1960).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Cyrus Ghani, Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah from Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Rule (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Mission for My Country , excerpts.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.With American support, the Shah was able to rapidly modernize Iranian infrastructure, but he simultaneously crushed all forms of political opposition with his intelligence agency, SAVAK.^ Afshin Matin-asgari, Iranian Student Opposition to the Shah (Costa Mesa, Cal.: Mazda, 2001).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ In the hazy world of Iranian politics, such a public rebuke was seen as a sign that the supreme leader who has final say on all matters of state might no longer support the president as the public face of defiance to the West.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A former high-ranking C.I.A. officer told me, The Americans have provided both political and financial support.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini became an active critic of the Shah's White Revolution and publicly denounced the government.^ America and Iran have been at loggerheads ever since Ayatollah Khomeini's revolution of 1979.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Zibakalam described Mesbah-Yazdis reading of velayat-i-faqih as a radical version of the one first proposed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Hardliners in Iran, scarred by the past, cited Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's dictum that any friendship between the US and Iran was like that between a wolf and a sheep.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Khomeini was arrested and imprisoned for 18 months. After his release in 1964 Khomeini publicly criticized the United States government. .The Shah was persuaded to send him into exile by General Hassan Pakravan.^ They took the money, and marched off next morning, sending notice to the real Shah that they were ready to join him.

^ The Persian~ then carried all before them; and the hereditary chiefs of Shirvan, Sheki and Baku returned from exile to co-operate with the shahs general in the south.

Khomeini was sent first to Turkey, then to Iraq and finally to France. While in exile, he continued to denounce the Shah.

Iranian Revolution

.The Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution,[91][92][93] began in January 1978 with the first major demonstrations against the Shah.^ Christopher Spencer, "Drugs and Iran after the Islamic revolution," International Journal of Addictions 25 (1990-91): 171-179.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Vanessa Martin, "Shaikh Fazlallah Nuri and the Iranian Revolution of 1905-9," Middle Eastern Studies 23:1 (January 1987): 41-53.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Akbar Karbassian, "The Islamic Revolution and the Management of the Iranian Economy," Social Research 67:2 (Summer 2000): 621-640.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[94] .After strikes and demonstrations paralysed the country and its economy, the Shah fled the country in January 1979 and Ayatollah Khomeini returned from exile to Tehran.^ Eliz Sanasarian, "Ayatollah Khomeini and the Institutionalization of Charismatic Rule in Iran, 1979-1989," Journal of Developing Societies 11:2 (1995): 189-205.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The Persian~ then carried all before them; and the hereditary chiefs of Shirvan, Sheki and Baku returned from exile to co-operate with the shahs general in the south.

^ Shah, ministers, meerzas, soldiers, priests, merchants, all went pell-mell into Tehran, although a month of the country season still remained.

.The Pahlavi Dynasty collapsed ten days later, on 11 February, when Iran's military declared itself "neutral" after guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the Shah in armed street fighting.^ After severe street fighting the Cossacks deserted to the rebels, and the shah took refuge in the Russian legation (July is).

^ And Iran is racing to arm itself with atomic bombs, he said, adding that there was still time to stop the Iranians.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ So sooner or later, somebody will have to decide to try and stop Iran by military means because a nuclear Iran will dramatically alter the strategic situation in the Middle East.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iran officially became an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979 when Iranians overwhelmingly approved a national referendum to make it so.^ Jalil Roshandel, "Evolution of the Decision-Making Process in Iranian Foreign Policy, 1979-1999," in Eric Hoogland, ed., Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since 1979 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2002), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Haggay Ram, "Exporting Iran's Islamic Revolution: Steering a Path between Pan-Islam and Nationalism," Terrorism and Political Violence 8:2 (Summer 1996): 7-24.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Shahrough Akhavi, "Elite Factionalism in the Islamic Republic of Iran," The Middle East Journal 41:2 (Spring 1987): 181-204.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[22][23]
.In December 1979, the country approved a theocratic constitution, whereby Khomeini became Supreme Leader of the country.^ The best they could do was to revise the Constitution after Khomeinis death, greatly expanding the powers of the clerical councils and of the supreme leader at the expense of the elected offices.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Bruce Mazlish, "The Hidden Khomeini," New York Magazine 24 December 1979: 49-54.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

The speed and success of the revolution surprised many throughout the world,[95] as it had not been precipitated by a military defeat, a financial crisis, or a peasant rebellion.[96] .Although both nationalists and Marxists joined with Islamic traditionalists to overthrow the Shah, tens of thousands were killed and executed by the Islamic regime afterward, and the revolution ultimately resulted in an Islamic Republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.^ Zibakalam described Mesbah-Yazdis reading of velayat-i-faqih as a radical version of the one first proposed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Tens, perhaps hundreds, of thousands of people have been killed.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Gharavian spoke in an hour-long interview at the Imam Khomeini Institute, which has produced tens of thousands of clerics under Mesbah-Yazdi's tutelage.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[97]
Ayatollah Khomeini, founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran
.Iran's relationship with the United States deteriorated rapidly during the revolution.^ At the same time, an Iran concentrating on the development of the talents of its people and the resources of its country should have nothing to fear from the United States.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The United States does not want to go into Iran, but, if Israel feels more and more cornered, there may be no other choice.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The United States has to take action against Iran and Syria before April 2007.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.On 4 November 1979, a group of Iranian students seized US embassy personnel, labelling the embassy a "den of spies".[98] They accused its personnel of being CIA agents plotting to overthrow the revolutionary government, as the CIA had done to Mohammad Mossadegh in 1953. While the student ringleaders had not asked for permission from Khomeini to seize the embassy, Khomeini nonetheless supported the embassy takeover after hearing of its success.^ After the Afghan war, US negotiators worked closely with Iranian counterparts to form a new Afghan government.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Typically they will attack a few soldiers at the fringe of a larger group, said Sadun Edesa, 22, an Iranian Kurd who said he had been fighting for five years.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ When the leftist Islamist students proposed seizing the American Embassy in 1979, Ahmadinejad opposed the action as imprudent, but he suggested that if they went ahead with it, they should seize the Soviet Embassy as well.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[99]
.While most of the female and African American hostages were released within the first months,[99] the remaining fifty-two hostages were held for 444 days.^ He approved apparently of our mode of living, for he hid himself in an empty room in the Mission for two days after their departure, and remained with us ever since.

Subsequently attempts by the Jimmy Carter administration to negotiate or rescue were unsuccessful. .In January 1981 the hostages were set free according to the Algiers declaration.^ Russell Leigh Moses, Freeing the Hostages: Reexamining U.S.-Iranian Relations and Soviet Policy, 1979-1981 (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1996).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein decided to take advantage of what he perceived to be disorder in the wake of the Iranian Revolution and its unpopularity with Western governments.^ The Iranian economy has been mismanaged at least since the revolution, and to fix it would require measures no populist would be willing to take.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The newly minted government faced severe, real-life tests after Saddam Hussein's troops invaded Iran in 1980.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Manouchehr Ganji, Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader of the Resistance (Westport: Praeger, 2002).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.The once-strong Iranian military had been disbanded during the revolution.^ Once we do Iraq, we'll have a military presence in Iraq, which would enable us to handle the Iranians from closer quarters, would give us more leverage.'"
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Sepehr Zabih, The Iranian Military in Revolution and War (New York: Routledge, 1988).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Mohammad Tavakoli Targhi, "Refashioning Iran: Language and Culture During the Constitutional Revolution," in Iranian Studies 23 (1990).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Saddam sought to expand Iraq's access to the Persian Gulf by acquiring territories that Iraq had claimed earlier from Iran during the Shah's rule.^ For a long time various attempts had been made to induce the Shah's government to put a stop to the importation of negro slaves from Africa by the Persian Gulf.

^ Among the changes of the sound system in New Persian, as contrasted with earlier periods, especially with Old Persian, the first that claims mention is the change of the tenues k, t, p, c, into g, d, b, 1.

^ M.S. Navias and E.R. Hooton, Tanker Wars: The Assault on Merchant Shipping During the Iran-Iraq Crisis, 1980-1988 (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Of chief importance to Iraq was Khuzestan which not only has a substantial Arab population, but boasted rich oil fields as well.^ In May, according to a well-informed oil-industry expert, the Emir of Qatar made a private visit to Tehran to discuss security in the Gulf after the Iraq war.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ He has vowed that America, Israel and Britain will disappear "like the pharaohs" of Egypt and he believes that oil-rich Iran is well on its way to becoming the regional superpower.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.On the unilateral behalf of the United Arab Emirates, the islands of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs became objectives as well.^ Mohammad Reza Dabiri, "Abu Musa Island: A Binding Understanding or a Misunderstading," Iranian Journal of International Affairs 5:3-4 (1993/1994): 575-583.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Hussein Sirriyeh, "Conflict over the Gulf Islands of Abu Musa and the Tunbs, 1968 1971," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 8 (Winter 1984), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Pirouz Motjtahed-Zadeh, The Islands of Tunb and Abu Musa: An Iranian Argument in Search of Peace and Co-operation in the Persian Gulf (London: SOAS, Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies, 1995).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.On 22 September 1980 the Iraqi army invaded Iran at Khuzestan, precipitating the Iran–Iraq War.^ Shahram Chubin, "Israel and the Iran-Iraq War," International Defense Review (July 1985): 303-304.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Maryam Poya, Women, Work & Islam: Ideology and Resistance in Iran (London: Zed Books, 1999), chapter 4 "The Impact of the Iran-Iraq War."
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ M.S. Navias and E.R. Hooton, Tanker Wars: The Assault on Merchant Shipping During the Iran-Iraq Crisis, 1980-1988 (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Although Saddam Hussein's forces made several early advances, by 1982, Iranian forces managed to push the Iraqi army back into Iraq.^ His research on both Saddam Hussein's Iraq ...
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Darius came too late; the internal disorders of the Persians had attracted the attention of it neighbors, and in 332 the Macedonian army advanced into Persia, sweeping everything before it.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC my.raex.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ India said it would reestablish diplomatic relations with Pakistan, Nepal opened negotiations with its rebels, the United States made a truce with an Iranian -backed guerrilla army in Iraq , and mercenaries in Ivory Coast murdered a rebel leader who told them to lay down their weapons.
  • Iran (Harper's Magazine) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.harpers.org [Source type: General]

.Khomeini sought to export his Islamic revolution westward into Iraq, especially on the majority Shi'a Arabs living in the country.^ In Syria, he said, the result would be to push the country into chaos and internal battles like in Iraq.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Haggay Ram, "Exporting Iran's Islamic Revolution: Steering a Path between Pan-Islam and Nationalism," Terrorism and Political Violence 8:2 (Summer 1996): 7-24.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Next month, on the anniversary of the Islamic revolution, he intends to celebrate what he calls his country's mastery of nuclear technology.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The war then continued for six more years until 1988, when Khomeini, in his words, "drank the cup of poison" and accepted a truce mediated by the United Nations.^ Mossadeq's intransigence and inclination to accept Tudeh support, the Cold War atmosphere, and the fear of Soviet influence in Iran also shaped United States thinking.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ "On 21 June, Khomeini indicated that Iran would invade Iraq shortly, and on 22 June, the Iranian Chief-of-Staff Shirazi declared to "continue the war until Saddam Hussein is overthrown so that we can pray at Karbala and Jerusalem"."
  • Iran's Power Play in Iraq 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Phraates, his successor, removed the seat of government from the north of the empire to Taisefoon, or, as the Greeks called it, Ctesiphon, a suburb of Seleucia , which continued to be the capital until the Mohammedan conquest, more than six hundred years later.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

.The total Iranian casualties of the war were estimated to be anywhere between 500,000 and 1,000,000; with more than 100,000 Iranians being victims of Iraq's chemical weapons.^ Once we do Iraq, we'll have a military presence in Iraq, which would enable us to handle the Iranians from closer quarters, would give us more leverage.'"
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ However, based on the public estimates that Iraq cost $100 billion last year , it would appear the US economy pays 30% more for oil as anyone else.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ If the value of the revenue paid in kind be estimated in money, it amounts to something more than 500,000 tomans, which would make the total revenue of Persia ascend to about 3,177,000 tomans, or 1,588,000 l .

[100] .Almost all relevant international agencies have confirmed that Saddam engaged in chemical warfare to blunt Iranian human wave attacks; these agencies unanimously confirmed that Iran never used chemical weapons during the war.^ Iran will garner weapons and use them on Israel.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Due to all of the above, the US will use nuclear weapon against Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The plutonium issue is one of several over which the United Nations Security Council has imposed sanctions to get Iran to cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency, the watchdog that is investigating American charges that Iran is covertly developing nuclear weapons.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[101][102][103]
.Following the Iran–Iraq War President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and his administration concentrated on a pragmatic pro-business policy of rebuilding and strengthening the economy without making any dramatic break with the ideology of the revolution.^ Most know the Office of Special Plans as a rogue Administration faction determined to find intelligence to support the Iraq War.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ For all that, Sick acknowledges, this policy carries a significant risk of provoking war with Iran: "Basically, this is a signal to Maliki that we are not going to tolerate Shiite cooperation with Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ If the Administration needed to make the case that Irans weapons program posed an imminent threat, Gates would be a better advocate than someone who had been associated with the flawed intelligence about Iraq.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Rafsanjani served until 1997 when he was succeeded by the moderate reformist Mohammad Khatami. .During his two terms as president, Khatami advocated freedom of expression, tolerance and civil society, constructive diplomatic relations with other states including EU and Asian governments, and an economic policy that supported free market and foreign investment.^ And while the security of its people, its territorial integrity & its freedom from radiological & other existential hazards are fundamental concerns of its leaders, the same applies to any other civilized state.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In August 2002, Larry Franklin began passing classified information involving United States policy towards Iran to two AIPAC employees and an Israeli diplomat.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Kamran M. Dadkhah, "Iran's Economic Policy During the Mosaddeq Era," Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 16:2 (November 2000): 39-54.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.However, Khatami is widely regarded as having been unsuccessful in achieving his goal of making Iran more free and democratic.^ Regime change, or even the more modest goal of removing Iran as a regional influence are beyond the ability of the US military.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Washington has also accused Iran of building up its nuclear program, with the ultimate goal of making a nuclear bomb -- something Tehran has long denied.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The choice of Fallon makes more sense if Bush foresees a bigger role for two aircraft carrier groups off Irans coast.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[104] .In the 2005 presidential elections, Iran made yet another change in political direction, when conservative populist candidate Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was elected over Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani.^ This fall, Rafsanjani, who had suffered a humiliating defeat at Ahmadinejads hands in the presidential election of 2005, was reportedly persuaded to run again for the Assembly of Experts by the supreme leader or people close to him.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The campaign turned on the competition between two incumbents, Ayatollah Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi widely reputed to be Ahmadinejads spiritual leader and Ayatollah Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, the pragmatic former president who lost the presidential race to Ahmadinejad in 2005.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Because liberal-minded Iranians boycotted the 2005 presidential election, and because Ahmadinejad so adeptly played the populist card, the militants, the unemployed and the cultural conservatives of neighborhoods like this one were in the drivers seat, steering the politics of this crucial nation while their opponents warned of their presumed doctrinaire views and political naïveté.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[105]
.A significant challenge to Ahmadinejad's political power, and the foundations of the Islamic Republic itself occurred during the 2009 Iranian presidential election that was held on 12 June 2009,[106] the tenth presidential election to be held in the country.^ Because liberal-minded Iranians boycotted the 2005 presidential election, and because Ahmadinejad so adeptly played the populist card, the militants, the unemployed and the cultural conservatives of neighborhoods like this one were in the drivers seat, steering the politics of this crucial nation while their opponents warned of their presumed doctrinaire views and political naïveté.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Iranians know that the US is experiencing economic turmoil, and a possible repeat of the 2000 disputed presidential election.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Young Ahmadinejad led a politically and religiously conservative Islamist student group during the Islamic Revolution, the writers claim.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[107] .The Interior Ministry, announced incumbent president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad had won the election with 62.63% receiving 24.5 million vote, while Mir-Hossein Mousavi had come in second place with 13.2 milion votes 33,75%.^ Where does the unswerving confidence of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad come from?
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The passage of the resolution hastened the demise of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejads confrontational approach to the West.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the President of Iran, has effectively used the program to rally the nation behind him, and against Washington.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[108][109] .The European Union and several western countries expressed concern over alleged irregularities during the vote,[110] and some analysts and journalists from the United States and United Kingdom news media voiced doubts about the authenticity of the results.^ At the same time, an Iran concentrating on the development of the talents of its people and the resources of its country should have nothing to fear from the United States.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Hamas' renunciation of violence and recognition of Israel are key demands of the Quartet of Middle East peace brokers Russia, the United States, the European Union and the United Nations.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Many countries, including the United States, condemned the attack.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[111][112][113]
Mousavi issued a statement accusing the Interior Ministry, responsible for conducting the election, of widespread election fraud and urged his supporters to engage in peaceful protests. He also lodged an official appeal with the Guardian Council for new and more transparent elections. .Protests, in favour of Mousavi and against the alleged fraud, broke out in Tehran.^ This year, seven Bābees were executed at Tehran for an alleged conspiracy against the life of the Prime Minister.

.Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei urged the nation to unite behind Ahmadinejad, labeling his victory as a "divine assessment".[114] Khamenei then announced there would be an investigation into vote-rigging claims.^ I asked whether he meant Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei himself.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Its President, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, has made defiant pronouncements about the destruction of Israel and his countrys right to pursue its nuclear program, and last week its supreme religious leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, said on state television that realities in the region show that the arrogant front, headed by the U.S. and its allies, will be the principal loser in the region.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Just one month after the United Nations Security Council imposed sanctions on Iran to curb its nuclear program, two hard-line newspapers, including one owned by the supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, called on the president to stay out of all matters nuclear.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[115]
.On 16 June, the Guardian Council announced it would recount 10% of the votes and concluded there were no irregularities at all, dismissing all election complaints.^ Caprice and idleness are unsafe guardians for human beings of an inferior race, when there is no "Times" to denounce and correct the wantonness of power.

^ Caroline responds: The IAEA has also just announced that there was no nuclear installation in Syria.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ There was no actual religious war; all sectarian distinction had been disavowed; the contest was between vigorous Mahommedans and effete Mabommedans.

[116][117][118] .However, Mousavi stated that a recount would not be sufficient since he claimed 14 million unused ballots were missing, giving the Interior Ministry an opportunity to manipulate the results.^ The attack would be the first with nuclear weapons since 1945, when the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[119] .On June 19, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei denounced the pro-Mousavi demonstrations as illegal,[120] and protests the next day were met with stiff resistance from government forces, with many reported deaths.^ I asked whether he meant Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei himself.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The sources work for a European head of government who met the Israeli leader some time after the Bush visit.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ "I believe this is the logic of Islamic morals," Gharavian said, professing himself "100 percent sure" that Khomeini and Iran's current supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, "based on Islamic principles, have the same logic: Islam does not allow anyone to initiate harming a human being."
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[121]

Government and politics

Iran's complex and unusual political system combines elements of a modern Islamic theocracy with democracy.
.The political system of the Islamic Republic is based on the 1979 Constitution.^ Husayn Mehrpur, "The Council of Guardians under the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran," Islamic and Comparative Law Quarterly 8 (1988): 65-76.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Eric Rouleau, "European Union and French Views of the Islamic Republic," in Eric Hoogland, ed., Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since 1979 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2002), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ H. Kuklan, "The Administrative System in the Islamic Republic of Iran: New Trends and Directions," Revue internationale de sciences administratives 3 (1981): 218-224.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Accordingly, it is the duty of the Islamic government to furnish all citizens with equal and appropriate opportunities, to provide them with work, and to satisfy their essential needs, so that the course of their progress may be assured.^ The shah soon afterwards (May 26, i888) issued a proclamation assuring freedom of life and property to all his subjects, and (Oct.

^ Of course it may be that all that is being said at the top is only an assessment, and that those responsible for our defense against Iranian missiles have full confidence in the Arrow.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ There is equal need, on the part of America's partners, for decisions permitting them to pursue a parallel course.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[122]
The system comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. .The Supreme Leader of Iran is responsible for delineation and supervision of the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran.^ Shahrough Akhavi, "Elite Factionalism in the Islamic Republic of Iran," The Middle East Journal 41:2 (Spring 1987): 181-204.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ As for terror, al-Qaida boss Ayman Zawahiri's recent tirade against the Islamic Republic notwithstanding, Iran has apparently intensified its cooperation with al-Qaida.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Husayn Mehrpur, "The Council of Guardians under the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran," Islamic and Comparative Law Quarterly 8 (1988): 65-76.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[123] .The Supreme Leader is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, controls the military intelligence and security operations; and has sole power to declare war or peace.^ The best they could do was to revise the Constitution after Khomeinis death, greatly expanding the powers of the clerical councils and of the supreme leader at the expense of the elected offices.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The shah made great efforts to renew the war; but divisions took place in his sons camp, not conducive to successful operations, and new proposals of peace were made.

^ It cites the military's new counter-insurgency manual, which suggests that a nation can be secured with a force of one soldier for every 40 to 50 inhabitants.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[123]
.The heads of the judiciary, state radio and television networks, the commanders of the police and military forces and six of the twelve members of the Council of Guardians are appointed by the Supreme Leader.^ The best they could do was to revise the Constitution after Khomeinis death, greatly expanding the powers of the clerical councils and of the supreme leader at the expense of the elected offices.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Irans elections for city councils and for the Assembly of Experts, the 86-member clerical board that will select the next supreme leader should anything happen to the current leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Ahmadinejad has said that Iran would make a formal counterproposal by August 22nd, but last week Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Irans supreme religious leader, declared, on state radio, Negotiation with the United States has no benefits for us.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[123] .The Assembly of Experts elects and dismisses the Supreme Leader on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem.^ The best they could do was to revise the Constitution after Khomeinis death, greatly expanding the powers of the clerical councils and of the supreme leader at the expense of the elected offices.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Irans elections for city councils and for the Assembly of Experts, the 86-member clerical board that will select the next supreme leader should anything happen to the current leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ No elected leader can serve, let alone execute a policy agenda, without the acquiescence of the supreme leader and his associates.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[124] .The Assembly of Experts is responsible for supervising the Supreme Leader in the performance of legal duties.^ The constitution also created an Assembly of Experts of clerics to elect the supreme leader.
  • International Socialist Review -- Obama in office 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC isreview.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Assembly of Experts (Ulama) met in emergency session on June 4 and elected President Khamenei the new Valy-e-Faqih (supreme spiritual leader), simultaneously promoting him to the status of ayatollah.
  • Brief History of Modern Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mideastweb.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The supreme leader, the recognized head of state, is elected by the Assembly of Experts and can only be removed by a vote of this assembly.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.After the Supreme Leader, the Constitution defines the President of Iran as the highest state authority.^ The best they could do was to revise the Constitution after Khomeinis death, greatly expanding the powers of the clerical councils and of the supreme leader at the expense of the elected offices.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In the hazy world of Iranian politics, such a public rebuke was seen as a sign that the supreme leader who has final say on all matters of state might no longer support the president as the public face of defiance to the West.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The United States increased pressure on Iran over its role in Iraq has also raised concerns in Tehran and may be behind efforts to restrain the president, political analysts in Tehran said.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[123][125] .The President is elected by universal suffrage for a term of four years and can only be re-elected for one term.^ One of the sons here alluded to was Ismail, whom Malcolm makes to have been only seven years of age when he fled to Gilan in 1492.

^ He was then fifty-seven years of age, and had ruled over part of Persia for more than eighteen yearsover the kingdom generally for about three years, and from his coronation for about one year only.

[125] .Presidential candidates must be approved by the Council of Guardians prior to running in order to ensure their allegiance to the ideals of the Islamic revolution.^ Husayn Mehrpur, "The Council of Guardians under the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran," Islamic and Comparative Law Quarterly 8 (1988): 65-76.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[126]
.The President is responsible for the implementation of the Constitution and for the exercise of executive powers, except for matters directly related to the Supreme Leader, who has the final say in all matters.^ The functions of the executive, except in the matters that are directly placed under the jurisdiction of the Leadership by the Constitution, are to be exercised by the president and the ministers.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ His is the responsibility for implementing the Constitution and acting as the head of the executive, except in matters directly concerned with (the office of) the Leadership.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Khomeini and other leaders began to say that a simple withdrawal of all forces to the pre-September 1980 borders was no longer sufficient.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[123] .The President appoints and supervises the Council of Ministers, coordinates government decisions, and selects government policies to be placed before the legislature.^ Not until September in the following year did the Persian army withdraw from before the walls of the city; and then the movement only took place on the action of the British govern- ~ .

^ "Before the return of the Mahdi, there must be a suitable representative to govern in the Mahdi's place," Tanter explained.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The ministers were not responsible to the Crown in a way that ministers of a European government are: they rarely took any initiative, and generally referred their affairs to the grand vizir or to the shah for final decision.

[127] .Eight Vice-Presidents serve under the President, as well as a cabinet of twenty two ministers, who must all be approved by the legislature.^ They are all mounted, it being the practice to station upwards of 30 men to each gun, who are to defend as well as fight it.

^ The party was numerous and miscellaneous, presided over by the quarantine master, who was a Spanish gentleman, and a model of courtesy and dignity, which qualities he preserved under very trying circumstances.

^ Two years ago they were thirty-eight Americans in number, men, women, and children, who enjoy English protection.

[128]
.Unlike many other states, the executive branch in Iran does not control the armed forces.^ The United States does not have an embassy in Iran.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It brought new elites to power, altered the pattern of Iran’s foreign relations, and led to the transfer of substantial wealth from private ownership to state control.

^ Does the hypocrisy of the United States telling Iran to not meddle in Iraq register on anyone else’s radar?
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

.Although the President appoints the Ministers of Intelligence and Defense, it is customary for the President to obtain explicit approval from the Supreme Leader for these two ministers before presenting them to the legislature for a vote of confidence.^ Ministers will be appointed by the President and will be presented to the Assembly for a vote of confidence.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Incumbent president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was declared the winner, while opposition leader and former Prime Minister Mir-Hossein Mousavi claimed fraud.
  • Global Voices Online » Iranian Election 2009 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalvoicesonline.org [Source type: News]

^ The Supreme Leader appoints officials to key positions including the head of judiciary and the Council of Guardians.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iran's current president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, was first elected in a run-off poll in the 2005 presidential elections and re-elected in the 2009 presidential elections.^ Instead, the Americans got bogged down in the Iraqi quagmire, and Iran elected a frightening new president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, in 2005.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In the 2005 presidential election, Malekian voted for the winner, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, and when I asked if he was happy with the president, he answered frankly.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Israeli government has warned repeatedly that it will never allow nuclear weapons to be made in Iran, whose president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, has declared that "Israel must be wiped off the map".
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

As of 2008, the Legislature of Iran (also known as the Majlis of Iran) is a unicameral body.[129] .Before the Iranian Revolution, the legislature was bicameral, but the upper house was removed under the new constitution.^ Houri Berberian, Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1905-1911: The Love of Freedom has no Fatherland (Boulder: Westview, 2000).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Most of these ministers were abolished under the new constitution, and the heads of subsidiary departments are entitled mudir or rais, and are placed under the responsible ministers.

^ Said Amir Arjomand, "Religion and Ideology in the Constitutional Revolution," Iranian Studies 12:3-4 (1979): 283-291.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.The Majlis of Iran comprises 290 members elected for four-year terms.^ He also proposed to substitute for the elected Majlis a council of forty members, nominated by himself; but under pressure from Great Britain.

[129] The Majlis drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties, and approves the national budget. All Majlis candidates and all legislation from the assembly must be approved by the Council of Guardians.[130]
.The Council of Guardians comprises twelve jurists including six appointed by the Supreme Leader.^ Even after the Guardian Council an appointed body that answers to the supreme leader and that vets candidates and legislation had disqualified almost half the proposed candidates, including most of the reformists and a large number of Mesbah-Yazdis students, clerics associated with Mesbah-Yazdi still stood a reasonable chance of winning dozens of the 86 seats.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The best they could do was to revise the Constitution after Khomeinis death, greatly expanding the powers of the clerical councils and of the supreme leader at the expense of the elected offices.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ To the Haqqani scholars, it seemed that the reformists were challenging the doctrine of velayat-i-faqih, which is based on the sovereign power of the chief jurist, the supreme leader.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The others are elected by the Parliament from among the jurists nominated by the Head of the Judiciary.[125][131] The Council interprets the constitution and may veto Parliament. .If a law is deemed incompatible with the constitution or Sharia (Islamic law), it is referred back to Parliament for revision.^ Husayn Mehrpur, "The Council of Guardians under the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran," Islamic and Comparative Law Quarterly 8 (1988): 65-76.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[125] .In a controversial exercise of its authority, the Council has drawn upon a narrow interpretation of Iran's constitution to veto parliamentary candidates.^ Moreover, the constitutional grounding on which the council bases its authority is disputed in Iran.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Moreover, he selects six members of the Guardian Council, an influential body which has to pass all legislation and which can veto would-be election candidates.
  • Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.solcomhouse.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Parliamentary elections could represent a real contest for power in Iran's political system-but only if arbitrary bans on candidates and other constraints on political life are lifted.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Expediency Council has the authority to mediate disputes between Parliament and the Council of Guardians, and serves as an advisory body to the Supreme Leader, making it one of the most powerful governing bodies in the country.^ "There are 24 strong batteries around Natanz, making it one of the most protected sites on earth," said an Israeli military source.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ On the death of the emperor Alexander in December 1825 Prince Menshikov was sent to Teheran to settle a dispute which had arisen between the two governments regarding the prescribed frontier.

^ The best they could do was to revise the Constitution after Khomeinis death, greatly expanding the powers of the clerical councils and of the supreme leader at the expense of the elected offices.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[132]
Shirin Ebadi, lawyer, human rights activist and 2006 Nobel Peace Prize laureate.
.The Supreme Leader appoints the head of Iran's Judiciary, who in turn appoints the head of the Supreme Court and the chief public prosecutor.^ In 1897 M. J. de Morgan, who had been on a scientific mission in Persia some years before and later in Egypt, was appointed chief of a mission to Persia, and began work at Susa in December.

^ The sources work for a European head of government who met the Israeli leader some time after the Bush visit.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Instead of his Majesty's principal wife, as one would anticipate, it is this lady who holds the chief place at court–among the womankind, be it well understood.

[133] .There are several types of courts including public courts that deal with civil and criminal cases, and "revolutionary courts" which deal with certain categories of offenses, including crimes against national security.^ The functions of the representatives of the s/ar are now limited to civil cases, while all criminal cases are referred to the urf, which, however, also takes cognizahce of civil disputes, should the parties desire it.

^ The unit of measure is the zar or gez, of which, as in the case of the man, there are several variants.

^ Unless there be security in life and property–if both the one and the other are at the nod of arbitrary power–a nation may exist, but it can never prosper, never advance.

.The decisions of the revolutionary courts are final and cannot be appealed.^ Its decisions are final and not subject to appeal.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Whereas court verdicts are subject to appeal by higher courts, the decisions of the council are not subject to independent appeal.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

[133] The Special Clerical Court handles crimes allegedly committed by clerics, although it has also taken on cases involving lay people. .The Special Clerical Court functions independently of the regular judicial framework and is accountable only to the Supreme Leader.^ It can come only when the Supreme Leader approves it.

^ The supreme leader, the recognized head of state, is elected by the Assembly of Experts and can only be removed by a vote of this assembly.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Head of the Judicial Power is appointed by the Supreme Religious Leader for a 5-year term (Art.

.The Court's rulings are final and cannot be appealed.^ On December 16, Madadi was released from jail following an appeals court ruling that cleared him of the charge of acting against national security.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[133]
.The Assembly of Experts, which meets for one week annually, comprises 86 "virtuous and learned" clerics elected by adult suffrage for eight-year terms.^ Still, Malekian said that he voted for the most severe fundamentalist among the candidates running for the clerical Assembly of Experts.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A number are expected to seek election this fall to the Assembly of Experts, the one body in Iran's theocratic system with the power to remove the supreme leader, the cleric who has ultimate authority.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Irans elections for city councils and for the Assembly of Experts, the 86-member clerical board that will select the next supreme leader should anything happen to the current leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

As with the presidential and parliamentary elections, the Council of Guardians determines candidates' eligibility.[133] .The Assembly elects the Supreme Leader and has the constitutional authority to remove the Supreme Leader from power at any time.^ The Supreme Leader holds power for life unless removed by the Assembly of Experts.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The constitution also created an Assembly of Experts of clerics to elect the supreme leader.
  • International Socialist Review -- Obama in office 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC isreview.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: Iran is a constitutional Islamic republic with a theocratic system of government where ultimate political authority is vested in the highest religious authority, the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.

[133] It has not challenged any of the Supreme Leader's decisions[133]
.Local City Councils are elected by public vote to four-year terms in all cities and villages of Iran.^ But it is all but impossible to see how any such operations can prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons in the short term.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ E arlier this year, the government of Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert created a task force to coördinate all the available intelligence on Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ And all this while Iran funneled weapons to Hezbollah, shipped explosives into Iraq and defied Security Council resolutions.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.According to article seven of Iran's Constitution, these local councils together with the Parliament are "decision-making and administrative organs of the State". This section of the constitution was not implemented until 1999 when the first local council elections were held across the country.^ Rice announces Iran sanctions 25 Oct 2007: 'These actions will provide a powerful deterrent,' says the US secretary of state.
  • The visionary shah who inspired an Islamic republic | Elaheh Rostami-Povey | Comment is free | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

^ Last week's controversial election outcome in Iran should not deter the United States from pursuing better relations with it, according to Independent Institute Senior Fellow Ivan Eland.
  • Iran's Twitter Revolution 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: General]

^ ZNet Article Mahmoud Ahmadinejad--the man many Iranians believe stole the presidency in Iran's contested June 12 elections--two weeks ago nominated three women to head ministries and this week Iran's parliament...
  • ZNet - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.zmag.org [Source type: General]

.Councils have many different responsibilities including electing mayors, supervising the activities of municipalities; studying, planning, co-ordinating and implementing of social, cultural, educational, health, economic, and welfare requirements of their constituencies.^ On the 7th of October the national council, or as many members of it as could be got together, was welcomed by the shah and elected a president.

^ But the reformers made a strong showing at local council elections in December, with many voters worried about Iran's increasing diplomatic isolation and economic problems.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Avraham Cohen, "Iranian Jewry and the Educational Endeavors of the Alliance Israélite Universelle," Jewish Social Studies 48 (1986): 15-44.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

Foreign relations and military

HESA Saeqeh was first test-flown in 2004 and has been delivered to the air force since 2007
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.Iran's foreign relations are based on two strategic principles: eliminating outside influences in the region and pursuing extensive diplomatic contacts with developing and non-aligned countries.^ At the same time, an Iran concentrating on the development of the talents of its people and the resources of its country should have nothing to fear from the United States.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Beyond all this, both regionally and globally Iran is escalating its diplomatic and strategic offensive against the US. It has widened its diplomatic operations in the Western hemisphere from Venezuela, Cuba, Ecuador and Nicaragua to the Caribbean by opening diplomatic relations with Grenada and St. Vincent, and it is pursuing diplomatic ties with Jamaica.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The outcome hinges on which countries will assume dominance in developing Iran's enormous oil and natural gas reserves.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iran maintains diplomatic relations with almost every member of the United Nations, except for Israel, which Iran does not recognize, and the United States since the Iranian Revolution.^ At the same time, an Iran concentrating on the development of the talents of its people and the resources of its country should have nothing to fear from the United States.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Formula for the future My 90-minute conversation with the senior Iranian government official ended with him describing a way forward between the United States and Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ I hope the Nations of the World tells Iran they can't have Nuclear Weapons or continue to taunt Israel!
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[134] .Since 2005, Iran's nuclear program has become the subject of contention with the Western world due to suspicions that Iran could divert the civilian nuclear technology to a weapons program.^ For the sake of peace, the world must not allow Iran to have a nuclear weapon.''
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran insists its nuclear program is for civilian nuclear power.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Due to all of the above, the US will use nuclear weapon against Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.This has led the UN Security Council to impose sanctions against Iran on select companies linked to this program, thus furthering its economic isolation on the international scene.^ U.N. Security Council unanimously imposed sanctions.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ When Iran refused, diplomacy led in December to the imposition of economic sanctions by the Security Council.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ So the US will fail to pass additional sanctions against Iran in the UN Security Council.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The U.S. Director of National Intelligence said in February 2009 that Iran would not realistically be able to a get a nuclear weapon until 2013, if it chose to develop one.^ Up until Iran will stop its nuclear programme," he said.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Clawson acknowledged that intelligence on Irans nuclear-weapons progress was limited.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Russia is often reviled, but if we were to judge of the national character by what we saw, candour would oblige us to declare that intelligence, cordiality, and liberality are the prevailing qualities.

[135]
One of Iran's three SSK Kilo class submarines
.The Islamic Republic of Iran has two types of armed forces: the regular forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army, Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force, Islamic Republic of Iran Navy and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), totaling about 545,000 active troops.^ Also this week, Yahya Rahim Safavi, the former commander of the Revolutionary Guards Corps and current senior adviser to Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei for security affairs, announced that Iran has shifted responsibility for naval warfare on the Persian Gulf from its regular naval forces to its more fanatical Revolutionary Guards.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ "Shifting to StratCom indicates that they are talking about a really punishing air-force and naval air attack [on Iran]," says Lang.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Revolutionary Guards now resemble Mafia families more than ideological shock troops.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iran also has around 350,000 Reserve Force totaling around 900,000 trained troops.^ Hakim and Sadr command some 80,000 to 100,000 men, who are armed, funded, and trained by Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[136] .Iran has a paramilitary, volunteer militia force within the IRGC, called the Basij, which includes about 90,000 full-time, active-duty uniformed members.^ Bush has directed StratCom to draw up plans for a massive strike against Iran, at a time when CentCom has had its hands full overseeing operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Before the new coinage came into use (1877) the proportion of pure silver was from 92 to 9~%; subsequently the proportion was for some time 90%; now it is about 894%.

^ At the same time a uniform duty of 5% ad valorem was established.

.Up to 11 million men and women are members of the Basij who could potentially be called up for service; GlobalSecurity.org estimates Iran could mobilize "up to one million men". This would be among the largest troop mobilizations in the world.^ You know, its the one thing that could blow up the world.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Instead of his Majesty's principal wife, as one would anticipate, it is this lady who holds the chief place at court–among the womankind, be it well understood.

^ It could also be designed to persuade the United States to act to soften up world opinion ahead of an Israeli pre-emptive strike.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[137] .In 2007, Iran's military spending represented 2.6% of the GDP or $102 per capita, the lowest figure of the Persian Gulf nations.^ Advocates of an American invasion of Iran say that last months strengthening of the American armada in the Persian Gulf has frightened the Iranian regime.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ One was US concern over Iran's likely retaliation, which would probably include a wave of attacks on US military and other personnel in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as on shipping in the Persian Gulf.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ This cannot happen unless Iran's leaders decide whether they are representing a cause or a nation -- whether their basic motivation is crusading or international cooperation.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[138] Iran's military doctrine is based on deterrence.[139]
.Since the Iranian revolution, to overcome foreign embargo, Iran has developed its own military industry, produced its own tanks, armored personnel carriers, guided missiles, submarines, military vessels, guided missile destroyer, radar systems, helicopters and fighter planes.^ Jalil Roshandel, "Evolution of the Decision-Making Process in Iranian Foreign Policy, 1979-1999," in Eric Hoogland, ed., Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since 1979 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2002), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Such sanctions could include penalties against foreign companies that sell Iran refined petroleum and provide an insurance policy for Iranian shipping.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ While it is impossible to verify the claims, the PKK leader, Murat Karayilan, said the PJAK fighters had killed at least 150 Iranians in Iran since August.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[140][141][142] In recent years, official announcements have highlighted the development of weapons such as the Hoot, Kowsar, Zelzal, Fateh-110, Shahab-3 and Sajjil missiles, and a variety of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).[143] .The Fajr-3 (MIRV) is currently Iran's most advanced ballistic missile, it is a liquid fuel missile with an undisclosed range which was developed and produced domestically.^ The West accuses Iran of seeking to develop atomic weapons and is demanding that it suspend a uranium enrichment programme that Tehran says is only to produce electricity.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran has a relatively sophisticated arsenal of short- and medium-range missiles.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The IAEA's report claimed that Iran has taken steps to enable its Shihab-3 ballistic missiles to carry nuclear warheads.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Economy

.
There is an estimated population of 1.2 million weavers in Iran producing carpets for domestic markets and international export.
^ One of her responsibilities was to oversee a projected $85 million program to produce anti-Iran propaganda and support dissidents.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Add in its location, its population of nearly 70 million (the largest in the Middle East) and its ambitions to regional leadership, and the significance of Iran's future international role is undeniable.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Finally, there are the private initiatives to use international law, capital markets and political pressure to deter Teheran from acquiring nuclear weapons and to persuade states not to cultivate ties with Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[144]
.Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures.^ The United States does not want to go into Iran, but, if Israel feels more and more cornered, there may be no other choice.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The culmination of the reformers' defeats came in 2005, when voters elected the hardline Ahmadinejad, who promised to use Iran's large oil revenues to help the poor.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The small ports, known as invisible piers, were constructed two decades ago by Irans Revolutionary Guards to accommodate small private boats used for smuggling.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[145] .Its economic infrastructure has been improving steadily over the past two decades but continues to be affected by inflation and unemployment.^ Over the past two decades, Tehran has nurtured cultural, economic, and political ties with various regional forces, most notably the Shiites of Iraq.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Over the past two decades, Hizbullah has evolved into a Lebanese political force, but it continues to rely on Iranian support to sustain its military capabilities.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[146] In the early 21st century the service sector contributed the largest percentage of the GDP, followed by industry (mining and manufacturing) and agriculture. .In 2006, about 45% of the government's budget came from oil and natural gas revenues, and 31% came from taxes and fees.^ (China, a major purchaser of Iranian oil, is negotiating a multibillion-dollar deal with Iran for the purchase of liquefied natural gas over a period of twenty-five years.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The culmination of the reformers' defeats came in 2005, when voters elected the hardline Ahmadinejad, who promised to use Iran's large oil revenues to help the poor.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The outcome hinges on which countries will assume dominance in developing Iran's enormous oil and natural gas reserves.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[147]
.Government spending contributed to an average annual inflation rate of 14% in the period 2000–2004. As of 2007, Iran has earned $70 billion in foreign exchange reserves mostly (80%) from crude oil exports.^ To do this, it must be able to wreck Iran's offshore oil platforms and production while preventing Iran from shutting down everyone else by blocking the Straits of Hormuz to oil exports.
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^ Iran has the world's second-largest proven reserves of conventional crude oil, after Saudi Arabia, and the second-largest reserves of natural gas, after Russia.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Iranian government has tried to create jobs swiftly and pacify the people by spending the oil money on new government-run projects.
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[148] In 2007, the GDP was estimated at $206 billion ($852 billion at PPP), or $3,160 per capita ($12,300 at PPP).[29] Iran's official annual growth rate was at 6% (2008).[149] .Because of these figures and the country’s diversified but small industrial base, the United Nations classifies Iran's economy as semi-developed (1998).^ The plutonium issue is one of several over which the United Nations Security Council has imposed sanctions to get Iran to cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency, the watchdog that is investigating American charges that Iran is covertly developing nuclear weapons.
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^ At the same time, an Iran concentrating on the development of the talents of its people and the resources of its country should have nothing to fear from the United States.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The policy shift has brought Saudi Arabia and Israel into a new strategic embrace, largely because both countries see Iran as an existential threat.
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[150]
.
Iran's automobile production crossed the 1 million mark in 2005. Iran Khodro is the largest car manufacturer in the Middle-East.
^ Eric Hooglund, "The Pulse of Iran Today," in Middle East Insight 11:5 (July-August 1995): 40-47.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ To do this, he must convince Europe, China and Russia that a nuclear Iran will be catastrophic for Middle East stability as well as for their own economies.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Shahrough Akhavi, "Elite Factionalism in the Islamic Republic of Iran," The Middle East Journal 41:2 (Spring 1987): 181-204.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

It has established joint-ventures with foreign partners on 4 continents.
.Close to 1.8% of national employment is generated in the tourism sector which is slated to increase to 10% in the next five years.^ What would be more attainable (at least theoretically) would be destruction of Irans nuclear program and their removal as a regional player for the next 10 years.
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^ The Persian general followed close in his rear and again defeated him outside Isfahan in November of the same year.

^ This was not so formerly, when not infrequently an official, generally a near relation of the shah, held the same governorship for five, ten or even more years.

[151] .About 1,659,000 foreign tourists visited Iran in 2004; most came from Asian countries, including the republics of Central Asia, while a small share came from the countries of the European Union and North America.^ Those arguing for the loopholes include clerics closely identified with the country's most hard-line conservatives, the most ardent defenders of Iran's theocratic system.
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^ The shahs visit to Europe in the same year cost the exchequer about 180,000.

^ Robert Olson, "Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union toward the Turkoman Rebellion in Eastern Iran in 1924-1925 and the Kurdish Rebellion of Shaykh Said in Eastern Turkey in 1925: A Comparison," Central Asian Survey 9:4 (1990):75-83.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Iran currently ranks 89th in tourist income, but is rated among the "10 most touristic countries" in the world.^ "It's the most unusual relationship we have with any country in the world," explains US Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs Nicholas Burns.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Those arguing for the loopholes include clerics closely identified with the country's most hard-line conservatives, the most ardent defenders of Iran's theocratic system.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Sussan Siavoshi, "Ethnic Nationalism: The Case of Iran's Azerbaijan," Current World Leaders 34:2 (1991): 255-269.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[152] .Weak advertising, unstable regional conditions, a poor public image in some parts of the world, and absence of efficient planning schemes in the tourism sector have all hindered the growth of tourism.^ It was indispensable to every state which towarcia hoped to play some part in the world and was iiot so ifelienisn,.

^ The varieties of the vines, collected from all parts of the world, are not less than two or three hundred.

^ Innkeeping is one of their favourite employments–perhaps from the opportunity it affords for retaliating on the Gentile some of the numerous wrongs they have so long endured from him all over the world.

.The administration continues to follow the market reform plans of the previous one and indicated that it will diversify Iran's oil-reliant economy.^ The culmination of the reformers' defeats came in 2005, when voters elected the hardline Ahmadinejad, who promised to use Iran's large oil revenues to help the poor.
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^ Of course, Iran's creed is "if we cannot export oil, no one else will."
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^ By continuing to reject a grand bargain with Tehran, the Bush administration has done nothing to increase the chances that Iran will accept meaningful long-term restraints on its nuclear activities.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iran has also developed a biotechnology, nanotechnology, and pharmaceuticals industry.^ Ronald W. Ferrier, "The Development of the Iranian Oil Industry," in Hossein Amirsadeghi, ed., Twentieth Century Iran (London: Heinemann, 1977), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[153] .The strong oil market since 1996 helped ease financial pressures on Iran and allowed for Tehran's timely debt service payments.^ The deal aims to ease concerns Tehran could build a nuclear weapon by removing most of Iran's low-enriched uranium from the country.

^ I visited Tehran in 1991, and since I was then the Chairman of Pak Railways, I expressed my desire to see the train of the Shah of Iran.
  • PERSIA, the Ancient Iran Photo Gallery by Ali Majdfar at pbase.com 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ After a while and the dollar has fallen, less forieghn goods will flood our markets, (too expensive) and Americans will again be desirable to employ since shippin in country will take less oil.

.Iranian budget deficits have been a chronic problem, mostly due to large-scale state subsidies, that include foodstuffs and especially gasoline, totaling more than $84 billion in 2008 for the energy sector alone.^ Erzeroom is a large town, dirtier and more disagreeable, I think, than.

^ They live, especially the married women, in a state of seclusion much more severe than that imposed on Persian females.

^ A donors conference in Paris, in January, which the U.S. helped organize, yielded pledges of almost eight billion more, including a promise of more than a billion from the Saudis.
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[154][155] In 2010, the economic reform plan was approved by parliament to cut subsidies gradually and replace them with targeted social assistance. .The objective is to move towards free market prices in a 5-year period and increase productivity.^ Such is the beginning of the free press to be established in Persia five hundred years hence; for within any less period it is hopeless.

Over the past 15 years, the authorities have placed an emphasis on the local production of domestic-consumption oriented goods such as home appliances, cars, agricultural products, pharmaceutical, etc. .Today, Iran possesses a good manufacturing industry, despite restrictions imposed by foreign countries.^ A smaller group also blamed Ahmadinejads inflammatory foreign-policy rhetoric for the United Nations Security Council resolution imposing sanctions on Iran.
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.However, nationalized industries such as the bonyads have often been managed badly, making them ineffective and uncompetitive with years.^ Such a law, added to the wealth of England, would render her invincible if attacked, and make other nations slow to provoke her enmity.

.Currently, the government is trying to privatize these industries, and, despite successes, there are still several problems to be overcome, such as the lagging corruption in the public sector and lack of competitiveness.^ All of these private initiatives are vital for raising public awareness in the West about the lethality of the Iranian threat to Israel and to global security in general.
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^ The public is taught to believe that there is nothing monstrous about such a possibility and that, on the contrary, a nuclear strike is quite feasible.
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^ I hear that in each regiment of Azerbijan there are several hundreds of these animals, who carry the soldiers' baggage, as well as a great many of the soldiers themselves.

.Iran has leading manufacture industry in the fields of car-manufacture and transportation, construction materials, home appliances, food and agricultural goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, information technology, power and petrochemicals in the Middle East.^ To do this, he must convince Europe, China and Russia that a nuclear Iran will be catastrophic for Middle East stability as well as for their own economies.
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^ To undermine Iran, which is predominantly Shiite, the Bush Administration has decided, in effect, to reconfigure its priorities in the Middle East.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Russia sees Iran as a beachhead against American interests in the Middle East, and theyre playing a very sophisticated game, he said.
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[156]

Energy

.
Iran holds 10% of the world's proven oil reserves and 15% of its gas.
^ (China, a major purchaser of Iranian oil, is negotiating a multibillion-dollar deal with Iran for the purchase of liquefied natural gas over a period of twenty-five years.
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^ Its large market, economic output, industrial potential, and vast oil and natural gas reserves make it central to American geostrategic and energy interests.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran has the world's second-largest proven reserves of conventional crude oil, after Saudi Arabia, and the second-largest reserves of natural gas, after Russia.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

It is OPEC's second largest exporter and the world's fourth oil producer.
Iran ranks second in the world in natural gas reserves and also second in oil reserves.[157] It is OPEC's 2nd largest oil exporter. It has the potential to become an energy superpower.[158] .In 2005, Iran spent $4 billion on fuel imports, because of contraband and inefficient domestic use.^ Russia is quite comfortable with Iran having nuclear fuel cycles that would be monitored, and theyll support the Iranian positionin part, because it gives them the opportunity to sell billions of dollars worth of nuclear fuel and materials to Tehran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The culmination of the reformers' defeats came in 2005, when voters elected the hardline Ahmadinejad, who promised to use Iran's large oil revenues to help the poor.
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[159] .Oil industry output averaged 4 million barrels per day (640,000 m3/d) in 2005, compared with the peak of six million barrels per day reached in 1974. In the early 2000s, industry infrastructure was increasingly inefficient because of technological lags.^ At $60 barrel, the US is paying approximately $290 billion per year for imported oil.
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^ What a contrast, and what a theme for reflection, does its present state afford, compared to the days when 300,000 Russians were collected in its bazars, and sold as slaves to the merchants of Constantinople!

^ Its large market, economic output, industrial potential, and vast oil and natural gas reserves make it central to American geostrategic and energy interests.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Few exploratory wells were drilled in 2005.
.In 2004, a large share of Iran's natural gas reserves were untapped.^ (China, a major purchaser of Iranian oil, is negotiating a multibillion-dollar deal with Iran for the purchase of liquefied natural gas over a period of twenty-five years.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Its large market, economic output, industrial potential, and vast oil and natural gas reserves make it central to American geostrategic and energy interests.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran has the world's second-largest proven reserves of conventional crude oil, after Saudi Arabia, and the second-largest reserves of natural gas, after Russia.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The addition of new hydroelectric stations and the streamlining of conventional coal and oil-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33,000 megawatts. .Of that amount, about 75% was based on natural gas, 18% on oil, and 7% on hydroelectric power.^ (China, a major purchaser of Iranian oil, is negotiating a multibillion-dollar deal with Iran for the purchase of liquefied natural gas over a period of twenty-five years.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Its large market, economic output, industrial potential, and vast oil and natural gas reserves make it central to American geostrategic and energy interests.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran has the world's second-largest proven reserves of conventional crude oil, after Saudi Arabia, and the second-largest reserves of natural gas, after Russia.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

In 2004, Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants, and the first solar thermal plant is to come online in 2009.
Demographic trends and intensified industrialization have caused electric power demand to grow by 8% per year. .The government’s goal of 53,000 megawatts of installed capacity by 2010 is to be reached by bringing on line new gas-fired plants and by adding hydroelectric, and nuclear power generating capacity.^ In 1879 the Persian government was induced to spend 30,000 on the erection of a gas factory in Teheran, but work was soon stopped for want of good coal.

^ Especially a government willing to renounce nuclear power and re-align with US interests.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The drawback to the new American position, Clawson added, was that the Iranians might take Bushs agreeing to join the talks as a sign that their hard line has worked.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Iran’s first nuclear power plant at Bushehr is set to go online by 2010.[160][161]

Demography

Major Ethnic Groups of Iran
.Iran is a diverse country consisting of people of many religions and ethnic backgrounds cemented by the Persian culture[162].^ At the same time, an Iran concentrating on the development of the talents of its people and the resources of its country should have nothing to fear from the United States.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Thus a strong Persian propagandism arose especially in Armenia and Cappadocia, where the religion took deep root among the people, but also in Lydia and Lycia.

^ As tensions with Iran rise, many gulf countries have come to see themselves as the likely first targets of an Iranian attack.
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.The majority of the population speaks the Persian language, which is also the official language of the country, as well as other Iranian languages or dialects.^ Their subjects, on the contrary, speak absolutely different tongues: for the attempts to explain the languages of the Cossaeans, Mitannians, and Arzapians as Indo-European (Iranian) have ended in failure (cf.

^ The Lek tribes speak their own dialect, besides either Persian or Turkish, according to locality.

^ According to this camp, what changed the minds of Iranian officials was only the United Nations resolution threatening economic sanctions, and the possibility of other resolutions and more serious sanctions.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Turkic languages and dialects (most importantly Azeri) are spoken in different areas in Iran.^ The name Old Bactrian suggests that the language was limited to the small district of Bactria, or at least that it was spoken therewhich is, at the most, only an Zend.

^ If Chinese be the most extensively written language in the world, since millions speaking different dialects are still able to read the same character, it may be difficult to determine whether English, Spanish, or Turkish be the most diffused orally throughout the world.

Additionally, Arabic is spoken in the southwestern parts of the country.
.The exact ethnic breakdown of Iran is unknown as there are no official numbers, however some organizations have made estimates.^ Israeli intelligence, however, has also failed to provide specific evidence about secret sites in Iran, according to current and former military and intelligence officials.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Senior White House officials have made several visits to Saudi Arabia recently, some of them not disclosed.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The United States does not want to go into Iran, but, if Israel feels more and more cornered, there may be no other choice.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The CIA World Factbook released the estimate: Persians (51%), Azeris (24%), Gilaki and Mazandarani (8%), Kurds (7%), Arabs (3%), Baluchi (2%), Lurs (2%), Turkmens (2%), Laks, Qashqai, Armenians, Persian Jews, Georgians, Assyrians, Circassians, Tats, Mandaeans, Gypsies, Brahuis, Hazara, Kazakhs and others (1%).^ John Marlowe, "Arab-Persian Rivalry in the Persian Gulf," Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 51:1 (January 1964): 23-31.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ With other Iranian tribes the Assyrians never came in contact: for the oft-repeated assertion, that the Parsua, so prominent in their annals, were the Persians or the Parthians, is quite untenable.

^ Intermarriage with Georgians and Circassians, Koords, Arabs, Albanians, Sclavonians, Greeks, and Armenians, has no doubt modified the frightful Mongolian features of the genuine Turk.

[29] .However according to them Persian and its dialects are spoken as first language by 58% while Azeri is spoken by 26%, Kurdish by 9%, Luri by 3%, Balochi by 1%, Arabic by 1% and that some 2% have other languages as first language.^ They both speak dialects the greater part of which is Persian, bearing a strong resemblance to the colloquial language of the present day, divested of its large Arabic mixture.

^ These eels have, however, become complete Persians, and have preserved no trace of their origin either in language or appearance.

^ The Lek tribes speak their own dialect, besides either Persian or Turkish, according to locality.

[29]
.The Library of Congress Persians (65%), Azeris (16 %), Kurds (7%), Lurs (6%), Arabs (2%), Baluchi (2%), Turkmens (1%), Turkic tribal groups such as the Qashqai (1%), and non-Iranian, non-Turkic groups such as Armenians, Assyrians, and Georgians (less than 1%).^ Sakina Berengian, Azeri and Persian Literary Works in Twentieth Century Iranian Azerbaijan (Berlin: Schwarz, 1988).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ A Persian who obtains an advance of money at less than 12% considers that he gets money for nothing.

^ Electors must be males and Persian subjects of not less than 25 years of age and of good repute.

.According to them Persian is spoken as a mother tongue by at least 65% of the population and as a second language by a large proportion of the remaining 35%.^ The name Old Bactrian suggests that the language was limited to the small district of Bactria, or at least that it was spoken therewhich is, at the most, only an Zend.

^ Side by side with the Persian, the Aramaic, which had long been widely diffused as ~ ~eech of commerce, enjoyed currency in all the western hail of the empire as a second dominant language.

^ They both speak dialects the greater part of which is Persian, bearing a strong resemblance to the colloquial language of the present day, divested of its large Arabic mixture.

[163]
Iran religiosity
Religion Percent
Shia Islam
  
89%
Sunni Islam
  
9%
Other
  
2%
.Iran's population increased dramatically during the latter half of the 20th century, reaching about 75 million by 2009.[164] In recent years, however, Iran's birth rate has dropped significantly.^ Israeli intelligence, however, has also failed to provide specific evidence about secret sites in Iran, according to current and former military and intelligence officials.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The other side is making pronouncements so they have to as well, he said, speaking of Irans recent announcements about its weapons capacity.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ This is enough, however, to convince some Israelis that Iran is reaching the "point of no return" at which it has the technical know-how to build a nuclear bomb.
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.Studies project that Iran's rate of population growth will continue to slow until it stabilizes above 105 million by 2050.[165][166] More than two-thirds of the population is under the age of 30, and the literacy rate is 83%.^ The likelihood that more restrictive sanctions against Iran will either make it through the United Nations' bureaucratic quagmire or dissuade Iran from darting down the path toward nuclear technology is about as dim as that of a popular uprising among the people under 30 who make up 70 percent of Iran's population.
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^ As there was nothing under the thin gauze, the result of course was more display than is usual in Europe.

^ Mehran Kamrava, "The Civil Society Discourse in Iran," British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 28:2 (November 2001): 165-185.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[29] .Women today compose more than half of the incoming classes for universities around the country and increasingly continue to play pivotal roles in society.^ Two countries are more than enough.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ They live, especially the married women, in a state of seclusion much more severe than that imposed on Persian females.

^ The fact is Iran is one of the most liberal and democratic countries in the world, more than any other state in the Middle East, including Turkey.

.Iran hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world, with more than one million refugees, mostly from Afghanistan and Iraq.^ He was then fifty-seven years of age, and had ruled over part of Persia for more than eighteen yearsover the kingdom generally for about three years, and from his coronation for about one year only.

^ One was US concern over Iran's likely retaliation, which would probably include a wave of attacks on US military and other personnel in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as on shipping in the Persian Gulf.
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^ Indus and Tigris , covers more than a million square miles.

[167] .Since 2006, Iranian officials have been working with the UNHCR and Afghan officials for their repatriation.^ After the Afghan war, US negotiators worked closely with Iranian counterparts to form a new Afghan government.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ There are no official tallies of Iranian casualties, although Mr Jalilizadeh put the total at about 100 since last year.
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[168] According to estimates, about three million Iranian citizens have emigrated to other countries, mostly since the Iranian Revolution in 1979.[169]
Population of Iran
.Religion in Iran is dominated by the Twelver Shi'a branch of Islam, which is the official state religion and to which about 89% of Iranians belong.^ Formula for the future My 90-minute conversation with the senior Iranian government official ended with him describing a way forward between the United States and Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iranian officials in Tehran did not respond to requests for comment about the guerillas or the captured soldier.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ First, Israel would be assured that its security was paramount and that Washington and Saudi Arabia and other Sunni states shared its concern about Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.About 9% of Iranians belong to the Sunni branch of Islam, mainly Kurds and Iran's Balochi Sunni.^ First, Israel would be assured that its security was paramount and that Washington and Saudi Arabia and other Sunni states shared its concern about Iran.
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^ ReligionAbout 9,000,000 of the population are Mahommedans of the Shiah faith, and 800,000 or 900,000, principally Kurds in north-western Persia, are said to belong to the other great branch of Islam , the Sunni, which differs from the former in religious doctrine and historical belief, and is the state religion of the Turkish Empire and other Mahommedan countries.

^ "Along with our Sunni alliesSaudi Arabia, Jordan, and Egypt[the administration is] terribly concerned about Iran emerging as the new colossus.
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.The remaining 2% are non-Muslim religious minorities, including Bahá'ís, Mandeans, Hindus, Yezidis, Yarsanis, Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians.^ Walter P. Zenner, "The Non-Muslim Minorities of Iran," Harvard University.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[29]
The latter three minority religions are officially recognized and protected, and have reserved seats in the Majlis (Parliament). .However the Bahá'í Faith, Iran's largest religious minority,[170] is not officially recognized, and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran.^ Israeli intelligence, however, has also failed to provide specific evidence about secret sites in Iran, according to current and former military and intelligence officials.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It possesses some qualities calculated to attract regard, and the inflexible tenacity with which the Armenian has clung to his faith during centuries of persecution claims respect.

^ Mohammad Hemmasi and Carolyn V. Prorok, "Demographic Changes in Iran's Officially Recognized Religious Minority Populations since the Islamic Revolution," African and Asian Studies 1:2 (2002): 63-86, esp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Since the 1979 revolution the persecution of Bahá'ís has increased with executions, the denial of civil rights and liberties, and the denial of access to higher education and employment.^ Elham Gheytanchi, "Appendix: Chronology of Events Regarding Women in Iran since the Revolution of 1979," Social Research 67:2 (Summer 2000): 439-452.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ America and Iran have been at loggerheads ever since Ayatollah Khomeini's revolution of 1979.
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^ Marcus Gerhardt, "Sport and Civil Society in Iran," in Eric Hoogland, ed., Twenty Years of Islamic Revolution: Political and Social Transformation in Iran since 1979 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2002), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[171][172]
.According to the Iranian Constitution, the government is required to provide every citizen of the country with access to social security that covers retirement, unemployment, old age, disability, accidents, calamities, health and medical treatment and care services.^ The number of Persian slaves imported and also bred in the country is immense, and in almost every house where servants are kept, one or more, according to the means of the proprietor, are to be found.

^ And so for instance I am one of the people responsible for Iran in our government and yet I have never met an Iranian government official in my 25-year career."
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^ Average Iranians resent their government's generous support for Hizbullah when unemployment and poverty plague the Iranian economy, and many bristle at the risk that support for Hizbullah carries for Iran.
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.This is covered by public revenues and income derived from public contributions.^ His revenue was entirely derived from the voluntary contributions of his flock; and even this scanty source of subsistence had recently, owing to some disagreements, ceased.

.The World Health Organization in the last report on health systems ranks Iran's performance on health level 58th, and its overall health system performance 93rd among the world's nations.^ I hope the Nations of the World tells Iran they can't have Nuclear Weapons or continue to taunt Israel!
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ ''Enemies of the Islamic system fabricated various rumors about death and health to demoralize the Iranian nation, but they did not know that they are not dealing with only one person in Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Hank Paulson, the US Treasury Secretary, claimed last month that Iran was using the western banking system to sponsor international terrorism and nuclear procurement.
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[173]

Culture

City Theater of Tehran, the largest Theater auditorium in the Middle East
.The Culture of Iran is a mix of ancient pre-Islamic culture and Islamic culture.^ PRE-ISLAMIC IRAN .
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ T. Cuyler Young, "Interaction of Islamic and Western Thought in Iran," in T. Cuyler Young, ed., Near Eastern Culture and Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Hamid Naficy, "Islamizing the Film Culture," in S. Farsoun and M. Mashayekhi, eds., Iran: Political Culture in the Islamic Republic (London: Routledge, 1992).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Iranian culture probably originated in Central Asia and the Andronovo culture is strongly suggested as the predecessor of Iranian culture ca.^ Ali A. Jalali, "Iran-Central Asia: Reminiscing the Past and Looking to the Future," Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 16:2 (November 2000): 72-78.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Instead, the Iranians suggested that Qatar, which is the site of the regional headquarters of the U.S. Central Command, would be its first target in the event of an American attack.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Scott Levi, "The Indian Merchant Diaspora in Early Modern Central Asia and Iran," Iranian Studies 32:4 (1999): 483-512.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.2000 BC. Iranian culture has long been a predominant culture of the Middle East and Central Asia, with Persian considered the language of intellectuals during much of the 2nd millennium, and the language of religion and the populace before that.^ Indeed, hope has been the central pillar of US Middle East policy for the last five years.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Afshin Matin-asgari, "Tehran Memoirs and Diaries, Winter 1979 and Summer 1997," Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East 20:1-2 (2000): 171-179.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Nasrine Hakami, Pèlerinage de l'Emâm Rezâ: Étude Socio-économique (Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 1989).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.The Sassanid era was an important and influential historical period in Iran as Iranian culture influenced China, India and Roman civilization considerably,[174] and so influenced as far as Western Europe and Africa.^ (China, a major purchaser of Iranian oil, is negotiating a multibillion-dollar deal with Iran for the purchase of liquefied natural gas over a period of twenty-five years.
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^ Iranians (Ariani), ranking them (as well as the Indians, Romans and Carthaginians) on a level with the Greeks, as regards their capacity for adopting city civilization.

^ Wilhelm Eilers, "Education and Cultural Development in Iran during the Pahlavi Era," in George Lenczowski, ed., Iran under the Pahlavis (Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1978), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[175] This influence played a prominent role in the formation of both Asiatic and European medieval art.[176] .This influence carried forward to the Islamic world.^ Washingtons performance should concern anyone who cares about long-term American influence in the Islamic world.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Much of what later became known as Islamic learning, such as philology, literature, jurisprudence, philosophy, medicine, architecture and the sciences were based on some of the practises taken from the Sassanid Persians to the broader Muslim world.^ The students are instructed in Arabic and Persian literature, religion, interpretation of the Koran, Mussulman law, logic , rhetoric , philosophy and other subjects necessary for admittance to the clergy, for doctors of law, &c., while modern sciences are neglected.

^ These are some of the inducements which led to the occupation of this spot of Persian territory by the Russian government, which act was perpetrated in 1841, immediately after the catastrophe of Cabul became known.

^ George Saliba, "Persian scientists in the Islamic world: astronomy from Maragha to Samarqand," in Richard Hovannisian and Georges Sabagh, eds., The Persian Presence in the Islamic World (Cambridge: CUP, 1998), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[177][178][179]
.After Islamicization of Iran Islamic rituals have penetrated in the Iranian culture.^ Ali Akbar Mahdi, "Iranian women: between Islamicization and globalization," in Ali Mohammadi, ed., Iran Encountering Globalization: Problems and Prospects (London: Routledge, 2003), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Shiva Balaghi, "Print Culture in Late Qajar Iran: the Cartoons of Kashk_l ," Iranian Studies 34:1-4 (2001): 165-182.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Golnar Mehran, "Socialization of Schoolchildren in the Islamic Republic of Iran," Iranian Studies 22:1 (1989): 35-50.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

The most noticeable one of them is commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali. .Every year in Day of Ashura most of Iranians, including Armenians and Zoroastrians participate in mourning for the martyrs of battle of Karbala.^ The nuclear program is popular with the Iranian people, including thosethe young and the secularwho are most hostile to the religious leadership.
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^ Even now repeated shocks are felt, sometimes to a most alarming extent, every year, warning the citizens against a catastrophe.

.Daily life in modern Iran is closely interwoven with Shia Islam and the country's art, literature, and architecture are an ever-present reminder of its deep national tradition and of a broader literary culture.^ Farzin Vahdat, "Mehdi Haeri Yazdi and the Discourse of Modernity," in Ramin Jahanbegloo, ed., Iran: Between Tradition and Modernity (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2004), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Roksana Bahramitash, "Women's Employment in Iran: Modernization and Islamization," in Ramin Jahanbegloo, ed., Iran: Between Tradition and Modernity (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2004), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ This conundrum can be solved without conflict only if Iran adopts a modernism consistent with international order and a view of Islam compatible with peaceful coexistence.
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[179][180]
Ferdowsi, poet, author of the Shāhnāmeh
.The Iranian New Year (Nowruz) is an ancient tradition celebrated on 21 March to mark the beginning of spring in Iran.^ (China, a major purchaser of Iranian oil, is negotiating a multibillion-dollar deal with Iran for the purchase of liquefied natural gas over a period of twenty-five years.
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^ Jahangir Amuzegar, "Iran under New Management," SAIS Review 18:1 (Winter-Spring 1998): 73-92.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Abbas Valadkhani, "An Analysis of Iran's Third Five-Year Development Plan in the Post-Revolution Era (2000-2005)," Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 17:2 (November 2001): 1-21.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

It is also celebrated in Afghanistan, Republic of Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and previously also in Georgia and Armenia. It is also celebrated by the Iraqi and Anatolian Kurds.[181] Nowrouz was nominated as one of UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2004.[182]
Hafezi'eh, tomb of the Hafez in Shiraz City
The cuisine of Iran is diverse, with each province featuring dishes, as well as culinary traditions and styles, distinct to their regions. The main Persian cuisines are combinations of rice with meat, chicken or fish and some onion, vegetables, nuts, and herbs. .Herbs are frequently used along with fruits such as plums, pomegranates, quince, prunes, apricots, and raisins.^ The Persian fruit is excellent and abundant, and large quantities, principally dried and called khushkbar (dry fruit), as quinces, peaches, apricots, plums (of several kinds), raisins, figs, almonds, pistachios, walnuts and dates (the last only from the south), as well as oranges (only from the Caspian provinces), are exported.

.Iranians also usually eat plain yogurt (Persian: ماست, māst) with lunch and dinner; it is a staple of the diet in Iran.^ That was usually all it took to derail an Iranian operation aimed at rooting out guerillas inside Iran, he said.
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.To achieve a balanced taste, characteristic flavourings such as saffron, dried limes, cinnamon, and parsley are mixed delicately and used in some special dishes.^ Double the quantity required is demanded, as well as a variety of articles which the unfortunate villagers never heard of, and which, to use their own phrase, "their grandfathers never saw in a dream"–such as saffron, tea, cloves, cinnamon, &c.

.Onions and garlic are normally used in the preparation of the accompanying course, but are also served separately during meals, either in raw or pickled form.^ We had made preparation for a long march, as it was called, next day; but during the night so violent a storm of snow arose, accompanied by a boorān, that movement was impracticable.

Iran is also famous for its caviar.[183] Iranian food is not spicy.
.Iranian cinema has thrived in modern Iran, and many Iranian directors have garnered worldwide recognition for their work.^ Mohammad Faghfoory, "The Impact of Modernization on the Ulama of Iran, 1925-1941," Iranian Studies 26 (Summer/Fall 1993): 277-312.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Average Iranians resent their government's generous support for Hizbullah when unemployment and poverty plague the Iranian economy, and many bristle at the risk that support for Hizbullah carries for Iran.
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^ As tensions with Iran rise, many gulf countries have come to see themselves as the likely first targets of an Iranian attack.
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.Iranian movies have won over three hundred awards in the past twenty-five years.^ (China, a major purchaser of Iranian oil, is negotiating a multibillion-dollar deal with Iran for the purchase of liquefied natural gas over a period of twenty-five years.
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^ Typically they will attack a few soldiers at the fringe of a larger group, said Sadun Edesa, 22, an Iranian Kurd who said he had been fighting for five years.
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^ America quickly fixed its sights on the Taleban in Afghanistan with whom the Iranians had nearly come to war just three years earlier.
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One of the best-known directors is Abbas Kiarostami. .The media of Iran is a mixture of private and state-owned, but books and movies must be approved by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance before being released to the public.^ To do this, he must convince Europe, China and Russia that a nuclear Iran will be catastrophic for Middle East stability as well as for their own economies.
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^ The United States has to take action against Iran and Syria before April 2007.
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^ But while China can provide capital, its state-owned energy companies are not much more technically capable right now than Iran's.
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The Internet has become enormously popular among the Iranian youth. .Iran is now the world's fourth largest country of bloggers.^ Iran has the world's second-largest proven reserves of conventional crude oil, after Saudi Arabia, and the second-largest reserves of natural gas, after Russia.
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[184]

Language and literature

Geographic distribution of the Modern Iranian languages: Persian (green), Pashto (purple) and Kurdish (turquoise), Lurish (red), Baloch (Yellow), as well as smaller communities of other Iranian languages
.Article 15 of the Iranian constitution states that the "Official language (of Iran)...^ Peter Smith, "A Note on Babi and Baha'i Numbers in Iran," Iranian Studies 15 (1984): 295-301.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Roger M. Savory, "The Safavid State and Polity," Iranian Studies 7 (1974): 179-212, reprited in Studies on the History of Safavid Iran (London: Variorum Reprints, 1987).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Homa Katouzian, State and Society in Iran: From Constitution to the Rise of the Pahlavi State (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

is Persian...[and]... the use of regional and tribal languages in the press and mass media, as well as for teaching of their literature in schools, is allowed in addition to Persian." .Persian serves as a lingua franca in Iran and most publications and broadcastings are in this language.^ Not only has this lost its cachet with much of the Iranian public, it also serves to compound Irans economic problems by blackening its image abroad.
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.Next to Persian, there are many publications and broadcastings in other relatively popular languages of Iran such as Azeri, Kurdish and even in less popular ones such as Arabic and Armenian.^ In short, she said so much, that if there had been a good road, I should have been tempted to have visited a place so different from Irak; but this is one of the worst points of Persia,–that one is precluded from agreeable excursions, such as are so pleasant in other countries, by the impracticable roads, hardly safe, even for those accustomed to traverse them, on horseback.

^ The public is taught to believe that there is nothing monstrous about such a possibility and that, on the contrary, a nuclear strike is quite feasible.
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^ Besides these, however, numbers of other Persians were despatched to the provinces, settled there, and endowed with lands.

.Many languages originated in Iran, but Persian is the most used language.^ These eels have, however, become complete Persians, and have preserved no trace of their origin either in language or appearance.

^ The Sheghaghees use two languages indifferently, Turkish and their own Lekee, a dialect of Persian.

^ With such materials the cuneiform script could not be used; instead, the Persian language was written in, Aramaic characters, a method which later led to the so-called Pahlavi, i.e.

.Persian belongs to the Aryan or Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages.^ (See INDO-EUROPEAN.) The Aryan family (called by Professor Sievers the Asiatic base-language) is subdivided into (1) Iranian (Eranian, or Erano-Aryan) languages, (2) Pisacha, or non-Sanskritic Indo-Aryan languages , (3) Indo-Aryan, or Sanskritic Indo-Aryan languages (for the last two see INDO-ARYAN) Iranian being also grouped into Persian and non-Persian.

^ These, in part, are rooted in the primeval Indo-European days, though their ultimate form dates only from the Aryan epoch.

^ Their subjects, on the contrary, speak absolutely different tongues: for the attempts to explain the languages of the Cossaeans, Mitannians, and Arzapians as Indo-European (Iranian) have ended in failure (cf.

.The oldest records in Old Persian date to the Achaemenid Empire,[185] and examples of Old Persian have been found in present-day Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt.^ The Parthian Empire, as founded by the conquests of Mithradates I. and restored, once by Mithradates II. and again by Phraates III., was, to all exterior appearance, a conOrganizatinuation of the Achaemenid dominion.

^ Not a trace of ruins is to be found in Demawend, although among Persian traditions its antiquity reaches the fabulous days of their history–those of Kaïomers and Jemsheed.

^ In the Indo-Scythian Empire the Persian gods were zealously worshipped; in Armenia the old national religion was almost entirely banished by the Persian cults (Gelzer, Zur armen.

.In the late 8th century, Persian was highly Arabized and written in a modified Arabic script.^ With such materials the cuneiform script could not be used; instead, the Persian language was written in, Aramaic characters, a method which later led to the so-called Pahlavi, i.e.

^ November , 1851.–W E were alarmed late one night, not long ago, by my husband being aroused to receive a letter which one of his Persian friends had written to him.

^ Arabic literature and speech exercised so powerful an influence on New Persian, especially on the written language, that it could not withsfand the admission of an immense number of Semitic words.

This caused a movement supporting the revival of Persian. .An important event of this revival was the writing of the Shahname by Ferdowsi (Persian: Epic of Kings), Iran's national epic, which is said to have been written entirely in native Persian.^ Javad Zarif, now Iran's ambassador to the United Nations, said this was a big surprise at after the co-operation over the Afghan government.
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^ Iraq is the disaster we have to get rid of, and Iran is the disaster we have to avoid, Joseph Cirincione, the vice-president for national security at the liberal Center for American Progress, said.
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^ Expressing a similarly tempered view in a speech at the National Press Club, Negroponte said, I think its important that this issue be kept in perspective.
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.This gave rise to a strong reassertion of Iranian national identity, and is in part credited for the continued existence of Persian as a separate language.^ They both speak dialects the greater part of which is Persian, bearing a strong resemblance to the colloquial language of the present day, divested of its large Arabic mixture.

^ Only towards the end of the Parthian sasty and after the rise of the Sassanians, under whom the national ditions were again cultivated in Persia, do we recover the lost Ces of the Persian language in the Pahlavi inscriptions and rature.

^ Mehrdad Kia, "Persian Nationalism and the Campaign for Language Purification," Middle Eastern Studies 34 (1998): 9-36.
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بسی رنج بردم در این سال سی
عجم زنده کردم بدین پارسی
For thirty years, I suffered much pain and strife
with Persian I gave the Ajam verve and life
Ferdowsi (935–1020)
Kelileh va Demneh Persian manuscript copy dated 1429
17th century painting from Hasht-Bahesht palace, Isfahan
.Persian beside Arabic has been a medium for literary and scientific contributions to the Islamic world especially in Anatolia, central Asia and Indian sub-continent.^ C. Edmund Bosworth, "The Persian contribution to Islamic historiography in the pre-Mongol period," in Richard Hovannisian and Georges Sabagh, eds., The Persian Presence in the Islamic World (Cambridge: CUP, 1998), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ George Saliba, "Persian scientists in the Islamic world: astronomy from Maragha to Samarqand," in Richard Hovannisian and Georges Sabagh, eds., The Persian Presence in the Islamic World (Cambridge: CUP, 1998), pp.
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^ Arabic literature and speech exercised so powerful an influence on New Persian, especially on the written language, that it could not withsfand the admission of an immense number of Semitic words.

.Poetry is a very important part of Persian culture.^ The Persian peasant is perhaps the best part of the nation, but oppression has made him callous, and not very sensible to emotions of gratitude.

.Poetry is used in many Persian classical works, whether from literature, science, or metaphysics.^ In the various departments of general Persian literature not touched upon in the foregoing pages the same wonderful activity has prevailed as in the realm of poetry and fiction, Historical since the first books on history and medicine appeared Works.

^ II. Modern Persian Literature.Persian historians are greatly at variance about the origin of their national poetry.

^ Olga M. Davidson, Comparative Literature and Classical Persian Poetics: Seven Essays (Costa Mesa: Mazda, 2000).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Persian literature has been considered by such thinkers as Goethe as one of the four main bodies of world literature.^ In passing through the streets of Tehran, one would be disposed to consider the Persians a very musical race.

^ In a long intercourse with Persians, one is apt to imagine that there is no such thing as conscience throughout the land; but this is a mistake.

^ The occurrence is alarming, too; for no one thinks it will remain long without a sequel, as these Yemoot Toorkomans are nominally Persian subjects, or at least claimed as such.

[186]
.The Persian language has produced a number of famous poets; however, only a few poets as Rumi and Omar Khayyám have surfaced among western popular readership, even though the likes of Hafez, Saadi, Nezami[187] Attar, Sanai, Naser Khusraw, Jami are considered by many Iranians to be just as influential.^ None but the strong children survive; and the result is that the Persians, though few in number, are strong, stout, and hardy.

^ These eels have, however, become complete Persians, and have preserved no trace of their origin either in language or appearance.

^ Turkish is so completely the colloquial language of Azerbijan, that, excepting in towns, and even there only among the better classes, Persian is not understood.

The books of famous poets have been translated into western languages since 1634. An example of Persian poetic influence is the poem below which is widely popular:
بنى آدم اعضاء يک پیکرند
که در آفرينش ز يک گوهرند
چو عضوى بدرد آورد روزگارد
دگر عضوها را نماند قرار
Of one Essence is the human race
thus has Creation put the base
One Limb impacted is sufficient
For all Others to feel the Mace
Saadi (1184–1283)

Art and architecture

Greater Iran is home to one of the richest artistic traditions in world history and encompasses many disciplines, including architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and stone masonry. .Carpet-weaving is one of the most distinguished manifestations of Persian culture and art, and dates back to ancient Persia.^ This is one of the most harassing, and probably one of the most ancient abuses to which Persians are subject.

^ One of the most usual is to the ruins of the ancient city of Rēi, four miles from town.

^ This event brings us to one of the most interesting periods of Persian history, any account of which must be defective without a prefatory sketch of Ismail Sufi.

.Persians were among the first to use mathematics, geometry, and astronomy in architecture and also have extraordinary skills in making massive domes which can be seen frequently in the structure of bazaars and mosques.^ When any one gives a charitable feast to the poor–a common practice among the Persians–he is entitled to make use of this china, which, consequently, is in a perpetual state of diminution.

^ And while that was going on, the reactor and the people in the reactor in the Romanian government used that reactor that the US supplied and the highly enriched uranium to separate plutonium, which is the first step to make an atomic bomb.
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^ I have never seen a Persian unkind to his own horse or his slave, and when overtaken by poverty he will first sell his shirt , then his slave.

The main building types of classical Iranian architecture are the mosque and the palace. .Iran, besides being home to a large number of art houses and galleries, also holds one of the largest and valuable jewel collections in the world.^ That approach, he said, is the only one that can enable us to avoid being faced with an alternative that I call catastrophic: an Iranian bomb or the bombing of Iran.
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^ The large number of new and excellent houses in preparation showed evident signs of wealth and increasing commerce.

^ The number of Persian slaves imported and also bred in the country is immense, and in almost every house where servants are kept, one or more, according to the means of the proprietor, are to be found.

.Iran ranks seventh among countries in the world with the most archeological architectural ruins and attractions from antiquity as recognized by UNESCO.^ "It's the most unusual relationship we have with any country in the world," explains US Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs Nicholas Burns.
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^ The histories, the travels, and the novels of these distinguished writers have made the world acquainted with the literature, the geography, the commerce, and the antiquities of that country.

^ Those arguing for the loopholes include clerics closely identified with the country's most hard-line conservatives, the most ardent defenders of Iran's theocratic system.
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[188] Fifteen of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites are creations of Iranian architecture.
Panoramic view of Naqsh-e Jahan Square

Science and technology

13th century manuscript depicting an epicyclic planetary model
Ancient Iranians built Qanats and Yakhchal to provide and keep water. .The first windmill appeared in Iran in the 9th century.^ Michael Morony, "The Conquerors and Conquered: Iran," G.H.A. Juynbull, ed., Studies on the First Century of Islamic Society (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[189] Iranians contributed significantly to the current understanding of astronomy, natural science, medicine, mathematics, and philosophy. Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī is widely hailed as the father of algebra. Ethanol (alcohol) was first identified by Persian alchemists such as Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi. .Throughout the Middle Ages, the natural philosophy and mathematics of the Ancient Greeks and Persians were furthered and preserved within Persia.^ The Gyro paedia is a didactic romance, written with a view to Greek institutions and rarely preserving genuine information on the Persian Empire.

^ There is a spirit of change abroad among the Persians, which will preserve his system from extinction; besides which, his doctrines are of an attractive nature to Persians.

^ Their features are more delicate than those of the other inhabitants of Persia, and bear a strong resemblance to those of the ancient Persians, as they are preserved in the sculptures at Persepolis and Shahpoor.

.The Academy of Gundishapur was a renowned centre of learning in the city of Gundeshapur during late antiquity and was the most important medical centre of the ancient world during the sixth and seventh centuries.^ Near Verameen a most remarkable antiquity still survives the lapse of twenty centuries, that is, if what we hear be true.

^ Peabody, have been most kind in lending us this comfortable house during our stay in this city.

^ Late in the evening of September 1st, we reached Warsaw, where we were most kindly received by the late excellent General Du Plat, then Consul-General in that city.

[190] .During this period, Persia became a centre for the manufacture of scientific instruments, retaining its reputation for quality well into the 19th century.^ Few men have enjoyed so distinguished a reputation for medical knowledge in Persia as this gentleman, to which his abilities well entitled him.–J. S. .

^ July .-Summer in Persia, as I have already described, is most wearisome, but this year was a more than ordinary trial during our period of banishment.

^ They were absolute private property, handed down from father to son for centuries, and in the Hellenistic period not rarely became independent kingdoms.

Iran's first domestically made satellite (Omid) was placed into orbit through Safir rocket in 2009
Iran strives to revive the golden age of Persian science. The country has increased its publication output nearly tenfold from 1996 through 2004, and has been ranked first in terms of output growth rate followed by China.[191] .Despite the limitations in funds, facilities, and international collaborations, Iranian scientists remain highly productive in several experimental fields as pharmacology, pharmaceutical chemistry, organic chemistry, and polymer chemistry.^ Admiral Walsh said that American warships remained in international waters, and that Iranian and American ships kept close watch on one another.
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^ But though he remains highly respected among clerics, Rafsanjani is not a beloved figure in Iranian public life.
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Iranian scientists are also helping construct the Compact Muon Solenoid, a detector for CERN's Large Hadron Collider. .In 2009, a SUSE Linux-based HPC system made by the Aerospace Research Institute of Iran (ARI) was launched with 32 cores and now runs 96 cores.^ The bad news is that in addition to the continued investment of large sums in the Arrow, we will now also have to pay for the procurement of an American-made missile defense system.
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^ Youssef S. Aliabadi, "The Idea of Civil Liberties and the Problem of Institutional Government in Iran," Social Research 67:2 (Summer 2000): 345-376.
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^ Farhad Kazemi, Politics and Culture in Iran (Ann Arbor: Center for Political Studies, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 1988).
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Its performance was pegged at 192 GFLOPS.[192]
In the biomedical sciences, Iran's Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics is a UNESCO chair in biology.[193] .In late 2006, Iranian scientists successfully cloned a sheep by somatic cell nuclear transfer, at the Rouyan research centre in Tehran.^ According to Iranian news sources, from January to late August 2006 the prices of fruits and vegetables in urban areas rose by 20 percent.
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^ Absent capturing an Iranian nuclear scientist and documents, its impossible to set back the program for sure.
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[194] .According to a study by David Morrison and Ali Khademhosseini (Harvard-MIT and Cambridge), stem cell research in Iran is amongst the top 10 in the world.^ Ali Paydarfar, "Differential Life-Styles Between Migrants and Nonmigrants: A Case Study of the City of Shiraz, Iran," Demography 11 (1974): 509-520.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Mehrdad Kia, "Mirza Fath Ali Akhundzadeh and the Call for Modernization of the Islamic World," Middle East Studies 31 (1995): 423-448.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good, "Social Hierarchy in Provincial Iran: The Case of Qajar Iran," Iranian Studies 10 (Summer 1977): 129-163.
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[195] Iran ranks 15th in the world in nanotechnologies.[196][197][198]
An 18th century Persian astrolabe
.The Iranian nuclear program was launched in the 1950s.^ Other groups, like the Israel Project, conduct intensive briefings for the media in the US and Europe to educate reporters and editors about the Iranian nuclear program.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Absent capturing an Iranian nuclear scientist and documents, its impossible to set back the program for sure.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ But the Iranians would not have launched themselves into a very dangerous confrontation with the West on the basis of a weapons program that they no longer pursue.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iran is the 7th country in production of uranium hexafluoride.^ The Russian proposal lays out a complicated plan in which Iran would supply the uranium hexafluoride from Isfahan, shipping it to Russia for enrichment.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[199] .Iran now controls the entire cycle for producing nuclear fuel.^ Is it when you master the nuclear fuel cycle?
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In general, there appeared to be a world-wide mandate for stricter controls on the production of nuclear fuels which could be used in weapons.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Only 29% in each country agreed the UN should stop countries from producing their own nuclear fuel, but provide them with the fuel they need.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[200] .Iran's current facilities includes several research reactors, a uranium mine, an almost complete commercial nuclear reactor, and uranium processing facilities that include a uranium enrichment plant.^ In late April, the military leadership, headed by General Pace, achieved a major victory when the White House dropped its insistence that the plan for a bombing campaign include the possible use of a nuclear device to destroy Irans uranium-enrichment plant at Natanz, nearly two hundred miles south of Tehran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ While it would be difficult to completely destroy all of Iran's several dozen nuclear facilities, senior officials and IAF officers believe that a successful strike on a number of key elements of the nuclear program - such as the uranium enrichment center in Natanz, the heavy water facility at Arak and the Isfahan nuclear technology center - would be enough to stop the country's race for nuclear power.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Consider that, since the beginning of the current tensions, the West has retreated from demands that Iran cease conversion of yellowcake to uranium gas and end enrichment entirely to the current demand for nothing more than a temporary suspension of uranium enrichment activities.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Iranian Space Agency launched its first reconnaissance satellite named Sina-1 in 2006, and a space rocket in 2007,[201] which aimed at improving science and research for university students.^ J.I. Clarke, The Iranian City of Shiraz , University of Durham, Department of Geography, Research Paper 7, 1963.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ J.I. Clarke and B.D. Clark, Kermanshah, An Iranian Provincial City , University of Durham, Department of Geography, Research Paper 10, 1969.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[202] .Iran placed its domestically built satellite, Omid into orbit on the 30th anniversary of the Iranian Revolution, on February 2, 2009,[203] through Safir rocket, becoming the ninth country in the world capable of both producing a satellite and sending it into space from a domestically made launcher.^ The histories, the travels, and the novels of these distinguished writers have made the world acquainted with the literature, the geography, the commerce, and the antiquities of that country.

^ Hooshang Amirahmadi, "Iranian-Saudi Arabian Relations since the Revolution," in Hooshang Amirahmadi and Nader Entessar, eds., Iran and the Arab World (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Patrick Clawson, "Knitting Iran Together: The Land Transport Revolution, 1920-1941," Iranian Studies 26 (1993): 235-250.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[204]
.Iranian scientists outside Iran have also made some major contributions to science.^ Iranians outside Iran .
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ A. Sreberny Mohammadi and A. Mohammadi, "Iranian Exiles as Opposition: Some Theses on the Dilemmas of Political Communication Inside and Outside Iran," in Asghar Fathi, ed., Iranian Refugees and Exiles since Khomeini (Costa Mesa: Mazda, 1991), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

In 1960, Ali Javan co-invented the first gas laser and fuzzy set theory was introduced by Lotfi Zadeh.[205] Iranian cardiologist, Tofy Mussivand invented and developed the first artificial cardiac pump, the precursor of the artificial heart. Furthering research and treatment of diabetes, HbA1c was discovered by Samuel Rahbar. .Iranian physics is especially strong in string theory, with many papers being published in Iran.^ And yet, he said, the report was being used by White House hawks within the Administration to prove the White Houses theory that the Iranians are on track.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ That approach, he said, is the only one that can enable us to avoid being faced with an alternative that I call catastrophic: an Iranian bomb or the bombing of Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ But the reformers made a strong showing at local council elections in December, with many voters worried about Iran's increasing diplomatic isolation and economic problems.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[206] Iranian-American string theorist Cumrun Vafa proposed the Vafa-Witten theorem together with Edward Witten.

Sports

Dizin skiing resort, Iran
.With two thirds of Iran's population under the age of 25, many sports are practised in Iran, both traditional and modern.^ Submission or resistance seems to have been equally fatal; and slaughter–the indiscriminate slaughter of the young and the aged, of man and of woman–was the lot of the wretched population in both cases.

^ Farzin Vahdat, "Mehdi Haeri Yazdi and the Discourse of Modernity," in Ramin Jahanbegloo, ed., Iran: Between Tradition and Modernity (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2004), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Roksana Bahramitash, "Women's Employment in Iran: Modernization and Islamization," in Ramin Jahanbegloo, ed., Iran: Between Tradition and Modernity (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2004), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

Iran is the birthplace of polo,[207] and Varzesh-e Pahlavani. .Freestyle wrestling has been traditionally regarded as Iran's national sport, however today, the most popular sport in Iran is football (soccer), with the national team having reached the World Cup Final Tournament three times, and having won the Asian Cup on three occasions.^ I hope the Nations of the World tells Iran they can't have Nuclear Weapons or continue to taunt Israel!
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ To whom did Ahmadinejad refer to when he told the United Nations in September: "I emphatically declare that today's world, more than ever before, longs for ...
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Even if Israel were to launch an attack on Iran without US approval its planes could not reach their targets without the US becoming aware of their flightpath and having time to ask them to abandon their mission.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In 1974, Iran became the first country in the Middle East to host the Asian Games.^ Eric Hooglund, "The Pulse of Iran Today," in Middle East Insight 11:5 (July-August 1995): 40-47.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ To do this, he must convince Europe, China and Russia that a nuclear Iran will be catastrophic for Middle East stability as well as for their own economies.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Shahrough Akhavi, "Elite Factionalism in the Islamic Republic of Iran," The Middle East Journal 41:2 (Spring 1987): 181-204.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Iran is home to several unique skiing resorts,[208] with the Tochal resort being the world's fifth-highest ski resort (3,730 m/12,238 ft at its highest station), and located only fifteen minutes away from Tehran.^ There are several important ranges in Khorasan, and one of them, the Binalud, west of Meshed and north of Nishapur, has several peaks of 11,000 to 12,000 ft.

^ Persian Gulf, where vegetation is very scanty, stations only a few miles away from the coast and not more than 20 or 30 ft.

^ The above beautiful range of mountains, crowned with the magnificent peak of Demawend, saves Tehran from being one of the most frightful places in the world.

.Being a mountainous country, Iran is a venue for hiking, rock climbing,[209] and mountain climbing.^ The annexation of Iran by Seleucus Nicator led to a war for the countries on the Indian frontier; his opponent being Sandracottus or Chandragupta Maurya , the founder Seleucus I. of the great Indian Empire of Maurya (Palimbothra).

^ The country hereabout being flat, and Ararat not being many miles distant, we beheld the mountain in all its solitary grandeur.

[210][211][212]

See also

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Further reading

  • Benjamin Walker, Persian Pageant: A Cultural History of Iran, Arya Press, Calcutta, 1950.

External links

Government
General


Quotes

Up to date as of January 14, 2010

From Wikiquote

Iran
.Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian جمهوری اسلامی ايران), transliteration: Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān), formerly known internationally as Persia, is a Southwest Asian country located in the geographical territories of the Middle East and South Asia.^ Afshin Matin-asgari, "Tehran Memoirs and Diaries, Winter 1979 and Summer 1997," Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East 20:1-2 (2000): 171-179.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Eric Hooglund, "The Pulse of Iran Today," in Middle East Insight 11:5 (July-August 1995): 40-47.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Alexander Knysh, "Irfan Revisited: Khomeini and the Legacy of Islamic Mystical Philosophy," Middle East Journal 46 (Autumn 1992): 631-653.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

Sourced

  • Where are your valiant warriors and your priests? Where are your hunting parties and your feasts? Where is that warlike mien, and where are those? .Great armies that destroyed our country's foes?^ Hanway says that in 1711 the Afghans destroyed a large Persian army besieging Candahar, by laying waste the country.

    . . . Count Iran as a ruin, as the lair of lions and leopards! Look now and despair! .
  • I would rather discover one true cause than gain the kingdom of Persia.^ It would mean, among other things, the probable beginning of a nuclear arms race in the worlds most volatile region, and it would mean that the 30-year-struggle between America and Iran for domination of the Persian Gulf will be over, with Persia the victor.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Maria Brosius, Women in Ancient Persia, 559-331 BC (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
    • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

    ^ Shaul Bakhash, "Iran's Unlikely President," The New York Review 15:17 (November 1998): 47-51.
    • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

  • Iran's civilization and culture has become imbued and infused with humanitarianism, respect for the life, belief and faith of others, propagation of tolerance and compromise and avoidance of violence, bloodshed and war.^ Now begins the glorious weather of Persia, lasting until the middle of May, when it becomes a great deal too hot.

    ^ Ladan Boroumand and Roya Boroumand, "Illusion and Reality of Civil Society in Iran: An Ideological Debate," Social Research 67:2 (Summer 2000): 303-344.
    • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

    ^ In these traits are engrained the general conditions of history and culture, under which the Iranians lived: on the one hand, the contrast between Iranian and Turanian; on the other, the dominating position of Babylon, which influenced most strongly the civilization and religion of Iran.

    .The luminaries of Iranian literature, in particular our Gnostic literature, from Hafiz, Mowlavi [better known in the West as Rumi] and Attar to Saadi, Sanaei, Naser Khosrow and Nezami, are emissaries of this humanitarian culture.^ Ahmad Karimi Hakkak, "Of Hail and Hounds: The Image of the Iranian Revolution in Recent Persian Literature," State, Culture, and Society 1:3 (Spring 1985), pp.
    • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

    .
  • If we ask Germans how powerful Germany is, they will say the power of Germany is to the extend that German tanks can go.^ And when we ask specific questions they say, Were going to get back to you.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ We ask for anything going on, and they say theres nothing.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ How can you say they are all the same?
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    .If you ask French how powerful is France they will say it is to the extend that their guns can fire and if you ask the Arabs that how powerful you are they will say to the extend that our swords can kill.^ How can you say they are all the same?
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ And when we ask specific questions they say, Were going to get back to you.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ They denied emphatically that fire or light was regarded as God; but they affirmed that they considered it as a most sacred and holy representative of the Divinity and of his power.

    But it is different about Iranians. .Iranians never call themselves as Iran Empire or terms like these.^ Obviously the empire can never have been at peace during these years, a fact which materially assisted the aggressive campaigns Wars with of Trajan (1I31I7).

    ^ Persians Mithradates I. and Ariarathes I. These states were fragments of the Achaemenid Empire, which had safely transferred themselves to the Heilenistic state-system.

    ^ That approach, he said, is the only one that can enable us to avoid being faced with an alternative that I call catastrophic: an Iranian bomb or the bombing of Iran.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    .They always talk about Iran sphere of power.^ "Shifting to StratCom indicates that they are talking about a really punishing air-force and naval air attack [on Iran]," says Lang.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Voters I talked to pointed to the prices of ordinary foodstuffs when they wanted to explain their negative feelings about the government.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ The Bush Administration, she said, would be willing to join Russia, China, and its European allies in direct talks with Iran about its nuclear program.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    Sphere of power means to the extend that minds and thoughts can work. .
  • Iran is the land of lofty mystics and a treasure of spirituality.^ On his trip to Europe this week, President Bush is expected to press the Europeans to further reduce Iran-related export credits and cut ties with Irans financial institutions.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Bert G. Fragner, Persische Memoirenliteratur als Quelle zur neueren Geschichte Irans (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1979).
    • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

    ^ A modern, strong, peaceful Iran could become a pillar of stability and progress in the region.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    .
  • I come from the noble land of Iran, representing a great and renowned nation, famous for its age old civilization as well as its distinguished contribution to the founding and expansion of the Islamic civilization; a nation that has survived the strong winds of despotism, reactionism and submission, relying on its cultural and human wealth; a nation which pioneered in the East the establishment of civil society and constitutional government in the course of its contemporary history, even though as a result of foreign interference and domestic deficiencies, at times it may have faltered in its course; a nation which has been at the forefront of the struggle for independence and against colonialism, though its national movement was subverted by a foreign- orchestrated coup.^ None but the strong children survive; and the result is that the Persians, though few in number, are strong, stout, and hardy.

    ^ Gradually their compatriots, both men and women, increased in number, according as the object of their wealthy society was developed, and when a position on a strong foundation was established.

    ^ In our recent conversation, Mr. Netanyahu avoided metaphysics and biblical exegesis, but said that Irans desire for nuclear weapons represented a hinge of history.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    .And, a nation which carries the torch of its popular revolution, not won by force of arms or a coup, but by dethroning of the regime of coup d'etat through the power of "word" and "enlightenment". In the course of its new experience, our nation has endured eight years of an imposed war, pressure, sanctions and various allegations.^ In this house, built expressly for the accommodation of the Russian representative, was signed the treaty which, twenty-eight years ago, concluded the last war between Russia and Persia.

    ^ A smaller group also blamed Ahmadinejads inflammatory foreign-policy rhetoric for the United Nations Security Council resolution imposing sanctions on Iran.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Militarily, a second aircraft carrier strike force would do little to interdict arms smuggling across the Iran-Iraq border.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    It has also fallen victim to terrorism, this ominous and sinister phenomenon of the twentieth century. .
    • President Khatami, in Statement by before the 53rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly, New York.^ Shaul Bakhash, "Iran's Unlikely President," The New York Review 15:17 (November 1998): 47-51.
      • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

      ^ Sincerely yours, Anton Keller , Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York International Committee for European Security and Co-operation ( .../ICESC ) +4122-7400362 swissbit@solami.com .
      • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

      ^ To whom did Ahmadinejad refer to when he told the United Nations in September: "I emphatically declare that today's world, more than ever before, longs for ...
      • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

      (21 September 1998)
  • All of us are Iranian and wherever and in whatever post we are should try to elevate status of our dear country.^ The US hopes that an attack on Iran will inevitably result in a chaos in the country, and that it will be possible to bribe some of the Iranian generals and thus to create a fifth column in the country.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Of course it may be that all that is being said at the top is only an assessment, and that those responsible for our defense against Iranian missiles have full confidence in the Arrow.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ The US should continue to demand that Iran curb its nuclear activities, abandon support of terrorism, and respect the democratic aspirations of Iranians.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    .
  • Whereas now Iranian cinema shows the Iranian people to the world.^ "The Iranians got away with reopening the conversion facility, and now people have accepted it's never going to be shut again and have taken it off the table."
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ In the hazy world of Iranian politics, such a public rebuke was seen as a sign that the supreme leader who has final say on all matters of state might no longer support the president as the public face of defiance to the West.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ President Putin was quoted of responding to a Western query on a possible attack on Iran by saying darkly: "Don't even think of it!"
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    .The US has tried very hard to make an entire people out to be terrorists.^ It is a very picturesque building, or rather collection of buildings, and as rich as abundance of gilding both inside and out can make it.

    ^ These hospitable people insisted on making us their guests during our stay, with our large party of servants and horses.

    ^ Another day's hard riding brought us to Kars, twenty miles being occupied in ascending and descending very high mountains.

    .The Iranian cinema tries to say that the Iranian people are very warm and poetic people.^ The Iranian government has tried to create jobs swiftly and pacify the people by spending the oil money on new government-run projects.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    .
  • Iran has a long history.^ Eric Egan, The Films of Makhmalbaf: Cinema, Politics & Culture in Iran (Washington, D.C.: Mage, 2004).
    • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

    ^ H.E. Chehabi, "The Juggernaut of Globalization: Sport and Modernization in Iran," International Journal of the History of Sport 19:2-3 (June-September 2002): 275-294.
    • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

    ^ Mohsen M. Milani, "The Ascendance of Shi`i Fundamentalism in Revolutionary Iran," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 13:1-2 (1989).
    • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

    .People of the world can learn much from the portrayal of Iranian civilization by the Iranian arts over such a long period of time.^ I believe that the U.S. is at risk for such an attack because she has abandoned the Israeli people during a critical time of need.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ He insisted that Iran was abiding by international agreements, but said, Time is now completely on the side of the Iranian people.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ It is almost impossible that a much later period could have produced such unpretentious and almost depreciatory representations of the deeds and personality of the prophet.

    .
  • In Iran, the walls of homes are transparent and the halls of justice are opaque.^ Advocates of an American invasion of Iran say that last months strengthening of the American armada in the Persian Gulf has frightened the Iranian regime.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ The United States has to take action against Iran and Syria before April 2007.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Iran and tactical nukes Paul S 01/08/2007 09:06 Of course, if Israel's very survival is at stake, then ALL options will be considered.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    This ‘morality’ campaign shows how fragile respect for privacy and personal dignity is in Iran today. .
  • We like to forget the history, Iranians don't.^ Jahangir Amuzegar, "Khatami and the Iranian Economy at Mid-Term," Middle East Journal 53:4 (Autumn 1999): 534-552.
    • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

    ^ Yuri Bailer, "The Iranian Connection in Israel's Foreign Policy 1948-1951," Middle East Journal 39:2 (Spring 1985): 292-315.
    • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

    ^ Shahrough Akhavi, "Elite Factionalism in the Islamic Republic of Iran," The Middle East Journal 41:2 (Spring 1987): 181-204.
    • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

    .In 1953, The United States and Britain overthrew the parliamentary government [in Iran] and installed a brutal dictator.^ At the same time, an Iran concentrating on the development of the talents of its people and the resources of its country should have nothing to fear from the United States.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Formula for the future My 90-minute conversation with the senior Iranian government official ended with him describing a way forward between the United States and Iran.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Indeed, this senior government official told me the first step between Iran and the United States must be for each side to accept that the other is secure, and to say so.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    [...] In 1979, the population overthrew the dictator. .And since then the United States has been essentially torturing Iran: First tried the military coup and then supported Saddam Hossein during Iraq’s invasion of Iran which killed hundreds of thousands of people and after that United States started imposing harsh sanctions on Iran.^ Tens, perhaps hundreds, of thousands of people have been killed.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ First, the Middle East is in a state of war with Iran supporting terrorist while Iraq implodes.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ The plutonium issue is one of several over which the United Nations Security Council has imposed sanctions to get Iran to cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency, the watchdog that is investigating American charges that Iran is covertly developing nuclear weapons.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    .
  • I want the Iranians to know that if I'm the president, we will attack Iran (if it attacks Israel).^ "Shifting to StratCom indicates that they are talking about a really punishing air-force and naval air attack [on Iran]," says Lang.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ If Iran has nukes (and I know they already do) they will eventually use them against Israel.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ The US hopes that an attack on Iran will inevitably result in a chaos in the country, and that it will be possible to bribe some of the Iranian generals and thus to create a fifth column in the country.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    .In the next 10 years, during which they might foolishly consider launching an attack on Israel, we would be able to totally obliterate them.^ During the next year he reduced the affairs of Media to order (Polyb.

    ^ The British shipping amounted to 89.2% of the total shipping at the four ports during the years 1904-1907.

    ^ [New Yorker, July 10, 2006] Delegating to Israel But one way to get around the opposition of the Joint Chiefs would be to delegate the bombing operation to the Israelis.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    .That's a terrible thing to say but those people who run Iran need to understand that because that perhaps will deter them from doing something that would be reckless, foolish and tragic.^ I believe that the U.S. is at risk for such an attack because she has abandoned the Israeli people during a critical time of need.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Even if it became clear that Iran was on the threshold of acquiring an atomic bomb, an American strike on its nuclear facilities would be a reckless gamble.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ He would ease the financial pain of his countrymen, he promised, by bringing Irans oil wealth to the peoples tables.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    .
    • Hilary Clinton, US presidential nominnee, former first lady and current secretary of state.^ Even Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, Scowcroft's former protégé, seemed receptive, so he asked her to help open the president's mind to the forthcoming I.S.G. report.
      • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

      ^ Those options appear to encompass what Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton called "crippling sanctions" earlier this month on Capitol Hill.
      • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

      ^ Members of both parties in Congress have publicly given similar advice, as have former secretary of state Colin Powell and Robert Gates, the new secretary of defense.
      • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

      .Reuters
  • Where will it [Iran] drop it [the future nuclear bomb], this bomb?^ Even if it became clear that Iran was on the threshold of acquiring an atomic bomb, an American strike on its nuclear facilities would be a reckless gamble.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ All that remains are direct talks, and even there, Washington has dropped the price from ending Iran's nuclear program to a temporary suspension of enrichment.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ In September, Time reported that a U.S. campaign to wipe out Iran's nuclear program could entail bombing up to 1,500 targets.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    On Israel? .It would not have gone off 200 meters into the atmosphere before Tehran would be razed to the ground.^ To have gone by Bagdad would have brought us into the heats of India.

    .
  • The Persians ruled for a thousand years and did not need us Arabs even for a day.^ Half clothed, half fed, and not even half paid, he will make marches of twenty-four miles day after day, and when need be he will extend them to forty miles.

    ^ In the same year that saw the corOnation of Yazdegerd 111.the beginning of 633the first Arab squadrons made their entry into Persian territory.

    ^ The desert Arabs are even accused of not scrupling to make a meal of a lizard, when need be.

    .We have been ruling them for one or two centuries and cannot do without them for an hour.^ Outrage, excepting on one or two remarkable occasions, was rare, and they endured punishment without murmuring.

    ^ According to him, the whole land is divided into two portions–one being desert with salt, and the other desert without salt.

    ^ It is hard to say how long the punishment would have continued, whether one or two hours, had not we caused it immediately to cease.

    • Abbasid Caliphate in Bertold Spuler. The Muslim World. Vol. I The Age of the Caliphs. Leiden. E.J. Brill. 1960 ISBN 0-685-23328-6 p.29

See also


Travel guide

Up to date as of January 14, 2010

From Wikitravel

Asia : Middle East : Iran
noframe
Location
noframe
Flag
Image:ir-flag.png
Quick Facts
Capital Tehran
Government Theocratic Republic
Currency Iranian Rial (IRR)
Area 1.648 million km2
Population 68,688,433(July 2006 est.)
Language Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%
Religion Muslim 98% (Shi'a 89%, Sunni 10%), other (includes Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i) 1%
Electricity 220V/50Hz (European plug)
Calling Code +98
Internet TLD .ir
Time Zone UTC+3:30
.Iran (Persian: ايران) is a large country in the Middle East, between the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea.^ It was, however, in the Persian Gulf that the rivalry between Great Britain and Russia threatened to become dangerous.

^ (I) into the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf, 135,000 sq.

^ Eric Hooglund, "The Pulse of Iran Today," in Middle East Insight 11:5 (July-August 1995): 40-47.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

It is bordered by Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan's Naxcivan enclave, Armenia, and Azerbaijan to the northwest, Turkmenistan to the northeast, Afghanistan and Pakistan to the southeast.

Understand

.Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling Shah was forced into exile.^ It was in Fath Ali Shahs reign that Henry Martyn was in Persia, and completed his able translation of the New Testament into the language of that country.

^ Shahrough Akhavi, "Elite Factionalism in the Islamic Republic of Iran," The Middle East Journal 41:2 (Spring 1987): 181-204.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Eliz Sanasarian, "Ayatollah Khomeini and the Institutionalization of Charismatic Rule in Iran, 1979-1989," Journal of Developing Societies 11:2 (1995): 189-205.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

Conservative clerical forces subsequently crushed Americanizing, yet also liberal/left-wing, influences. .Iranian student protesters seized the US Embassy in Tehran on 4 November 1979 and held it until 20 January 1981. From 1980 to 1988, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq over disputed territory.^ Tehran even says Washington helps the Iranian attacks, a charge the US denies.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Tehran cleary received the message and viewed the US-backed Israeli war on Hizbullah as the first stage of a war on Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Maybe building IEDs to make sure the war keeps going until Iraq signs those oil agreements.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

.Key current issues affecting the country include the pace of accepting outside modernizing influences and reconciliation between clerical control of the regime and popular government participation and widespread demands for reform.^ It also includes an exception for when troops are led into Iran in "hot pursuit" of forces outside that country.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Those arguing for the loopholes include clerics closely identified with the country's most hard-line conservatives, the most ardent defenders of Iran's theocratic system.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Unemployment among the youth is also an issue.

Ethnic groups and languages

.Humans have inhabited the area that makes up modern Iran since the stone age.^ Ali Mohammadi, "Iran and modern media in the age of globalization," in Ali Mohammadi, ed., Iran Encountering Globalization: Problems and Prospects (London: Routledge, 2003), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Washington has also accused Iran of building up its nuclear program, with the ultimate goal of making a nuclear bomb -- something Tehran has long denied.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ David Menashri, Education and the Making of Modern Iran (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.The ancient Persians arrived about 1500 BC, one branch of the great movement of people that also brought northern India and most of Europe their modern populations.^ This is one of the most harassing, and probably one of the most ancient abuses to which Persians are subject.

^ On being returned to the Persian gentleman from whom he had been borrowed, he was transferred to a moolla, whom, to the great mirth of his master, he nearly killed in one of his encounters.

^ The royal decision is based on consultation with the great ones of his people: and such is the case with his officials and governors everywhere (cf.

.The name Iran is from the same root as "Aryan" which, until Hitler perverted it, was just an ancient name for those invading peoples.^ At the same time, an Iran concentrating on the development of the talents of its people and the resources of its country should have nothing to fear from the United States.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ II. Ancient Ethnograp/iy.In historical times we find the major portion of Iran occupied by peoples of Indo-European origin, terming themselves Aryans (Arya; Zend, Airya) and their language Aryanso in the inscriptions of Dariusthe same name, which is used by the consanguineous tribes of India who were their nearest relations.

^ Thus the name of Iranians is understood to comprehend all these people of Aryan nationality.

.Persian (or Farsi) is an Indo-European language; ancient Persian was related to Sanskrit, ancient Greek, and all the others in that family.^ (See INDO-EUROPEAN.) The Aryan family (called by Professor Sievers the Asiatic base-language) is subdivided into (1) Iranian (Eranian, or Erano-Aryan) languages, (2) Pisacha, or non-Sanskritic Indo-Aryan languages , (3) Indo-Aryan, or Sanskritic Indo-Aryan languages (for the last two see INDO-ARYAN) Iranian being also grouped into Persian and non-Persian.

^ But that there is no good unmixed with evil is true of Persian as of all other things.

^ Thus the cities became the main factors in the diffusion of Hellenism, the Greek language and the Greek civilization over all Asia as far as the Indus.

.Modern Farsi is closely related to Dari, one of the two main languages of Afghanistan, and to Tajik, a major language of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.^ The gatha language (much more than the k1 ter Zend) and the language of the Vedas have a close resemblance, Ai :ceeding that of any two Romanic languages; they seem hardly th ore than two dialects of one tongue.

^ The language of the other parts of the Avesta is more modern, it not all of one date, so that we can follow the gradual decline Z Zend in the Avesta itself.

.Persians are ethnically and linguistically unrelated to their neighbors on the West, the Arabs and Turks.^ No irregular troops, whether they be native Persians, or Koords, Arabs, Afghans, Toorkomans, or Turks, are able to contend with the disciplined Persian forces.

.However, Iran has many people other than ethnic Persians.^ I begin to think Persians are better people than travellers are willing to allow.

^ The fact is Iran is one of the most liberal and democratic countries in the world, more than any other state in the Middle East, including Turkey.

^ Besides these, however, numbers of other Persians were despatched to the provinces, settled there, and endowed with lands.

The Northwestern region, Azerbaijan, is largely populated by Azeris, who are ethnically and linguistically close to Turks. .Other regions are mostly Kurds or Baluchis, two other Indo-European groups.^ In fact, the two groups appear to be largely one, sharing the same goal: fighting campaigns to win new autonomy and rights for Kurds in Iran and Turkey.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

There are also Armenians, Turkomans, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Arabs, and a small community of sephardic Jews. Afghans have come to Iran for work and education for centuries, and recently many have come as refugees,
.There are also two substantial communities of people of Iranian descent in India and Pakistan — Parsis who have been there for over 1000 years, and Iranis who arrived in the 19th and 20th centuries — both Zoroastrians who fled religious persecution in Muslim Iran.^ (Sadr, who commands a Shiite militia, has religious ties to Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Two years ago they were thirty-eight Americans in number, men, women, and children, who enjoy English protection.

^ "I'm an American who has been to Iran countless times (lived in the middle east for several years) and have never known any American who viewed it as a 'barren desert'."

History

.Throughout history, Persia has generally been an empire, one whose fortunes varied enormously.^ For twenty years a profound peace prevailed throughout the empire, but it was the precursor of a terrible storm destined to destroy the Safawid dynasty and scatter calamity broadcast over Persia.

^ He was then fifty-seven years of age, and had ruled over part of Persia for more than eighteen yearsover the kingdom generally for about three years, and from his coronation for about one year only.

^ Angelo Piemontese, "An Italian Source for the History of Qa_ar Persia: The Reports of General Enrico Anderini (1871-1886)," in East and West 1969: 147-175.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.In ancient times, Persia controlled most of what we now call the Middle East, and came close to conquering Greece.^ Meyrav Wurmser, who now serves as director of the Center for Middle East Policy at the Hudson Institute.
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^ Now begins the glorious weather of Persia, lasting until the middle of May, when it becomes a great deal too hot.

^ The most important story in the Middle East is the growth of Nasrallah from a street guy to a leaderfrom a terrorist to a statesman, Baer added.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.A few centuries later, Alexander of Macedonia conquered (among other things) the entire Persian Empire.^ In the Indo-Scythian Empire the Persian gods were zealously worshipped; in Armenia the old national religion was almost entirely banished by the Persian cults (Gelzer, Zur armen.

^ The later Parsee tradition contends that Alexander burned the sacred books of Zoroaster, the Avesta, and that only a few fragments were saved and afterwards reconstructed by the Arsacids and Sassanids.

^ That he never entertained the thought of conquering the whole Persian Empire is certain.

.Later, Persia was conquered by the Arabs in the wild expansion of Islam in the centuries immediately after the Prophet; Persian and other languages of the region are still written with the Arabic alphabet.^ The Persian courtier is constantly on horseback, hunting with his sovereign in weather of all kinds, or accompanying him in journeys from one end of Persia to the other.

^ Their features are more delicate than those of the other inhabitants of Persia, and bear a strong resemblance to those of the ancient Persians, as they are preserved in the sculptures at Persepolis and Shahpoor.

^ Sorour Soroudi, " Sofreh of Elijah the prophet: A pre-Islamic Iranian ritual," in Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 27 (2002), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

About 1250, Persia was overrun by the Mongols. .Marco Polo passed through just after that, learned Persian, and wrote extensively of the region.^ Descending the pass we entered the extensive plain of Oojan, the Champs de Mars of Persia, where formerly the Persians used to receive instruction in military manœuvers.

^ In passing through the streets of Tehran, one would be disposed to consider the Persians a very musical race.

^ About a quarter of this trade passed over the western frontier of Persia, while three-quarters passed through the Persian Gulf ports.

.At other times, Persia conquered many of her neighbors.^ This at one time was one of the many capitals of Persia.

.Her empire often included much of what we now call Central Asia (Polo counted Bokhara and Samarkand as Persian cities), and sometimes various other areas.^ History of the Achaemenian Empire.The history of the Persian Empire was often written by the Greeks.

^ In Susiana Shapur I. built the great city of Gondev-Shapur, which succeeded the ancient capital of the Persian Empire.

^ In fact the uncle and nephew changed placesthe one quitting his government of Khorasan to take possession of the Central-Asian throne, the other con~ senting to become governor of the vacated Persian province and abandon the cares of the empire at Samarkand.

A few generations after the Mongols took Persia. the dynasty they founded there took all of .Afghanistan and Pakistan, and most of India.^ Craig Baxter, "India's Relations with Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan," in Hafeez Malik, Soviet-American Relations with Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.The Indian term "Moghul" for some of their rulers is from "Mongol", via Persia.^ AurHoiuTIEs.The works relating to Persia will be found under articles on the maindynasties (CALIPHATE; SELJIJKS; MONGOLS) ,and the great rulers (JENGHIz KHAN; MAHMUD OF GHAZNI ; TIMUR).

.Even in periods when she did not rule them, Persia has always exerted a large cultural influence on her neighbors, especially Afghanistan and Central Asia.^ Asia Minor, Afghanistan and India, he had at this time left his indelible mark upon the chief cities and provinces of Persia.

^ The metal-work, carpets and fabrics of this period enjoyed a high reputation; they were widely distributed and even influenced western art.

^ Thus for the first time since the Arab conquest of the Sassanian realm Persia was ruled by a single authority, which extended its conquests westward into Asia Minor, where it checked the rulers of Byzantium, and eastward to India and Central Asia.

.The Safavid dynasty re-united Persia as an independent state in 1501, established Shi'a Islam as the official religion, and ushered in a golden age of Persian culture.^ Not till the time of Artaxerxes II. were Mithra and Anaitis received into the official religion of the Persian kings.

^ Their manners are said to be far less polished than those of their Persian neighbours; the state of civilisation, too, in Afghanistan being on a far lower scale than that of Persia.

^ The Persian State Bank was established by British royal charter, dated the 2nd of September 1889, and started business in Persia (Oct.

.They were overthrown in 1736 by Nadir Shah, the last great Asian conqueror, who expanded the Empire to again include Afghanistan and much of India.^ The siege of Herat, which lasted for nearly ten months, was the great event in the reign of Mahommed Shah.

^ In the last of these positions we frequently find princes of the blood, who then bear the royal title (shah).

^ Nadirs anger and indignation had been great at this weak proceeding; indeed, he had made it the ostensible cause of the shahs deposition.

.His short-lived dynasty and its successor lasted until 1795. Then the Qajar dynasty ruled 1795-1925, a period of heavy pressure from foreign powers, notably Britain and Russia who jointly occupied Iran during World War I. In 1906, Qajar rule became a constitutional monarchy and the Majlis (Persian for parliament) was established.^ George Lenczowski, "Foreign Powers' Intervention in Iran during World War I," in Edmund Bosworth and Carole Hillenbrand, eds., Qajar Iran: Political, Social and Cultural Change 1800-1925 (Costa Mesa: Mazda, 1992): 76-92.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ George Lenczowski, "Foreign powers' intervention in Iran during World War I," in Edmond Bosworth and Carole Hillenbrand, eds., Qajar Iran: Political, Social, and Cultural Change, 1800 1925 (Costa Mesa, Cal.: Mazda Publishers, 1992), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ It was, however, in the Persian Gulf that the rivalry between Great Britain and Russia threatened to become dangerous.

The last dynasty

.In 1925, a military coup by Reza Shah established a new "Pahlavi" dynasty, named for the most ancient Persian dynasty around 500 BC. His rule was quite nationalistic; he changed the country's name from "Persia" to "Iran" and built a strong military.^ The fact is Iran is one of the most liberal and democratic countries in the world, more than any other state in the Middle East, including Turkey.

^ This is one of the most harassing, and probably one of the most ancient abuses to which Persians are subject.

^ In contrast, Iran's nuclear facilities, which are officially described as intended only for civilian purposes, are dispersed around the country and some are in fortified bunkers underground.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

It was also quite authoritarian; he built a powerful secret police and a propaganda apparatus, and did not hesitate to crush dissent. .He also made considerable efforts toward modernisation, and came into conflict with conservatives over some of it.^ Before the new coinage came into use (1877) the proportion of pure silver was from 92 to 9~%; subsequently the proportion was for some time 90%; now it is about 894%.

.When World War II came, he refused Allied demands for guarantees that Iran would resist if German forces got that far.^ World war the United States allies would come to aid.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ Besides, it is far from clear exactly how dangerous a nuclear-armed Iran would be.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ He is equally clear that the Administration would, if necessary, use force against Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iran was then invaded by Anglo-Indian forces from the South and Russians from the North, and a railway built (largely by US army engineers) to bring supplies from the Gulf across Iran to beleagured Russia.^ The Russian coachman drove us over the country in a heavy vehicle, having a large hammercloth, with a recklessness only equalled in Persia.

^ In this house, built expressly for the accommodation of the Russian representative, was signed the treaty which, twenty-eight years ago, concluded the last war between Russia and Persia.

^ Although, when the spring arrived and the shah led his forces to the Aras, the Russians had, it is true, retreated, yet territory had been regained by them as far south as the Talysh.

.Reza Shah went off to exile in South Africa, abdicating on the steps of the airplane in favour of his son.^ Reza Pahlavi, the son of the late Shah, has been shopped around Washington as a prospective leader of Iran.
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^ The Persian~ then carried all before them; and the hereditary chiefs of Shirvan, Sheki and Baku returned from exile to co-operate with the shahs general in the south.

The son, Mohammad Shah, continued his father's nationalistic, authoritarian and modernising tendencies. However, coming to power in 1941, he had a problem; he needed powerful friends, but who? .Given the history, no sane Iranian ruler would choose Britain or Russia.^ The Iranian economy has been mismanaged at least since the revolution, and to fix it would require measures no populist would be willing to take.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Fact: Iranian President has no power in Iran to do anything other than the basic mayoral duties one would have in the U.S. He is not the leader of Iran.

^ But the Iranians would not have launched themselves into a very dangerous confrontation with the West on the basis of a weapons program that they no longer pursue.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Being pro-German had not worked out well for dad and, in 1941, France did not count for much.^ Sarkozy, who is often faulted for being too pro-American, proudly restated Frances friendship with the United States, where he spent a two-week vacation this summer.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.That left the Americans, and he became one of America's most important allies in the region, seen as a "bulwark against Communism", a constitutional monarch, in some ways a progressive ruler — modernising, sometimes comparing himself to Kemal Ataturk who led Turkey's modernisation — and a protector of US and other Western interests.^ America will portray the war as a fight for Western interests control of Middle Eastern oil and defense against a tidal wave of Iran-led Islamic fundamentalism and for modernization of a largely failed Arab world.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The best known and the one with most adherents is the Twelvers which have a large percentage in Iran 60% and Iraq 45%; the others are the Ismaili or Sevener, and Zaidiyyah.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ By the way, one of the American systems that is being talked about is the Theater High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD), which will only be operational in 2012.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.He was one of very few Middle Eastern rulers to extend diplomatic recognition to Israel and helped prevent Iranian nationalisation of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company.^ Yuri Bailer, "The Iranian Connection in Israel's Foreign Policy 1948-1951," Middle East Journal 39:2 (Spring 1985): 292-315.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ According to a Middle Eastern ambassador, Bandars missionwhich the ambassador said was endorsed by the White Housealso aimed to create problems between the Iranians and Syria.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Hossein Shahidi, "The BBC Persian Service, 1940-1953, and the Nationalization of Iranian Oil," Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 17:1 (April 2001): 31-55.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

On the other hand, he was quite capable of putting Iranian interests before Western ones, as when he was one of the key players in creating OPEC.
While in some ways progressive, the Shah was also very much the oriental despot. .When the Soviets left Northwestern Iran after the war, they left behind something that claimed to be an independent government of Azerbaijan, of course communist.^ The Beni Kurt (or Kart), who had governed in Khorasan from 1245, became independent in the early 1 4th century; they were abolished by Timur (c.

^ The government/media/military-industrial complex knows the world believes in fairy tales…they know they’ll get away with another war.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ This war would also exhaust the Arab resources and wealth exactly as the Iran-Iraq war did to Iraq, and this would mean a much weaker Arab presence and, of course, a stronger Israeli presence in the region.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The first major conflict of the Cold War came as the Shah, advised by the CIA, brought in troops (mainly Baluchis from the opposite end of Iran) and very thoroughly and brutally crushed that government and the communist party (Tudeh in Persian).^ In the latter part of 1897 E. Graves, the inspector of the English telegraph line from Jask eastwards, was brutally murdered by Baluchis, and the agents of the Persian government sent to seize the murderers were resisted by the tribes.

^ The Cold war lasted from about 1947 at least until the Berlin Wall came down in 1989.

^ First came the Shah, who was entitled to khissās, or legal retaliation, for his wound.

.Throughout his reign, his Savak secret police stomped hard on any opposition.^ We overthrew by FORCE the legally elected Mohammed Mossadegh and put in the vile 'Shah' and his torturing SAVAK secret police over the good and innocent people of Iran.

.His regime was also massively corrupt, with his relatives and various others getting hugely rich while much of the country was very poor.^ In recent times, no other country has killed and destroyed as much as the USA has.

^ His origin was very humble; but in Persia and other Mahommedan countries there is a large fund of personal equality, and obscurity of descent is not an obstacle to advancement.

^ It was only a phase in the process of getting closer to dealing with Iran and other countries, which the US declared or will declare rouge.
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.On the other hand, he did build infrastructure and start various projects to benefit the poor, including a program that sent new university graduates into the countryside as teachers.^ On the other hand, the benefit to the villagers is immense.

^ Bush announced other steps that could be interpreted as building a military infrastructure for a regional war or at least for air strikes against Iranian nuclear facilities.
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^ Ahmadinejads faction, on the other hand, came into power speaking the language of the past but with the zeal of the untried.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In theory, Iran under the Shah was still a constitutional monarchy.^ Husayn Mehrpur, "The Council of Guardians under the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran," Islamic and Comparative Law Quarterly 8 (1988): 65-76.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ H.E. Chehabi, Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran under the Shah and Khomeini (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Frances Bostock and Geoffrey Jones, Planning and Power in Iran: Ebtehaj and Economic Development under the Shahs (London: Frank Cass, 1989).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Mohammed Mosaddeq became Prime Minister in 1951 and instituted reforms that included nationalising the oil companies and a land reform program.^ Nevertheless, the prime ministers preoccupation with the Iranian nuclear program seems sincere and deeply felt.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ If Irans nuclear program is, metaphorically, Amaleks arsenal, then an Israeli prime minister is bound by Jewish history to seek its destruction, regardless of what his allies think.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.He was overthrown in a 1953 coup backed by the CIA, the British (who had large oil interests at stake), and the Shah.^ The culmination of the reformers' defeats came in 2005, when voters elected the hardline Ahmadinejad, who promised to use Iran's large oil revenues to help the poor.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Its large market, economic output, industrial potential, and vast oil and natural gas reserves make it central to American geostrategic and energy interests.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Shah and the new Prime Minister reversed the oil nationalisation, but continued with a land reform program.^ Nevertheless, the prime ministers preoccupation with the Iranian nuclear program seems sincere and deeply felt.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Shah had seized Meerza Tekkee Khan, his Prime Minister and brother-in-law.

^ I know not if I ever experienced greater relief than when a note arrived from the Prime Minister, saying that the Shah had been only slightly hurt, and that all was well.

.However, as well as giving land to the peasants, it worked out that the Shah's family and others with connections got a lot.^ Besides these, however, numbers of other Persians were despatched to the provinces, settled there, and endowed with lands.

^ This is NOT just the USA pointing this out, it is MANY other countries as well....

The Ayatollah Khomeni went into exile at this time, originally because of his objections to land reform taking land from the mosques.

The Islamic revolution

.In 1979, the Shah was overthrown and went off into exile, dying a few years later.^ Shah, ministers, meerzas, soldiers, priests, merchants, all went pell-mell into Tehran, although a month of the country season still remained.

^ Three years before Timur had died, and his third son, Zaman Shah, by the intrigues of an influential sirdar , Paiyanda Khan, and been proclaimed his successor at Kabul.

^ Poor little Abbas died at a very convenient time, in the year 1736, and Nadir then thiew off the mask .

.The revolution involved many groups — Tudeh, Mosaddeq-style secular reformers, and various Islamic factions — but came to be led and dominated by a conservative Islamic faction under Ayatollah Khomeni.^ Young Ahmadinejad led a politically and religiously conservative Islamist student group during the Islamic Revolution, the writers claim.
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^ Soon after Khomeinis death, the Islamic left lost the factional battle for dominance.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Shaul Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1984).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Partly in reaction to the Shah's policies, they were also strongly anti-Western and in particular anti-American.^ Most Americans and those in the Western world, especially those who are anti-war, anti-Bush care nothing what’s going on in the word.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

The main divisions of Islam are Shia'a and Sunni. .The split goes back to a time just after the Prophet's death; would the movement be controlled by some of his leading followers (Sunni), or by his family, in particular by his son-in-law Ali (Shia'a)?^ It’s about time we get some pay back.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ His Majesty's sons followed his example, with the result of many among them having forty or fifty children; and the total of his descendants is estimated at some thousand persons.

^ His young sons Ali Akbar and Ali Asghar go out to fight, and are brought back dead.

There was a long, complex and bloody struggle over this. .Today, Iran is the only major country that is predominantly and officially Shia'a, though there are Shia'a minorities elsewhere and a Sunni minority in Iran.^ In contrast, Iran's nuclear facilities, which are officially described as intended only for civilian purposes, are dispersed around the country and some are in fortified bunkers underground.
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^ The Saudis are driven by their fear that Iran could tilt the balance of power not only in the region but within their own country.
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^ In an interview in Beirut, a senior official in the Siniora government acknowledged that there were Sunni jihadists operating inside Lebanon.
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.The Iranian government supports the Shia'a Hezbollah movement further West, and is therefore accused by America of fomenting terrorism.^ (The government consultant and a retired four-star general said that Jordanian intelligence, with support from the U.S. and Israel, had been trying to infiltrate Shiite groups, to work against Hezbollah.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The US should continue to demand that Iran curb its nuclear activities, abandon support of terrorism, and respect the democratic aspirations of Iranians.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ America also recently accused the Iranian bank Saderat of channelling hundreds of millions of dollars to Hizbollah and other violent Palestinian groups.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.One of the major events of Shi'a religious life is the Day of Ashura on the 10th of the month of Moharram; "ashura" means "10th". It commemorates the death of Ali's son Hussein at the Battle of Karbala in 61 AH (680 AD).^ Quarter from the little gentleman!-meaning my son of a few months old) have reached my anderoon.

^ The 10th of each month the mail was "due," and every one anxiously expecting it, but alas!

^ A Persian is perpetually swearing, either by the Almighty or the Prophet, or Ali or Hoossein, or his beard, or his or your life or death.

This is not a joyful celebration, but a very sober day of atonement. Travellers should not play music or act remarkably cheerful in public at this time. .Ashura is more-or-less the opposite of the Christian "Jesus died for your sins; you are forgiven", closer to "Hussein is dead and you did not save him; you must atone."^ THEY WANT ARMAGEDDON! And the sad thing is, you fucking christians support him!

^ You yell for help, and hit him in the face with your purse.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ "THEY WANT ARMAGEDDON! And the sad thing is, you fucking christians support him!

.Traditional activities include parades in which people beat themselves with whips, chains, even swords (safe if you are careful, and scalp wounds bleed beautifully).^ If American goes after Iran they will discover themselves in an even worse quagmire that will bleed their taxpaying citizenry to the bone.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ Iranian leader, the attackers ALWAYS kill civilians.Apparently, when you say, "he must be stopped" - you don't care how many people will be killed.

^ You lied to get into Iraq, so no one cares how many of your soldiers die but the families, not even the people in your own government could care less.

.Some governments, including the Shah's and the Khameni regime in Iran, have forbidden the more extreme variants of this.^ The fact is Iran is one of the most liberal and democratic countries in the world, more than any other state in the Middle East, including Turkey.

^ The government consultant told me, More and more people see the weakening of Iran as the only way to save Iraq.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ For a long time various attempts had been made to induce the Shah's government to put a stop to the importation of negro slaves from Africa by the Persian Gulf.

.Some terrorist groups also exploit the religious fervor of the day; Hezbollah's 1983 suicide bomber attack on the US embassy in Lebanon took place on Ashura.^ But while the US calls the PKK groups terrorists, guerilla commanders say PJAK has had "direct or indirect discussions" with US officials.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ He said that the Hezbollah militia, unless attacked, would operate only within the borders of Lebanon, and pledged to disarm it when the Lebanese Army was able to stand up.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The US hopes that an attack on Iran will inevitably result in a chaos in the country, and that it will be possible to bribe some of the Iranian generals and thus to create a fifth column in the country.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Climate

Iran has a diverse climate. .In the northwest, winters are cold with heavy snowfall and subfreezing temperatures during December and January.^ I have often wished our soldiers at Sebastopol, during the memorable winter, could have procured this simple manner of protecting themselves from cold.

^ The ground is covered with snow during January and February, so that March and April in spring, and October, November, and December in the autumn and beginning of winter, are the only months fit for the cultivation of a garden.

Spring and fall are relatively mild, while summers are dry and hot. .In the south, winters are mild and the summers are very hot, having average daily temperatures in July exceeding 38° C (100° F) and can hit 50° C in parts of the desert.^ The winter months the kings chiefly spent in Babylon: the hot summer, in the cooler situation of Ecbatana, where Darius and Xerxes built a residence on Mt Elvend, south of the city.

^ Though exceedingly hot in summer, the cold in winter is of equal intensity, notwithstanding that the position of Kertch is eight degrees lower than that of London.

^ In winter a pair of very short white cotton socks are used, and tiny slippers with a high heel; in summer, in the house ladies go often barefoot.

On the Khuzestan plain, summer heat is accompanied by high humidity.
In general, Iran has an arid climate in which most of the relatively scant annual precipitation falls from October through April. In most of the country, yearly precipitation averages 25 centimeters or less. .The major exceptions are the higher mountain valleys of the Zagros and the Caspian coastal plain, where precipitation averages at least 50 centimeters annually.^ It is situated at the foot of the mountains leading to Geelan and the Caspian, and at the extremity of a fine plain that wants only water and population to make it a garden of fertility.

In the western part of the Caspian, rainfall exceeds 100 centimeters annually and is distributed relatively evenly throughout the year.
Mount Damavand (5,671 meters) northeast of Tehran
Mount Damavand (5,671 meters) northeast of Tehran
.Rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts.^ I had on a previous occasion seen these fountains, which take their rise in a small basin at the summit of very high mountains.

^ Two or three hundred of them from the small posts along the Circassian coast of the Black Sea, were now lying here.

^ Our road continued over high mountains into the beautiful valley of Tortoom, through the midst of which runs a small river crowded on both sides with luxuriant villages surrounded with fruit-trees.

The highest point is Mount Damavand (5,671 meters). .Desert: Two great deserts extend over much of central Iran: the Dasht-e Lut is covered largely with sand and rocks, and the Dasht-e Kavir is covered mainly with salt.^ According to him, the whole land is divided into two portions–one being desert with salt, and the other desert without salt.

^ The great central range, which extends, almost unbroken, for nearly 800 m.

^ The empire, which in extent did not exceed that of the Arsacids with its vassal states, was protected on the east and west by the great Mlii deserts of central Iran and Mesopotamia.

Both deserts are inhospitable and virtually uninhabited. .Mountain: The Zagros range stretches from the border with the Republic of Armenia in the north-west to the Persian Gulf, and then eastward into Baluchistan.^ Khorasan to the Perso-Afghan border, its western limit being indicated by a long line to the northwest from near Shiraz, taking in the whole upper country to the Russian frontier and the Elburz; (2) the provinces south and south-west of the Caspian; (3) a narrow strip of wooded country south-west of the Zagros range, from the Diyala River in Turkey in Asia to Shiraz; (4) the Persian side of the Shatt-el-Arab, and Aralictan, east of the Tigris; and (5) the shores of the Persian Gulf and Baluchistan.

^ (I) into the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf, 135,000 sq.

^ The Persian Empire under Hulagu and his descendants extended from the dominions of Jagatai on the north to that of the Egyptian dynasts on the south, and from the Byzantine Empire on the west to the confines of China.

Zagros is extremely hard, difficult to access, and populated largely by pastoral nomads. .The Alborz mountain range, narrower than the Zagros, runs along the southern shore of the Caspian to meet the border ranges of Khorasan to the east.^ Khorasan to the Perso-Afghan border, its western limit being indicated by a long line to the northwest from near Shiraz, taking in the whole upper country to the Russian frontier and the Elburz; (2) the provinces south and south-west of the Caspian; (3) a narrow strip of wooded country south-west of the Zagros range, from the Diyala River in Turkey in Asia to Shiraz; (4) the Persian side of the Shatt-el-Arab, and Aralictan, east of the Tigris; and (5) the shores of the Persian Gulf and Baluchistan.

^ Forster was travelling homeward by the southern shores of the Caspian in January I784, and from him we gather many interesting details of the locality and period.

^ The naturalist S. G. Gmelin, who explored the southern shores of the Caspian in 1771, observed that the wines of Gilan were, made from the wild grape .

.Forest: Approximately 11 percent of Iran is forested, most extensively in the Caspian region.^ It holds Irans most extensive library of scholarly books in English, totaling 11,200 volumes.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Here one finds the broad-leafed, vigorous deciduous trees, usually oak, beech, linden, elm, walnut, ash, and hornbeam, as well as a few broad-leafed evergreens.^ The road was broad and safe; it wound through a thick wood of fine trees, intermingled, as we descended, with shrubs, evergreens, and creeping plants.

.Thorny shrubs and fern also abound.The narrow Caspian coastal plain, in contrast, is covered with rich brown forest soil.^ Unlike the other parts of Persia, Mazenderan, as well as Geelan, is covered with the densest forests of fine timber intermingled with shrubs and brushwood.

Baluchistan
Caspian Iran
Central Iran
Khorasan
Gulf Region
Iranian Azerbaijan
Western Iran

Cities

Below is a list of nine of the most notable cities:
.
  • Tehran – the vibrant capital, a beautiful city that suffers horrendous traffic and air pollution
  • Hamedan – one of the oldest cities in Iran
  • Isfahan – former capital with stunning architecture, great bazaar, and tree-lined boulevards.^ Hassan A. Ronaghy, "Major Source of Air Pollution in Iranian Cities," Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 17:1 (April 2001): 56-65.
    • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

    ^ The British Mission was then in Tabreez, but one of their number was immediately despatched to Tehran, and brought this Russian gentleman in safety to that city.

    ^ Little now remains of this capital, which, judging from the extent of mounds, broken walls, and other evidences of former population, must have been of great magnitude.

    .There's a Persian saying, "Isfahan is half the world."
  • Kerman – provincial capital and major center for carpets
  • Mashad – greatest city of Eastern Iran with an important mosque, the shrine of the martyr Imam Reza
  • Qom – one of the holiest cities in the Middle East, considered the Jewel of Iran
  • Shiraz – a former capital, home of famous Persian poets such as Hafiz and Sa'di; known for gardens, especially roses
  • Tabriz – provincial capital in Western Iran; it's been suggested by some that this is the site of the Biblical "Garden of Eden"
  • Yazd – a remote desert city – circumstance influenced special architectural themes where water streams run in underground rooms in houses and wind-towers to keep them cool.
  • Persepolis Impressive ruins of a vast city-like complex built over 2500 years ago, near the modern City of Shiraz.^ Iran proves that Dubai is not the only "modern" city in the Middle East.

    ^ But it is also likely that there was some discussion of destabilizing Iran.
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    ^ They took the Middle East from Christians hundreds of years ago.
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    It was set on fire by Alexander of Macedon and further ruined by Arabs. .Called TakhteJamshid in Persian, Persepolis is the symbol of Iranian nationality.
  • Kish Island, a free trade zone in the Persian Gulf, it is regarded as a consumer's 'paradise', with numerous malls, shopping centres, tourist attractions, and resort hotels.^ French, and the trade of the Persian Gulf.

    ^ Advocates of an American invasion of Iran say that last months strengthening of the American armada in the Persian Gulf has frightened the Iranian regime.
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    ^ This Darius replaced by a new capital, ~feiwes deeper in the centre of the country, which bore the ~name Persian (Pdrsa), the Persepolis (q.v.

    .Kish is the home of Dariush Grand Hotel, a magnificent hotel in Iran and one of the top ten best hotels in the Middle East.^ Eric Hooglund, "The Pulse of Iran Today," in Middle East Insight 11:5 (July-August 1995): 40-47.
    • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

    ^ To do this, he must convince Europe, China and Russia that a nuclear Iran will be catastrophic for Middle East stability as well as for their own economies.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Iran proves that Dubai is not the only "modern" city in the Middle East.

    [1]
  • .
  • Qeshm Island, is Iran's largest and the Persian Gulf's largest island.^ Advocates of an American invasion of Iran say that last months strengthening of the American armada in the Persian Gulf has frightened the Iranian regime.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Iran has more than seven hundred undeclared dock and port facilities along its Persian Gulf coast.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ It refused to engage Iran over the future of Iraq and instead focused its energies on containing Iranian influence in the Persian Gulf and rolling back Iran's nuclear program.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    Qeshm island is famous for its wide range of ecotourist attractions such as the Hara marine forests. .According to environmentalists, about 1.5% of the world birds and 25% of Iran's native birds annually migrate to Hara forests which is the first national geo park.
  • Susa, or Shush located 200 km North of Ahvaz, was Iran's most ancient city.^ The first national conference on E-City .
    • Iran Conferences, Conventions, Trade Shows and Meetings 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.allconferences.com [Source type: News]

    ^ Tradition makes it one of the most ancient cities of Persia; but now, like most towns in that country, all is decay.

    ^ Guys, a quick question for you: What is the ONLY nation in the world that has used nukes in the first place and for more than once?

    .The Zigurat of Chughazanbil, Darius the Great's palace, the Jewish prophet Daniel's temple and Artaxerxer II 's palace are among the historical sites.
  • Dizin is one of the highest ski resorts in the world located just two hours north of Tehran.^ Read the Prophetic Book of Daniel "AND AT that time of the end, Michael shall arise, the great angelic prince who defends and has charge of your [Daniel's] people.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ The highest rank was held by the descendants of the six great families, whose heads stood by Darius at the killing of the Magian.

    ^ The Sheghaghees had already furnished from their tribe two battalions, which were regarded, as the Shah himself told me one day, on the march to Tehran from Tabreez, as the best in his service.

    Great powder snow, cheap prices and few international visitors makes this is a great place for a ski holiday.
  • Pasargad, the first capital of the Achaemenid Empire, and home to the Tomb of Cyrus.
Travel Warning
Visa Restrictions:
.Entry will be refused to citizens of Israel and travelers with any evidence of visiting Israel: not just Israeli entry stamps, but Egyptian/Jordanian neighboring land borders with Israel, any products with Hebrew labeling, etc.^ An American land invasion of Iran is out of the question, given Iran's 1 million-strong army, the refusal of its neighbors to allow it, and the lack of American troops to carry it out.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ JUST A LITTLE NOTE FOR ALL THE HYPOCRITICAL HASBARA ISRAEL LAND-STEALER SUPPORTERS WHO POST ON HERE - AND SIGN THEMSELVES "anonymous"...

For US Citizens...
US citizens can apply for a visa at the Iranian Interest Section of the Pakistani Embassy in Washington, [2]. However, US citizens must have an MFA-approved guide to accompany them for the entire trip and must have an exact itinerary. .This generally precludes crossing into Iran at any border, as your guide would have to meet you at the border.^ If you critics really took the time to study everything and life in general you would understand that.

^ And a low-end campaign of subversion and sabotage would play into Irans handsbolstering support for the religious leadership and deepening anti-American Muslim rage.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ If your duty as a merchant marine brought you to Iraq or Afghanistan, would you deserve to be killed?

.Tour guides, however, are generally friendly to Americans, understand the process, and can work with you to set up a custom itinerary for you.^ If you critics really took the time to study everything and life in general you would understand that.

^ Bush is using the same tactics and when he (they) has done the job, you will find yourselves in concetration camps that are being set up all over america.

^ He set out from Ask with two guides, and spent the first day in reaching a shed half-way up the mountain.

.To get the visa, US citizens must work in advance with an Iranian travel agency to set up a guided itinerary; only then can that travel agency apply for a visa authorization number from the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.^ If a good number of us work on regaining our powers over our lives, then the collective consciousness will stop attracting oppressor-victim situations.

^ After the Afghan war, US negotiators worked closely with Iranian counterparts to form a new Afghan government.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ But the Israeli Hasbara propaganda agency says that Palestinians if they must attack to get their Homes back should ONLY attack Uniformed Israeli forces.

Once approved, the authorization number is transmitted to the interest section. At that point the applicant can then apply for the visa. .Turnaround times can be as short as a week, but the interest section does not reliably answer emails or phone calls.^ About 50 legislators signed a letter this week calling on the president to appear before Parliament to answer questions about the nuclear program.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

A valid passport and visa are required for travel through Iran. .In 2006 the rules for obtaining a tourist visa changed and it has become much easier for nationals of many countries to get in to Iran by obtaining a visa at the airport.^ As tensions with Iran rise, many gulf countries have come to see themselves as the likely first targets of an Iranian attack.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ However, many countries are genuinely worried about Irans program.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Visa are issued at the Imam Khomeini and Mehrabad airports in Tehran, and also the airports at Mashad, Shiraz, Tabriz and Isfahan. .The visa is valid for up to 17 days and costs US$50. You will receive the forms on arrival.^ Oh and if you get that recruitment mail the are listing bounes in there for immediate ship out and for sign up with the US airbourn.

You are advised to bring passport photos with you. .However, in many cases they are not collected.^ When a Circassian says he has got slaves to sell, the Turk inquires if they are young, and in case of an affirmative answer, proceeds to ask how many spans they are.

Visas are only issued at the airport for holders of ordinary passports from the states below:
.Albania, Armenia, Austria, Australia, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, Palestine, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam.^ It used to be the same in france, germany, italy...

^ It has proved hard enough for Arab states such as Egypt and Saudi Arabia to live with Israel's undeclared bomb; if their Iranian rival got one too, the race to copy might soon be on.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Times reported that the King warned Cheney that Saudi Arabia would back its fellow-Sunnis in Iraq if the United States were to withdraw.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

It is generally not possible to get an extension for the one week visa. .There is a large stamp on it which specifically states "non-extendable". If you wish to stay for longer than a week, or you are not resident of one of the countries listed above, you will need to apply for a Tourist Visa before you arrive in Iran.^ His origin was very humble; but in Persia and other Mahommedan countries there is a large fund of personal equality, and obscurity of descent is not an obstacle to advancement.

^ You can show all the pretty pictures of Iran you want, but you can't ignore the fact that the country is run by the church.

^ The nonproliferation treaty is a deal between nuclear and non-nuclear states: We give you technology, you promise not to use it to build a bomb.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Extending a tourist visa is very easy and can be done in most cities. The lonely planet advises not to do this in Tehran as it is very time consuming. .This is no longer the case and the process of extending a visa in Tehran can be done in just one hour (including tea offerings and being the object of curiosity in the office).^ The panic at Shemeroon became general; no one thought himself safe unless within the walls of Tehran.

^ In Tehran, when any one is installed in office, it is usual for his friends and those under his authority to send him sheereenee, sweetmeats, as a token of congratulation.

^ But some in the White House, including in Cheneys office, had made just such an assumptionthat the lack of evidence means they must have it, the former official said.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Extending a visa a second time requires the passport to be sent to a department in Tehran (no matter where you extend your visa from) and thus takes longer time than doing this the first time.^ "If you take down Iraq, you eliminate Iran's No.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ His ifi-starred father, at no time more than a nominal ruler, was at Shiraz, apparently deserted by soldiers and people.

^ A senior Iranian diplomat told me this month that Iran can no longer "wait for the West," and Tehran is now looking for alternative investors.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Although it has become easier to get a Tourist Visa in recent years, whether the process takes one day or one month depends largely on your nationality and the staff of the embassy you are applying to.^ One day Agha Hassan, our head groom, came to me and said that my horse had become my sacrifice.

^ The month of December chanced this year to be one of woe and wailing externally, but really of relaxation and amusement to all classes of Persians.

^ The 13th of the month Seffer is, from some reason which I have omitted to record, very ominous, particularly to any one who ventures to pass the day in a house.

.Your best bet is to apply to the Iranian embassy in your own country at least three months before your departure, but it is possible to obtain one while traveling in other countries, with varying degrees of difficulty.^ Three possible routes have been mapped out, including one over Turkey.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Their insignia, one analyst noted, includes a passage from the Koran that reads, "Prepare any strength you can muster against them, and any cavalry with which you can overawe God's enemy and your own enemy as well, plus others besides them whom you do not know."
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The fact is Iran is one of the most liberal and democratic countries in the world, more than any other state in the Middle East, including Turkey.

.Women need to make sure they are wearing the Hijab or a head scarf in their submitted passport-sized photos.^ By an imperial ukase the Emperor has ordained, that the Jewish women shall not shave their heads, nor wear these very unbecoming fillets.

^ How about Darfur...surely they have greater need than Iraq.

^ Sure the government wishes to force Christianity upon the populace, making it a requirement to get grant funding, a job at head start, or assistance soon.

Tourists can now receive their e-visa in less than 72 hours following confirmation of their application. .Foreigners can access the Iranian Foreign Ministry website [3].^ Ali Hosseini, a spokesman for the Iranian Foreign Ministry, said that the report made clear that Israel was the main menace in the region.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Mark Regev, a Foreign Ministry spokesman, said that Israel wanted the issue of Iranian nuclear ambitions to be resolved diplomatically.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

After filling the application form and entering the required details, the user will be given a reference code to pursue his/her application. Once approved, applicants can choose to receive their visa either at Tehran’s Imam Khomeini International Airport or at an official travel agency in their home country.[4]
.Transit visas are usually easier to get than tourist visas (usually for one or two weeks) and very useful for people traveling between Europe and South Asia.^ I begin to think Persians are better people than travellers are willing to allow.

^ In 1982, the Brotherhood took control of the city of Hama; Assad bombarded the city for a week, killing between six thousand and twenty thousand people.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ As there was nothing under the thin gauze, the result of course was more display than is usual in Europe.

Various travel agents inside Iran help you obtaining visas, often through their home pages.
Chances are your bags won't be searched for salacious material, but if found, it will be confiscated and will complicate your arrival. Don't try to bring in any magazines or books that might offend strict Islamic sensibilities or criticise the government. .This has become much more loose in recent years.^ In a recent interview, however, Armitage acknowledged that the issue has become somewhat more complicated.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Neither they nor I then guessed how much more intimate our connexion was to become.

^ In the next year or two, were much more likely to be negotiating with Iran than bombing it.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

As a notable exception, the beach resort of Kish Island, easily accessible from Dubai, does not require advance visas for visits of up to 14 days, including Americans. .See the Kish Island article for details.^ For a more detailed account of these sources see separate articles on HERODOTUS, &c.; EZRA and NEHEMIAH. .

Imam Khomeini International Airport
Imam Khomeini International Airport
All international flights to Tehran land at the new Imam Khomeini International Airport [5] based 37km southwest of Tehran.. .There are 70 smaller regional airports, for example those in Shiraz, Mashhad, and Isfahan, and these have daily flights to many international destinations.^ As these sources are entirely Persian, there are, no doubt, many errors, and I am equally certain that the enumeration of the clans is by no means exhausted.

^ I hear that in each regiment of Azerbijan there are several hundreds of these animals, who carry the soldiers' baggage, as well as a great many of the soldiers themselves.

^ Add in its location, its population of nearly 70 million (the largest in the Middle East) and its ambitions to regional leadership, and the significance of Iran's future international role is undeniable.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Dubai has scheduled flights to many Iranian cities, including Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Kerman, Lar, Mashhad, Tabriz, Kish Island, Bandar Abbas, Bushher, Zahedan, and is therefore worth considering traveling to Iran from.^ "In the past before the revolution, many of Iran's elite, including [the former leader] the Shah, studied in Switzerland," said Djalili, who added that he wasn't surprised by Tehran's request to Switzerland.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Taheri, 80, said during an interview at his bedside in the central Iranian city of Isfahan that "taking weapons of mass destruction as a whole, I'm against it."
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ By some reckonings, reformists won two-fifths of the council seats and even dominated in some cities, including Kerman and Arak.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Flights are operated by Iran Air, Emirates (for Tehran), Iran Aseman Airlines, Mahan Air and other Iranian companies.^ Willem Floor, "The Art of Smoking in Iran and Other Uses of Tobacco," Iranian Studies 35:1-3 (2002), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Fact: Iranian President has no power in Iran to do anything other than the basic mayoral duties one would have in the U.S. He is not the leader of Iran.

^ Ernest Tucker, "1739: History, Self, and Other in Afsharid Iran and Mughal India," Iranian Studies 31:2 (Spring 1998): 207-219.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Fares are relatively cheap on Iranian carriers, ranging from $100 to $250 for a return trip depending on your destination and time of booking.^ Read the Prophetic Book of Daniel "AND AT that time of the end, Michael shall arise, the great angelic prince who defends and has charge of your [Daniel's] people.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ But at that time your people shall be delivered, everyone whose name shall be found written in the Book of God's plan for His own."
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iran Air and Mahan Air connect Tehran with some of the major European cities as well as destinations in Asia and Middle East.^ Iran proves that Dubai is not the only "modern" city in the Middle East.

^ Afshin Matin-asgari, "Tehran Memoirs and Diaries, Winter 1979 and Summer 1997," Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East 20:1-2 (2000): 171-179.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Eric Hooglund, "The Pulse of Iran Today," in Middle East Insight 11:5 (July-August 1995): 40-47.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

European companies landing in Tehran include BMI, Lufthansa, KLM, Alitalia, Turkish Airlines, Austrian Airlines and Aeroflot. Here are some of the Middle-Eastern airlines: Saudi Arabian Airlines, Emirates, and Etihad. So finding a flight to Iran should not be hard. Connections are also easily available via Manama, Bahrain using Gulf Air (Bahrain's national carrier). .Additionally, Qatar airlines offers several flights to Iran and provides non-stop service to Doha from Washington DC (IAD).^ A European diplomat told me that his government would be willing to discuss Irans security concernsa dialogue he said Iran offered Washington three years ago.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The following low-cost carriers also operate flights to Tehran or other cities in Iran: Pegasus Airlines, Air Arabia, Jazeera Airways and Air Bahrain.^ Within even thirty miles of Tehran, there are two places where coal can be procured in abundance, at the mere cost of digging and conveying it to the city.

^ First, Israel would be assured that its security was paramount and that Washington and Saudi Arabia and other Sunni states shared its concern about Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Gardiner went on, The consequence is that, for Iran and other missions, Rumsfeld will be pushed more and more in the direction of special operations, where he has direct authority and does not have to put up with the objections of the Chiefs.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Note that if not staying in Tehran and planning to get to any city other than Tehran upon your arrival, you would have to change airports, from Imam Khomeini to Mehrabad, 40Kms away, to get to your domestic flight.^ Their insignia, one analyst noted, includes a passage from the Koran that reads, "Prepare any strength you can muster against them, and any cavalry with which you can overawe God's enemy and your own enemy as well, plus others besides them whom you do not know."
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ If your duty as a merchant marine brought you to Iraq or Afghanistan, would you deserve to be killed?

^ WOULD you like THE USA To do that to your country??

Allow at least 3-4 hours between the flights. .If going to Mashhad, you may be able to avoid the plane change in Iran using Turkish Airlines, Gulf Air, Kuwait Airways, Jazeera Airways, or Qatar Airways.^ Focus: Mission Iran Israel will not tolerate Iran going nuclear and military sources say it will use tactical strikes unless Iran abandons its programme.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ YItzchak909 - Israel 01/08/2007 18:03 If iran is nuked, the bombs are going to come from planes launched from the aircraft carrier USS John C. Stennis, which has just left for the Gulf from America.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Tell Iran and the world that you have 'em and will use 'em!
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.If going to Shiraz, several flights from Persian Gulf States are available.^ They live, especially the married women, in a state of seclusion much more severe than that imposed on Persian females.

^ The Persian Gulf monarchies and sheikdoms, mostly small and vulnerable, have long relied on the United States to protect them.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ He also said, If you go and talk with the Gulf states or if you talk with the Saudis or if you talk with the Israelis or the Jordanians, the entire region is worried.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

For Tabriz, you can try traveling via Istanbul on Turkish Airlines or via Baku on IranAir.
.In spite of economic sanctions the majority of Iranian based airlines did not have high level of incidents during recent years.^ (China, a major purchaser of Iranian oil, is negotiating a multibillion-dollar deal with Iran for the purchase of liquefied natural gas over a period of twenty-five years.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Kamran M. Dadkhah, "Iran's Economic Policy During the Mosaddeq Era," Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 16:2 (November 2000): 39-54.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ North Korea threw out inspectors three years ago, and one senior American official said recently that "the Iranians have looked closely at that model."
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.However sanctions resulted in inability to purchase new planes and the fleet of all airlines are old.^ Baluch, the language of Baluchistan, also very closely akin to New Persian, but especially distinguished from it in that all the old spirants arc changed into explosives , e.g.

^ Old Persian.This is the language of the ancient Persians operly so-called,3 in all probability the mother-tongue of Middle rsian of the Pahiavi texts, and of New Persian.

.Among Iranian based airlines Iran Air, Mahan Air and Aseman Airlines have been completely safe with no serious incidents during recent years.^ (China, a major purchaser of Iranian oil, is negotiating a multibillion-dollar deal with Iran for the purchase of liquefied natural gas over a period of twenty-five years.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ John R. Perry, "Forced Migration in Iran during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," Iranian Studies 8:4 (1975): 199-215.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Kamran M. Dadkhah, "Iran's Economic Policy During the Mosaddeq Era," Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 16:2 (November 2000): 39-54.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

Due to safety issues flying with other Iranian based airlines is not recommended. The service and flying skill of Iranian pilots are fairly well known.
.There are no direct flights from U.S.A or Canada at present due to sanctions, but you could travel via either Europe or Persian Gulf States.^ These eels have, however, become complete Persians, and have preserved no trace of their origin either in language or appearance.

^ The United States does not want to go into Iran, but, if Israel feels more and more cornered, there may be no other choice.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Indyk added, At the end of the day, the United States can live with Iranian, Pakistani, and Indian nuclear bombsbut for Israel theres no Mutual Assured Destruction.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Non-stop flights from Dubai via JFK, IAD, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Houston or Toronto are good bets. .Visitors from Australia or New Zealand can consider traveling via Dubai or Abu Dhabi,or can use a combination of Iran Air and Malaysian Airlines to get from any major city in Australia to Tehran, via Kuala Lumpur.^ Hassan A. Ronaghy, "Major Source of Air Pollution in Iranian Cities," Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 17:1 (April 2001): 56-65.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The letter from Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to George Bush proposing "new solutions" to their differences in early May went via the Swiss embassy in Tehran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Last April, Seymour M. Hersh wrote in the New Yorker magazine that the United States was considering using bunker-buster bombs tipped with nuclear warheads to strike at Iran's nuclear facilities.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

By rail

Turkey

  • The Istanbul service runs weekly via Ankara, includes a ferry over Lake Van, crosses the Iranian border then stops at Tabriz before arriving in Tehran. The journey takes 69 hours (3 nights traveling). Services leave Istanbul Wednesday evening (arriving Saturday evening) and Tehran Thursday evening (arriving Sunday evening). The train includes couchettes and a dining car.
  • The Tabriz-Van service (different from Istanbul service) is a weekly train between Van and Tabriz.

Syria

.
  • The Syria service does not cross Iraq, stopping at Aleppo before crossing the Turkish border, heading to Lake Van and running along a similar route to the Istanbul service.^ Both Weldon and Ledeen were told a strikingly similar story concerning a cross border plot between Iran and Iraq in which uranium had been removed from Iraq and taken into Iran by Iranian agents.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    .This journey takes 54 hours (2 nights traveling) leaving Damascus Monday mornings (arriving Tehran Wednesday evening) and leaving Tehran at the same time (Monday) with corresponding arrival in Damascus (Wednesday evening).^ Thus, even though it arose from national views, in its esseiice it is not national (as, for instance, the Israelite creed), but individualistic, and at the same time universal.

    ^ Our escort, after leaving Stavropol, not only dwindled to two or three horsemen, but we even ventured occasionally to travel without protection.

    ^ One of the gentlemen attached to the Mission, travelling between Hamadan and Tehran, arrived late at night at a village where he lay down to sleep on the sakoo of a large stable, very much fatigued by a long day's journey.

    .Couchettes are available between Lake Van and Tehran, but need to be specially booked for the Syrian leg between Damascus and Lake Van otherwise reclining seats are available.^ He was seated cross-legged on a small velvet carpet spread on the floor, and partly reclining on a feather cushion at his left side.

    ^ Tigris on the one side and that of the Euphrates and Lake Van on the other, and embracing between the two the basin of Lake Urmia.

    The journy costs around $60 for couchettes the whole way, and $45 for the reclining seat and couchette combination.

Afghanistan

  • The Mashad-Herat railway which is under construction right now is completed untill the city of Khaf near Afghanistan border.

Iraq

  • The Khorramshar-Basra railway will be completed in a few months which will connect Iranian railways to Iraq. .There will be specially train routes for Iranians going to pilgrim in Najaf and Karbala.^ If the MEK has been cast as the Iranian counterpart to the I.N.C., there are more than enough Iranian and Syrian Ahmad Chalabis to go around.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    There is another project that will be completed later going through Kermanshah to Khanaqin in Iraq.

Pakistan

  • The Quetta-Zahedan line connects Pakistan and Iran by rail. A train leaves every 1st and 15th of each month from Quetta and the journey takes 11 hours and costs about €8. In opposite direction the train leaves every 3rd and 17th of each month from Zahedan.
In June 2009 a Bam-Zahedan link was completed, which connected Zahedan to rest of Iranian railway network. .However there is no passenger train between Bam and Zahedan presently, so you have to take a bus or taxi.^ "If you take down Iraq, you eliminate Iran's No.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ There are, however, a few illicit gains, which a Persian loves so dearly, in the shape of traffic in small portable objects between Persia and Turkey.

^ There seems to be little or no difference in doctrine between the two religions, excepting that, by the Sheahs, Ali, the son-in-law of Mahommed, is regarded as his successor; while, according to their rivals, Abubekr, Omar, and Osman take precedence.

Azerbaijan

  • The Nakhchivan-Tabriz service connects Nakhchivan_(city) with Tabriz and crosses from the Jolfa border. .The route used to be a part of Tehran-Moscow railway line which is closed right now due to Azerbaijan-Armenia conflicts.
  • There is a railway from Baku to the border city of Astara.^ There are very few Catholics in Tehran, and the greater part of these were Europeans.

    ^ That meeting was part of a regional tour that took Mouttaki to Russia, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as well as Germany.
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    ^ Tehran is dependent for its supply of water, in part on wells, of which the water is exceedingly bad and unwholesome, and in part on various kanāts which have been conducted into the city.

    From there you can walk through the border to Iran. The railway is going to be joined to Tehran via Rasht and Zanjan.

Turkmenistan

  • There is a daily service between Mashad and Sarakhs border everyday. .The train does not go more because of gauge change.^ The United States does not want to go into Iran, but, if Israel feels more and more cornered, there may be no other choice.
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    At the other side of the border there is train to Merv and Ashgabat.

By car

Many people drive to Iran via Turkey. This requires a Carnet De Passage unless you wish to pay import tax. A Carnet can be aquired from your local drivers association (such as the RAC in the UK). An international driver's license is highly recommend with translation into Farsi very beneficial.

By bus

Armenia

.From Armenia here are daily, modern buses from Yerevan to Tabriz and even further to Teheran.^ Here, then, we have a perfect example of syncretism ; as in the Mithras cult in Armenia, Asia Minor, and still further in the Roman Empire.

.Otherwise the only Iran/Armenia land border at Nuduz/Agarak is very badly served by public transport.^ Not only has this lost its cachet with much of the Iranian public, it also serves to compound Irans economic problems by blackening its image abroad.
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^ Patrick Clawson, "Knitting Iran Together: The Land Transport Revolution, 1920-1941," Iranian Studies 26 (1993): 235-250.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ But out of the public eye, a chillingly similar battle has been under way on the Iraqi border with Iran.
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On the Armenian side you can get as far as Meghri by one Marschrutka a day from Yerevan. .In both directions the Marshrutka leaves quiet early in the morning.^ Moharrem .–This morning early Nejeff Koolee Khan, Bala Khan, and several other people of both parties, called on me.

Kaplan and Karajan are more frequently served by marschrutkas but it is a long and mountainous (and therefore expensive) stretch to the border from there. From Meghri it is around 8 km to the border and hitching or a taxi is the only option. On the iranian side the closest puplic transport can be found around 50km to the west in Jolfa, so a taxi (around 10-15$) again is the only (commercial) choice. Expect to be asked a lot for all taxi rides, so hard bargaining is essential. Make clear (or pretend) that you have other choices (hitchhiking) to get fair prices.
.The border is not busy at all, so when hitching you have to mainly stick with the truck drivers and Russian or Farsi helps a lot here.^ I TRULY BELIEVE THE LORD HAS JUDGED, AND SHALL CONTINUE TO JUDGE VERY HARSHLY, ALL NATIONS INCLUDING MY BELOVED USA, WHOM STICK THEIR NOSES IN ISRAEL'S BUSINESS, BOO IF YOU WANT!!!
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Consider for yourself whether this is a safe option.

Turkey

You can find Seir-o-Safar agencies in Istanbul, Antalya and Ankara to buy cheap bus tickets for Tehran. A one-way ticket between Istanbul or Ankara and Tehran costs US$ 35.00.
  • Dogubeyazit/Bazergan This Turkey/Iran border crossing is easily (and fast) done by puplic transport. Take a bus to Dogubeyazit and a frequent minibus (ca. 5YTL, 15 minutes) to the border. Cross the border stretch per pedes, take the customs taxi (give the driver some 1000 Rial bakschis) to the next village and take a taxi (3-4$) to the bus terminal in Bazergan. .There could also be buses to Bazergan, but the taxi drivers approaching you at the border are not the right people to ask for that.^ And you could cross borders with relative ease.
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    ^ There was a window where unseen I could observe these novel visitors as they approached the house.

    .From there you can easily get buses to major destinations in Iran.^ There was an unspoken threat: the U.S. Strategic Command, supported by the Air Force, has been drawing up plans, at the Presidents direction, for a major bombing campaign in Iran.
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    Check the security situation in the region, due to the unsolved PKK conflict. .Make sure you get a clear idea about exchange rates if you want to change YTL or Rial as the official bank at the border does not exchange these currencies and you have to deal with the plentyful black market.
  • There are also buses from Van to Urmia crossing from Esendere-Sero border.^ Indeed, a money currency only began to make headway in these districts in the 4th century B.C. In the eastern provinces, on the other hand, the primitive method Of exchange by barter still held the field.

    ^ But, he added, Nasrallah has got to make it clear that he wants to play an appropriate role as the loyal opposition.
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    ^ He needs to demand that Mr. Maliki stop protecting the militias and make it clear that there will be serious consequences if he continues to refuse.
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    .The buses cost €13 and it takes more than 6 hours to finish the 300-kilometer path.^ Contrary to our expectations, the path was covered with deep snow, which forced us to quit the takhts, and wade more than ankle-deep through it for long distances.

    ^ Adding the cost of oil security, America pays more than $90 for the same barrel of oil.
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    .That's because of poor roads in the Turkish side and also too many check stops at the Turkish side (more than 5) because security reasons concerning P.K.K.
  • You can also take mini buses to the town Yüksekova near the border and ask for taxis to bring you to the border.^ Erzeroom is a large town, dirtier and more disagreeable, I think, than.

    ^ I had become so accustomed to fine mountain scenery as to be comparatively indifferent to it; and I had learned to be far more anxious about good roads than good views.

    ^ The British Mission has more than once been of use in bringing these unruly chiefs to a proper sense of obedience.

    .Cross the border check point on your own since the taxis wont cross into Iran.^ It has come to the point of no return, and diplomacy wont stop Iran.
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    ^ The group has been conducting clandestine cross-border forays into Iran, I was told by a government consultant with close ties to the Pentagon civilian leadership, as part of an effort to explore alternative means of applying pressure on Iran.
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    ^ MSNBCs Chris Matthews then interjected, And it could be the rationale for going into Iran at some point.
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    Get rid of the dozens of Iranian taxi drivers and simply keep walking down the street. One by one the drivers will follow you and offered prices for a ride to the next bigger town (Urmia) will drop by the minute.

Pakistan

.You can also (depending on the political situation) enter from Pakistan via the border crossing between Taftan (on the Pakistani side) and Zahedan (on the Iranian side)as long as you have a valid visa for Iran.^ American military and special-operations teams have escalated their activities in Iran to gather intelligence and, according to a Pentagon consultant on terrorism and the former senior intelligence official, have also crossed the border in pursuit of Iranian operatives from Iraq.
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^ September 19, 2008 6:07 PM Iran knows that Israel's current political situation is unstable.
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^ Indeed, this senior government official told me the first step between Iran and the United States must be for each side to accept that the other is secure, and to say so.
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You can NOT get a visa on the border. Overnight buses leave from Quetta arriving in Taftan in the early morning, from there you can either hire a taxi to the border or walk a couple of kilometers. .Once across the border (which can take some time on the Iranian side, you need to organise transport to Zahedan (the local town) where buses depart for destinations in Eastern Iran such as Bam, Kerman and Yazd.^ The US hopes that an attack on Iran will inevitably result in a chaos in the country, and that it will be possible to bribe some of the Iranian generals and thus to create a fifth column in the country.
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^ Such sanctions could include penalties against foreign companies that sell Iran refined petroleum and provide an insurance policy for Iranian shipping.
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^ Pre 67 Borders Jayzee 01/08/2007 22:36 How Pre 67 do you think Israel needs to go to achieve peace with the Pals?
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.See the Istanbul to New Delhi over land 3.9 Iran-Pakistan border, for more details on the crossing.^ The policy shift has brought Saudi Arabia and Israel into a new strategic embrace, largely because both countries see Iran as an existential threat.
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^ The government consultant told me, More and more people see the weakening of Iran as the only way to save Iraq.
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^ That is all the more so when they are combined with a fourth new source of friction between America and Iran.
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Iraq

There are daily buses from Arbil to Urmia, also there are daily buses from Sanandaj and Kermanshah to Sulaymaniyah.

Afghanistan

There are daily buses between Herat and Mashad. The buses go through Dogharoun Border. The road has been built by Iran and is reported safe.

Turkmenistan

A bus service also runs between Ashgabat and Mashhad.

By boat

.There are some scheduled services from Baku to Bandar Anzali on the Caspian Sea and from cities on the Persian Gulf to cities on the Iranian coast.^ Advocates of an American invasion of Iran say that last months strengthening of the American armada in the Persian Gulf has frightened the Iranian regime.
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^ (I) into the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf, 135,000 sq.

^ The southern boundary is the coast line of the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf from Gwetter to the mouth of the Shatt el Arab, a distance of about 870 m., comprised Southern , .

They are usually of low quality.
.Starting in late 2007 and 2008; high quality semi-luxurious ferry service started between Kish Island and Abu Dhabi and Dubai.^ These were two Englishmen who entered the service of the Shah, and who, by their ability and military qualities, raised themselves to high favour.

^ February 23, 2007 Arab States, Wary of Iran, Add to Their Arsenals but Still Lean on the U.S. By HASSAN M. FATTAH ABU DHABI, United Arab Emirates, Feb.
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This service is of nominal fee (@ $50 USD) and the journey across one of the busiest stretches of water is sure to entertain. .It is not currently known what the Customs and Entry Visa process is like using this service however as the boats do not enter via the airport.^ The small ports, known as invisible piers, were constructed two decades ago by Irans Revolutionary Guards to accommodate small private boats used for smuggling.
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While the entry/exit process at the airport is fairly well established, it is unknown if the process is as well managed when entering via the docks. It is likely to be more chaotic and it is not know whether visas are issued on the spot as is the case at the airport. There are also ferries from Bandar Abbas to Dubai and Sharjah in UAE, and also ferries from Bushehr to Qatar, Kuwait and Bahrain.

Get around

.While not as comfortable or fast as Europe or North America, Iranian transport is of high quality, and is very affordable.^ The problem was that at the very moment that Iranian vulnerability was at its greatest, thanks to America's swift march to Baghdad, Washington was at its most triumphalist.
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^ Reza Arasteh, "The Education of Iranian Leaders in Europe and America," International Review of Education 8:3-4 (1963), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.There are few places the very cheap buses don't travel to, the train network is limited but comfortable and reasonably priced and travel by air is laughably cheap, especially by international standards (in fact one of the cheapest in the world).^ December , 1850.–Persia has at least one recommendation: life is very free and easy; there is not much choice of action, but, such as it is, it is free and uncontrolled.

^ In few places is it out of one's power to ascend from a hot, burning plain to a delightful yeilāk, where one is revived by comparatively cool breezes.

^ There are very few Catholics in Tehran, and the greater part of these were Europeans.

.The ticket prices are always fixed and you don't have benefits of early bookings.^ "My argument has always been that this war is senseless if you don't give it a regional context."
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By plane

For anyone on a tight deadline, affordable domestic air services are a blessing. .The major national carrier Iran Air, and its semi-private competitors ( Iran Aseman Airlines - Aseman meaning "sky" in Persian , Mahan Air, Kish Air, etc.^ George W. Bush and his top national security aides unnerved network anchors and other senior news executives with suggestions that a major confrontation with Iran is looming.
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^ "It could mean that in order to prevent Iran getting nuclear weapons, we could be handing them to a terrorist nation."
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^ There was an unspoken threat: the U.S. Strategic Command, supported by the Air Force, has been drawing up plans, at the Presidents direction, for a major bombing campaign in Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

) link Tehran with most regional capitals and offer inter-regional flights for no more than US $60.
Their services are frequent, reliable and safe are definitely worth considering to skip the large distances within Iran. .Planes are aging, and maintenance and safety procedures are sometimes well below western standards, but it still remains the safest way to get around Iran, given the huge death toll on the roads.^ Still enough remains of fine bridges, mosques, beautiful avenues of plane-trees, and crumbling palaces, to attest its former greatness.

^ He has vowed that America, Israel and Britain will disappear "like the pharaohs" of Egypt and he believes that oil-rich Iran is well on its way to becoming the regional superpower.
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.Tupolev Tu-154 and other Russian planes are still used by some carriers (Iran Airtours notably).^ Willem Floor, "The Art of Smoking in Iran and Other Uses of Tobacco," Iranian Studies 35:1-3 (2002), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The other was US anxiety that Israel would not succeed in disabling Iran's nuclear facilities in a single assault even with the use of dozens of aircraft.
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^ Some Russians were killed and wounded, and ten or fifteen persons, men and women, were carried into slavery by the Toorkomans, who returned without delay to the mainland.

.However, the odds are you will board a Shah-era B727 or some more recent Fokker, ATR or even Airbus A310 if you're lucky.^ His revenue was entirely derived from the voluntary contributions of his flock; and even this scanty source of subsistence had recently, owing to some disagreements, ceased.

^ In a recent interview, however, Armitage acknowledged that the issue has become somewhat more complicated.
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.Busy domestic routes are sometimes flown by B747SP, and the extra boarding and run-up time are worth the thrill of flying in one of the last of these shortened Jumbos still operated in the world.^ Half the world at one time or another seems to have fallen under their dominion; and not only did they achieve, but, more difficult still, they often contrived to preserve their conquests.

^ Bush has directed StratCom to draw up plans for a massive strike against Iran, at a time when CentCom has had its hands full overseeing operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.
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^ The soldiery, on or off duty, always carry one of these or their sidearms, sometimes both.

.Saha Air, another internal Iranian airline, is also the last operator of the Boeing 707 in scheduled commercial passenger service.^ Without eyes and air cover, the Iranian army will not react effectively in a 12-hour operations window.
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If you insist on flying, try getting some of the new planes leased from Russia.
Tickets can be bought at airports or travel agents dotted through the most major cities. .Book early during the summer months of August and September since finding seats at short notice is virtually impossible.^ While it is impossible to verify the claims, the PKK leader, Murat Karayilan, said the PJAK fighters had killed at least 150 Iranians in Iran since August.
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It is possible to pay extra to get onto a booked flight by bribing someone or paying them to take their seat on the plane. Some flights will auction off the last few seats to the highest bidder. For westerners, the conversion makes it easy to outbid everyone.
.You can also find domestic tickets in some Iran Air offices abroad (Dubai for instance), but expect to pay a little more due to the change rate applied.^ Bombing Iran and expecting the Iranian public to rise up and overthrow the government, as some in the White House believe, Armitage added, is a fools errand.
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^ The difference would be that with regime change no longer a threat, Iran will be more likely to find reasons to change its course.
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^ Regime change, or even the more modest goal of removing Iran as a regional influence are beyond the ability of the US military.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Domestic tickets for other companies must be bought inside Iran.^ Indeed, this senior government official told me the first step between Iran and the United States must be for each side to accept that the other is secure, and to say so.
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.Note if you are from a "western" country, some agencies are reluctant to let you book a domestic flight.^ A farther extract from my note-book of those days may have some interest, by illustrating the condition of the Persian army, as well as the manners of that country:– .

Be prepared to argue, bargain and make sure you bring someone, who is able to translate for you.

By bus

The Iranian domestic bus network is extensive and thanks to the low cost of fuel, very cheap. .In fact the only drawback is speed: the government has limited buses to 80 km/h to combat lead-footed bus drivers so long haul trips such as Shiraz to Mashhad can take up to 20 hours.^ September 20, 2008 1:14 AM It is clear that Iran is ganging up full speed for a 'surprise' nuclear attack on Tel Aviv.
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^ Ahmadinejad insists that Iran is developing only peaceful nuclear energy, but the development of long-range ballistic missiles such as the Shehab-3 suggests a different story.
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^ As for me, I felt so indignant that I only wished to quit a country where such crimes are sanctioned by the Government, and committed without remorse.

.There is little difference between the various bus companies, and most offer two classes: 'lux' or 'Mercedes' (2nd class) and 'super' or 'Volvo' (1st class).^ Oil hijacking has been variously estimated as between one and two billion dollars a year.
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^ Within one or two years at the most, there will be total Sunni areas, total Shiite areas, and total Kurdish areas.
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^ There is great similarity between the two Armenian churches, "orthodox" and Catholic.

.First class buses are air-conditioned and you will be provided with a small snack during your trip, while second class services are more frequent.^ You know, some of these infractions have taken place in a reactor that we provided them in the first place.
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^ They are a simple, uneducated class, more rustic and uncouth in their appearance and manners than Mahommedan Persians of the same condition.

.Given the affordability of first class tickets (for example IR 33,000 from Esfehan to Shiraz), there's little financial incentive to opt for the second class services, espcially in summer.^ So there can be little incentive for Iranian or North Korean leaders to follow the Iraq model of disarmament and inspections.
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.You can buy tickets from the bus terminals or ticket offices up to a week in advance, but you shouldn't have a problem finding a seat if you turn up to the terminal an hour or so before your intended departure time.^ They spent several hours daily in walking up and down before their door, without bonnets or shawls, gaily attired in nicely fitting dresses.

^ Only this time have your sons and daughters sign up to serve in the military.
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^ In all of your conflicts, you won by stepping up and kicking ass leaving no doubt in anyones mind who the winner was.
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.Most cities operate comprehensive local bus services, but given the low cost of taxis and the difficulties of reading Persian-language signs (which, unlike road signs, do not have English counterparts) and route numbers, they are of little use to the casual traveller.^ The Persian women I have had in my service used to begin the night by smoking a little, then they would take tea, then eat a surprising quantity of fruit, and after their meal just before dawn would go to sleep, and sleep without intermission almost all day.

^ The Sheghaghees use two languages indifferently, Turkish and their own Lekee, a dialect of Persian.

^ Two years ago they were thirty-eight Americans in number, men, women, and children, who enjoy English protection.

If you're cash strapped and brave enough to try, however, remember that the buses are segregated. Men enter via the front or rear door and hand their ticket to the driver before taking a seat in the front half of the bus. .Women and children should hand their ticket to the driver via the front doors (without actually getting on) before entering via the rear door to take a seat at the back.^ They spent several hours daily in walking up and down before their door, without bonnets or shawls, gaily attired in nicely fitting dresses.

^ Persian Women seated on a carpet gossiping outside the Doctor's door.

^ Finding that he was sitting near the door, and wishing to be polite, I was seating myself between him and the door, and was surprised that he should motion to me to take, what I believed to be, the higher place, but in reality the lower.

Tickets, usually around IR 200, are sold from booths near most bus stops.

By train

Raja Passenger Trains [6] is the passenger rail system. .Travelling by train through Iran is generally more comfortable and faster than speed-limited buses.^ Contrary to our expectations, the path was covered with deep snow, which forced us to quit the takhts, and wade more than ankle-deep through it for long distances.

^ Surfeited with Russian navigation, and anxious to see something more of the Crimea, we determined to travel by land through the interior of the country to Kertch.

^ If we were more comfortably lodged, the repose after our harassing journey would be rather a luxury than otherwise.

.Sleeper berths in overnight trains are especially good value as they allow you to get a good night's sleep while saving on a night's accommodation.^ At the gate they mounted their horses, and went home, the gentleman preceding, as the nobler half, and the lady followed by a train of mules carrying the whole of her household goods.

The rail network is comprised of three main trunks. .The first stretches east to west across the north of the country linking the Turkish and Turkemenistan borders via Tabriz, Tehran and Mashhad.^ For the provinces remaining tinsubdued on the extreme frontiers to the west, the north and the east are in their view almost negligible quantities.

^ Under their dominion, on the contrary, it expanded with great vigour, not only in the west (Armenia, north Syria and Asia Minor, where it was the official religion of the kings of Pontus and Cappadocia), but also in the east, in the countries of the Indian frontier.

^ Azerbaijan in the north-west to Baluchistan in the south-east, may aptly be called the Central Range.

The second and third extend south of Tehran but split at Qom. .One line connects to the Persian Gulf via Ahvaz and Arak, while the other traverses the country's centre linking Kashan, Yazd and Kerman.^ One was US concern over Iran's likely retaliation, which would probably include a wave of attacks on US military and other personnel in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as on shipping in the Persian Gulf.
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^ The southern boundary is the coast line of the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf from Gwetter to the mouth of the Shatt el Arab, a distance of about 870 m., comprised Southern , .

^ This Darius replaced by a new capital, ~feiwes deeper in the centre of the country, which bore the ~name Persian (Pdrsa), the Persepolis (q.v.

.Tickets can be bought from train stations up to one month before the date of departure, and it is wise to book at least a couple of days in advance during the peak domestic holiday months.^ Bundahish and other Parsee books, which date Zoroaster al 258 years before Alexander, are, in the present writers opinion a complete failure.

^ It was impossible to sleep during the great heat of the day; and often the nights were so hot that the only moment one could repose was the cool hour when we were forced to rise.

^ A month later, during Ramadan, the price of fruit reportedly doubled while that of chicken rose 10 percent in mere days.
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First class tickets cost roughly twice the comparable bus fare.
.Known as a "gatar" in Farsi; trains are probably the cheapest, safest, most reliable and easiest way to travel around the country.^ They appealed to us piteously for succour, and we sent them on their way rejoicing, after we had softened the hearts of the yemshiks in the manner most efficacious in Russia, as well as in other countries.

As an added benefit; you'll get to meet the people, sample food and see other tourists. You also avoid all the checkpoints will driving on the road. Trains are frequently delayed so leave plenty of time between destinations.

By taxi

.Low fuel costs have made inter-city travel by taxi a great value option in Iran.^ The Travels of Pedro Teixeira (Lor,don, 1902) and other publications of the Hakluyt Society relating to Persia are also of great historical value.

^ So great and unexpected was the crowd, that the supplies ran low, and purchases were obliged to be made at the cook-shops in the bazar.

.When travelling between cities up to 250 km apart, you may be able to hire one of the shared savāri taxis that loiter around bus terminals and train stations.^ "In my mind it was one of those things you throw up in the air and say I can't believe we did this."
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^ The Shah, with a large portion of the court, has already left the city, and gone to reside in one of his summer or garden houses, near the walls, and by-and-by he will move up to the mountains.

^ There may be said to be only one city in Geelan, that of Resht.

Savari taxis are faster than buses and Taxis will only leave when four paying passengers have been found, so if you're in a hurry you can offer to pay for an extra seat.
.Official shared local taxis or Savari, identifiable by some kind of orange paint marking, also ply the major roads of most cities.^ The great majority of the civilized provinces were subdivided into local administrative districts governed by officials of the king and his satraps.

^ The city of Resht is some miles from the sea, and is well protected by jungles and by the most abominable roads conceivable.

^ Peabody, have been most kind in lending us this comfortable house during our stay in this city.

Recently the taxis are turning into yellow, also on busy routs there are green vans with a capacity of 11 passengers. .They all offer the same fare for every passenger.^ They are all the same, too.
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^ No, he said, they are all the same.
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^ How can you say they are all the same?
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.They usually run straight lines between major sqaures and landmarks, and their set rates (between IR 1,000 and IR 6,500) are dictated by the local governments.^ The great majority of the civilized provinces were subdivided into local administrative districts governed by officials of the king and his satraps.

^ Traffic over Lines Earnings in N r~ fit f th between adon ih~san~sof Government Dept.

^ The Iranians are believed to have installed only 500 centrifuges at Natanz and they will reach 2,000 by spring at the earliest.
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Hailing one of these taxis is an art you'll soon master. Stand on the side of the road with traffic flowing in your intended direction and flag down a passing cab. .It will slow down fractionally, giving you about one second to shout your destination--pick a major nearby landmark instead of the full address--through the open passenger window.^ But if you think that he is the credible source for information about issues of life and death, you're certainly within your rights to believe him.
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^ "We don't give a damn about your ending the critical dialogue," said Supreme Leader Khamenei upon hearing the German court ruling.
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^ But the dictator offered, Yeah, well give you back your highly enriched uranium, America.
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If the driver is intereseted, he'll slow down enough for you to negotiate the details.
If you're in a hurry, you can rent the taxi privately. Just shout the destination followed by the phrase dar bast (literally 'closed door') and the driver will almost be sure to stop. .Negotiate the price before departure, but since you are paying for all the empty seats expect to pay five times the normal shared taxi fare.^ All the shipping on the Caspian is under the Russian flagi and no returns of the arrivals and departures of vessels at the Persian ports were published before 1906.

^ He approved apparently of our mode of living, for he hid himself in an empty room in the Mission for two days after their departure, and remained with us ever since.

^ At his death in 338, imfnediately before the final catastrophe , the empire to all appearances was more powerful and more firmly established than it had been since the days of Xerxes.

.You can also rent these taxis by the hour to visit a number of sites, but you can expect to pay from IR 40,000 to 70,000 per hour, depending on your bargaining skills.^ Who got you your pay?

^ Her meditations were turned upon paying a visit to the Khan, and on ejecting these two rivals.

^ Students, who number some 40,000, enter Qom at an average age of 17.
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By car

.A large road network and low fuel costs of historically made Iran an attractive country for exploring with your own car.^ Only 29% in each country agreed the UN should stop countries from producing their own nuclear fuel, but provide them with the fuel they need.
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^ The Saudis are driven by their fear that Iran could tilt the balance of power not only in the region but within their own country.
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^ The fiery rhetoric between Iran and the US of recent months has made it appear that the two countries are on a collision course.
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.However a recent government fuel tax on foreigners entering Iran by private car has somewhat dimmed the allure.^ In a recent interview, however, Armitage acknowledged that the issue has become somewhat more complicated.
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.Foreigners arriving in Iran with their own car will need to have a carnet de passage and a valid international drivers' license.^ This week Iran's Foreign Minister Manoucher Mottaki caught the US State Department by surprise when he arrived in Tblisi to meet with Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili.
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^ In his effort to engage Iran, he will need to promise a complete end to its international isolation in exchange for a halt to its nuclear program.
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^ Aujourd'hui déjà, les sociétés étrangères ne sont plus attirées à effectuer des investisse-ments en Iran.
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.Petrol stations can be found on the outskirts of all cities and towns and in car-filled Iran, a mechanic is never far away.^ Thus the cities became the main factors in the diffusion of Hellenism, the Greek language and the Greek civilization over all Asia as far as the Indus.

^ Tradition makes it one of the most ancient cities of Persia; but now, like most towns in that country, all is decay.

^ May God bless and keep Obama and Ahmednijad far away from all of us.
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Do not underestimate the sheer chaos of Iran's traffic. .The often ignored road rules state that you must drive on the right unless overtaking and give way to traffic coming on to a roundabout.^ The nonproliferation treaty is a deal between nuclear and non-nuclear states: We give you technology, you promise not to use it to build a bomb.
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^ I want justice, and you have come, by the help of the Prophet, to give it to me.

Drivers frequently top 160 km/h (100 mph) on intercity highways. Laws requiring car occupants to wear seatbelts is are not always complied with.
.Be aware also that motorcycles are sometimes seen transporting up to five people, sans helmets.^ In Tehran their abode is the Mission garden, where I have sometimes seen two hundred of this primitive people collected under the trees, where they live.

Avoid large rocks in the middle of highway. .These are often placed there in an attempt to burst your tires.^ Altogether there is a considerable air of substantial comfort in these houses, which I often envied for our countrymen.

Afterward, a passerby will offer to replace your tire for $50 USD. This is of course a scam that occurs mostly at night time but has diminished due to aggressive policing.
You can also rent a car, usually for 20 - 50 dollars a day. .Insurance and legal liability may make you think twice about renting a car, especially considering the fact that renting a car with a driver usually costs the same.^ "Israel may be adopting the same tactics: 'You produce a weapon; you die'."
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^ The shahs visit to Europe in the same year cost the exchequer about 180,000.

^ The transparency of these petrifactions makes it possible that what is termed marble may be, in fact, alabaster, in which sulphur was the agent instead of carbon.

Talk

.Persian (called fārsi in Persian, فارسی), an Indo-European language, is Iran's national and official language.^ Zend is the language of the so-called Ayes/a,3 the holy book of the Persians, containing the oldest documents of the religion of Zoroaster.

^ Their subjects, on the contrary, speak absolutely different tongues: for the attempts to explain the languages of the Cossaeans, Mitannians, and Arzapians as Indo-European (Iranian) have ended in failure (cf.

^ In the Indo-Scythian Empire the Persian gods were zealously worshipped; in Armenia the old national religion was almost entirely banished by the Persian cults (Gelzer, Zur armen.

.Although Persian is written with a modified Arabic alphabet, the two languages are not related but Persian does contain a very large number of Arabic loanwords, many of which form part of basic Persian vocabulary (See "Iranian Nationality" under "Respect" ).^ Zend is the language of the so-called Ayes/a,3 the holy book of the Persians, containing the oldest documents of the religion of Zoroaster.

^ The Sheghaghees use two languages indifferently, Turkish and their own Lekee, a dialect of Persian.

^ With such materials the cuneiform script could not be used; instead, the Persian language was written in, Aramaic characters, a method which later led to the so-called Pahlavi, i.e.

.Many young Iranians in major cities, and almost certainly those working in international travel agents and high-end hotels will speak conversational English but basic Persian phrases will definitely come in handy, particularly in rural areas.^ Hassan A. Ronaghy, "Major Source of Air Pollution in Iranian Cities," Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 17:1 (April 2001): 56-65.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Their subjects, on the contrary, speak absolutely different tongues: for the attempts to explain the languages of the Cossaeans, Mitannians, and Arzapians as Indo-European (Iranian) have ended in failure (cf.

^ It surprises one to find oneself in almost the chief city of Persia, and yet not to hear a word of Persian spoken.

Road signs are often double signed in English, but few other signs are. .As an extra challenge, most Persian signage uses an ornate calligraphic script that bears little resemblance to its typed form.^ With such materials the cuneiform script could not be used; instead, the Persian language was written in, Aramaic characters, a method which later led to the so-called Pahlavi, i.e.

^ Their features are more delicate than those of the other inhabitants of Persia, and bear a strong resemblance to those of the ancient Persians, as they are preserved in the sculptures at Persepolis and Shahpoor.

^ They both speak dialects the greater part of which is Persian, bearing a strong resemblance to the colloquial language of the present day, divested of its large Arabic mixture.

This can make comparing typed words in phrase books--such as 'bank' and 'hotel'--to signs on buildings quite difficult. .However it is still worth memorising the Persian script for a few key words such as restaurant, guesthouse, and hotel (see relevant sections below for the script).^ There are, however, a few illicit gains, which a Persian loves so dearly, in the shape of traffic in small portable objects between Persia and Turkey.

^ With such materials the cuneiform script could not be used; instead, the Persian language was written in, Aramaic characters, a method which later led to the so-called Pahlavi, i.e.

Be aware that Kurdish and Azeri languages are also spoken in areas of large Kurdish and Azeri populations.

Buy

Currency

.The rial (ریال) is the official currency of Iran, however to save time in a high-inflation economy prices are most commonly quoted in toman (تومان).^ And the message that Irans most senior officials seem to be sending is that Mr. Ahmadinejad, with his harsh approach and caustic comments, is undermining Irans cause and its standing.
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^ Israeli intelligence, however, has also failed to provide specific evidence about secret sites in Iran, according to current and former military and intelligence officials.
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^ In interviews, Russian and European officials said they believed the arrangements, while face-saving, made no economic or technological sense for Iran.
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.One toman is equal to ten rials.^ To make the following statements intelligible, it is necessary to explain that a toman is roughly estimated at about ten shillings sterling, and that a kherwar is equal to 650 lbs., or 6 cwt.

As of May 2009, the exchange rate is about IRR 9,807 per U.S. dollar.
Coins are issued in values of 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 rials with banknotes produced in 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000, 20000, 50000, 500000 and 1000000 rial denominations.
As a general guide, written prices are given in rials and prices quoted in conversation are in tomans. .To confuse you even further, shopkeepers will often omit the denomination of high prices, so you may be told a jar of coffee costs 2 tomans (meaning 2,000 tomans or IR 20,000) and that a fine rug will cost 3 tomans (meaning 3,000,000 tomans or IR 30,000,000).^ With all their alacrity to endure a life of roughness, or even hardship, they have a vast aptitude for luxury and enjoyment; which may be regarded as the high road to civilization.

^ The drainage of the rivers which have no outlet to the sea and form inland lakes and swamps (kav-ir) may be estimated at 350,000 sq.

^ Even Kazee Bey, said to be 14,000 feet high, was divested of any terror.

.Most travellers spend the first few days of their trip coming to grips with this mind-boggling system, and money changers on the border will often exploit this confusion to rip you off.^ After a few years' exile they return with a competence to their native land to spend the remainder of their days.

^ A few days' interval brought to Serab the Ameer e Nizam, a most excellent but weak man, whose first act was to put the intriguing major's feet into the fellak and flog him until he became insensible.

^ A few days afterwards, as we were driving outside the walls of the town, I unexpectedly approached within a few yards of a party travelling towards Ispahan.

Be careful, and if in doubt, always ask a shopkeeper or moneychanger if they are quoting a price in rials or tomans.

Carrying money

.Iranians can not use major credit cards due to U.S. sanctions, so bring enough hard currency for the duration of your stay.^ I was paying my hotel bill in Tehran, didn't have enough cash and asked if I could use a credit card.
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^ Now it is desolate enough; and one can scarcely bring oneself to credit that here was once a great city.

^ Someone, it appeared, had used my corporate credit card to do just that.
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.US dollars and euros are the most useful, and new and large (USD 100 or EUR 100 or higher) bills in good condition are preferred and usually get a better rate.^ The US dollar is trending lower in value as the price of oil is trending higher.
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.Trade embargoes mean that banks will not forward cash advances on your foreign credit cards and they are only accepted by select stores for large purchases, such as Persian rugs.^ They had gained their success largely by the aid of the Persians, who began, thenceforward to recover their lost sense of nationality; according to the Spanish author Ibn.

^ The first section was constructed by the Persian government in 1883 at a cost of about 12,000, purchased by the Imperial Bank of Persia in 1890 for 10,000, and reconstructed at a cost of about 45,000.

^ That something might mean for a more stable oil supply than competitive countries, or a return to the US dollar as the only currency for energy trading.
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.Most will be happy to forward you some cash on your credit card at the same time as your purchase.^ You are running out of time and choices, even if you succeed in delaying this, it is just a matter of short time till you face the same situation again.
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^ There had been no purchase of clothing in Dubai, of course; but some Dubai business debited my credit card there (where such a transaction is legal) for the amount of my hotel bill, simultaneously crediting the company that owns the hotel in Tehran with that sum for the purchase of goods or services in Dubai.
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^ I was paying my hotel bill in Tehran, didn't have enough cash and asked if I could use a credit card.
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.If you are desperate for cash, you can also try asking these shops to extend you the same favour without buying a rug or souvenir, but expect to pay dearly for the luxury.^ I was paying my hotel bill in Tehran, didn't have enough cash and asked if I could use a credit card.
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Travellers' cheques Although in theory central banks in provincial capitals are able to cash them, the paperwork and time involved make them impractical for tourist use.
ATMs exist in most cities, and there are point-of-sale devices in some larger stores for only Iranian customers, but only local bank cards and some cards from Arabian countries are accepted,

Money and daily life

.There is little point in risking the black market moneychangers who loiter outside of major banks and only offer marginally better rates than the banks.^ Turkish is so completely the colloquial language of Azerbijan, that, excepting in towns, and even there only among the better classes, Persian is not understood.

^ But there is a better way than an armed strike.
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^ It will teach them what they did not know before,–that there are better men and braver soldiers in the world than themselves.

.Central banks in most cities will change money for you, but the process can be a drawn out affair requiring signatures from countless officials and a fair deal of running around.^ They are looked on as confidential servants, are entrusted with large sums of money, and the conduct of the most important affairs; and seldom abuse their trust .

^ Three, you cant trust the uniformed military, and four, its got to be run out of the Vice-Presidents officea reference to Cheneys role, the former senior intelligence official said.
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^ You are running out of time and choices, even if you succeed in delaying this, it is just a matter of short time till you face the same situation again.
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A better compromise are the private exchange offices (sarāfi) scattered around most large cities and major tourist centres. .Although their rates are comparable to those of the banks, they are far quicker and, unlike their black market colleagues, they can be traced later on if something goes wrong.^ Few of their women venture so far as Tehran: those who have appeared were plain in feature and coarse in expression; so, too, were the men, wholly unlike the men of the true Persian tribes, although, I suppose, both the Gebrs and these tribes are of the same race.

^ Not a trace of ruins is to be found in Demawend, although among Persian traditions its antiquity reaches the fabulous days of their history–those of Kaïomers and Jemsheed.

^ "They weren't going to waste [Colin] Powell's rapidly diminishing capital on something that unlikely."
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.The most widely-accepted currency is the US dollar ($), but euros(€) and UK Sterling Pound(£)are also widely used.^ That something might mean for a more stable oil supply than competitive countries, or a return to the US dollar as the only currency for energy trading.
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Other currencies are harder to change. $100 unfolded notes attract the highest prices, and you will be quoted lower rates for any old or ripped notes.
Bargain ruthlessly when buying handcrafts, rugs or big ticket items and modestly when hailing private taxis. In most other aspects of life prices are fixed. .Tipping is generally not expected, but locals will generally round up the bill in taxis and add around 10% in classy restaurants.^ They bought the bills from the payees, who were in general happy to receive 10 or 20 per cent.

.Porters and bellboys will expect IR 2,000 - 3,000. A discreet gift of a few thousand tomāns may help grease the wheels of Iranian society and serve to thank an extraordinarily helpful local, but bakhsheeh and bribing are not a major part of Iranian life.^ The drainage of the rivers which have no outlet to the sea and form inland lakes and swamps (kav-ir) may be estimated at 350,000 sq.

.You won't be able to escape the government-sanctioned dual pricing system that applies to accommodation and some tourist attactions in Iran; foreigners often pay up to ten times the price quoted to locals.^ Up to now Iran has been playing for time.
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^ Bombing Iran and expecting the Iranian public to rise up and overthrow the government, as some in the White House believe, Armitage added, is a fools errand.
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^ Such sanctions could include penalties against foreign companies that sell Iran refined petroleum and provide an insurance policy for Iranian shipping.
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.However thanks to the government's recent commendable efforts to eliminate 'foreigner' prices from many tourist attractions, most notably Persepolis, low food and transport costs make Iran a cheap travel destination.^ The other side is making pronouncements so they have to as well, he said, speaking of Irans recent announcements about its weapons capacity.
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^ Like many in Washington, Wurmser believes that, so far, theres been no price tag on Iran for its nuclear efforts and for its continuing agitation and intervention inside Iraq, the consultant said.
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^ In recent months, however, he has increasingly been seen by many Sunnis not as a symbol of Arab unity but as a participant in a sectarian war.
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.If you are prepared to stay in the cheapest guesthouses, travel only by bus and eat only at fast food outlets or kabābis, you can get by in Iran on a minimum of around IR 100,000 per day.^ They fast abundantly, and eat no animal food at such periods.

^ In contrast, Iran's nuclear facilities, which are officially described as intended only for civilian purposes, are dispersed around the country and some are in fortified bunkers underground.
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^ Hakim and Sadr command some 80,000 to 100,000 men, who are armed, funded, and trained by Iran.
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.If you want to eat a decent restaurant meal every now and then and stay in mid-range accommodation, a more realistic budget is around IR 250,000. If you want to eat and sleep in luxury and fly between major sights, you can easily chew through IR 700,000 per day.^ "You never want to threaten something you don't follow through on," he said.
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Eat

.Meal times in Iran vary considerably from those in Europe and the US. Lunch can be served from 1:00 - 3:00PM.^ US objectives and interests would be better served by giving Iran a vested interest in stability.
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^ If Israel and the US are wise, they will use the extra time to ratchet up international economic sanctions on Iran.
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^ The Israeli- Hizbullah war has boldly ratcheted up Iran's regional stature at the same time it has depleted US influence and prestige.
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and dinner is often eaten after 9:00PM. .These and other social occasions in Iran are often long, drawn-out affairs conducted in a relatively relaxed tempo, often involving pastries, fruit and possibly nuts.^ For these and other reasons explained below, an attack on Iran is fast becoming the only card left to play.
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^ Homa Katouzian, "The Aridisolatic Society: A Model of Long-Term Social and Economic Development in Iran," in IJMES 15 (1983).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.As it is considered rude to refuse what is served, visitors should accept the items offered, even if they do not intend to consume them.^ Some among them are so scrupulous that they refuse to pronounce the decrees of the law, lest perchance they should be guilty of injustice.

The importation and consumption of alcohol is strictly banned. Penalties are severe. Religious minorities, however, are allowed to manufacture and consume alcohol, but not to sell or import it. Pork and pork products are forbidden and, like alcohol, their import is illegal.
The good news for travellers is that Iranian cuisine is superb. .A wide range of influences from Central Asia, the Caucasus, Russia, Europe and the Middle East have created a diverse, relatively healthy range of dishes that focus on fresh produce and aromatic herbs.^ To do this, he must convince Europe, China and Russia that a nuclear Iran will be catastrophic for Middle East stability as well as for their own economies.
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^ Farhad Kazemi and Zohreh Ajdari, "Ethnicity, Identity and Politics: Central Asia and Azerbaijan between Iran and Turkey," in David Menashri, ed., Central Asia Meets the Middle East (London: Frank Cass, 1998), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Mina Agha, "The Biographical Significance of Flight and Exile," Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East 20:1-2 (2000): 165-170.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.The bad news, however, is that Iranians prefer to eat at home, rather than in restaurants, so decent eateries are scarce and stick to a repetitive selection of dishes (mainly kebabs).^ I rather them die however than me and mine.
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^ Then came high-level personnel shifts signaling a new focus on naval and air operations rather than the ground combat that predominates in Iraq.
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^ In both countries, particularly in Turkey, a Mahommedan landlord much prefers that his tenants should be composed of Armenians rather than Mussulmans.

An invitation to an Iranian home for dinner will be a definite highlight of your stay. .When visiting an Iranian household for the first time or on a special occasion it is customary for Iranians to bring a small gift.^ I must confess, however, that I once saw a princess, during a visit, with a special teapot by her side, out of the spout of which she drank from time to time.

Flowers, sweets or pastries are popular gift choices.

Traditional cuisine

Fragrant rice (برنج, berenj) is the staple of Iranian food. Boiled and then steamed, it is often coloured with saffron or flavoured with a variety of spices. When served plain as an accompaniment it is known as chelo (چلو). .The two most common meat / chelo combinations are kebab variations (chelo kabāb, چلو کباب) or rotisserie chicken (chelo morgh, چلو مرغ).^ Over the past two decades, Tehran has nurtured cultural, economic, and political ties with various regional forces, most notably the Shiites of Iraq.
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^ The urussi, or Russian shoe is the most common; next, the kafsh or slipper of various kinds.

Flavoured rice, known as polo, is often served as a main course or as an accompaniment to a meat dish. Examples include shirin polo flavoured with orange zest, young cherries and honey glazed carrots, the broad-bean and herb heavy bāghli polo and sabzi polo laced with parsley, dill and mint.
The ubiquitous Persian Kabab is often served with both plain rice and a special (yellow cake) rice called tah-chin.
The ubiquitous Persian Kabab is often served with both plain rice and a special (yellow cake) rice called tah-chin.
.The rice and kebab dish chelo kabāb (چلو کباب) and its half-dozen variations are the most common (and often the only) items on Iranian restaurant menus.^ Kouderood , May 21 st. We quitted Tehran on the 11th, and have got over only half our most fatiguing journey.

A grilled skewer of meat is served on a bed of fluffy rice, and accompanied by an array of condiments. .You can add butter, grilled tomatoes and a sour spice known as somāgh to your rice, while some restaurants also provide a raw egg yolk.^ You know, some of these infractions have taken place in a reactor that we provided them in the first place.
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Raw onion and fresh basil are used to clear your palate between mouthfuls. Variations in kabāb dishes come from the meats they are served with. You will commonly see:
  • Kabāb koobideh (كباب كوبيده) - a kebab of minced beef, shredded onion and spices.
  • Kabāb barg (كباب برگ) - pieces of lamb marinated in lemon juice and shredded onion.
  • Kabāb makhsoos (كباب مخصوص) - usually the most expensive option, this big kebab uses the highest quality meat.
  • Joojeh kabāb (جوجه كباب) - a skewer of chicken pieces marinated in lemon juice and saffron.
  • Kabāb bakhtiāri (كباب ب‍ختیارِی) - great for the indecisive eater, this is a skewer of alternating chicken and lamb pieces.
At home people most often eat rice with a thick stew (khoresht, خورشت) containing a modest amount of meat. .There are dozens of khoresht variations such as the sweet and sour fessenjān made from ground walnuts and pomegranate syrup, ghormeh-sabzi based on fresh herbs, dried limes and kidney beans, gheimeh flavoured with split-peas and often garnished with French fries, and the sweet sib-āloo which uses apples and plums.^ The balance, when there is any, is spent in various uncertain expenses, such as diamond-hilted swords, decorations, extraordinary military expenses caused by insurrection, &c.

Hearty Iranian soups (āsh, آش) are meals in themselves. The most popular is the vegetarian āsh reshteh (آش رشته) made from herbs, chickpeas and thick noodles, and garnished with yoghurt and fried onions.
Flat bread (nān, نان) is another pillar of Iranian food. It is served at breakfast with herbs, feta cheese and a variety of jams, or as an accompaniment to meals. Sangak (سنگك) is a dimpled variety cooked on a pebbled oven while lavāsh (لواش) is a thin and bland staple.

International Cuisine

.There are several good international restaurants which offer Chinese, Japanese, Italian and French food as well as vegetarian menus in Tehran and other major cities.^ Within even thirty miles of Tehran, there are two places where coal can be procured in abundance, at the mere cost of digging and conveying it to the city.

^ A French gentleman in Tehran described it well when he said that it was "une vie de pantoufle."

^ (A U.N. inquiry strongly suggested that the Syrians were involved, but offered no direct evidence; there are plans for another investigation, by an international tribunal.
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A common fast food venue in Iran
A common fast food venue in Iran
Most food outlets in Iran are either kabābis or fast food outlets serving a standard fare of burgers, sandwiches, felafels or pizza (پیتزا). A burger and a soft drink at a snack shop will fill you up at lunchtime for around IR 15,000, while pizzas start at IR 20,000.
Many teahouses (see Drink below) also serve traditional snacks and light meals. The most common of these is ābgusht (آبگوشت) a hot pot made from lamb, chickpeas and dried limes that is also known as dizi, also the name of the dish in which its served. .You will be given a bowl (the dizi) containing the ābgusht and another, smaller one.^ Still the old idea that every religion contained a portion of the truth, and that it was possible to borrow something from one and amalgamate it with another, had not yet lost all its power.

Drain the broth into the smaller bowl and eat it like a soup with the bread provided. Then pound the remaining meat and vegetables into a paste with the pestle provided and eat with even more bread, pieces raw onion and wads of fresh herbs.

Sweets and desserts

The neverending demand for dentists in Iran lies testament to the country's obssession with sweets and pastries, known collectively as shirini (شیرینی).
.Iranian baghlava tends to be harder and more crystalline than its Turkish equivalent while the pistachio noughat called gaz (گز) is an Isfahan speciality.^ A more miserable spot than Julfa (as this frontier post was called) we had not met, unless perhaps on the Kuban.

^ If the MEK has been cast as the Iranian counterpart to the I.N.C., there are more than enough Iranian and Syrian Ahmad Chalabis to go around.
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^ That calculus would call for stationing more than 150,000 troops in Baghdad alone (there are currently 17,000 there), far more than is politically feasible today.
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Sohan is a rich pistachio brittle popular in Qom, and freshly-baked pastries are often taken as gifts to people's houses. Lavāshak fruit leathers are delicious fruit leathers made from dried plums.
Honey-saffron and pistachio are just two local flavours of ice cream, while fāloodeh (فالوده) is a deliciously refreshing sorbet made from rosewater and vermicelli noodles made from starch, served with lashings of lemon juice.

Special needs

.Given that most travellers are stuck eating kebabs for much of their trip, vegetarians will have a particularly difficult time in Iran.^ Netanyahu may be able to convince Mr. Obama that Iran poses an Amalek-sized threat to Israel, but he will have a much more difficult time convincing him that Iran poses an existential threat to America.
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^ The barren hills and nearly equally barren plains of Persia produce a most somniferous effect on the plodding wayfarer, particularly if he travels, as I did, in a carriage at a walking pace.

^ The most conspicuous clue was a four-letter word that Bush uttered six times in the course of his speech: Iran.
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Most snack shops sell felafels (فلافل) and garden salads (sālād-e-fassl, سالاد فصل) and greengrocers are common. Most ash varieties are meat-free and filling, as are most variations of kookoo (کوکو), the Iranian take on the frittata. The phrases man vegetarian hastam (I am vegetarian) and bedoon-e goosht (without meat) will come in handy.
.It's a safe bet that all food in Iran is halal, but those seeking a kosher or other diet may have some trouble.^ The United States does not want to go into Iran, but, if Israel feels more and more cornered, there may be no other choice.
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^ At that moment they all embrace and wish each other a happy new year; they then partake of food.

^ No matter what aides may be telling Mr. Bush and Mr. Olmert or what they may be telling each other an attack on Iran would be a disaster.
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Drink

Black tea (chāi, چای) is the national drink of alcohol-free Iran. It is served strong and with crystallised or cubed sugar (ghand, قند) which is held artfully between the teeth while tea is sipped through. .You can try asking for milk in your tea, but expect nothing but strange looks or a big delay in return.^ And so, when you look at the big picture, there's not a whole lot of monitoring of this material around the world, not as much as there should be.
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^ If youre a military planner, you try to weigh options.
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.Tea houses (chāi khāneh, چای خانه) are favourite local haunt for men (and less commonly families) to drink tea and puff away on a water pipe.^ Every acquaintance of the Minister of suitable rank must be visited; the days are spent in visits, and every visit produces its deluge of tea, coffee, and pipes (water pipes).

^ The richest deposits of nickel, cobalt and antimony ores are also situated in localities where there is little water and the nearest useful fuel some hundred miles away.

Lovers of coffee (ghahveh, قهوه) have little to cheer in Iran but their choices have increased recently. Where available, it is served Turkish style, French coffee or espresso. Imported instant coffee (nescāffe, نسكافه) and instant Cappuccino are available also.
A wide variety of fruit juices (āb miveh, آب ميوه) and drinks are available from shops and street vendors including cherry cordial (sharbat ālbāloo, شربت آلبالو) and banana milkshakes (shir moz, شير موز).
.Soft drinks are widely available, both international makes such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi, and their brand names including 7up, Sprite, Fanta, etc., and local makes such as ZamZam.^ Both parties knew well that any report I might make would be exactly in conformity with truth, or what I believed as such, and that the testimony of an English officer would be decisive.

Note that "Coca-Cola Original" and "Pepsi Original" etc. are NOT made of original The Coca-Cola Company's and PepsiCo's ingredients and taste exactly the same as ZamZam.
.Doogh (دوغ) is a sour drink made from yoghurt, salt, and water (sometimes gaseous) and sometimes flavoured with mint or other plants.^ Our road led us close to the lake, lifeless and still as that of Palestine, the intense saltness rendering it impossible for fish or other animals to exist in its waters.

.It takes some getting used to, but will rehydrate you quickly in the heat of Iran's summer.^ Tell Iran and the world that you have 'em and will use 'em!
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^ "If you take down Iraq, you eliminate Iran's No.
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^ Let the US take the heat...Iran is a US problem moer that Israeli r - usa 01/08/2007 18:24 US is is next doior in Iraq.
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It is the same as Turkish Ayran.
Drinking alcohol is illegal, and if seen by police may be met with punishment. .Of course, you will not find any place in Iran that openly sells alcohol.^ The difference would be that with regime change no longer a threat, Iran will be more likely to find reasons to change its course.
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^ And as we've seen in Iran and other places, sometimes theyre just told, you know, go away, or come back another time.
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.Drinking is, however, common among some of people especially during parties, weddings and is begrudgingly tolerated for use among the tiny Christian community provided it's not bought and sold for profit.^ These hospitable people insisted on making us their guests during our stay, with our large party of servants and horses.

.An interesting item of trivia is that both wine and distilled spirits are believed to have first originated in Iran.^ But the US believes that Iran has failed to be open about its nuclear programme and needs to abide by UN demands that it halt its activity first.
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^ They believe they can manage their long- and short-term interests with Iran, and still manage the security interests, Leverett said.
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Non-alcoholic drinks are widely available.

Sleep

.Accommodations in Iran range from luxurious, if a little weary, five star hotels (هتل) in major cities to the small, cheap mosāferkhuneh (مسافرخانه) and mehmānpazir (مهماﻧپذیر) guesthouses that are littered about most centres.^ The small ports, known as invisible piers, were constructed two decades ago by Irans Revolutionary Guards to accommodate small private boats used for smuggling.
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^ The small sandy island of Ashoorada is situated in the gulf or bay of Asterabad, about twelve miles from the coast nearest to that city, which is twenty miles from the sea.

.Moreover, staff in mosāferkhuneh often are so happy to provide room for non-Iranians, as these facilities have a recommendation from local governments to serve all tourists.^ Clearly, none of these obligations apply at all for non-peaceful, i.e.
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^ Thus the name of Iranians is understood to comprehend all these people of Aryan nationality.

^ All of these private initiatives are vital for raising public awareness in the West about the lethality of the Iranian threat to Israel and to global security in general.
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.For longer stays, villas with all facilities (including central air conditioning, pool and Internet connection) can be rented in Tehran and all other major cities at reasonable prices.^ Bushs tough talk about Iran also comes as Israel is reported stepping up preparations for air strikes against Iran, possibly including the use of tactical nuclear bombs, to destroy Natanz and other Iranian nuclear facilities.
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^ Hassan A. Ronaghy, "Major Source of Air Pollution in Iranian Cities," Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 17:1 (April 2001): 56-65.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Bush announced other steps that could be interpreted as building a military infrastructure for a regional war or at least for air strikes against Iranian nuclear facilities.
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Learn

.Iran has a large network of private, public, and state affiliated universities offering degrees in higher education.^ The Bush administration has not allowed its stated opposition to Iran's uranium conversion at Isfahan to block the Russian offer.
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^ Haleh Afshar, "The Army," in Haleh Afshar, ed., Iran: A Revolution in Turmoil (New York: State University of New York Press, 1985), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Misagh Parsa, States, Ideologies, and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of Iran, Nicaragua, and the Philippines (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.State-run universities of Iran are under the direct supervision of Iran's Ministry of Science, Research and Technology [7] (for non-medical universities) and Ministry of Health and Medical Education [8] (for medical schools).^ Hooshang Amirahmadi, "The state and territorial social justice in post-revolutionary Iran," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 13 (1989).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Iran is a signatory to the non-proliferation treaty, under which it is entitled to conduct nuclear research for peaceful purposes.
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^ The nonproliferation treaty is a deal between nuclear and non-nuclear states: We give you technology, you promise not to use it to build a bomb.
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Work

Foreigners with special expertise and skills have little difficulty in obtaining permits. .Work permits are issued, extended or renewed for a period of one year.^ In its present form the Avesta is not the work of a single author or of any one age, but embraces collections produced during a long period.

In special cases, temporary work permits valid for a maximum period of three months may be issued. .An exit permit must be obtained for a stay longer than three months.^ We had now concluded our long journey of more than three months and a half.

.The assumed minimum monthly salaries range from US$2,500 for unskilled European workers to US$7,000 for European managing directors.^ Even the name Elburz , which European geographers apply to the chains and ranges that extend for a length of over 500 in.

.The maximum working week is 44 hours, with no more than eight hours any single day unless overtime compensation is provided.^ It is presumed that the fate of the prime minister or kaim-makam, who was strangled in prison, was no more than an ordinary execution of the law.

^ Just eight days later, on December 14, Bush found a study that was more to his liking.
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^ Plato and Aristotle , as the true king, who is a god among men, bound no more than Zeus by a law, because himself he is the law.

.Overtime could not exceed four hours per day.^ It was impossible to sleep during the great heat of the day; and often the nights were so hot that the only moment one could repose was the cool hour when we were forced to rise.

Friday is the weekly day of rest. Overtime is payable at 40 per cent above the normal hourly wage. .There are allowances for shift work equivalent to 10, 15 or 22.5 per cent of a worker's wage, depending on working shift (eg.^ The duty paid to Government was above 10,000 l ., being at the rate of 5 per cent.

^ They bought the bills from the payees, who were in general happy to receive 10 or 20 per cent.

evening, morning and night)
Workers are entitled to public holidays and a paid annual one-month leave. .For workers with less than a year of employment, annual leaves are calculated in proportion to the actual length of service.^ In size it is about a mile and a half in length, and less than a mile in width.

^ Ten years later, "A Clean Break" looks like nothing less than a playbook for U.S.-Israeli foreign policy during the Bush-Cheney era.
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^ In Tajrish, an election official told me that he had seen just 200 voters far fewer than in the presidential election less than two years ago.
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.Furthermore, every worker is entitled to take one full month of paid leave or one month of unpaid leave (if no leave is available) once during his or her working life in order to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca.^ The 10th of each month the mail was "due," and every one anxiously expecting it, but alas!

^ And this world he is not to eschew, like the Brahman and the Buddhist, but to work in it, enjoying existence and life to the full.

^ She complained of the solitude of her life, as she had no children; and, in going away, begged we would leave her our visiting-cards as a souvenir, .

.The employment of workers less than 15 years of age is prohibited.^ Ten years later, "A Clean Break" looks like nothing less than a playbook for U.S.-Israeli foreign policy during the Bush-Cheney era.
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^ In Tajrish, an election official told me that he had seen just 200 voters far fewer than in the presidential election less than two years ago.
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^ He was then fifty-seven years of age, and had ruled over part of Persia for more than eighteen yearsover the kingdom generally for about three years, and from his coronation for about one year only.

.Young workers between 15 and 18 years of age must undergo a medical examination by the Social Security Organisation prior to commencing employment.^ Electors must be males and Persian subjects of not less than 25 years of age and of good repute.

^ He must have been some sixty-six years of age, having come to the throne at fourteen.

^ The age of Zend must be examined in connection with the age of the Avesta.

Women are entitled to a 90-day maternity leave.
There is a minimum national wage applicable to each sector of activity fixed by the Supreme Labour Council. Workers and employers have the right to establish guild societies. Collective bargaining is allowed. Membership in the social security system for all employees is compulsory.
To have a valid contract concluded under the Law, the following provisions must be included:
  • 1. Type of Work, vocation or duty that must be undertaken by the worker;
  • 2. Basic compensation and supplements thereto;
  • 3. Working hours, holidays and leaves;
  • 4. Place of performance of duties;
  • 5. Probationary period, if any;
  • 6. Date of conclusion of contract;
  • 7. Duration of employment; and
  • 8. Any other terms and conditions required according to nature of employment.
The employer may require the employee to be subject to a probationary period. .However, the probation time may not exceed one month for unskilled workers and three months for skilled and professional workers.^ One Israeli official told The Washington Times that the working group intends to meet at least once a month.
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^ In the mean time, however, nothing can exceed the misery of their apparent condition in Poland.

During the probation period, either party may immediately terminate the employment relationship without cause or payment of severance pay. .The only caveat being that if the employer terminates the relationship, he must pay the employee for the entire duration of the probation period.^ This remark is applicable to the entire tract in this part of Russia, it being only at the very foot of the Caucasus that any considerable difference of elevation is perceptible.

^ His conversation revealed the object of his visit, wine and brandy being the only topics on which he would converse; but he was sorely discomfited when I produced one bottle of wine, my entire stock.

^ He performed both offices with a solemn gravity which a Spaniard only could assume, and which entirely overcame the feeling of his being engaged in a menial occupation.

.
  • Iranians are very formal and it will take several meetings before a more personal relationship can be established.^ So well did he personate the character that on one occasion he appeared at Tabreez before several English gentlemen, and exclaimed "Hoo, Hak!"

    ^ At his death in 338, imfnediately before the final catastrophe , the empire to all appearances was more powerful and more firmly established than it had been since the days of Xerxes.

    ^ Not only amongst Iranian languages, but amongst all the languages of the Indo-European group, Zend takes one of the very highest places in importance for the comparative philologist.

    .This is particularly true for government officials, representatives of state controlled companies and foundations.
  • Negotiations will be long, detailed and protracted.
  • Exchange of gifts is a tradition among private sector business people.
  • Along with the social customs, certain additional business etiquettes should be realized prior to interaction with Iranian businessmen.^ Formula for the future My 90-minute conversation with the senior Iranian government official ended with him describing a way forward between the United States and Iran.
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    ^ Iranian officials have told me that their government does not think Gazprom would be the ideal partner, compared with Western companies, but it deems such a deal preferable to continued stagnation.
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    ^ Indeed, this senior government official told me the first step between Iran and the United States must be for each side to accept that the other is secure, and to say so.
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    .Although officials of the Islamic Republic are not allowed to wear a tie, it is very common for visiting foreigners to do so though proper business attire need not include a tie in Iran.
  • Women must adhere to the Islamic dress code referred to below.^ For the sake of peace, the world must not allow Iran to have a nuclear weapon.''
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    ^ Such sanctions could include penalties against foreign companies that sell Iran refined petroleum and provide an insurance policy for Iranian shipping.
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    ^ Shahrough Akhavi, "Elite Factionalism in the Islamic Republic of Iran," The Middle East Journal 41:2 (Spring 1987): 181-204.
    • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

    .It is important to note that most officials will not shake hands with a member of the opposite sex, especially in public.^ The mother is always the most important member of the household, and the grandmother is treated with veneration.

    .It is highly recommended not to create an awkward situation by extending one's hand.^ The approach to the town of Ooroomeeya is highly picturesque; it is situated in a fine plain bearing the same name, with the mountains of Koordistan on one side and the lake on the other.

    The same is true for private citizens who are particularly religious.

Stay safe

.In general, Iran is much safer than Westerners might expect.^ But while China can provide capital, its state-owned energy companies are not much more technically capable right now than Iran's.
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^ In the next year or two, were much more likely to be negotiating with Iran than bombing it.
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.Most people are genuinely friendly and interested to know about you and your country, so leave aside your pre-conceptions and come with an open mind.^ "But," said he, "as for your servants, the sons of dogs, they may go to hell, but they shall not come here near my wife and children–but you are welcome."

^ But there is disagreement about the extent to which Nasrallah would put aside Hezbollahs interests in favor of Irans.
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^ He demanded, Dont you have prisoners in your country?
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.Iran is still a relatively low-crime country, although thefts and muggings have been on the increase in recent years.^ Shah, ministers, meerzas, soldiers, priests, merchants, all went pell-mell into Tehran, although a month of the country season still remained.

^ Still, the Pentagon is continuing intensive planning for a possible bombing attack on Iran, a process that began last year, at the direction of the President.
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^ Its relatively low production levels make it one of the few states with the potential to greatly increase its exports of both oil and gas over the next two decades.
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.Keep your wits about you, and take the usual precautions against pickpockets in crowded bazaars and buses.^ Nervous people take various precautions against these unwelcome visitors.

^ You are not allowed to gather weapons that are not allowed by Islam, even against your enemies.''
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^ You come from a long list of giant killers so take your place in history.
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In particular, the tourist center of Isfahan has had problems with muggings of foreigners in unlicensed taxis, and fake police making random checks of tourists' passports. Only use official taxis, and never allow 'officials' to make impromptu searches of your belongings.
Iranian traffic is horrendous. Drivers attack their art with equal amounts of aggression and incompetence and road rules are ignored enough to be non-discernable! Guidelines are lax and rarely followed. Take care when crossing the roads, and even greater care when driving on them - Iranian drivers tend to overtake along pavements and any section of the road where there is space. Watch out for joobs (جوب), the open storm water drains that shoulder every road and are easy to miss when walking in the dark.
.Travellers should avoid the southeastern area of Iran, particularly the province of Sistan va Baluchistan.^ Should Israel take such a drastic step, it would inflame world opinion particularly in Muslim states and unleash retaliation from Iran and its allies.
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^ For a Western traveler in Iran these days, it is hard to avoid a feeling of cognitive dissonance.
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The drug trade thrives based on smuggling heroin from Afghanistan. There is plenty of associated robbery, kidnapping and murder. Some cities, such as Zahedan, Zabol and Mirjaveh are particularly dangerous, although not every place in this region is dangerous. Chahbahar, which is close to the Pakistani border, is a very calm and friendly city.

Iranian Perceptions of Outsiders

.Even though travellers may arrive with the image of a throng chanting "Death to America", this is a superficial media presentation of the Iranian people and your chances of facing anti-Western sentiment as a traveller are slim.^ And so officials seek to distract people from their economic woes with ideological posturing and anti-Western rhetoric.
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^ Even then, America and Iran may be fated to lock horns in the Middle East.
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.Even hardline Iranians make a clear distinction between the Western governments they distrust and individual travelers who visit their country.^ The Beni Kurt (or Kart), who had governed in Khorasan from 1245, became independent in the early 1 4th century; they were abolished by Timur (c.

^ I paid a visit to one of the former, who showed me over the fine hospital, where sick strangers are admitted without regard to creed or country.

^ The sources work for a European head of government who met the Israeli leader some time after the Bush visit.
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.Americans may receive the odd jibe about their government's policies, but usually nothing more serious than that.^ A retired American diplomat, who has experience in the Gulf, confirmed that the Qatari government is very scared of what America will do in Iran, and scared to death about what Iran would do in response.
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^ As there was nothing under the thin gauze, the result of course was more display than is usual in Europe.

^ I had become so accustomed to fine mountain scenery as to be comparatively indifferent to it; and I had learned to be far more anxious about good roads than good views.

However, it is always best to err on the side of caution and avoid politically-oriented conversations, particularly in taxi cabs. .In addition, a few Iranian-Americans have been detained recently and accused of espionage.^ North Korea threw out inspectors three years ago, and one senior American official said recently that "the Iranians have looked closely at that model."
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^ The Pentagon consultant confirmed that hundreds of Iranians have been captured by American forces in recent months.
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^ America also recently accused the Iranian bank Saderat of channelling hundreds of millions of dollars to Hizbollah and other violent Palestinian groups.
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.These kind of incidents are rare, but still the broader implications are worth considering and bearing in mind.^ This brings to my mind a circumstance which gives an idea of the kind of animal considered fit for food by Persians.

^ Under Artaxerxes I. and Darius II., these insurrections were still rare.

Photography

.There are a lot of military and other sensitive facilities in Iran.^ The United States does not want to go into Iran, but, if Israel feels more and more cornered, there may be no other choice.
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^ The other was US anxiety that Israel would not succeed in disabling Iran's nuclear facilities in a single assault even with the use of dozens of aircraft.
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^ Bush announced other steps that could be interpreted as building a military infrastructure for a regional war or at least for air strikes against Iranian nuclear facilities.
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Photography near military and other government installations is strictly prohibited. Any transgression may result in detention and serious criminal charges, including espionage, which can carry the death penalty. .Do not photograph any military object, jails, harbours, or telecommunication devices, airports or other objects and facilities which you suspect are military in nature.^ Bush announced other steps that could be interpreted as building a military infrastructure for a regional war or at least for air strikes against Iranian nuclear facilities.
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^ But, like so many military facilities with dual-use potential, it also could be used for other things, such as testing fuel for rockets, which routinely takes place at Parchin.
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Be aware that this rule is taken very seriously in Iran.

Women

.Female travelers should not encounter any major problems when visiting Iran, but will undoubtedly be the subject of at least some unwanted attention but a stern look should be enough to deter amorous locals.^ Ali Mohammadi, "The sixth Majles election and the prospect for democracy in Iran," in Ali Mohammadi, ed., Iran Encountering Globalization: Problems and Prospects (London: Routledge, 2003), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ G. Reza Ghorashi, "Economic globalization and the prospects for democracy in Iran," in Ali Mohammadi, ed., Iran Encountering Globalization: Problems and Prospects (London: Routledge, 2003), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Ali Akbar Mahdi, "Iranian women: between Islamicization and globalization," in Ali Mohammadi, ed., Iran Encountering Globalization: Problems and Prospects (London: Routledge, 2003), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Contrary to popular belief, Iranian women typically differ little from those in the West, although differences may be more prominent in highly religious families.^ Their subjects, on the contrary, speak absolutely different tongues: for the attempts to explain the languages of the Cossaeans, Mitannians, and Arzapians as Indo-European (Iranian) have ended in failure (cf.

^ As has already been indicated, it was in their religious attitudes that the essential difference lay between the Sassanid Empire and the older Iranian states.

^ Those sprung from purely Sclavonic blood, or from the descendants of Rurik's companions, differ little in regularity of feature and expression of countenance from the handsomest races of Europe.

In Tehran and several bigger cities Western clothing and formality is accepted but wearing a hijab may be required in most of rural areas. Women by law must wear a headscarf in public.

Gay and Lesbian Travel

.Gay and lesbian travelers should also not encounter much trouble while visiting Iran, although discretion in public places is advised.^ Elchees, or envoys, from time to time arrive from distant countries, who usually visit the Mission, but I am excluded from seeing them, although I should have liked very much to listen to these semibarbarous ambassadors.

^ Not only has this lost its cachet with much of the Iranian public, it also serves to compound Irans economic problems by blackening its image abroad.
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^ At this moment, when public attention is so much directed to the East, I have thought my recollections of the scenes I have visited may not be without interest to a few readers.

.Though there are many gays and lesbians in Iran, under the strict Sharia law, sodomy is punishable by death and sex by lesbians is punishable with lashes.^ Husayn Mehrpur, "The Council of Guardians under the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran," Islamic and Comparative Law Quarterly 8 (1988): 65-76.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Unlike Iraq under Saddam, Iran has a complex power structure with elements of pluralism and many checks and balances.
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.This law, however, is rarely enforced and only applies to those who engage in such activities with Iranian citizens.^ Naturally, however, the wild tribes of the mountains and deserts, who could be curbed only by strict imperial control, asserted their independence and harassed the neighboring provinces.

^ Of course it may be that all that is being said at the top is only an assessment, and that those responsible for our defense against Iranian missiles have full confidence in the Arrow.
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^ They, however, only pronounce the law: the execution of it rests with the officers of Government.

.While public displays of platonic affection between members of the same sex -- such as holding hands, arms draped over shoulders and kissing on the cheek -- are very common in Iranian culture, foreign visitors who are gay or lesbian probably should be discreet about overtly romantic displays of affections considering the possibility of harassment by security forces.^ Such sanctions could include penalties against foreign companies that sell Iran refined petroleum and provide an insurance policy for Iranian shipping.
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^ We should have learned that we should be very careful about assessing our intelligence.
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^ But it could also exacerbate Iranian paranoia about U.S. intentions and Israel's role in formulating U.S. foreign policy."
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.Many Iranians still have unfavorable views of same-sex relationships, but personal, violent attacks against homosexuals or homosexual couples are very rare.^ This was a substantial breakfast for two persons, but I was rather surprised to see two more trays of precisely the same description carried in, and presently, two more still.

^ Their vengeance was to be apprehended, as about this time many persons were unaccountably murdered in Tehran, who, it was supposed, had been too explicit in the expression of their feelings against Bābeeism.

^ Still, the Iranian government is not monolithic, and many academics argue that outreach to more pragmatic factions might encourage them at the hardliners' expense.
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Emergencies

.Emergency services are extensive in Iran, and response times are very good compared to other local regions, 110 is the telephone number of the local Police control center, it is probably easiest to phone 110, as the local police have direct contact with other emergency services, and will probably be the only number with English speaking operators.Other Emergency Services are also available via 115 for Ambulances and 125 for the Fire and Rescue team (these numbers are frequently answered by the Ambulance or Fire crew operating from them, there is little guarantee these men will speak English).^ Only once he speaks of the gods of the clans, and once of the other gods which there are.

^ A retired American diplomat, who has experience in the Gulf, confirmed that the Qatari government is very scared of what America will do in Iran, and scared to death about what Iran would do in response.
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^ But that there is no good unmixed with evil is true of Persian as of all other things.

The international number 112 is available from cell phones, and will usually connect you to the Police. .Iran has also "Iran Assistance" an insurance company specializing in international medical evacuation.^ Such sanctions could include penalties against foreign companies that sell Iran refined petroleum and provide an insurance policy for Iranian shipping.
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Stay healthy

.Iran has state-of-the-art medical facilities in all its major cities.^ The last class, quite distinct from all these organizations, was formed by the city-states (irXets) with an independent Th Cli constitutionwhether a monarchy (as in Phoenicia ), svites.~ an.

^ Israel should however use any and all weapons other than nukes to destroy Irans nuke facilities.
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^ All an Israeli air strike against Iran's nuclear facilities will do is set its nuclear program back for a couple of years.
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.Apart from being up to date with your usual travel vaccinations (tetanus, polio, etc) no special preparation is needed for travel to Iran.^ In all of your conflicts, you won by stepping up and kicking ass leaving no doubt in anyones mind who the winner was.
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^ Just as the IDF is not being asked to explain why it failed to intercept Hezbollah missiles, it is also relieved of its obligation to explain its flawed preparations in retaliating against Iran's missiles.
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For minor ailments, your hotel can contact an English-speaking doctor. .In case of serious illness or accident, you can ask to be taken to a hospital with English-speaking staff (such as Milad Hospital, Atiyeh Hospital, Mehrad Hospital, Day Hospital or Khatam ol-Anbia Hospital in Tehran).^ "Did you ever see," asked the Ameer, "an English major incite the soldiers to pelt the lieutenant-colonel?

.Make sure that your health insurance covers illness or accident on holidays since free medical service is not available in Iran.^ I have a petition to make to your service.

^ This is most contrary to equity, and against the law, and I make this petition in your service that I may receive justice."

.Tap water is safe to drink in most of the country (and especially the cities), although you may find the chalkiness and taste off-putting in some areas (mainly Qom, Yazd, Hormozgan and Boushehr provinces).^ It is hazardous to offer a prediction of the result of warlike operations in a remote country, where chance, an unskilful commander, the interception of a convoy, may defeat the most adroit combinations.

^ The city of Resht is some miles from the sea, and is well protected by jungles and by the most abominable roads conceivable.

^ Tradition makes it one of the most ancient cities of Persia; but now, like most towns in that country, all is decay.

Bottled mineral water (āb ma'dani) is widely available. Also, on many streets and sites, public water fridges are installed to provide drinking water.

Respect

In general, Iranians are warm, friendly and generous individuals with a strong interest in foreigners and other cultures. In dealing with Iranians, the following tips relating to customs and etiquette may prove useful:
.The liberalisation in Iran is going backward and the legally-enforced Islamic codes of conduct dictate many aspects of public life.^ Haideh Moghissi, "Public Life and Women's Resistance," in Saeed Rahnema and Sohrab, eds., Iran after the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State (London: I.B. Tauris, 1995), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Y. Noori, Legal and Political Structure of an Islamic State: Implications for Iran and Pakistan (Royston, 1986).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Patricia J. Higgins, "Women in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Legal, Social, and Ideological Changes," Journal of Women in Culture and Society 10 (1985).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Respecting the dozens of unspoken rules and regulations of Iranian life can be a daunting prospect for travellers, but don't be intimidated.^ But though he remains highly respected among clerics, Rafsanjani is not a beloved figure in Iranian public life.
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.As a foreigner you will be given leeway and it doesn't take long to acclimatise yourself.^ But if you dont take on Syria we will be face to face in Lebanon with Hezbollah in a long fight, and one we might not win.
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^ You come from a long list of giant killers so take your place in history.
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^ It doesn't take much technical expertise if you have enough to create nuclear fission, so thats why theres so much worry about highly enriched uranium.
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.The culture, like most others in the Middle East and Central Asia, has a strong tradition of hospitality.^ Tradition makes it one of the most ancient cities of Persia; but now, like most towns in that country, all is decay.

^ Throughout the Middle East, it would likely be seen as another example of American imperialism.
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^ Farhad Kazemi and Zohreh Ajdari, "Ethnicity, Identity and Politics: Central Asia and Azerbaijan between Iran and Turkey," in David Menashri, ed., Central Asia Meets the Middle East (London: Frank Cass, 1998), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

Guests are often treated extremely well. .On the other hand, there is some insularity; any foreigner may be regarded with suspicion.^ The United States does not want to go into Iran, but, if Israel feels more and more cornered, there may be no other choice.
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^ He delayed here and there on the road to beguile some of that time which Persians find to hang so heavily on their hands.

^ Some scholarl attribute it to the Iranian family; others prefer to regard it as a separate and independent member of the Indo-European group.

Iranian Nationality

.Iran is a country of over 4000 years of written history and organized civilization.^ Farshad Malek-Ahmadi, Trapped by History: 100 Years of Struggle for Constituionalism and Democracy in Iran (London: Routledge, 2003).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.It was conquered three times by the Greek, Arabs and Mongols.^ From all time Assyrians, Scythians, Toorks, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Turks, Afghans, and Russians have made it their battlefield.

."Persia" is a name of Greek origin attributed to Iran; hence, "Persian" incorrectly refers to Iranian, as Iran has several different ethnic groups, including Persian, Azeri, Kurd, Arab, Baluchi, Mazandarani, etc.^ Advocates of an American invasion of Iran say that last months strengthening of the American armada in the Persian Gulf has frightened the Iranian regime.
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^ Iran Nuke weapon will kills Arabs and Iranians, not Israelis 22:31 .
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^ It refused to engage Iran over the future of Iraq and instead focused its energies on containing Iranian influence in the Persian Gulf and rolling back Iran's nuclear program.
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.Arab conquest was the most destructive of all as it banned public and official use of Parsi, the Iranian language, for about two centuries, and changed its alphabet.^ All of these private initiatives are vital for raising public awareness in the West about the lethality of the Iranian threat to Israel and to global security in general.
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^ The deliberate initiation of war with Israel in July 2006 by Hizbullah, most probably at the direction of the Iranian regime, confirmed the worst fears about Ahmadinejad?
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^ To most of the provinces the Achaemenid dominion was synonymous with two centuries of peace and order.

The ban resulted in the elimination of many basic Parsi words from the language.
.Over 19th and 20th centuries, Iran was frequently subject to unfavorable political interference by Russian Empire and its successor the USSR, the UK and the USA. In 1980, Iraq under Saddam Hussain, supported by the global community, invaded Iran and caused the country to suffer a bloody eight-year war that drastically undermined its infrastructure and used up its resources.^ At the same time, an Iran concentrating on the development of the talents of its people and the resources of its country should have nothing to fear from the United States.
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^ And the message that Irans most senior officials seem to be sending is that Mr. Ahmadinejad, with his harsh approach and caustic comments, is undermining Irans cause and its standing.
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^ In this house, built expressly for the accommodation of the Russian representative, was signed the treaty which, twenty-eight years ago, concluded the last war between Russia and Persia.

.Given the above, the Iranian people feel that history has frequently not been on their side and that the global community owes them respect and sensibility."^ He insisted that Iran was abiding by international agreements, but said, Time is now completely on the side of the Iranian people.
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the .Persian Gulf" that the Iranians, authorities as well as general public, are extremely sensitive about and insist that this internationally recognized name be used for the body of water.^ Advocates of an American invasion of Iran say that last months strengthening of the American armada in the Persian Gulf has frightened the Iranian regime.
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^ The southern boundary is the coast line of the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf from Gwetter to the mouth of the Shatt el Arab, a distance of about 870 m., comprised Southern , .

^ All of these private initiatives are vital for raising public awareness in the West about the lethality of the Iranian threat to Israel and to global security in general.
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.Do not, under any circumstances, use the expressions "the Gulf" and especially "the Arabian Gulf"; otherwise, you may encounter oppositions of various types, official and unofficial.^ The only other instance of downright inhospitality I ever encountered was under circumstances exactly similar, while still in the army, and therefore travelling in somewhat humble array.

Dress

.Perhaps the most visible mark of Iran's Islamic leanings is the conservative dress expected of its citizens.^ Those arguing for the loopholes include clerics closely identified with the country's most hard-line conservatives, the most ardent defenders of Iran's theocratic system.
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.Although normal, Western style clothing is acceptable in private homes, when in public women are required to cover everything but their face, hands and feet.^ They used to go once a week to the bath, and come home painted, and their hands and feet as well as their hair dyed.

.The most common uniform consists of a head scarf (roo-sari, روسری) to conceal the head and neck, a formless, knee-length coat known as a roo-poosh (روپوش) and a long dress or pair of pants.^ Their dress is equally remarkable and unbecoming; it consists of red narrow trousers, and a coarse red cloth coat or vest reaching below the knee, surmounted with yellow handkerchiefs on the head and neck.

^ What seemed to surprise her most was, that we took the trouble to undress every night going to bed; and she asked me, was it true we put on a long white dress to pass the night in?

.In holy sites, you will be expected to dress even more modestly in a chādor, a full-length swathe of black cloth designed to cloak everything but your face from view.^ In the full-dress of the court, the tall black lambskin cap is changed for a turban of shawl; and in place of the stockings without shoes, on entering the room a pair of red cloth boots reaching to the knee is worn.

.As a foreigner, a female traveller is officially expected to cover her hair and body excluding hands and feet.^ They used to go once a week to the bath, and come home painted, and their hands and feet as well as their hair dyed.

.Usually more tolerance tends to be shown towards foreigners over the detail of the dress code than is the case for Iranian women.^ They live, especially the married women, in a state of seclusion much more severe than that imposed on Persian females.

^ As there was nothing under the thin gauze, the result of course was more display than is usual in Europe.

^ It seemed to me he looked more distressed than usual, and on stopping the carriage to make inquiries, we found he had good reason for sorrow.

.However, this does not include leaving one’s hair fully uncovered under any circumstance.^ I perceive, however, in the Catholic Bible, in the Book of Tobias, that there were two cities called Rages, one being at Ekbatana; so I leave the question to the antiquaries.

."Acceptable" outfits may include a long, loose dress or shirt worn over loose skirt or pants and a scarf in the summer, and a full-length woolen coat and scarf in the winter (calf-length is acceptable if worn over pants).^ There is also the felt coat of the Zir jamah are loose trousers and also drawers worn under the .shaivar, or tight trousers.

^ In winter an over- mantle like the kulijah, or coat of the man, with short sleeves, lined and trimmed with furs, is worn.

All colors and modest designs are acceptable. Even when undertaking sporting activity in public (such as tennis or jogging), the dress code described above must be maintained.
.Men also require to abide the following dress code: Short-sleeved shirts and t-shirts are acceptable for daily wear.^ The men invariably, wear an onstarched shirt of cotton , sewn with white silk , often, particularly in the south of Persia, elaborately embroidered about the neck.

^ This was in 1838, at which time 2000 men were daily employed on the works, which it was conjectured would require seven years for completion..

Shorts and three-quarter length pants are only acceptable on the beach. Dress attire for men is similar to that in Europe. Neckties are better to be avoided if visiting one of the more conservative government bodies. .Regarded by the authorities as a sign of American imperialism and a reminder of the pro-western kingdom era, wearing neckties by the authorities and office workers of state-run companies is forbidden.^ Sarkozy, who is often faulted for being too pro-American, proudly restated Frances friendship with the United States, where he spent a two-week vacation this summer.
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It is quite acceptable in the areas outside though it denotes indifference toward or opposition against state regulations and values. Jogging in tracksuits (but not shorts) is acceptable for men. .Jeans should also be avoided as they seen as a sign of Americanisation.^ I should perhaps apologise for writing at all about our dogs, but they were so much of companions to me in Persia, I cannot avoid recurring to them.

^ They were constantly vociferating to the male passengers to depart, lest I should be profaned by being seen.

Conduct

Iran is a publicly segregated society. .Many facilities such as transport and mosques are segregatated and extended social interaction between men and women who are not related or married is eyed with suspicion.^ A great many among the female slaves are glad to leave the country; and some young women, not slaves, who are poor and unprotected, especially orphans, often entreat their relations to sell them.

^ Two years ago they were thirty-eight Americans in number, men, women, and children, who enjoy English protection.

^ During the entire month the women and many of the men dress in black.

Greet people of the same sex with a handshake, three kisses or both, but avoid physical contact with people of the opposite sex in public. Place your hand over your heart and bow slightly to greet them instead. In private, only shake hands with a member of the opposite sex when he/ she holds out his/ her hand first.
Be careful of initiating political discussions. .The relative political freedom of ex-President Mohammad Khatami's era is fading quickly and vocal opposition can be more trouble than its worth, even if your Iranian companions get engaged in it.^ As president, Ahmadinejad looked to the extreme right rather than seeking allies among the traditional conservatives, and in so doing, he exposed himself politically.
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^ Indeed, under Mr. Khatami, Tehran spent more on arms than it had under Hashemi Rafsanjani.
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^ Perhaps their subjects partook with more freedom, or at least more openly, than at present of these forbidden enjoyments.

.It's best not to discuss topics such as the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict or the role of Islam in society regardless of what opinion you hold.^ Jerusalem Post, Yaakov Katz, reader comments 8 Jan 07 You'd better hold us Israelis back, 'before we do something crazy ...'
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^ The Iran-Hizbullah axis has hijacked the Palestinian cause and redefined the Arab-Israeli conflict.
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^ Irish Independent January 8, 2006 You'd better hold us Israelis back, 'before we do something crazy ...'
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Tarof

.Tarof (Persian: تعارف ) is a genuine Persian form of civility emphasizing both self-deference and social rank.^ The Leks form the clans of genuine Persian blood, such as the Loors, Bekhtiarees, &c.

.The term encompasses a range of social behaviours, from a man displaying etiquette by opening the door for another person, to a group of colleagues standing on ceremony in front of a door that can permit the entry of only one at time, earnestly imploring the most senior to break the deadlock.^ Ahmed Vefeek Effendi is obliged to expend his diplomatic powers in a struggle to display an Ottoman flag over his door, like his colleagues.

^ It was only by a most fortunate chance that mine on one occasion was prevented from rushing down a precipice with me to attack one of his kind who was braying a defiance in a field below.

^ The importance attached to husbandry in this country is marked by the national ceremonies in opening the great canals for irrigation, which are annually performed in the spring by the ruler of Khiva in person."

.The prevalence of tarof often gives rise to different styles of negotiation than one would see in a European or North American culture.^ The gths are still extremely rough in style and expression; the language is richer in forms than the more recent Zend; and the vocabulary shows important differences.

^ North Korea threw out inspectors three years ago, and one senior American official said recently that "the Iranians have looked closely at that model."
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.For example, a worker negotiating a salary might begin with a eulogy of the employer, followed by a lengthy bargaining session consisting entirely of indirect, polite language -- both parties are expected to understand the implied topic of discussion.^ Ali Larijani, Irans chief nuclear negotiator, also declared the Holocaust a historical matter to be discussed by scholars (and not, he implied, by ignorant politicians).
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^ Both parties knew well that any report I might make would be exactly in conformity with truth, or what I believed as such, and that the testimony of an English officer would be decisive.

^ I advised each party to cultivate his own vineyard, to guard his own flock, to eschew contention and rivalry, of which the result might be the expulsion of both missionary establishments.

.It is quite common for an Iranian worker (even one employed in an Iranian neighborhood within Europe) to work unpaid for a week or two before the issue of wages is finally broached.^ Two days and two nights of each week are allotted for supplying the extensive gardens and premises of the Mission with water from one of these kanāts.

^ The two leaders authorized aides to form the working group Monday following one-on-one Netanyahu-Obama talks.
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^ A de-fanged Iranian government might even be prey to eventual regime change from within.
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Likewise, a shopkeeper may initially refuse to quote a price for an item, suggesting that it is worthless. .Tarof obliges the customer to insist on paying, possibly several times, before a shopkeeper finally quotes a price and real negotiation can begin.^ She pressed me to pay her a visit at Amol, in the level country, before winter, at which time the city was delightful, according to her account.

^ For commercial cases, not paying a bill in time, bankruptcies, &c., a kind of jurisdiction is exercised by the minister of commerce, or a board of merchants, but the decisions of the minister, or those of the board, are rarely final.

Tarof also governs the rules of hospitality: a host is obliged to offer anything a guest might want, and a guest is equally obliged to refuse it. .This ritual may repeat itself several times before the host and guest finally determine whether the host's offer and the guest's refusal are real or simply polite.^ If the they ever truely unite, I believe that it would be only a question of time before Isreal itself is destroyed by nukes.
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It is possible to ask someone not to tarof (tarof näkonid), but that raises new difficulties, since the request itself might be a devious type of tarof. The best approach to handle Tarof is to be politely direct. .Accept or reject as soon as you wish to, and be sure that Iranians will not be offended.^ Sure you can interpret the book anyway you wish, that s how Moslems do to support their legitimacy.
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.Even though Tarof is purely about the art of civility, your engagement in Tarof might enter you into a vicious cycle of hypocrisy that may ruin your entire stay.^ "But," said he, "as for your servants, the sons of dogs, they may go to hell, but they shall not come here near my wife and children–but you are welcome."

^ Before the new coinage came into use (1877) the proportion of pure silver was from 92 to 9~%; subsequently the proportion was for some time 90%; now it is about 894%.

^ Even in Baghdad, there is a fear that it might be divided into two areas, one Sunni and one Shiite.
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Visiting holy sites

.Although no trip to Iran would be complete without a glimpse at the stunning architecture and sombre environments of its mosques or holy shrines, many travellers are daunted by the prospect of walking into the foreign world of a mosque.^ Without America invading and occupying Iranunthinkable after Iraqsuch a strike would at best delay rather than end Iran's nuclear ambitions.
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^ This would ease implications of discrimination against Iran and establish a pattern for the development of nuclear energy without a crisis with each entrant into the nuclear field.
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^ In other words, Mr. Netanyahu, despite his rhetoric, would never launch a strike on Iran without the permission of Mr. Obama permission that in no way appears forthcoming.
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.Don't let these fears stop you; Iranians are welcoming and will understand any unintended breach of protocol.^ Iranian territory," and to apply "pressure on these organizations to stop violent actions against civilians within borders of 1967."
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.Some mosques, and most holy shrines, require women to be wearing a chādor before entering the complex.^ Treachery may have had to do with the result, for when the shahs troops entered the holy city the ealar sought refuge in the mosque of Imam Riza, and was forcibly expelled.

.If you don't have one, there are sometimes kiosks by the door that lend or hire chādors.^ There are certain lines you don't cross.
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^ Ill-treatment must of course sometimes take place when there is unlimited power on one hand, and entire submission on the other.

^ In one province there is a poll-tax for males above fourteen years of age, which in another province is substituted by a house, or, as it is called, a door-tax, and again in another neither of these imposts is levied.

It is better for men to wear long-sleeved shirts inside a mosque or shrine, though this is not mandatory.
Shoes are not worn within prayer areas of a mosque or shrine. Busier mosques have free shoe repositories where you trade your shoes for a token. Also try to avoid mosques on the holy day of Friday and don't photograph a mosque while prayers are taking place.
Holy shrines, like those in Mashad and Qom, are usually off limits to non-Muslims, although the surrounding complexes are fine. .Always ask first before you enter a room you are unsure of.^ Three minutes had not elapsed after entering the room before he asked my husband to make him a present of a watch, and when informed that his watches were limited to the one he wore, the Elchee avowed his disbelief of the assertion with perfect candour.

^ The Sedr Azim's wife is a Mazenderanee, of the tribe of Nooree, and a first cousin of her husband, who, as I said before, always calls her "my uncle's daughter."

Obscene Gestures

.The thumbs up gesture is extremely rude in Iran, roughly equivalent to raising the middle finger in Western countries.^ Launched with the intention of shoring up Israeli security and replacing rogue regimes in the Middle East with friendly, pro-Western allies, the war in Iraq has instead turned that country into a terrorist training ground.
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^ T. Cuyler Young, "The Problem of Westernization in Modern Iran," Middle East Journal 2 (1948): 47-59.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Hitchhiking is rare in Iran, and the country has a good public transportation system.^ Those arguing for the loopholes include clerics closely identified with the country's most hard-line conservatives, the most ardent defenders of Iran's theocratic system.
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^ This is so rare among Persian women, that she was one of the few persons I saw in that country with an approach to a good figure.

.If you do hitchhike, do not use a thumbs up signal.^ But once you start sending these signals, you end up in a corner and you can't get out of it."
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^ "You have an Iranian nuclear threat that is spun up, using bad information that's cherry-picked and a report that trashes the inspectors."
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.Also, be aware that drivers will generally expect to be paid and, unless you are an expert haggler, hitchhiking will often be more expensive than taking a bus.^ The Russians will tell you that these couriers often travel at the rate of more than 300 miles a day for ten successive days, which must be one of the exaggerations in which Russians occasionally indulge.

^ He was then fifty-seven years of age, and had ruled over part of Persia for more than eighteen yearsover the kingdom generally for about three years, and from his coronation for about one year only.

^ A more miserable spot than Julfa (as this frontier post was called) we had not met, unless perhaps on the Kuban.

Religion

.Unlike some other fundamentalist Muslim countries like Saudi Arabia, public observance of other religions, besides the Baha'i faith, is officially tolerated in Iran.^ This time, the U.S. government consultant told me, Bandar and other Saudis have assured the White House that they will keep a very close eye on the religious fundamentalists.
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^ Senior White House officials have made several visits to Saudi Arabia recently, some of them not disclosed.
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^ The policy shift has brought Saudi Arabia and Israel into a new strategic embrace, largely because both countries see Iran as an existential threat.
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.There is a sizable Christian community, most of whom are ethnic Armenians, and a small but proud Jewish community.^ There are some Christians of Greek or Armenian descent, but they are almost wholly Circassianised: their language, dress, customs, are Circassian.

^ There will be small ethnic and confessional states, he said.
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^ Ron Kelley, "Ethnic and Religious Communities from Iran in Los Angeles, Armenians," in Ron Kelley at al., Irangeles: Iranians in Los Angeles (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.However, remember that this is still a fundamentalist Muslim country and do not do or say anything which can be perceived as an insult to Islam.^ And a day will come when he will say, I cannot do anything, since the Iraqis want the partition of their country and I honor the wishes of the people of Iraq.
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Also note that the Islamic dress codes still apply even to non-Muslims.

Music

Western music and dancing in public is banned in Iran. .However, the visitor may notice that even shared taxis openly play the music of their choice.^ But I believe that she is right that even if the costs of a strike against Iran are high, and even if they outweigh the benefits in the short-term, there may no longer be any choice.
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Still, customs may confiscate any music tapes or CDs brought in as some western music is considered unislamic, degrading towards women and corrupting for the minds of the youth. However, many Iranian youth have widespread access to all kinds of music.
  • H.M Australian Embassy to Iran [9] - No. .13, 23rd Street, Intifada Ave, Tehran - Telephone: +98 21 8872 4456 - Fax: +98 21 8872 0484
  • H.M British Embassy to Iran [10] - 198 Ferdowsi Avenue, Tehran, Iran - Telephone: + 98 21 6670 5011 - Fax: +98 21 6671 0761
  • Royal Norwegian Embassy in Tehran [11] No.^ A senior Iranian diplomat told me this month that Iran can no longer "wait for the West," and Tehran is now looking for alternative investors.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ The letter from Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to George Bush proposing "new solutions" to their differences in early May went via the Swiss embassy in Tehran.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ The US and Iran broke off diplomatic relations in 1980 after US embassy staff were taken hostage in Tehran, not long after the Islamic revolution.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    201 Dr. Lavasani St. (Ex. Farmanieh St.), Tehran, Iran - Telephone: +98 21 22 29 13 33 - Fax: +98 21 22 29 27 76
  • Embassy of Switzerland in Iran [12] 13 Yasaman Street Sharifi Manesh Avenue, Tehran, Iran - Telephone: +98 21 22 00 83 33 - Fax: +98 21 22 00 60 02.
  • Royal Netherlands Embassy in Iran [13] Darrous Shahrzad Blvd., Kamassale Street, First East Lane no. .33, Tehran - Tel: 0098 (0) 21 2256 7005; fax: 0098 (0) 21 2256 6990; teh@minbuza.nl
  • Embassy of the Republic of Ireland [14] North Kamranieh Ave., Bonbast Nahid Street 8, Tehran 19369, Iran - Tel: +98-21-22803835 (08.30-16.30 Sun-Thurs)
  • Americans should go to the US Interests Section of the Swiss Embassy if in need of assistance.^ US objectives and interests would be better served by giving Iran a vested interest in stability.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Go more into that, the US and Iran and nuclear weapons.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Tehran cleary received the message and viewed the US-backed Israeli war on Hizbullah as the first stage of a war on Iran.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    Services are extremely limited, and the Swiss may be reluctant and/or unable to help in minor cases.

Phone

These are the area codes for major cities Tehran(021) -Kashan (0361)- Isfahan(0311) - Ahwaz(0611) - Shiraz(0711) - Tabriz(0411) - Mashad(0511) - Kerman(0341)
.When making international calls from Iran, the prefix to be dialled prior to country code is 00.^ They will use the time to increase international pressure on countries that do business with Iran and sell it arms.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ If Iran refuses to re-start negotiations, it will also be difficult for Russia and China to reject a U.N. call for International Atomic Energy Agency inspections, Clawson said.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The resolution has decreased Irans political credibility in the international community, and so other countries cannot defend Iran, said Ahmad Shirzad, a reformist politician and a former legislator.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Mobile

Irancell (MTN) [15] offers relatively cheap pre-paid sim-cards for international travelers. It is possible to buy recharge cards from most newsstands. .The cheap prices is outweighed by the infamously poor network coverage but it works quite well in most major cities.^ The city of Resht is some miles from the sea, and is well protected by jungles and by the most abominable roads conceivable.

GPRS is also available at very low prices, specially at night, for surfing the web or checking your email with your mobile phone (Gmail has an excellent mobile application and Opera Mini is a very good mobile web browser).

Post

.The Islamic Republic of Iran Post Company has 209 central post offices which supervise all the 275 urban and 1,153 rural post offices.^ Hooshang Amirahmadi, "The state and territorial social justice in post-revolutionary Iran," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 13 (1989).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Shahrough Akhavi, "Elite Factionalism in the Islamic Republic of Iran," The Middle East Journal 41:2 (Spring 1987): 181-204.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ As for terror, al-Qaida boss Ayman Zawahiri's recent tirade against the Islamic Republic notwithstanding, Iran has apparently intensified its cooperation with al-Qaida.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The company provides many of the internationally available post services. Parcel sending is very cheap and reliable. .Bring your items unpacked to the post office.^ But it is a puzzle that has vexed political analysts since the president took office in August 2005, bringing with him a faction that was largely new to the post-revolutionary political scene.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.International courier companies such as DHL [16] , Skypak etc have offices in Tehran and accept documents for foreign destinations.^ Such sanctions could include penalties against foreign companies that sell Iran refined petroleum and provide an insurance policy for Iranian shipping.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Internet

.Conservative forces within the Iranian government have been wary connecting their country to the adult content and politically dissident views of the Internet.^ Stephanie Cronin, "The Politics of Radicalism within the Iranian Army: The Jahansuz Group of 1939," Iranian Studies 32:1 (Winter 1999): 5-27.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ A de-fanged Iranian government might even be prey to eventual regime change from within.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ US forces in Iraq and other countries in the region will be protected against any Iranian missile attack by an advanced Patriot missile system.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.After a clampdown on unlicensed internet cafes a few years ago, cafe-net (کافی نت) facilities have popped up across all major cities and tourist centres.^ A few years ago, no traveller was allowed to proceed without an escort, so dangerous was the passage, while the post was accompanied by two pieces of artillery and a company of infantry.

^ A FEW years ago it fell to my lot to make a journey to Persia, and to reside there nearly four years.

^ After having attained the rank of Major-General, and the dignity of Baronet for his services in Persia, Sir Henry Bethune returned to that country for the third time a few years ago.

.Some, but not all, are double-signed in English, so you may want to memorise the Persian script.^ It is to the English nation that the Persian Government is indebted for all its materials of war.

^ B.C.) the union of Persian and Macedonian by the great marriage-feast, at which all his superior officers, with some 10,000 more Macedonians, were wedded to Persian wives.

^ From this double mode of administration some conception may be formed of the tide of corruption the plaintiff and defendant have to encounter.

If in doubt, any young Iranian should be able to point you in the direction of the nearest coffee net. Iran is the fourth largest country of bloggers.
.Some websites are blocked based on words appearing in their URL, although savvy coffee net users may be able to show you how to circumvent these restrictions.^ You know, some of these infractions have taken place in a reactor that we provided them in the first place.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ SAM ROE: Yeah, that just shows you how easily you can spirit this stuff away.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.You can expect to pay between IR 8,000 - IR 15,000 per hour and speeds range from acceptable in major cities, to the infuriatingly slow in small towns and rural areas.^ Towns.The principal cities of Persia with their populations as estimated in 1908 are: Teheran (280,000); Tabriz (200,000); .

^ Focusing instead on certain areas of Baghdad, he concludes that the deployment of 20,000 additional troops would be enough to pacify significant sections of the city.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ After three hours' delay three rounds of ammunition per man were distributed to us, and after a terrible uproar we marched out of the town.

More recently, some facilities in major cities use broadband wireless or DSL connections. Most coffee net places will also have a DVD burner for downloading photos from digital cameras.
.You will also find Internet connectivity in most middle-class Iranian homes.^ Yuri Bailer, "The Iranian Connection in Israel's Foreign Policy 1948-1951," Middle East Journal 39:2 (Spring 1985): 292-315.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Cyrus Schayegh, "Sport, Health, and the Iranian Modern Middle Class in the 1920s and 1930s," Iranian Studies 35:4 (2002): 341-369.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Raymond Gastil, "Middle Class Impediments to Iranian Modernization," Public Opinion Quarterly 22:3 (1958): 325-329.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

  • Banks. All banks were nationalized after the revolution. Banks are generally open from 07:30 to 13:30 hrs Saturday thru Wednesday and 07:30 to 12:00 hrs on Thursdays. (CLOSED ON FRIDAYS). Airports have a bank open whenever international flights arrive or depart. .All banks have boards in both English as well as Farsi.
  • Bus Company.^ Both parties knew well that any report I might make would be exactly in conformity with truth, or what I believed as such, and that the testimony of an English officer would be decisive.

    .Offices at the terminals in larger cities open daily from early morning until the evening more or less without a break.^ February , 1852.–If an Englishwoman were able to partake more freely in the society that Tehran affords, she would find living in that city less monotonous.

    .In smaller cities they may keep smaller or less regular hours.
  • Foreign Embassies.^ Despite this, when they were captured by the US military, they were disarmed of only their major weapons and are allowed to keep their smaller arms.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    .Consulates and Embassies follow the Iranian working week, closing on Friday and often on one other day of the week, usually Saturday, as well as their own national holidays.^ And yet, simultaneously, Iranian officials have been sending a very different message one that has gone largely unremarked but merits close attention.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Their insignia, one analyst noted, includes a passage from the Koran that reads, "Prepare any strength you can muster against them, and any cavalry with which you can overawe God's enemy and your own enemy as well, plus others besides them whom you do not know."
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Two days and two nights of each week are allotted for supplying the extensive gardens and premises of the Mission with water from one of these kanāts.

    .However, to make sure on all cases, it is advisable to call first before visiting.
  • Government Offices.^ The functions of the representatives of the s/ar are now limited to civil cases, while all criminal cases are referred to the urf, which, however, also takes cognizahce of civil disputes, should the parties desire it.

    ^ He visits me frequently at sunset, accompanied by three or four bottles of wine and a couple of dozen of cucumbers, all of which he finishes before he retires to his own house to dinner.

    ^ The value of the province of Geelan is further enhanced by its fisheries of sturgeon, salmon, and other fish, from which, however, the Government does not derive an advantage at all equivalent to their value.

    Generally open from 8PM to 2PM, Saturday to Wednesday. Some offices, especially Ministries in Tehran, are closed completely on Thursday and others open only from 8 to 11.30PM or noon. In general, Thursday is not a good day for conducting official business.
  • Principal Businesses. Open from 9PM to 1PM and 3PM to 9PM weekdays and closed on Fridays. The bazaar and some shops close on Thursday afternoon, too.
  • Museums. Each museum has its own visiting hours. It is better to check the timings before visiting.
.Hours may change during Ramadan, the month of fasting.^ A month later, during Ramadan, the price of fruit reportedly doubled while that of chicken rose 10 percent in mere days.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The drinkers of wine almost always abstain during this month, taking care to give themselves ample compensation the moment the fast expires.

During that month, Muslims are not allowed to eat or drink while the sun is in the sky. .Restaurants are closed all day, opening at sundown and perhaps remaining open very late.^ Baluch, the language of Baluchistan, also very closely akin to New Persian, but especially distinguished from it in that all the old spirants arc changed into explosives , e.g.

Other businesses may adjust their hours as well.
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Study guide

Up to date as of January 14, 2010

From Wikiversity

Iran is a country in Western Asia.
.The official language of Iran is Persian.^ Hamo Vassilian, ed., Armenians and Iran: A Comprehensive Bibliography in the Armenian, Persian, Russian and English Languages (Armenian Reference Books Library, 1994).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Mohammad Ali Jazayeri, "The Modernization of the Persian Vocabulary and Language Reform in Iran," in István Fodor and Claude Hagège, eds., Language Reform: History and Future , Vol.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Persian is an Indo-European language, thus related to a.o.^ Their subjects, on the contrary, speak absolutely different tongues: for the attempts to explain the languages of the Cossaeans, Mitannians, and Arzapians as Indo-European (Iranian) have ended in failure (cf.

^ Not only amongst Iranian languages, but amongst all the languages of the Indo-European group, Zend takes one of the very highest places in importance for the comparative philologist.

^ The Iranian languages form one of the great branches of the Indo-European stem, first recognized as such by Sir William Jones and Friedrich Schlegel .

English.
.Main ethnic group in Iran are Persians.^ Murray L. Eiland, "Scholarship and a Controversial Group of Safavid Carpets," Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies 38 (2000): 97-106.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

Persians are of Aryan inheritence and the name Iran itself means the Land of Aryans.
.Iranians have always called their country as Iran.^ The US hopes that an attack on Iran will inevitably result in a chaos in the country, and that it will be possible to bribe some of the Iranian generals and thus to create a fifth column in the country.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ That approach, he said, is the only one that can enable us to avoid being faced with an alternative that I call catastrophic: an Iranian bomb or the bombing of Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ As tensions with Iran rise, many gulf countries have come to see themselves as the likely first targets of an Iranian attack.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Persia is a province in south of Iran but in the English language the whole country of Iran was used to be called Persia untill 1935 when Reza Shah Pahlavi, the then king of Iran asked the West to use the native name of the country also in the Western languages.^ It was in Fath Ali Shahs reign that Henry Martyn was in Persia, and completed his able translation of the New Testament into the language of that country.

^ The natives of the south of Persia and servants carry a kammah, or dirk .

^ With such materials the cuneiform script could not be used; instead, the Persian language was written in, Aramaic characters, a method which later led to the so-called Pahlavi, i.e.

The native name of the Persian language is فارسی (transcribed as Fārsī) (compare with German/Deutsch). Using the name Farsi instead of English in an English text is as wrong as using such sentences as "I speak Deutsch" or "I am learning Italiano".

See also


1911 encyclopedia

Up to date as of January 14, 2010
(Redirected to Database error article)

From LoveToKnow 1911

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Wiktionary

Up to date as of January 15, 2010

Definition from Wiktionary, a free dictionary

See also Irán, Írán, İran, and irán

Contents

English

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Wikipedia has an article on:

Etymology

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Wikipedia has articles on:
.From Middle Persian ērān, from the Old Iranian endonym ar- (as in Old Persian ariya-, Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (airiia-)), signifying "of the Iranians". Ērān came to refer to the lands in which Iranians lived during the late 3rd/early 4th century.^ The Beni Kurt (or Kart), who had governed in Khorasan from 1245, became independent in the early 1 4th century; they were abolished by Timur (c.

^ John R. Perry, "Forced Migration in Iran during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries," Iranian Studies 8:4 (1975): 199-215.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The works of James Morier , especially his Adventures of Hajji Baba of .Tspahan, throw much light on Persian society in the early years of the 19th century.

Prior to that time it signified people/culture (i.e. the Iranian nation), rather than geography. .The antonymic anērān (> Aniran), originally meaning "non-Iranian", underwent a parallel development.^ P. Koehn and G. Negash, "Iranian emigrés and non-returnees: political exiles or economic migrants?," Scandinavian Journal of Development Alternatives 8 (1989): 79-109.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

The designation of Ossetians of their language as ирон (iron) is a cognate.

Pronunciation

Proper noun

Singular
Iran
Plural
-
Iran
  1. A country in the Middle East known as Persia until 1935. Official name: Islamic Republic of Iran.

Related terms

Translations

See also

References

Anagrams


Afrikaans

Proper noun

Iran
  1. Iran

Bosnian

Proper noun

Iran m.
  1. Iran

Breton

Proper noun

Iran
  1. Iran

Catalan

Proper noun

Iran m.
  1. Iran

Usage notes


Croatian

Proper noun

Iran m.
  1. Iran

Danish

Proper noun

Iran
  1. Iran

Dutch

Proper noun

Iran n.
  1. Iran

Related terms

  • Iraans, Iraanse
  • Iraniër

See also


Finnish

Wikipedia-logo.png
Finnish Wikipedia has an article on:
Iran
Wikipedia fi

Proper noun

Iran
  1. Iran

Declension


French

Pronunciation

  • IPA: /iʁɑ̃/

Proper noun

Iran m.
  1. Iran

Related terms

See also


German

Proper noun

Iran m. (genitive Irans)
  1. Iran

Usage notes

.The article (der) is often used with the name of the country, thus one says er ist im Iran (he is in Iran) and not er ist in Iran.^ Focus: Mission Iran Israel will not tolerate Iran going nuclear and military sources say it will use tactical strikes unless Iran abandons its programme.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ For Israelis, whose country Mr Ahmadinejad says he wants to wipe off the map, it is not all that reassuring to hear that Iran can probably be deterred.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iranian leaders are using their countrys religious influence to support the aggressive regimes ambition to expand, the source quoted Dick Cheney as saying.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.However, one can say er ist in Irans Hauptstadt, which has the same meaning as er ist in der Hauptstadt des Iran[s]he is in the capital of Iran.^ Farahmand, Der Wirtschaftsaufbau des Iran.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Ahmad Mahrad, "Probleme des Managements der Gesellschaft und der Ökonomie nach der Islamischen Revolution im Iran," Comparativ 4:6 (1994): 93 112.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ It is, however, to be regretted that this monarchs memory is tarnished by more than one dark deed .

.Similar examples: der: Irak, Sudan, Kongo; die: Türkei, Schweiz, Slowakei.^ Ahmad Mahrad, "Die Situation iranischer Flüchtlinge in der Türkei," Hannoversche Studien über den Mittleren Osten 4 (1987): 113-181.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Peter Schütt, ...wenn fern hinter der Türkei die Völker aufeinanderschlagen.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

See also


Indonesian

Proper noun

Iran
  1. Iran

Interlingua

Proper noun

Iran
  1. Iran

Italian

Wikipedia-logo.png
Italian Wikipedia has an article on:
Iran
Wikipedia it

Proper noun

Iran m.
  1. Iran

Related terms

See also


Norwegian

Proper noun

Iran
  1. Iran

Related terms


Polish

Pronunciation

  • IPA: /ˈiran/

Proper noun

Iran m.
  1. Iran

Declension

Singular only
Nominative Iran
Genitive Iranu
Dative Iranowi
Accusative Iran
Instrumental Iranem
Locative Iranie
Vocative Iranie

Derived terms

  • Irańczyk m., Iranka f.
  • adjective: irański

Romanian

Proper noun

Iran n.
  1. Iran

Serbian

Proper noun

Iran m.
  1. Iran

See also


Swedish

Proper noun

Iran
  1. Iran

Genealogy

Up to date as of February 01, 2010

From Familypedia

Template:Sprotect2
'جمهوری اسلامی ايران'
Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān
Flag of Iran Coat of Arms of Iran
(Flag) (Coat of Arms)
Motto: Esteqlāl, āzādī, jomhūrī-ye eslāmī 1  (Persian)
"Independence, freedom, Islamic Republic"
Anthem: Sorūd-e Mellī-e Īrān ²
Location of Iran
Capital Tehran
35°41′ N 51°25′ E
Largest city capital
Official languages Persian
Government
{{{leader_titles}}}
Islamic Republic
{{{leader_names}}}
Unification
{{{established_events}}}
{{{established_dates}}}
Area
 • Total
 • Water (%)
 
[[{{{area_magnitude}}} m²|{{{area}}} km²]] ({{{area_rank}}})
{{{percent_water}}}
Population
 • [[As of {{{population_estimate_year}}}|{{{population_estimate_year}}}]] est.
 • [[As of {{{population_census_year}}}|{{{population_census_year}}}]] census
 • Density
 
{{{population_estimate}}} ({{{population_estimate_rank}}})
{{{population_census}}}
{{{population_density}}}/km² ({{{population_density_rank}}})
GDP (PPP)
 • Total
 • Per capita
[[As of {{{GDP_PPP_year}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_year}}}]] estimate
{{{GDP_PPP}}} ({{{GDP_PPP_rank}}})
{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita}}} ({{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank}}})
Currency Iranian rial (ريال) (IRR)
Time zone
 • Summer (DST)
IRST (UTC+3:30)
not observed (UTC+3:30)
Internet TLD .ir
Calling code +98
{{{footnotes}}}
.
Iran, (PersianImage:Wp_globe_tiny.gif: ايران , pronounced [ʔiˈɾɒn]), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (PersianImage:Wp_globe_tiny.gif: جمهوری اسلامی ايران , pronounced [dʒomhuɾije ʔeslɒmije ʔiɾɒn]), formerly known internationally as Persia, is a Southwest Asian country located in the geographical territories of the Middle East, Southern Asia,[1], Central Asia and the Caucasus.
^ Persia , old alternate name for the Asian country Iran.
  • Persia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in London Official Iran embassy website London, UK .
  • Iran - Country Profile - Islamic Republic of Iran - Persia 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.nationsonline.org [Source type: News]

^ Iran - Iran Iran , officially Islamic Republic of Iran, republic (2005 est.
  • Iran: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — FactMonster.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.factmonster.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Shi'a Islam is the state religion and Persian the official language.^ Arabic words infiltrated the Persian language, and Islam replaced Zorastrianism as the state religion.
  • The History Of Jews In Persia/Iran 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.parstimes.com [Source type: Original source]

^ RELIGION: ISLAM Shi'a Islam is the official religion.
  • Australia - Islamic Republic of Iran relationship - Australian Embassy 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.iran.embassy.gov.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It declares that Shi'a Islam (Shi'ite) of the Twelver school of thought is Iran's official religion.
  • Business in Iran Tehran. Economy Foreign Trade Iranian Companies 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC en.reingex.com [Source type: News]

[2]
.The 18th largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,000 square kilometers, Iran is about the size of United Kingdom, France, Spain and Germany combined, or a bit smaller than the US state of Alaska (1,717,855 km²).^ Iran is the 18th-largest country in the world by area (only slightly smaller than Alaska) and by population (approximately 70 million).
  • Democracy Web | The Consent of the Governed: Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC democracyweb.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The 18th largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km², Iran has a population of over seventy million.
  • The Embassies Of Iran Page 2 - Embassy & Consulate Listings For Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.embassyworld.com [Source type: News]
  • Islamic Republic Of Iran - Topics - Breitbart.com 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC topics.breitbart.com [Source type: News]

^ Iran is not a threat to the United States at this time."

.It has a population of over seventy million people.^ The 18th largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km², Iran has a population of over seventy million.
  • The Embassies Of Iran Page 2 - Embassy & Consulate Listings For Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.embassyworld.com [Source type: News]
  • Islamic Republic Of Iran - Topics - Breitbart.com 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC topics.breitbart.com [Source type: News]

^ Up to 2 million people are estimated to use narcotics among Iran's population of 70 million.

^ According to official data, Iran has a level of poverty of around 21 per cent of the population, which means that 16.5 million people live under the poverty threshold.

.Iran borders Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan to the north; Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east; and Turkey and Iraq to the west.^ Turkey and Iraq along the West .

^ Iran and Iraq have had border disputes for centuries.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Birding in Iran Iran (formerly called Persia); with a land area of 1,648,184 km, borders Iraq, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan.
  • birding facts Birding Resources by the Fat Birder for Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.fatbirder.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In addition, it borders the Persian Gulf, an important oil-producing area, Gulf of Oman, and the Caspian Sea.^ Lowland coastal marshes are found along the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and the Caspian Sea..

^ Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan .
  • CIA - The World Factbook -- Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.umsl.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.solcomhouse.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Flag Counter » Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC flagcounter.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman along the South .

.The political system of Iran, based on the 1979 Constitution, comprises several intricately connected governing bodies.^ Iran's political system began to mature.
  • Brief History of Modern Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mideastweb.org [Source type: Original source]

^ An overview of the Iranian government and political system .
  • frontline: terror and tehran: inside iran: the structure of power in iran | PBS 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Iran's economy is marked by an inefficient state sector, reliance on the oil sector, which provides the majority of government revenues, and statist policies, which create major distortions throughout the system.
  • Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.gvnet.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.solcomhouse.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Flag Counter » Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC flagcounter.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The highest state authority is the Supreme Leader, currently Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.^ Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is the chief of state.
  • FRONTLINE/WORLD . Iran - Forbidden Iran . Facts | PBS 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: News]

^ The Leader The Leader is the highest official state authority (Article 113).
  • JURIST - Iran: Iranian Law, Legal Research, Human Rights 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.jurist.law.pitt.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ He was succeeded by Ayatollah Ali Khamenei as the country's spiritual leader.
  • CNN - Iran marks 20th anniversary of Islamic revolution - January 31, 1999 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC edition.cnn.com [Source type: News]

.Iran is one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 4000 BCE,[3][4][5] and throughout history, Iran has been of geostrategic importance because of its central location in Eurasia[6].^ Iran is one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations.
  • Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.solcomhouse.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran has been the home of a culture which has been influential but not mainstream in the history of world civilization.
  • The Economic History and Economy of Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.sjsu.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Iran has one of the youngest demographics in the world.
  • Global Politician - NIAC and US Policy toward Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iran is a founding member of the UN, NAM, OIC, OPEC, ECO, and seeks to join the SCO.^ May 2008 " Feili Kurds in Iran seek way out of identity impasse " by The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) .

^ Iran submitted its updated nuclear package to the six major powers (five permanent members of the UN Security Council and Germany) on Wednesday.
  • Iran Coverage 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC irancoverage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Europe, and other UN Security Council members have tried to offer political and economic incentives in return for Iran’s promise of a long term moratorium on enrichment.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.It occupies an important position in international energy security and world economy due to its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas.^ It also has the world's second largest natural gas reserves (after Russia).
  • Iran - Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.naturemagics.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Natural gas - proved reserves: .
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.icciran.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Iran - General Information 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mesteel.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • CIA - The World Factbook -- Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.umsl.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.solcomhouse.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas.
  • The Embassies Of Iran Page 2 - Embassy & Consulate Listings For Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.embassyworld.com [Source type: News]

[7]The country is known for its independent stances in the global arena. .Iran is currently a regional power.^ Certainly the Shah of Iran, who was overthrown by the Iranians in the revolution that brought the current regime to power, was an enemy of the people if ever there was one.
  • How Israel Helps the Islamic Republic of Iran Control the Iranian Working Class 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC newdemocracyworld.org [Source type: Original source]

^ By replacing eliminating the Taliban in Afghanistan and replacing Saddam Hussein with a group of Shia political leaders, the United States has in fact increased Iran’s power and influence in the region.

^ An American academician said there is no chance the US will keep its military bases in Iraq for long and it will be forced to talk with Iran as the main regional power.
  • Iran.ru - Home 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC iran.ru [Source type: News]

[8] The name Iran is a cognate of Aryan, and literally means "Land of the Aryans".[9][10][11]

Contents

Etymology

Main article: Etymology of Iran
.The term Iran (ایران) in modern Persian derives from the Proto-Iranian term Aryānām first attested in Zoroastrianism's Avesta tradition.^ In September 1980, Iraq took advantage of the Iranian regime’s perceived weakness and attacked Iran, in order to settle a long-term border dispute.
  • http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3284215,00.html 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.ynetnews.com [Source type: News]

^ It derives from the ancient Greek name for Iran's maritime province, called Fars in the modern Persian language, Pars in Middle Persian and Pārsā in Old Persian, a word meaning "above reproach".
  • What country is Persia? - Yahoo! Answers 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC answers.yahoo.com [Source type: General]

^ The Persian term javanmardi, often translated into English as “chivalry”, has a history that stretches back at least to the Arab conquest of Iran in the 7th century.
  • British Institute of Persian Studies: Taxonomy 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.bips.ac.uk [Source type: Academic]

[12] As in Zoroaster's lifetime, differing dates for Avestan have been proposed; scholarly consensus floats around 1000 BCE (roughly contemporary to the Brahmana period of Vedic Sanskrit). Ariya- and Airiia- are also attested as an ethnic designator in Achaemenid inscriptions. .The term Ērān from Middle Persian Ērān, Pahlavi ʼyrʼn, is found at the inscription that accompanies the investiture relief of Ardashir I at Naqsh-e Rustam.^ It is generally known as Pahlavi, or Middle Persian.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Would a closer examination of the enormous relief which accompanied the inscriptions reveal any new details of Persian art?
  • Behistun (Bisitun) - Monument of Darius, King of Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC mcadams.posc.mu.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ After completing our examination of the Old Persian and first Elamite texts, we moved cables and scaffolding to the left of the relief to recheck readings of the second copy of the Elamite inscription.
  • Behistun (Bisitun) - Monument of Darius, King of Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC mcadams.posc.mu.edu [Source type: Original source]

[13] .In this inscription, the king's appellation in Middle Persian contains the term ērān (Pahlavi: ʼryʼn), while in the Parthian language inscription that accompanies it, Iran is mentioned as aryān.^ It is generally known as Pahlavi, or Middle Persian.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The major languages spoken in Iran include Farsi (Persian) and Persian dialects, Kurdish, and Turkic and its dialects.
  • iran Articles, Posts, Blogs, Videos - Technorati 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC technorati.com [Source type: General]

^ The Persian term javanmardi, often translated into English as “chivalry”, has a history that stretches back at least to the Arab conquest of Iran in the 7th century.
  • British Institute of Persian Studies: Taxonomy 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.bips.ac.uk [Source type: Academic]

.In Ardashir's time ērān retained this meaning, denoting the people rather than the state.^ However, rather than democratizing, the Shah instituted one-party rule, stating concerns and fears of a communist party taking power.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Like Qods Day, people had a strong turnout, with Iranians of all walks of life, although in scattered groups rather than a single march.

^ Iran's state media says more than 15 people have been killed in anti-government riots rocking Tehran.
  • Tag: Iran - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.abc.net.au [Source type: General]

.Notwithstanding this inscriptional use of ērān to refer to the Iranian peoples, the use of ērān to refer to the empire is also attested by the early Sassanid period.^ The following tips relating to customs and etiquette may prove useful: Certain business etiquettes should be observed during interaction with Iranian business people.
  • Australia - Islamic Republic of Iran relationship - Australian Embassy 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.iran.embassy.gov.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ However, both Russia and Britain used Iranian territory in their fight against the Ottoman Empire.
  • http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3284215,00.html 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.ynetnews.com [Source type: News]

^ Israeli President Shimon Peres also offered his best wishes, referring to “the noble Iranian people.” The joint initiative was received coldly in Tehran, however.
  • Iran's View of Obama | STRATFOR 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.stratfor.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

An inscription of Shapur I, Ardashir's son and immediate successor, apparently "includes in Ērān regions such as Armenia and the Caucasus which were not inhabited predominantly by Iranians."[14] In Kartir's inscriptions the high priest includes the same regions in his list of provinces of the antonymic Anērān.[14] .Both ērān and aryān comes from the Proto-Iranian term Aryānām, (Land) of the (Iranian) Aryas.^ In terms of Iranian air defenses, [the Iranians are] still pretty weak given the size of the land mass they have to defend.” .
  • Russia-Iran Arms Trade - Council on Foreign Relations 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.cfr.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Coming to terms with modern times is a process with its ups and downs and a process which has been particularly painful for Iranians.
  • The visionary shah who inspired an Islamic republic | Elaheh Rostami-Povey | Comment is free | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

.The word and concept of Airyanem Vaejah is present in the name of the country Iran (Lit.^ Public education progressed rapidly, and new social classes-a professional middle class and an industrial working class emerged.   In 1935, the name of the country was changed from Persia to Iran.
  • Brief History of Modern Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mideastweb.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Persia , old alternate name for the Asian country Iran.
  • Persia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In 1979, the Iranian revolution established a theocratic Islamic Republic, changing the country's official name to the Islamic Republic of Iran .
  • Iran - Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.naturemagics.com [Source type: Original source]

.Land of the Aryans) where Iran (Ērān), is modern-Persian of the word Aryānā.^ Old Persian developed on the one hand into Zend, the language of the Zend-Avesta and on the other hand into Pahlavi -- a Hindu language from which has come the Persian language of today, Farsi (spoken in modern Iran).
  • ANE History: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.theology.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The people of that region have traditionally called their country Iran, “Land of the Aryans.” That name was officially adopted in 1935.
  • Persia (historical region, Asia) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ His latest book is Eminent Persians: The Men and Women who Made Modern Iran, 1941-1979.
  • The Greening Of Islam | The New Republic 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.tnr.com [Source type: News]

Since the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the official name of the country is "Islamic Republic of Iran." For the pre-1935 use of "Persia" as the western name for Iran, see Iran naming dispute.

History

Early history and the Median and Achaemenian Empires (3200 BCE – 330 BCE)

Main articles: History of Iran, Zayandeh Rud civilization, Jiroft civilization, Elam, Median Empire, and Achaemenid Empire
See also: Persian Empire
Map of the world by Eratosthenes, c.200 BCE. The name Ariana (Aryânâ) was used to describe the region where the Iranian Plateau is found.
.Dozens of pre-historic sites across the Iranian plateau point to the existence of ancient cultures and urban settlements, centuries before the earliest civilizations arose in nearby Mesopotamia.^ Farhang ("culture") has always been the focal point of Iranian civilization.
  • Iran - Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.naturemagics.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Persian Empire, however, was actually a series of historical kingdoms that ruled the Iranian plateau and parts beyond.
  • Cradle of Persia Preview | Gamezebo 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.gamezebo.com [Source type: General]

^ There are records of numerous ancient and technologically advanced civilizations on the Iranian plateau before the arrival of Aryan tribes from the north, many of whom are still unknown to historians today.
  • Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.solcomhouse.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[15]
.The Indo-Iranian culture probably originated in Central Asia.^ They want the original goals of the 1979 Revolution: they want freedom, they want democracy, and cultural and national independence – but they don’t want it imposed by the Iranian government or other countries.
  • Iran Elections | United States Institute of Peace 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.usip.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Sometime around 1500 to 1000 BC, the Iranian nomads of Indo-European stock emigrated to the Iranian plateau possibly from Central Asia.
  • Iran - Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.naturemagics.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The GREAT SELJUQS The original Seljuqs, who swarmed out of Central Asia in the first half of the 11th century.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC my.raex.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Andronovo culture is strongly suggested as the candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture ca.^ I strongly suspect there are many Iranians who voted against Musavi (and Khatami and Rafsanjani), seeing Ahmadinejad as the least bad among the candidates.
  • Faster, Please! » The Death Spiral of the Islamic Republic 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC pajamasmedia.com [Source type: Original source]

.2000 BCE. Proto-Iranians first emerged following the separation of Indo-Iranians, and are traced to the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex, a Bronze Age culture of Central Asia.^ Sometime around 1500 to 1000 BC, the Iranian nomads of Indo-European stock emigrated to the Iranian plateau possibly from Central Asia.
  • Iran - Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.naturemagics.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In 8th century BC, the first Iranian government was established under the Median dynasty and under the following dynasty, the Achaemenids, Iranians built the first world empire.
  • Iran - Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.naturemagics.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization Iranian Cultural & Information Center The first Iranian web site on the net.
  • Iran - Country Profile - Islamic Republic of Iran - Persia 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.nationsonline.org [Source type: News]

[16] .Aryan, (Proto-Iranian) tribes arrived in the Iranian plateau in the third and second millennium BCE, probably in more than one wave of emigration.^ In its examination of second- and third- order effects, it strongly reminds me of the reports I read and wrote about in 2002, emphasizing that the conquest of Iraq was likely to be far more complex, costly, and likely to backfire than its boosters assumed.

^ Both the Indians and Iranians called themselves ARYANS. They had war chariots pulled by horses, but the Iranians soon found that cavalry was more effective in mountain areas.
  • http://www.jmu.edu/orgs/persianclub/newpage/persia_art.htm 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.jmu.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ More than this, they were enthusiastic upholders of the old Iranian national feeling; and they succeeded, in part at least, in reviving the fading ideal of a great Persian empire.

.Further separation (due to migration) of Proto-Iranians, into an "Eastern" and a "Western" group, is attested in the form of Avestan, an Eastern Old Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of Zoroastrian Avesta.^ The regime has responded by forming its own women’s group, which produced a newspaper, “The Moslem Women,” which the main task was to inculcate misogynistic norms into mind of women.
  • Women's Rights under Islamic Republic | Islam | FaithFreedom 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.faithfreedom.org [Source type: General]

^ Origins of the Persian Empire The speakers of Iranian languages may have migrated into that part of Asia as early as 1500 BC Presumably they were originally a nomadic tribe who filtered down through the Caucasus to the Iranian plateau.
  • Persia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iranians bristle at the use of the phrase "carrots and sticks," which they associate with the treatment of donkeys and which in any case suggests that they can be either bought off or beaten into submission.
  • How to Deal with Iran - The New York Review of Books 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.nybooks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.And Old Persian, which appears primarily in the inscriptions, clay tablets, seals of the Achaemenid era (c.^ Persepolis,Old Persian: Parsa, Modern Persian:Takht-e Jamshid or Chehel Minar, UniPers: Taxte Jamsid) was the ceremonial capital of the Persian Empire during the Achaemenid dynasty.
  • Persia News - Topix 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.topix.net [Source type: General]

^ The Sassanian Period (A.D. 227-651), represented by inscriptions on monuments, medals, gems, seals, and coins , and by a literature estimated as equal in bulk to the Old Testament .
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ After completing our examination of the Old Persian and first Elamite texts, we moved cables and scaffolding to the left of the relief to recheck readings of the second copy of the Elamite inscription.
  • Behistun (Bisitun) - Monument of Darius, King of Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC mcadams.posc.mu.edu [Source type: Original source]

600 BCE to 300 BCE). .Examples of Old Persian have been found in present-day Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt.^ The old days that Iran still lives in?
  • Think Progress » Ahmadinejad denies existence of gays in Iran. 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran is in the Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, located between Iraq and Pakistan .

^ Centered on the Persian homeland on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf, it stretched from present-day Pakistan in the east to the Balkan Peninsula in the west and from the Persian Gulf in the south to Central Asia in the north.
  • The Persians 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]

.Nomadic Iranian tribes settled across the Iranian plateau and by the 1st millennium BCE, Medes, Persians, Bactrians and Parthians populated the western part, while Cimmerians, Sarmatians and Alans populated the steppes north of the Black Sea.^ THE FIRST EMPIRE The Iranian plateau was settled about 1500BC by Aryan tribes, the most important of which were the Medes, who occupied the northwestern portion, and the Persians, who emigrated from Parsua, a land west of Lake Urmia, into the southern region of the plateau, which they named Parsamash or Parsumash.
  • The Persians 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Iran is bounded to the north by Azerbaijan , Armenia , Turkmenistan , and the Caspian Sea, to the east by Pakistan and Afghanistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq .
  • Iran -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Sometime around 1500 to 1000 BC, the Iranian nomads of Indo-European stock emigrated to the Iranian plateau possibly from Central Asia.
  • Iran - Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.naturemagics.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Iranian Pashtuns and Baloch began to settle on the eastern edge, on the mountainous frontier of northwestern India and in to what is now Balochistan.^ They were settled at a frontier post in Kansu (Gansu), called "Liqian," which at some point was the Chinese word for "Rome," now supposedly the village of Zhelaizhai.
  • Media, Persia, Parthia, & Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Bombardment of Balochistan, Iran, on 11, 12, 13 October 08 by Iranian forces Reza Hossein Borr - 10/22/2008 After visiting his uncle, Nader Baloch began walking towards his home.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Both Medes and Persians are Aryans; the Aryans who settled in the southern part of the Iranian plateau became known as Persians, while those of the mountain regions of the north-west were called Medes.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
  • Persia - Catholic Encyclopedia - Catholic Online 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.catholic.org [Source type: Original source]

.Others, such as the Scythian tribes spread as far west as the Balkans and as far east as Xinjiang.^ Other Asian countries fall either in the regions of intermediate prevalence (India, Middle East, west Asia) or in the regions of high prevalence (south-east Asia, China, Korea and the Philippines).
  • Epidemiology of hepatitis B in the Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.emro.who.int [Source type: Academic]

^ Centered on the Persian homeland on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf, it stretched from present-day Pakistan in the east to the Balkan Peninsula in the west and from the Persian Gulf in the south to Central Asia in the north.
  • The Persians 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The names of twenty-five metropolitan sees , from Cyprus in the west to Pekin in the east, are recorded, and their schools were spread far and wide through Western and parts of Central Asia .
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

.The establishing of the Median dynasty (728–550 BCE) culminated in the first Iranian Empire.^ In 8th century BC, the first Iranian government was established under the Median dynasty and under the following dynasty, the Achaemenids, Iranians built the first world empire.
  • Iran - Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.naturemagics.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Zoroastrianism, the state religion of the Sassanid dynasty, had likely been observed since the beginning of the first Persian Empire.

^ Thus, with the overthrow of Astyages and the accession of Cyrus to the throne, the Median Empire passed into the hands of the Persians (550 B.C.).
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
  • Persia - Catholic Encyclopedia - Catholic Online 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.catholic.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Medes are credited with the foundation of Iran as a nation and empire, the largest of its day, until Cyrus the Great established a unified empire of the Medes and Persians leading to the Achaemenid Empire (648–330 BCE), and further unification between peoples and cultures.^ Persian Empire (Achaemenid dynasty).

^ Achaemenid Persia (648 BC-330 BC) .

^ In year was the Persian empire established?
  • Persia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.After Cyrus's death, his son Cambyses continued his father's work of conquest, making significant gains in Egypt.^ Following the death of Cyrus, his son Cambyses conquered .
  • The Persians 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Cambyses II, Cyrus' son, conquered Egypt in 525 B.C. Cambyses' successor Darius I expanded the empire eastward to the Indus and attempted to conquer or control the Greeks.
  • PERSIA - Holman Bible Dictionary on StudyLight.org 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.studylight.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Croesus, for it is hardly likely that either Cyrus or Cambyses would have allowed it to continue the issue of the Croesean gold staters after the Persian conquest.
  • Ancient coinage of Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.snible.org [Source type: Academic]

.A power struggle followed Cambyses' death and, despite his tenuous connection to the royal line, Darius was declared king (ruled 522–486 BCE).^ By the time of Darius I, 522-486 B.C., the empire was divided into twenty satrapies (political units of varying size and population).
  • PERSIA - Holman Bible Dictionary on StudyLight.org 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.studylight.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ BC: The Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, high point under Darius the Great (522-486).

^ I am Cyrus, king of the world, great king, mighty king, king of Babylon, king of the land of Sumer and Akkad, king of the four quarters, son of Cambyses, great king, king of Anshan, grandson of Cyrus, great king, king of Anshan, descendant of Teispes, great king, king of Anshan, progeny of an unending royal line, whose rule Bel and Nabu cherish, whose kingship they desire for their hearts' pleasures.
  • The Persians 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]

He was to be arguably the greatest of the ancient Persian rulers.
Avestan is an Eastern Old Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrian Avesta, approximately around 1000 BCE. Zoroastrianism was the state religion of the Achaemenid empire and later Iranian empires, until the 7th century CE.
.Under Cyrus the Great and Darius the Great, the Persian Empire eventually became the largest and most powerful empire in human history up until that point.^ Cyrus: Persian history, as known to us, begins with Cyrus the Great.
  • NETBible: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC net.bible.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The rulers Cyrus, Cambyses, and Darius expanded the Persian Empire immensely.
  • Ancient Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.slideshare.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ BC: The Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, high point under Darius the Great (522-486).

[17] Their greatest achievement was the empire itself. .The Persian Empire was "a paragon of religious and cultural tolerance".[18] The borders of the Persian empire stretched from the Indus and Oxus Rivers in the East to the Mediterranean Sea in the West, extending through Anatolia (modern day Turkey) and Egypt.^ This empire extended at one time from India on the east to Egypt and Thrace on the west, and included.
  • NETBible: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC net.bible.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Using his talents, he extended the Persian Empire from the Indus River to Anatolia.
  • Ancient Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.slideshare.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It also borders on Afghanistan and Pakistan in the east, and Turkey to the west.
  • Brief History of Modern Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mideastweb.org [Source type: Original source]

.In 499BCE, Athens lent support to a revolt by one of the cities along the coast of Anatolia, Miletus, ruled by a Greek tyrant named Aristagoras, which culminated in the sacking and burning of the city of Sardis.^ Theyran was named that to mark and celebrate the running of the Greek soldiers from the advancing Persian army during the first Marathon run in 500 BC. The modern name for this celebrated city is Tehran .
  • Iran - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC uncyclopedia.wikia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Greeks initiated the war when Persia, the strongest power in western Asia, established rule over Greek-speaking cities in Asia Minor.
  • Timeline Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It was originally called Pārsā but is better known to us by the name Persepolis which is what the Greeks called it when they invaded and destroyed the city in 331 BC. .
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

.This event escalated into what is known as the Greco-Persian Wars, during which Persia conquered Thrace, Macedonia, then most of the Greek mainland (Battle of Thermopylae), and razed Athens in 480BCE. However Greek victories on land at Marathon and Platea, and at sea at Salamis and Mycale, forced Persia to withdraw.^ Greeks led by Miltiades defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon.
  • Timeline Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ After several days of battle by both land and sea the Persians surrounded the Greek position at Thermopylae.
  • The Persians 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]

^ One of his most popular cuts, "My Identity," was in response to the movie 300, about the famous battle at Thermopylae between the Spartans of Greece and the so-called Persian immortals.
  • persia (www) 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.cupersia.com [Source type: Original source]

Fighting continued across the Eastern Mediterranean area from Cyprus to Egypt until the peace of Callias in 449BCE.
.The rules and ethics emanating from Zorasters teachings were strictly followed by the Achaemenids who introduced and adopted policies based on human rights, equality and banning of slavery.^ His autocratic rule, including systematic torture and other human rights violations, led to the Iranian revolution and overthrow of his regime in 1979.
  • Iran - Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.naturemagics.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Laws stipulate penalties for government workers who don't follow Islamic principles and rules.
  • Iran--Christian Persecution in Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.persecution.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Draft and propose necessary policy to prepare for the development of women's character, expedite the reclamation of human value and worth, secure women's rights based on the authentic principles of Islam, and draft proper models.
  • Bad Jens - Iranian Feminist Journal 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.badjens.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Zoroastrianism spread unimposed during the time of the Achaemenids and through contacts with the exiled Jewish people in Babylon freed by Cyrus, Zoroastrian concepts further propagated and influenced into other Abrahamic religions.^ Logically, during times of turmoil, there is always more demand for the scarce mobile resource as people start checking in on their friends and beloved ones.
  • Iran Elections: A Twitter Revolution? - washingtonpost.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: General]

^ In the beginning Elika is wary of the Prince's motives but both characters warm up to each other over time in a natural way through dialogue and through their overall experiences.
  • Review: Prince of Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC xbox.joystiq.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Jonnyc - spoken like a true Xenophobe - is it timely to mention the debacles that have been performed in the name of other religions - witness the crusades anyone .
  • Iran Parliament to Debate Death Penalty for Bloggers 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.readwriteweb.com [Source type: General]

.The Golden Age of Athens marked by Aristotle, Plato and Socrates also came about during the Achaemenid period while their contacts with Persia and the Near East abounded.^ A former ambassador to Israel and assistant secretary of state for near east affairs during the Clinton administration, he currently focuses on the Clinton administration’s diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli conflict.
  • Iran - Brookings Institution 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.brookings.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ That is one reason why throughout the Near East military dictatorships, monarchies and oligarchical regimes abound.
  • Iran's Islamic Republic in Turmoil - What Program for Struggle? 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.internationalist.org [Source type: Original source]

^ It possesses some interest as being the site of one of the cities near which Mark Antony is supposed to have passed in his retreat from Persia.

.The peace, tranquility, security and prosperity that were afforded to the people of the Near East and Southeastern Europe proved to be a rare historical occurrence, an unparalleled period where commerce prospered, and the standard of living for all people of the region improved.^ "If we improve the standard of living, that will unite the people, and that will bring security."
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Average living standards have risen Schools and infrastructure have been built in the rural areas Educational and employment opportunities have improved for females.
  • The Economic History and Economy of Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.sjsu.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ It is likely, in particular, to increase support for organisations such as al-Qaida and to prove counter-productive to peace and security in the region.

[19]
The Achaemenid Empire, 559 BCE–330 BCE
.Alexander of Macedon — referred to as "the accursed" in the Zoroastrian Middle Persian Book of Arda Viraz — invaded Achaemenid territory in 334 BCE, defeating the last Achaemenid Emperor Darius III at the Battle of Issus in 333 BCE. He left the annexed territory in 328-327.In each of the former Achaemenid territories he installed his own officers as caretakers, which led to friction and ultimately to the partitioning of the former empire after Alexander's death.^ BC Darius III of Persia is beaten decisively by Alexander at the Battle of Issus.

^ The battle of Issus followed in 333, and in 331 the battle of Gaugamela brought an end to the Achaemenid empire.
  • Persia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Alexander defeats Darius III army at the Battle of Gaugamela.

.A reunification would not occur until 700 years later, under the Sassanids (see below).^ It shows that in Jewish History we don't understand the Divine plan fully until sometimes many year later and then we can see clearly Hashem's Chessed.
  • Crash Course in Jewish History Part 24 - Purim in Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.aish.com [Source type: General]

^ Also well see as the reliefs that were cut into the rock several hundred years later during the Sassanian dynasty.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC iipt.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Darius I initiated the construction but the project wasnt completed until 150 years later.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC iipt.org [Source type: Original source]

.Unlike the diadochic Seleucids and the succeeding Arsacids, who used a vassalary system, the Sassanids — like the Achaemenids — had a system of governors (MP: shahrab) personally appointed by the Emperor and directed by the central government.^ This centralized system was supported by an intricate and excellent system of communication, for the Persians were the first important ancient people to use the horse efficiently for communication and transport.
  • Persia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Ayatollah Khomeini, the "supreme leader" of the new Islamic government, was succeeded in 1989 by Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who continues to serve in that role.

^ Licensing, tax policy and tariff protection were policy instruments used by the government to control who could and who could not do business.
  • The Economic History and Economy of Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.sjsu.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The new empire led by Alexander became the first, of other, later, foreign ruled Iranian empires that came to promote a Persianate society.^ This is what made the Persian Empire so different from others.
  • Ancient Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.slideshare.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ To Iranians like Shabnam Rezaei, who has created the online magazine Persian Mirror to promote Iran's cultural identity, Operation TP-Ajax set the stage for later decades of oppression and Islamic fundamentalism.
  • persia (www) 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.cupersia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ His autocratic rule, including systematic torture and other human rights violations, led to the Iranian revolution and overthrow of his regime in 1979.
  • Iran - Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.naturemagics.com [Source type: Original source]

.Concerns have been raised regarding the current governmental regime to protect the heritage of this oldest part of Iran's history; for example, a government road project was allowed to destroy approximately 60 percent of Arjan-Lordegan-Esphahan, one of Iran's ancient large settlements dating to approximately 1000 BC.^ One afternoon, a member of the Jewish Agency, an organization responsible for protecting Jews who are threatened in parts of the world and helping them escape to Israel—came to see me and said that he had just come from Iran.

^ In a letter to the Agency dated 17 June 2005 referring to the statement by the DDG-SG, Iran explained that there was a clear distinction between the date of termination of the research project on plutonium and the dates of the other activities, such as the ones related to purification and related waste management of the liquid, which it had not considered as part of the main research project.
  • Disarmament Documentation: Implementation of the NPTSafeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Report by theIAEA Director-General, September 2, 2005 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.acronym.org.uk [Source type: Reference]

^ Suggested Actions You Might Take: Pray for the Christians of Iran that they may be protected from harm and that the Christian message may be heard and received by all Write a respectful letter to one or more of the government officials listed below.
  • Iran--Christian Persecution in Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.persecution.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[20]

Third Iranian Empire: Parthian Empire (248 BCE – 224 CE)

Coin of Phraates IV. The inscription reads: Benefactor Arsaces, civilized, friend of Greeks.
Main articles: Parthian Empire and Seleucid Empire
See also: Roman-Persian Wars, Roman relations with the Parthians and Sassanians, and Silk Road
.Parthia was led by the Arsacid dynasty (اشکانیان Ashkâniân), who reunited and ruled over the Iranian plateau, after defeating the Greek Seleucid Empire, beginning in the late third century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 150 BCE and 224 CE. These were the third native dynasty of ancient Iran (Persia) and lasted five centuries.^ After 9 centuries of foreign rule, Persia was united under the Safavid Dynasty.

^ But modern Iran is also heir to ancient Persia.
  • Under A Persian Moon: Three Weeks in the Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.on-the-matrix.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Persia was ruled by the Umayyad Dynasty (Sunnis).

.After the conquests of Media, Assyria, Babylonia and Elam, the Parthians had to organize their empire.^ Fars (or Persis to the Greeks) was a recognizable district of the Assyrian Empire (see Assyria ) like the neighboring but greater Media .
  • Persia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ As Persia assumed control over the rest of Media and their large Middle Eastern empire, Cyrus led the united Medes and Persians to still more conquest.

^ That empire covered, from the sixth century B.C. to the seventh of our era, such vast regions as Persia proper, Media, Elam, Chaldea, Babylonia, Assyria, the highlands of Armenia and Bactriana, North-Eastern Arabia, and even Egypt.
  • Persia - Catholic Encyclopedia - Catholic Online 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.catholic.org [Source type: Original source]

.The former elites of these countries were Greek, and the new rulers had to adapt to their customs if they wanted their rule to last.^ To visit whatever countries they want.
  • The visionary shah who inspired an Islamic republic | Elaheh Rostami-Povey | Comment is free | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

^ They want the original goals of the 1979 Revolution: they want freedom, they want democracy, and cultural and national independence – but they don’t want it imposed by the Iranian government or other countries.
  • Iran Elections | United States Institute of Peace 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.usip.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Because of Persia’s wealth in minerals and raw materials they were able to create new objects in each of these categories.
  • Ancient Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.slideshare.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.As a result, the cities retained their ancient rights and civil administrations remained more or less undisturbed.^ The more international media coverage Iran’s civil rights leaders receive, the more emboldened the Iranian people will be in their demands for democracy.
  • OMID: The Future of Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC omidforiran.org [Source type: General]

^ This gallery contains different historical remainings of the PERSIA (Ancient Iran),in the individual galleries, belonging not only to Iran and Iranians but also to human civilization.
  • PERSIA, the Ancient Iran Photo Gallery by Ali Majdfar at pbase.com 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Intelligence has just arrived from Tabreez of an extraordinary device adopted by the moollas of that city for restoring the right of bast, or sanctuary, to its ancient vigour.

.An interesting detail is coinage: legends were written in the Greek alphabet, a practice that continued until the 2nd century CE, when local knowledge of the language was in decline and few people knew how to read or write the Greek alphabet.^ If you wonder how in heaven did the Islamic world fall behind so badly over the last four/five centuries, all you have to do is read Ahmadinejad's speeches.

^ As he became older, he started practicing further dark arts in attempt to figure out how to live forever, so that he could continue his studies.
  • Prince of Persia (video game) - giantbomb.com 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.giantbomb.com [Source type: General]

^ There has been no loss of interest—if anything rather an increase—in the study of foreign languages, and the books to which a knowledge of foreign language gives access.
  • Islamic Revolution - The New York Review of Books 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.nybooks.com [Source type: Original source]

.The empire of Parthia, the arch-rival of Rome, at its greatest extent (c. 60 BCE), superimposed over modern borders.
Parthia was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the east, limiting Rome's expansion beyond Cappadocia (central Anatolia).^ We might almost go further and say that, inasmuch as we can compare the Persian Empire to the Roman, the Persian Church may be compared to the Church of the great western Power" ("The Churches Separated from Rome", tr.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Although even under the greatest of the Parthians ( Tiridates , Mithradates I, and Mithradates II) the realm did not have the old extent, it was formidable and was a rival to Rome .
  • Persia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Persian Christians Escape Theology of Rome The Christianity of Persia existed not only as a challenge to Mithraism, but it also differed widely from the ruling church in the Roman Empire.
  • Iran Chamber Society: Religions of Iran: Aba & The Church in Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.iranchamber.com [Source type: Original source]

.By using a heavily-armed and armored cataphract cavalry, and lightly armed but highly-mobile mounted archers, the Parthians "held their own against Rome for almost 300 years".[21] Rome's acclaimed general Mark Antony led a disastrous campaign against the Parthians in 36 BCE in which he lost 32,000 men.^ The Romans in almost continuous warfare failed to halt the Parthian drives to the west, which were often supported by local ambitious or frightened rulers under Rome.
  • Persia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Incidentally, the United States has explicitly threatened Iran with nuclear first strikes and furthermore, the United States was directly complicit in arming Iraq with WMDs that were used against Iran, causing over 60,000 deaths with chemical weapons.
  • The real reason Iran wants nukes | The Argument 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC experts.foreignpolicy.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Pasdaran comprises 125,000 armed troops, and the special units that are particularly loyal to the regime are estimated to include between 5,000 and 10,000 men.
  • Iran News Digest | Stay Informed. Stay Green. 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.irannewsdigest.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.By the time of Roman emperor Augustus, Rome and Parthia were settling some of their differences through diplomacy.^ His immediate successors were men of an entirely different stamp, and Tigranes, King of Armenia, was able, not only to revolt, but to rob Parthia of some of her western provinces.
  • Persia - Catholic Encyclopedia - Catholic Online 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.catholic.org [Source type: Original source]

^ His immediate successors were men of an entirely different stamp, and Tigranes, King of Armenia , was able, not only to revolt, but to rob Parthia of some of her western provinces.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Macrinus, the Roman Emperor, suffered two crushing defeats from Artabanus, and was obliged to purchase peace by paying an indemnity of 50,000,000 denarii (about $9,000,000) at the very time when the doom of Parthia was impending.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
  • Persia - Catholic Encyclopedia - Catholic Online 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.catholic.org [Source type: Original source]

By this time, Parthia had acquired an assortment of golden eagles, the cherished standards of Rome's legions, captured from Mark Antony, and Crassus, who suffered "a disastrous defeat" at Carrhae in 53 BCE.[22]
.During Parthian, and later Sassanid era, trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the great civilizations of China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Indian subcontinent, and Rome, and helped to lay the foundations for the modern world.^ Since Han China and Rome traded silk for gold by way of Parthia, which endeavored to conceal knowledge of each from each other, any occasions for common knowledge would be extraordinary.
  • Media, Persia, Parthia, & Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The former opened the door to the Wonderland of Egyptian history, and the latter brought daylight into the dark places of antiquity in the Middle East, revealing to the modern world the vanished civilizations of Mesopotamia in all the truth of contemporary record.
  • Behistun (Bisitun) - Monument of Darius, King of Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC mcadams.posc.mu.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ BC Cyrus the Great founded Persia’s Achaemenian Empire which he expanded into India, Libya and Egypt.
  • Timeline Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Parthian remains display classically Greek influences in some instances and retain their oriental mode in others, a clear expression of "the cultural diversity that characterized Parthian art and life".[23] The Parthians were innovators of many architecture designs such as that of Ctesiphon, which later on "influenced European Romanesque architecture".[24][25]

Fourth Iranian Empire: Sassanid Empire (224–651 CE)

Main articles: Sassanid Empire and Sassanid Art
See also: Roman-Persian Wars, Roman relations with the Parthians and Sassanids, and Battles of the Sassanid Empire
The Sassanid Empire at its greatest extent under Khosrau II, superimposed over modern borders.
.The end of the Parthian Empire came in 224 CE, when the empire was loosely organized and the last king was defeated by Ardashir I, one of the empire's vassals.^ Alexander did defeated the persian empire, he entered Afghanistan and then the people of Afghanisan at that time WELCOMED ALEXANDER and till date some afghans name their kids after ALEXANDER and he was known as one of AFGHAN KINGS too, he married an Afghan girl ROXANNE and had a son.
  • Persia concept art? - JoBlo.com 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.joblo.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Seven months later came George W Bush's "axis of evil" speech (one of the most destructive in American history), and the Tehran Spring was at an end.
  • Martin Amis on the beginning of the end for Iran's ayatollahs | World news | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]
  • IranPressNews (English): The end of Iran's ayatollahs? 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.iranpressnews.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Sassanid Dynasty The Parthians were replaced (c.AD 226) by the more vigorous Sassanid dynasty, when Ardashir I (whose name is another form of Artaxerxes) ousted and killed the last Parthian ruler and built a new empire out of the ruins of Parthian and Seleucid power.
  • Persia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Ardashir I then went on to create the Sassanid Empire.^ Alexander went on to India and created the greatest empire the world had yet seen.
  • Persia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Parthians proved incapable of creating a firm, united organization, such as the Achaemenids before them, and the Sassanids after them gave to their empire.

.Soon he started reforming the country both economically and militarily.^ The country's economic problems were starting to be resolved.
  • History: The Iranian Revolution 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.cyberessays.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The shah introduces his "White Revolution," a package of comprehensive social and economic reforms that aim to modernize the country.
  • frontline: terror and tehran: chronology - u.s. iran relations, 1906-2002 | PBS 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: News]

^ Tensions between reformers in parliament and conservatives in the judiciary and the Guardian Council, over both social and economic changes, increased after Khatami's reelection.
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Bust of Shapur II the Great displays the craftsmanship commanded by Sassanid artisans.
The Sassanids established an empire roughly within the frontiers achieved by the Achaemenids, referring to it as Erânshahr or Iranshahr, 75px30px , "Dominion of the Aryans", i.e. of Iranians), with their capital at Ctesiphon.[26]
During their reign, Sassanid battles with the Roman Empire caused such pessimism in Rome that the historian Cassius Dio wrote:
.Here was a source of great fear to us.^ You've got rights here in the US, IF you don't like what's going on, You have the right to LEAVE. Why don't you go live in IRAN if you think it's so great.

^ You've got rights here in the US, IF you don't like what's going on, You have the right to LEAVE. Why don't you go live in IRAN if you think it's so great."

^ Here is a great blog post to read about the US Independence Day from my blogger friend in New Zealand.
  • Iran Parliament to Debate Death Penalty for Bloggers 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.readwriteweb.com [Source type: General]

.So formidable does the Sassanid king seem to our eastern legions, that some are liable to go over to him, and others are unwilling to fight at all
.^ For some reason, my mail does not seem to arrive at all.
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thereafter the Safavids had to maintain a defense that mixed diplomacy and treaties for some enemmies while fighting other enemies.
  • The Economic History and Economy of Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.sjsu.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Bickerman says, "The identity of some kings who issued coins...remains uncertain," and, "not all pretenders and temporary rulers are mentioned in this list," though a fair number of overlapping reigns do seem to be mentioned.
  • Media, Persia, Parthia, & Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Romans suffered repeated losses particularly by Ardashir I, Shapur I, and Shapur II.^ Ardashir I , Shapur I , and Shapur II all were strong kings, able and successful opponents of the Romans.
  • Persia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Shapur II (ruled 309-379) regained the lost territories, however, in three successive wars with the Romans.
  • The Persians 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]

^ After the death of Shapur II there was a lull for a time in the sufferings of the church.
  • Iran Chamber Society: Religions of Iran: Aba & The Church in Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.iranchamber.com [Source type: Original source]

[28]
.Under the Sassanids, Persia expanded relations with China, the arts, music, and architecture greatly flourished, and centers such as the School of Nisibis and Academy of Gundishapur became world renowned centers of science and scholarship.^ Once again, Persia became a world center for art, literature and science.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Persia a center for art, literature and science.

^ Persian Arts spread in different fields like Architecture, Calligraphy, Carpets, Cinema, Music, Painting and Different types of Crafts.

.After roughly six hundred years of confrontation and rivalry with the Roman Empire, raids from the Arab peninsula began attacking the Sassanin and Byzantine frontiers in which a war-exhausted Persia was defeated in the Battle of al-Qâdisiyah, paving way for the Islamic conquest of Persia.^ Arabs invaded Persia during 641 and 642 as part of the larger Arab conquest, which led to a Persian Islamic renaissance in medicine, literature, law, and religion.

^ The Romans defeated Bahram in 422; by the terms of the peace treaty the Romans promised toleration for the Zoroastrians within their realm in return for similar treatment of Christians in Persia.
  • The Persians 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Arab Caliphate 642 -- After successfully defending itself against the Roman/Byzantine Empires for centuries, the Persian Empire was swiftly vanquished by nomadic tribesmen armed with a newly acquired faith, Islam.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

From the fall of the Sassanid Dynasty to the Safavid Empire (652–1501 CE)

Main articles: Islamization in Iran, Abbasid Caliphate, Ilkhanate, Timurid dynasty, Mongol Empire, Khwarezmian Empire, Seljuk dynasty, Buyid Dynasty, and Ghaznavid Empire
.
Early Islamic era Iranian art: Ewer from 7th century Persia.
^ The issue of how China will handle the Iranian nuclear issue has emerged as an early test of what Obama has described as a relationship that “will shape the 21st century.” .
  • China News: Iran | China Digital Times (CDT) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC chinadigitaltimes.net [Source type: News]

^ Many Iranian art forms predate the Arab conquest, but since nearly all of them reached their peak within the Islamic era, religious influences are rarely completely absent.

^ In 1935, Iranians found themselves living in a different country – not Persia but Iran, the specifically pre-Islamic "land of the Arians".
  • Martin Amis on the beginning of the end for Iran's ayatollahs | World news | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]
  • IranPressNews (English): The end of Iran's ayatollahs? 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.iranpressnews.com [Source type: Original source]

Cast, chased, and inlaid bronze. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.
.After the Islamic conquest of Persia, Persia was annexed into the Arab Umayyad Caliphate.^ Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and the shah was forced into exile.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.icciran.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • CIA - The World Factbook -- Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.umsl.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Arabs invaded Persia during 641 and 642 as part of the larger Arab conquest, which led to a Persian Islamic renaissance in medicine, literature, law, and religion.

^ The last of the Sassanid kings was Yazdegerd III, during whose reign (632-651) the Arabs invaded Persia, destroyed all resistance, gradually replaced Zoroastrianism with Islam, and incorporated Persia into the caliphate.
  • The Persians 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]

.But the Islamization of Iran was to yield deep transformations within the cultural, scientific, and political structure of Iran's society: The blossoming of Persian literature, philosophy, medicine and art became major elements of the newly-forming Muslim civilization.^ This sporting institution, which is specific to the Persian-speaking world, is vastly expanding within and outside Iran.
  • British Institute of Persian Studies: Taxonomy 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.bips.ac.uk [Source type: Academic]

^ In Iran, as in all Islamic societies, art favors the non-representational, the derivative and the stylized rather than the figurative, the innovative and the true-to-life.

^ Read about the religious, political, business, social, cultural and sports news from Iran, as reported by the world press.

Inheriting a heritage of thousands of years of civilization, and being at the "crossroads of the major cultural highways",[29] contributed to Persia emerging as what culminated into the "Islamic Golden Age".
.It was the Persian general Abu Moslem, who expelled the Umayyads from Damascus and helped the Abbasid caliphs to conquer Baghdad.^ A.D. to 1000 A.D.: In 750 A.D. an Arabic group utilizing an Iranian army commanded by an Iranian general defeated the armies of the old dynasty of caliphs, the Umayyads, and established a new dynasty of caliphs, the Abbasids, with a new capital at Baghdad.
  • The Economic History and Economy of Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.sjsu.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ With Persian financing and support, the Abbasids ended Umayyad rule.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In 634 Abu Ubaid of Taif, to whom Khâlid assigned the task of annexing Persia, was utterly defeated and slain by the Persians, who, however, were routed in 635-66 by Caliph Omar at Bowaib.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
  • Persia - Catholic Encyclopedia - Catholic Online 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.catholic.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Abbasid caliphs frequently chose their "wazirs" (viziers) among Persians, and Persian governors acquired a certain amount of local autonomy.^ The Abbasid Caliphate relied on Persian ministers and bureaucracy for many state functions.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Persian Barmakid family became architects of the Abbasid political structure and several members of their family became notable grand viziers.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Thus in 822 CE, the governor of Khorasan, Tahir, proclaimed his independence and founded a new Persian dynasty of Tahirids.^ Reza Khan was subsequently (1925) elected hereditary shah, thus ending the Qajar dynasty and founding the new Pahlevi dynasty.
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ He becomes prime minister in 1923, and proclaims himself the first shah of the new Pahlavi Dynasty in 1925.
  • frontline: terror and tehran: chronology - u.s. iran relations, 1906-2002 | PBS 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: News]

^ THE SASSANIDS In AD 224 Ardashir I, a Persian vassal-king, rebelled against the Parthians, defeated them in the Battle of Hormuz, and founded a new Persian dynasty, that of the Sassanids.
  • The Persians 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]

And by the Samanid era, Persia's efforts to regain its independence had been well solidified.[30]
.Attempts of Arabization thus never succeeded in Iran, and movements such as the Shuubiyah became catalysts for Persians to regain their independence in their relations with the Arab invaders.^ Universities in Iran Arab Gateway: Iran - history Political History Rulers of Iran Since 1921 Documents Historical and political texts relating to Iran World Bank Education Profile .
  • Mario Profaca: Mario's Cyberspace Station: Iran العراق 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC mprofaca.cro.net [Source type: News]

^ They also tried to eradicate the independent and unique sense of Persian identity in the same way that they "Arabized" and assimilated the Egyptians and the Assyrians, but with minimal success.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Thus the Persian army was lost, if heavy-armed hoplites succeeded in gaining their lines.

.The cultural revival of the post-Abbasid period led to a resurfacing of Persian national identity.^ Persian culture is justly famous throughout the world, as the nation's contributions in the fields of science, architecture, literature and music have not been insignificant.
  • Persia - IBWiki 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC ib.frath.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Arab Conquest In 641A.D. Arab nomads spreading Islam brought Persia under Arab rule, but Persian identity remained a strong cultural force in the Muslim world.

^ The Sasanians revived Persian culture and Zoroastrianism and made a conscious effort to return to the Achaemenian norms.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The resulting cultural movement reached its peak during the ninth and tenth centuries. .The most notable effect of the movement was the continuation of the Persian language, the language of the Persians and the official language of Iran to the present day.^ The official language and script of Iran, the lingua franca of its people, is Persian.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Centered on the Persian homeland on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf, it stretched from present-day Pakistan in the east to the Balkan Peninsula in the west and from the Persian Gulf in the south to Central Asia in the north.
  • The Persians 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Speaking just days before the deadline set by world powers for Iran's reply, Ayatollah Khamenei said Iran would "continue with its path" of nuclear development.
  • NTI: Research Library: Country Profiles: Iran Nuclear Overview 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.nti.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Ferdowsi, Iran's greatest epic poet, is regarded today as the most important figure in maintaining the Persian language.^ He was the first major poet of the Persian language.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Of the variety of natural resources found in Iran, petroleum (discovered in 1908 in Khuzestan province) and natural gas are by far the most important.
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ BC The Greco-Persian War is commonly regarded as one of the most significant wars in all of history.
  • Timeline Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Before the conquest, Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian roots, were considerably influenced by Zoroasters teachings.^ Mahmoud …[Credits : Behrouz Mehri—AFP/Getty Images] Significant religious sites and sites containing religious artifacts of ancient Indo-Iranian …[Credits : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
  • Iran -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The fact that Iraq was not “got right” and that there is considerable potential for Iranian influence in Iraq is one consequence of the decision to terminate the Saddam Hussein regime.

^ For more on the various considerations that will influence Iranian nuclear decision making, see Eisenstadt, "Living with a Nuclear Iran?"
  • The Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran: An Assessment 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC meria.idc.ac.il [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Persians had been mainly Zoroastrian, however, there were also large and thriving Christian and Jewish communities.^ There are also Baha'i, Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian minorities.
  • http://www.alertnet.org/db/cp/iran.htm 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.alertnet.org [Source type: Academic]

^ In the eleventh and twelfth centuries there were large Christianized communities.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Iran is religiously tolerant theocracy because we have a Jewish, Christian and Zoroastrian member of parliament.
  • Iran - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC uncyclopedia.wikia.com [Source type: Original source]

.The newly converted Iranian Muslims projected many of their own Persian moral and ethical values that predates the advent of Islam, while recognizing Islam as their religion and the prophet's son in law, Ali, as an enduring symbol of justice.^ Islam's ideals of equality and unity appealed to many Persians, as they were in sharp contrast to the rigid and hierarchical social structure of the later Sasanian period.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Arabs invaded Persia during 641 and 642 as part of the larger Arab conquest, which led to a Persian Islamic renaissance in medicine, literature, law, and religion.

^ The seventh-century martyrdom of the Prophet Mohammed’s grandson brings Shiite Muslims into public places to… 26/12/2009 - tags : Iran , Religion , Islam .

A Latin copy of Avicenna's Canon of Medicine, which was the standard medical text in Europe for seven centuries.
.After an interval of silence Persians remained Persians and Iran reemerged as a separate, different and distinctive element within Islam.^ The degree to which Iran’s nuclear program has become an element of the country’s domestic politics suggests that fissures exist within Iranian elites that create space for negotiations.
  • ArmsControlWonk: Iran & The Bomb 3: Strike options 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.armscontrolwonk.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Unrest in Iran has opened a rift within the Shiite sect of Islam, undermining the Iranian regime's founding dogma that is shared by millions across the Middle East.
  • Iran - Breaking News on Election Protest & Unrest in Iran - WSJ.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC online.wsj.com [Source type: News]

^ We are particularly concerned that the government, or ultraconservative elements within it, may use the turmoil in Iran as cover for extreme measures against these wrongly imprisoned individuals.” .
  • Persecution of Bahá'ís in Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC iran.bahai.us [Source type: News]

.Culturally, politically, and religiously, the Iranian contribution to this new Islamic civilization is of immense importance.^ By contrast, the Iranian group has established a substantial political presence in Washington -- lobbying Congress, holding news conferences and raising funds to finance an armed uprising against the Islamic government in Tehran.

^ Read about the religious, political, business, social, cultural and sports news from Iran, as reported by the world press.

^ Remember: under Khatami scores of independent news organizations were shut down, hundreds of journalists were jailed, thousands of Iranians were jailed for their political views and many were murdered.
  • Foundation for Democracy in Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iran.org [Source type: News]

.The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of scientific and cultural endeavor, including Arabic poetry, to which poets of Iranian origin composing their poems in Arabic made a significant contribution.^ Men of Iranian origin served as administrators after the conquest, and Iranians contributed significantly to all branches of Islamic learning, including philology, literature, history, geography, jurisprudence, philosophy, medicine, and the sciences.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Pasargad Heritage Foundation has filed a complaint against Mr. Mashai for a hearing on his intentional systematic endeavor to destroy ancient cultural treasures of the Iranian people.
  • Islam Watch - "Culturecide in the Islamic Republic of Iran" by Amail Imani 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.islam-watch.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The migrant ethnic groups of the mountains and highlands, including the Kurds, Lurs, Qashqai, and Bakhtiari, are of the least mixed descent of the original Iranians.
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Persian Islam Islam-i Ajam was brought to new areas and new peoples: to the Turks, first in Central Asia and then in the Middle East in the country which came to be called Turkey, as well as to India and beyond.^ Return to the Asia and Middle East directory .
  • iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC aes.iupui.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Iran is a country located in the Middle East.
  • History: The Iranian Revolution 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.cyberessays.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Centered on the Persian homeland on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf, it stretched from present-day Pakistan in the east to the Balkan Peninsula in the west and from the Persian Gulf in the south to Central Asia in the north.
  • The Persians 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Ottoman Turks brought a form of Iranian civilization to the walls of Vienna[31].^ The Iranians under quietly accepted the foreign yoke, and the higher Greek Rule, classes adopted the external forms of the alien civilization (cf.

^ III. Civilization and Religion of the Iranians.In the period when the ancestors of Indian and Iranian alike still formed a single nationthat of the Aryansthey developed A .

^ Parameters [31 May 07] Iranian Civil Society and the Role of U.S. Foreign Policy Lionel Beehner.
  • MiPAL: Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC merln.ndu.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Iranian philosophy after the Islamic conquest, is characterized by different interactions with the Old Iranian philosophy, the Greek philosophy and with the development of Islamic philosophy.^ Men of Iranian origin served as administrators after the conquest, and Iranians contributed significantly to all branches of Islamic learning, including philology, literature, history, geography, jurisprudence, philosophy, medicine, and the sciences.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ After the Islamic conquests of the seventh century, there was a continuing tension between the new religion and its message and the very old societies of the countries that the Muslims conquered.
  • Islamic Revolution - The New York Review of Books 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.nybooks.com [Source type: Original source]

^ A year ago you could have characterized the interaction with the Iranians as professional, said Vice Adm.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Illumination School and the Transcendent Philosophy are regarded as two of the main philosophical traditions of that era in Persia.^ EDITED...the Islamic intellectual tradition in Persia written by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, the renowned...major study of philosophical activities in Persia and of the contributions of Persian philosophers...
  • Persia Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The movement continued well into the eleventh century, when Mahmud-a Ghaznavi founded a vast empire, with its capital at Isfahan and Ghazna.^ During the Shah's reign, Iran celebrated 2,500 years of continuous monarchy since the founding of the Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great.
  • Iran's Twitter Revolution 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: General]

^ BC Cyrus the Great founded Persia’s Achaemenian Empire which he expanded into India, Libya and Egypt.
  • Timeline Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Towards the beginning of the fourth century the head of the Persian Church selected the city of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, the capital of the empire, for his metropolitan see .
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

.Their successors, the Seljuks, asserted their domination from the Mediterranean Sea to Central Asia.^ Ahmad Shah Durrani's empire extended from Central Asia to Delhi, from Kashmir to the Arabian sea.
  • Timeline Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Mongol invaders from Central Asia took over Baghdad and ended the Abbasid-Seljuk Empire.
  • Timeline Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The nomadic Turks from Central Asia, descended from a warrior named Seljuk, took control of the government and continued governing the empire in the tradition of Islamic law.
  • Timeline Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.As with their predecessors, the divan of the empire was in the hands of Persian viziers, who founded the Nizamiyya.^ BC: The Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, high point under Darius the Great (522-486).

^ During the Shah's reign, Iran celebrated 2,500 years of continuous monarchy since the founding of the Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great.
  • Iran's Twitter Revolution 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: General]

^ They were the predecessors of the Persians in the empire and the more civilized people.

.During this period, hundreds of scholars and scientists vastly contributed to technology, science and medicine, later influencing the rise of European science during the Renaissance.^ Arabs invaded Persia during 641 and 642 as part of the larger Arab conquest, which led to a Persian Islamic renaissance in medicine, literature, law, and religion.

^ Also well see as the reliefs that were cut into the rock several hundred years later during the Sassanian dynasty.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC iipt.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The European countries that Ahmadinejad thinks will be punished by having to relocate the Jews are actually the countries that will benefit from an injection of Jewish science and technology.

[32]
.In 1218, the eastern Khwarazmid provinces of Transoxiana and Khorasan suffered a devastating invasion by Genghis Khan.^ During this time, Genghis (Chinggis) Khan brought together a number of Mongol tribes and led them on a devastating sweep through China.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.During this period more than half of Persia's population were killed,[33] Between 1220 and 1260, the total population of Persia may had dropped from 2,500,000 to 250,000 as a result of mass extermination and famine.^ More Than 250 US$ .
  • :. Iran Travel Provider - Hotel, Flight, Visa, Tour and Transportation in Iran .: 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.persiatravelmart.com [Source type: General]

^ The value of the trade between Russia and Persia was then about 3,500,000.

^ Persia was doubtless in early times included in Elam, and its population was then either Semitic or allied to the Accadians, who founded more than one state in the Babylonian plain.
  • NETBible: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC net.bible.org [Source type: Original source]

[34] .In a letter to King Louis IX of France, Holaku, one of the Genghis Khan's grandsons, alone took responsibility for 200,000 deaths in his raids of Persia and the Caliphate.^ The Seljuq Turks arrived in the eleventh century, followed by the horrific atrocities of the Mongols under Genghis Khan and his grandson Hulagu Khan in the thirteenth century and Tamerlane in the fourteenth century.
  • Under A Persian Moon: Three Weeks in the Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.on-the-matrix.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ These days the opposition took advantage of Shiite religious festival of Ashura, which commemorates the death of the grandson of Muhammad, Husayn ibn Ali, killed in 680 AD by the troops of the Caliph Yazid.
  • Iran // Current 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC current.com [Source type: News]

^ The area of modern Persia is about 635,000 square miles, a large part being desert ; the population is about 9,000,000, one-fourth of whom are nomads.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

[35] .He was followed by yet another conqueror, Tamerlane, who established his capital in Samarkand.^ Those who follow him are ruthless to the unbeliever but merciful to one another.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ True, though trite, it is easy to be wise after the event; yet who can help regretting that a different plan was not followed in the subjugation of Sebastopol?

^ The Afshar dynasty was followed by the Zand dynasty (1750–94), founded by Karim Khan, who established his capital at Shiraz and adorned that city with many fine buildings.
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[36]
.The waves of devastation prevented many cities such as Neishabur from reaching their pre-invasion population levels until the twentieth century, eight centuries later.^ Until the twentieth century, when major highways and railroads were constructed through the mountains to connect the population centers, these basins tended to be relatively isolated from one another.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ If invasion be practicable, the best mode of preventing it is by preparation, and by surrounding it by such difficulties as will make the undertaking an act of desperation.

^ They ruled from the eighth century A.D. until the Mongol invasion of the 13th century.

[37] .But both Hulagu, Timur, and their successors soon came to adopt the ways and customs of that which they had conquered, choosing to surround themselves with a culture that was distinctively Persian.^ They can't have it both ways.
  • Foundation for Democracy in Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iran.org [Source type: News]

^ They were both in a takhterewan, surrounded by guards.

^ They also tried to eradicate the independent and unique sense of Persian identity in the same way that they "Arabized" and assimilated the Egyptians and the Assyrians, but with minimal success.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[38]

The birth of modern Iran: Rise of the Safavid Empire (1501–1920)

Main articles: Safavid Empire, Qajar dynasty, Afsharid dynasty, and Zand dynasty
See also: Russo-Persian Wars, Anglo-Persian War, and Turko-Persian War
Safavid Empire, an Iranian Kingdom at its Greatest Extent.
Shah Ismail I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty (1501 to 1736).
.Persia's first encompassing Shi'a Islamic state was established under the Safavid dynasty in 1501 by Shah Ismail I.^ After 9 centuries of foreign rule, Persia was united under the Safavid Dynasty.

^ In the thirty years since the Khomeini revolution of 1979, The un-Islamic Republic of Iran has become far worse than it ever was under the Shah, SAVAK included.
  • Opinion: The Un-Islamic Republic of Iran, Third Reich of the 21st Century 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.digitaljournal.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ First, we go to the tomb of Nader Shah, a Turk of the Safavids who liberated Persia from the Afghan occupation in the 18th century and is thus revered here, in the spiritist tradition of reverence for great heroes.
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Safavid dynasty soon became a major political power and promoted the flow of bilateral state contacts.^ By replacing eliminating the Taliban in Afghanistan and replacing Saddam Hussein with a group of Shia political leaders, the United States has in fact increased Iran’s power and influence in the region.

^ The United States is the only major power not sending a diplomat with Mr. Solana.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ But the future of democratization will largely be determined by a power struggle over social, economic, and political resources both within the state leadership and between the state and society.
  • THE STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC meria.idc.ac.il [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Safavid peak was during the rule of "Shah Abbas The Great".[39] The Shah swiftly moved to defeat the Uzbeks, Ottomans, and Portuguese, bringing a flow of prosperity into Iranian cities.^ The reign of Shah Abbas the Great marked the pinnacle of the Safavid dynasty.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Safavid dynasty (1502–1736), founded by Shah Ismail, restored internal order in Iran and established the Shiite sect of Islam as the state religion; it reached its height during the reign (1587–1629) of Shah Abbas I (Abbas the Great).
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ During the Shah's reign, Iran celebrated 2,500 years of continuous monarchy since the founding of the Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great.
  • Iran's Twitter Revolution 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: General]

.The Safavids moved their capital from Tabriz to Qazvin and then to Isfahan where their patronage for the arts propelled Persia into one of its most aesthetically productive eras.^ This at one time was one of the many capitals of Persia.

^ The authorized capital was four millions sterling, but the bank started with a capital of one million, and began its business in Persia in October 1889.

^ This is one of the most disagreeable circumstances incidental to a residence in Persia.

.Under their rule, the state became highly centralized, the first attempts to modernize the military were made, and even a distinct style of architecture developed.^ Hampeymāni had attempted to introduce an autarkic economy cutting imports, and organizing production and commercialization of several first order goods, even introducing rationing cards.
  • Persia - IBWiki 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC ib.frath.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Mousavi’s government adopted a five-year plan for economic development, patterned after earlier attempts at using state capitalist methods of national development, as pursued by Egypt under the Nasser governments of the 1950s and 1960s under the influence of the USSR and its satellites.
  • International Socialist Review -- Obama in office 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC isreview.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Khorasan could hardly be called an integral part of the shahs kingdom so long as it was under Operations even the nominal rule of the blind grandson of in Nadir.

.The defeat of Shah Sultan Hossein by Afghan rebels marked the start of the downfall of the Safavid era in 1722. One year later the last Safavid monarch lost his throne in 1735, Nader Shah successfully drove out the Afghan rebels from Isfahan and established the Afsharid dynasty.^ Nader Shah, an officer of the Safavids, was able to expel the Afghans and reunite the country.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The reign of Shah Abbas the Great marked the pinnacle of the Safavid dynasty.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In 1979 Saddam Hussein reached out a trembling hand of friendship to the new Iran, and was clearly hoping for the continuation of the detente he had established with the Shah.
  • Martin Amis on the beginning of the end for Iran's ayatollahs | World news | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

.He then staged an incursion into India in 1738 securing the Peacock throne, Koh-i-Noor, and Darya-ye Noor among other royal treasures.^ He invaded India in 1738 and brought back fabulous wealth, including the legendary Peacock Throne and the Koh-i-noor diamond.
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

His rule did not last long however, and he was assassinated in 1747.
.The Mashhad based Afshar dynasty was succeeded by the Zand dynasty in 1750, founded by Karim Khan, who established his capital at Shiraz.^ The Afshar dynasty was followed by the Zand dynasty (1750–94), founded by Karim Khan, who established his capital at Shiraz and adorned that city with many fine buildings.
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Early Modern Times -  After the death, in 1779, of Mohammad Karim Khan Zand, who was the Zand dynasty ruler of southern Persia, Agha Mohammad Khan, a leader of the Qajar tribe, reunified the country, defeated  numerous rivals and brought all of Iran under his rule, establishing the Qajar dynasty.
  • Brief History of Modern Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mideastweb.org [Source type: Original source]

^ While differing widely in character, he was a worthy successor of Karim Khan, the great founder of the Zend dynasty.

.His rule brought a period of relative peace and renewed prosperity.^ His rule brought a period of peace and renewed prosperity.
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Abagha was a peaceful ruler and endeavoured by wise administration to give order and prosperity to a country torn asunder by a long period of intestine war and the Mongol invasion.

^ After almost one hundred years of Mongol devastation, Rashid ad-Din's policies brought about a short-lived period of peace and prosperity.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Afshar dynasty lasted three generations, until Aga Muhammad Khan executed Lotf Ali Khan (assisted by the young Zand king's betrayal by his chancellor), and founded his new capital in Tehran, marking the dawn of the Qajar dynasty in 1794. The capable Qajar chancellor Amir Kabir established Iran's first modern college system, among other modernizing reforms.^ However, the country was soon again in turmoil, which lasted until the advent of Aga Muhammad Khan.
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In 1501 the Ṣafavid dynasty was established and lasted until 1736.
  • Iran -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A detested ruler (assassinated 1797), Aga Muhammad Khan defeated the last ruler of the Zand dynasty and established the Qajar dynasty (1794–1925).
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Mohammad Khan Qajars successors however gradually transformed Iran into an arena for the rising colonial powers of Imperial Russia and the British Empire, which wielded great political influence in Tehran under the subsequent Qajarid kings.^ Iran was unique in the region for having successfully resisted colonialism, mainly by the British Empire and Imperial Russia.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ BC: The Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, high point under Darius the Great (522-486).

^ Early Modern Times -  After the death, in 1779, of Mohammad Karim Khan Zand, who was the Zand dynasty ruler of southern Persia, Agha Mohammad Khan, a leader of the Qajar tribe, reunified the country, defeated  numerous rivals and brought all of Iran under his rule, establishing the Qajar dynasty.
  • Brief History of Modern Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mideastweb.org [Source type: Original source]

.Yet in spite of The Great Game, Iran managed to maintain her sovereignty and was never colonized, unlike neighboring states in the region.^ By replacing eliminating the Taliban in Afghanistan and replacing Saddam Hussein with a group of Shia political leaders, the United States has in fact increased Iran’s power and influence in the region.

^ This happened in a decade when several of Iran's Arab neighbors purchased large quantities of advanced Western arms, and the United States dramatically increased its forward military presence in the region.
  • The Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran: An Assessment 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC meria.idc.ac.il [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Hooshang Amirahmadi, "The state and territorial social justice in post-revolutionary Iran," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 13 (1989).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Persia suffered several wars with Imperial Russia during the Qajar era, resulting in Persia losing almost half of its territories to Imperial Russia and the British Empire via the treaties of Gulistan, Turkmenchay, and Akhal.^ During this "war of intervention" a Persian military officer, Reza Mehrpanj, staged a coup d'état with support from both the British and the Mobadān Mobad, which reduced the last Qajar ruler, Ahmad Shah, to figurehead status.
  • Persia - IBWiki 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC ib.frath.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Qajars lost the Caucasus (present day Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan) to the Russians in two separate treaties: the Gulistan in 1813 and the Turkmanchay in 1828.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In this house, built expressly for the accommodation of the Russian representative, was signed the treaty which, twenty-eight years ago, concluded the last war between Russia and Persia.

.Repeated foreign intervention and a corrupt and weakened Qajar rule led to various protests, which by the end of the Qajar period resulted in Persia's constitutional revolution establishing the nation's first parliament in 1906, within a constitutional monarchy.^ Discontent with Qajar corruption and mismanagement led to the Constitutional Revolution and the establishment of Iran's first parliament or Majles.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Qajar rulers were forced to accept a Constitution and establishment of Iran 's first Parliament (Majlis).

^ Infant mortality rates are high, with over 3% of live births resulting in death within the first 12 months.
  • The 2009 Legatum Prosperity Index 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.prosperity.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Famine in 1870-1871 is believed to have caused the death of 2 million people.^ I know it is claimed that the Ayatollah believes in some Islamic cleansing or something to that effect, where millions of people have to die.
  • Iran - islam Discussion Forum 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]

^ In 1860 pestilence and famine devastated parts of the country; and a still grater famine in 1870 and 1871 is believed to have caused the death of two million persons .
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ "I know it is claimed that the Ayatollah believes in some Islamic cleansing or something to that effect, where millions of people have to die."
  • Iran - islam Discussion Forum 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]

[40] During the 1917-1919 famine as much as 1/4 of the population living in the north of Persia died.[41]

From the Pahlavi era to the Iranian Revolution (1921–1979)

Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh, former Iranian prime minister, was overthrown in a CIA-backed coup in 1953.
Main articles: Pahlavi dynasty, Iranian Constitutional Revolution, and 1953 Iranian coup d'état
.With the rise of modernization and encroachment of stronger Western powers in the late nineteenth century came the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911. Reformers hoped the constitution would strengthen Iran against Imperial Russia and Britain by centralizing and modernizing it.^ Darius came too late; the internal disorders of the Persians had attracted the attention of it neighbors, and in 332 the Macedonian army advanced into Persia, sweeping everything before it.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC my.raex.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In fact, in the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1911 , one of the complaints of the crowd was that the Qajar monarchy had had sayyids beaten.
  • Iran - Salon.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.salon.com [Source type: News]

^ If we came to the brink of a nuclear war with Iran, you’d find out just how innocent their precious public is.They would either rise up and put an end to their government, or let it happen.
  • Hot Air » Blog Archive » Hillary: If Iran nukes Israel, I’ll obliterate them 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC hotair.com [Source type: General]

.Ultimately the constitution became law, but its provisions were seldom followed during most of its history.^ The rule of law cannot prevail where constitutional provisions are qualified by broad reference to "Islamic principles," giving the government discretion to interpret the law in accordance with its own interests.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

.In 1921, an army officer Reza Khan of Mazandarani and Persian descent (known as Reza Shah after assuming the throne) staged a coup against the weakened Qajar dynasty.^ Reza Khan, an officer in the army, staged a coup.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Reza Khan ( see Reza Shah Pahlavi ) seized power in a coup (1921).
  • Iran -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In 1921, Reza Khan, an army officer, effected a coup and established a military dictatorship.
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.An autocrat and supporter of modernization, Reza Shah initiated the development of modern industry, railroads, and establishment of a national education system.^ Reza Shah - - Wartime and nationalization of oil .
  • Iran -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Reza Shah had ambitious plans for modernizing of Iran, including large-scale industries, major infrastructure projects such as railroads, a national public education system, a reformed judiciary, and improving health care.
  • Brief History of Modern Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mideastweb.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Among its principles are full equality between the sexes, universal education and the establishment of a world of a world federal system.
  • Timeline Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Reza Shah sought to balance the influence of Russia and Britain by seeking out assistance and technology from European powers traditionally not involved in Iranian affairs, but when World War II started his closeness to Germany alarmed allied powers Russia and Britain, Germany's enemies.^ In 1939, when WW II broke out, Reza Shah proclaimed Iranian neutrality.
  • Brief History of Modern Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mideastweb.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Russia, Britain define 'spheres of influence' .
  • frontline: terror and tehran: chronology - u.s. iran relations, 1906-2002 | PBS 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: News]

^ Since the Cold War started after World War II , Iran had been a fairly stable state, thanks to the United States government which installed Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi in 1953 as leader of the country.
  • Iran-Contra Scandal@Everything2.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.everything2.com [Source type: Original source]

.In summer of 1941 Britain and the USSR invaded Iran to prevent Iran from allying with the Axis powers.^ Now, it appears as if Iran is making a power play, using its Iraqi allies, that could checkmate US influence in Iraq and the Persian Gulf.
  • Iran's Power Play in Iraq 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Mohammad Faghfoory, "The Impact of Modernization on the Ulama of Iran, 1925-1941," Iranian Studies 26 (Summer/Fall 1993): 277-312.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ He tried to play off the imperial powers, Great Britain and Russia, to preserve Iran's independence, but he was not able to prevent Britain and Russia from encroaching into regions of traditional Iranian influence.
  • Brief History of Modern Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mideastweb.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Allies occupied Iran, securing a supply line to Russia, Iran's petroleum infrastructure, and forced the Shah to abdicate in favor of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.^ Britain forced Reza Shah to abdicate and installed his son Mohammed.
  • Timeline Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Reza Shah was forced to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and died in South Africa in exile in 1944.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Remember Russia and China are allies with Iran.

In 1951, a nationalist politician, Dr. Mohammed Mossadegh rose to prominence in Iran and was elected Prime Minister. .As Prime Minister, Mossadegh became enormously popular in Iran by nationalizing the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (later British Petroleum, BP) which controlled the country's oil reserves.^ Iran's Majles passed a law sponsored by the nationalistic (soon to be prime minister) Dr. Mossadeq to nationalize Iran's oil from British control.
  • From Ancient Persia to Contemporary Iran - History of Iran Timeline 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It retained control over Iran's oil after the war through the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company.
  • Secrets of History: 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalpolicy.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ National Iranian Oil Company’s control of that 90% with the control of all the big oil companies.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

.In response, Britain embargoed Iranian oil and began plotting to depose Mossadegh.^ After the announcement by Mossadegh of the nationalization of the oil industry, Britain responded with an embargo.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In 1951, the government of nationalist Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh (alternatively spelled Mossadeq) nationalized the British-owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Soviet-established governments in the north, lacking popular support, were deposed by Iranian troops late in 1946, and the parliament subsequently rejected the oil concessions.
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Members of the British Intelligence Service invited the United States to join them, convincing U.S. President Eisenhower that Mossadegh was reliant on the Tudeh (Communist) Party to stay in power.^ And as a consequence to these acts of aggression, the United States hereby suspends all sales of military hardware to Israel, and terminates all existing military and intelligence agreements with that state.” .
  • Faster, Please! » Is Iran in Trouble? 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC pajamasmedia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After widespread rioting -- and with help from the CIA and British intelligence services -- Mossadeq is defeated and the shah returns to power, ensuring support for Western oil interests and snuffing the threat of communist expansion.
  • frontline: terror and tehran: chronology - u.s. iran relations, 1906-2002 | PBS 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: News]

^ Under the administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, however, the United States came to accept the view of the British government that no reasonable compromise with Mossadeq was possible and that, by working with the Tudeh, Mossadeq was making probable a communist-inspired takeover.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

In 1953, President Eisenhower authorized Operation Ajax, and the CIA took the lead in overthrowing Mossadegh and supporting a U.S.-friendly monarch; and for which the U.S. Government apologized in 2000.[42]
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, and his wife, Queen Farah, prepare to depart after a visit to the United States
.The CIA faced many setbacks, but the covert operation soon went into full swing, conducted from the U.S. Embassy in Tehran under the leadership of Kermit Roosevelt Iranians were hired to protest Mossadegh and fight pro-Mossadegh demonstrators.^ ABBAS MILANI When millions of peaceful demonstrators took to the streets of big Iranian cities in June to protest what was widely assumed to be a stolen election, many in the West wondered whether the movement had the will and vision to sustain itself.

^ I believe the US strategy is to so frustrate Iran that the Iranian leadership is trapped into denouncing the IAEA and NPT and walking out of both.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ On November 4, 1979, Iranian militants unlawfully seized the United States Embassy in Tehran, Iran, and captured the Embassy's personnel.
  • No. 03-1147: Roeder v. Islamic Republic of Iran - Opposition 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.justice.gov [Source type: Original source]

.Anti- and pro-monarchy protestors violently clashed in the streets, leaving almost three hundred dead.^ Clashes were reported between pro- and anti-government protesters at rallies held on Students’ Day, which commemorates the deaths of three students in anti-U.S. protests in 1953.
  • Iran News - Breaking World Iran News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: News]

^ The opposition "Rahe Sabz" website reported that three protesters had been shot dead by security forces in the middle of the Iranian capital's central Enghelab Street.

^ Sept 18, 2009: Hundreds of thousands of protestors in Tehran streets.
  • Foundation for Democracy in Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iran.org [Source type: News]

.The operation was successful in triggering a coup, and within days, pro-Shah tanks stormed the capital and bombarded the Prime Minister's residence.^ This triggered the second stage of Operation Ajax, which called for a military coup.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ His claim to succession had been put aside by Timur in favor of Pir Mahommed, the son of a deceased son, but KhaliI Shah, a son of the discarded prince, won the day.

^ Mossadeq resigned, three days of pro-Mossadeq rioting followed, and the shah was forced to reappoint Mossadeq to head the government.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Mossadegh surrendered, and was arrested on 19 August 1953.^ Consequently, in August 1953, the U.S. and U.K. engineered a coup against the democratically elected Mossadegh, during which pro-Shah army forces arrested the Prime Minister.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.He was tried for treason, and sentenced to three years in prison.^ He is subsequently sentenced to five years in prison.
  • frontline: terror and tehran: chronology - u.s. iran relations, 1906-2002 | PBS 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: News]

^ On April 9, labor activist Mahmoud Salehi, former head of the Saqqez Bakery Workers' Union, was detained by security forces and subsequently sentenced to one year in prison and three years' suspended sentence.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ On May 4, 52 Sufis were sentenced to one year in prison, fines, and lashes (ultimately reduced to fines) in connection with the February 2006 incident.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Mohammad Reza Pahlavi returned to power greatly strengthened and his rule became increasingly autocratic in the following years.^ Despite his vow to act as a constitutional monarch who would defer to the power of the parliamentary government, Mohammad Reza Shah increasingly involved himself in governmental affairs and opposed or thwarted strong prime ministers.
  • Brief History of Modern Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mideastweb.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Clashes with the religious right increased communist activity and a 1953 period of political disagreements with Mohammad Mossadegh, eventually leading to Mossadegh's ousting, caused an increasingly autocratic rule.
  • Iran's Twitter Revolution 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: General]

^ For roughly a quarter-century, Iran suffered repressive and autocratic rule by the Shah, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.With strong support from the U.S. and U.K., the Shah further modernized Iranian industry, but simultaneously crushed all forms of political opposition with his intelligence agency, SAVAK.^ The Shah’s autocratic method of rule and the abusive practices of SAVAK (his internal security and intelligence service) alienated large sectors of the population, including the Shi’a clergy.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ While a Muslim himself, the Shah gradually lost support from the Shi'a clergy of Iran, particularly due to his strong policy of modernization, secularization and conflict with the traditional class of merchants known as bazaari, and recognition of Israel.
  • Iran's Twitter Revolution 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: General]

^ Iranians really only want the fair elections, but as a result of a popular uprising it can all go so much further (and unfortunately, bloodier).

.Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini became an active critic of the Shah's White Revolution and publicly denounced the government.^ The shah became more autocratic, suppressing political parties, silencing critics (partly by the notorious secret police, Savak), and packing Parliament with his favorites.

^ Iran's pro-Western policies continued into the 1970s; however, opposition to such growing Westernization and secularization was strongly denounced by the Islamic clergy, headed by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who had been exiled from Iran in 1964.
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The shah introduces his "White Revolution," a package of comprehensive social and economic reforms that aim to modernize the country.
  • frontline: terror and tehran: chronology - u.s. iran relations, 1906-2002 | PBS 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: News]

.Khomeini, who was popular in religious circles, was arrested and imprisoned for 18 months.^ Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a leading cleric in the religious city of Qom, is arrested after he harshly criticizes the shah.
  • frontline: terror and tehran: chronology - u.s. iran relations, 1906-2002 | PBS 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: News]

^ Even religious scholars who dispute the ruling clerics have been imprisoned without charge or trial.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

.After his release in 1964, Khomeini publicly criticized the United States government.^ The real laugh was the United States government.

^ The Ayatollah Khomeini and other clerics delivered extremist and threatening speeches against the United States and against its Persian Gulf allies.
  • Brief History of Modern Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mideastweb.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Ledeen, you are also wrong, to think that Iranian leaders would sell out or sacrifice people in the government the way they do in the United States.
  • Faster, Please! » The Death Spiral of the Islamic Republic II 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC pajamasmedia.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Shah was persuaded to send him into exile by General Hassan Pakravan.^ The Persian~ then carried all before them; and the hereditary chiefs of Shirvan, Sheki and Baku returned from exile to co-operate with the shahs general in the south.

^ Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and the shah was forced into exile.
  • Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.solcomhouse.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ General Hassan Arfa, Under Five Shahs (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1965), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Khomeini was sent first to Turkey, then to Iraq and finally to France.^ From Turkey, Khomeini moves to Iraq in 1965 and remains there until 1978.
  • frontline: terror and tehran: chronology - u.s. iran relations, 1906-2002 | PBS 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: News]

^ Khomeini was the first charismatic orator who sent his oratory to millions of his compatriots at home on cassettes; he was the first revolutionary leader in exile who directed his followers at home by telephone, thanks to the direct dialing that the Shah had introduced in Iran and that was available to him in France (though not in Iraq).
  • Islamic Revolution - The New York Review of Books 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.nybooks.com [Source type: Original source]

While in exile, he continued to denounce the Shah.

Iranian Revolution and Iran-Iraq War (1979–1988)

Main articles: Iranian Revolution and Iran-Iraq War
.The Iranian Revolution (also known as the Islamic Revolution)[43][44][45] transformed Iran from a monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, to an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution and founder of the Islamic Republic.^ Iran has had a quasi theocracy since the ouster of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi in the Islamic Revolution of 1979.
  • Iran News - Breaking World Iran News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: News]

^ Khomenei, the future Ayatollah of Iran, opposed the Shah's White Revolution.

^ America and Iran have been at loggerheads ever since Ayatollah Khomeini's revolution of 1979.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[46]
Arrival of Ayatollah Khomeini on February 1, 1979 from France.
.The revolution began in January 1978 with the first major demonstrations against the Shah.^ Widespread protests by clerics and merchants against the shah's mishandling of revenues and the foreign domination of Iranian assets leads to the Constitutional Revolution.
  • frontline: terror and tehran: chronology - u.s. iran relations, 1906-2002 | PBS 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: News]

^ Demonstrators used one of the slogans from the 1978-1979 revolution, but with a twist.
  • Foundation for Democracy in Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iran.org [Source type: News]

^ The 1978 revolution against the U.S.-sponsored regime of the Shah yielded a 20-year regime of terror.

[47] .After strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the country, the Shah fled the country in January 1979. On February 1, 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini returned from exile to Tehran, enthusiastically greeted by millions of Iranians.^ Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran and the Shah is forced out and goes into exile.

^ January- February 1979 .
  • frontline: terror and tehran: chronology - u.s. iran relations, 1906-2002 | PBS 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: News]

^ Khomeini - Ayatollah Khomeini   returned to Iran on February 1 by invitation of the interim government.
  • Brief History of Modern Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mideastweb.org [Source type: Original source]

[48] .The Pahlavi dynasty collapsed ten days later on February 11 when Iran's military declared itself "neutral" after guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the Shah in armed street fighting.^ With the remnants of the Shah’s strong (and U.S.-supplied) military infrastructure and thousands of willing youth volunteers, the Islamic Republic of Iran surprised Iraq with its ability to defend itself.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ And just to underscore that it knew what such a rejection would mean, Iran also ordered a massive military readiness exercise for February.

^ Less than a week after a pro-Kremlin think tank declared that democracy had exhausted itself worldwide, Iranians took to the streets -- in the name of democracy.
  • Iran's Presidential Election 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.rferl.org [Source type: News]

.Iran officially became an Islamic Republic on April 1, 1979 when Iranians overwhelmingly approved a national referendum to make it so.^ Since 1979, Iran is an Islamic Republic.
  • Brief History of Modern Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mideastweb.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Iran is an Islamic theocratic republic.
  • Iran Travel Advice and Advisories | Government of Canada 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.voyage.gc.ca [Source type: News]

^ Iran officially became a theocratic republic.

[49] .In December 1979 the country approved a theocratic constitution, whereby Khomeini became Supreme Leader of the country.^ COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: Iran is a constitutional Islamic republic with a theocratic system of government where ultimate political authority is vested in the highest religious authority, the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.

^ Iran is a theocratic Islamic republic governed under the constitution of 1979, as revised in 1989, when presidential powers were expanded and the post of prime minister eliminated.
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Following Khomeini's death on June 3, 1989, the Assembly of Experts chose the outgoing president of the republic, Ali Khamenei, to succeed him as Supreme Leader.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The speed and success of the revolution surprised many throughout the world,[50] as it had not been precipitated by a military defeat, a financial crisis, or a peasant rebellion.^ The second is that any surprise attack will catch many people, be they civilian or military, unawares and unprotected.

^ So far, those among the military and financial elites who don't want a War on Iran (at least a full scale conflict) have been successful.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.oilempire.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Poverty Facts and Stats Global Financial Crisis Causes of Poverty Climate Change and Global Warming Environmental Issues Racism World Military Spending US & Foreign Aid Poverty Around The World Women’s Rights Recently Updated .
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[51] It produced profound change at great speed.[52] It overthrew a regime thought to be heavily protected by a lavishly financed army and security services.[53][54] .And it replaced a monarchy with a theocracy based on Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists (or velayat-e faqih).^ All clothe themselves in the mantle of Islamic principles and adherence to velayat-e faqih.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The official line has been that thereshould be no ideological division in the Islamic Republic, and that the country could be divided into those who support the concept of velayat-e faqih and those who do not.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The decision as to who is for or against velayat-e faqih is not based on precepts established by law, rather it is a discretionary assessment of the leadership.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

.Although both nationalists and Marxists joined with Islamic traditionalists to overthrow the Shah, it ultimately resulted in an Islamic Republic "under the guidance of an 80-year-old exiled religious scholar from Qom," Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.^ Iran's pro-Western policies continued into the 1970s; however, opposition to such growing Westernization and secularization was strongly denounced by the Islamic clergy, headed by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who had been exiled from Iran in 1964.
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Rafsanjani who is in control of this organization that was created for him by Khomeini -his half-brother- decides of each main lines of the Islamic Republic in every field.
  • Faster, Please! » The Death Spiral of the Islamic Republic 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC pajamasmedia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ With the remnants of the Shah’s strong (and U.S.-supplied) military infrastructure and thousands of willing youth volunteers, the Islamic Republic of Iran surprised Iraq with its ability to defend itself.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[55]
.Iran's relations with the United States became deeply antagonistic during the revolution.^ The United States does not have an embassy in Iran.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Jenco was used to manipulate his family to put pressure on United States Government officials to advance Iran's political goals, and, second, that disinformation released by Iran during the kidnapping was calculated to distress family members.
  • Amy Bettis, et al., v. Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.ll.georgetown.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Last week's controversial election outcome in Iran should not deter the United States from pursuing better relations with it, according to Independent Institute Senior Fellow Ivan Eland.
  • Iran's Twitter Revolution 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: General]

On November 4 1979, Iranian students seized US embassy personnel, labeling the embassy a "den of spies."[56] They accused its personnel of being CIA agents plotting to overthrow the revolutionary government, as the CIA had done to Mohammad Mossadegh in 1953. While the student ringleaders had not asked for permission from Khomeini to seize the embassy, Khomeini nonetheless supported the embassy takeover after hearing of its success.[57] .While most of the female and African American hostages were released within the first months,[58] the remaining fifty-two hostages were held for 444 days.^ The captured individuals were held hostage for a period of 444 days.
  • No. 03-1147: Roeder v. Islamic Republic of Iran - Opposition 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.justice.gov [Source type: Original source]

^ The next day an American hostage was released by terrorists in Lebanon.
  • Iran-Contra Scandal@Everything2.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.everything2.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Failure to cancel your account within 30 days of the first time this notice is presented to you will mean that you agree to the changes.
  • Roubini Global Economics - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.roubini.com [Source type: News]

.This is often considered a violation of the long-standing principle of international law that diplomats are immune from arrest (diplomatic immunity).^ They should be the ones to deal with such a large scale violation of international law against THEIR OWN race of people.
  • Faster, Please! » Is Iran in Trouble? 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC pajamasmedia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Iran's leaders today see the Rushdie issue more as a question of refusal to bend to international pressure rather than as the violation of international human rights law that it is.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The regime has fostered the brutal insurgency in Iraq, nurtured terror groups like Hezbollah and Hamas, and committed many other violations of international law.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The students demanded the handover of the Shah in exchange for the hostages, and following the Shah's death in the summer of 1980, that the hostages be put on trial for espionage.^ Iranian students held US embassy personnel hostage for over a year, accusing them of trying to overthrow the revolutionary government and reinstall the shah.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Nousheerwan, the son of that sovereign, put to death Mazdak, with thousands of his followers.

^ In the summer of 1952, the shah refused the prime minister's demand for the power to appoint the minister of war (and, by implication, to control the armed forces).
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Subsequently attempts by the Jimmy Carter administration to negotiate or rescue were unsuccessful until January 1981 when the Algiers declaration was agreed upon.^ In accordance with the Algiers declaration of January 20, 1981, the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal (located in The Hague, Netherlands) was established for the purpose of handling claims of U.S. nationals against Iran and of Iranian nationals against the U.S. However, U.S. interaction with Iran at The Hague solely covers legal matters.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Khomeini refused all appeals, and agitation increased toward the West with the Carter administration's economic boycott, the breaking of diplomatic relations, and an unsuccessful rescue attempt (Apr., 1980).
  • http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/iran.html?nav=el 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Until now, the Obama administration has given the appearance of allowing Iran to "run out the clock" by negotiating and negotiating while its scientists completed a weapon or a weapons arsenal.
  • Foundation for Democracy in Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iran.org [Source type: News]

.The U.S. promised (among other things) in the accord to release Iranian assets that had been frozen, but as of 2007 those assets still remain frozen.^ Or they using iranian frozen assets?
  • International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran – Killed and Detained Since 12 June 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iranhumanrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Other provisions of the Algiers Accords were the unfreezing of 8 billion dollars worth of Iranian assets and immunity from lawsuits Iran might have faced.
  • Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.solcomhouse.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Losing other places around the world must have been quite shocking and disappointing to those who still held colonial attitudes.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.
Donald Rumsfeld meets Saddam Hussein on 19–20 December 1983. Rumsfeld visited again on 24 March 1984, the day the UN reported that Iraq had used mustard gas and tabun nerve agent against Iranian troops.
^ Will we use the worn out troops that we have in Iraq?
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ It is manufacturing weapons that are used against our troops in Iraq.
  • AMERICAN FUTURE - Marc Schulman on a world in turmoil » Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC americanfuture.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ His research on both Saddam Hussein's Iraq ...
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The NY Times reported from Baghdad on 29 March 1984, that "American diplomats pronounce themselves satisfied with Iraq and the U.S., and suggest that normal diplomatic ties have been established in all but name."[59]
.Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein decided to take advantage of what he perceived to be disorder in the wake of the Iranian Revolution and its unpopularity with Western governments.^ Encouraged by the United States and bankrolled by the Saudis, then Iraqi President Saddam Hussein began his war against Iran around the time of the accords.
  • The real reason Iran wants nukes | The Argument 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC experts.foreignpolicy.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As an Iranian citizen, I hope that the stupid sanctions imposed on Iran by western governments will be stopped and effective ways can be found to confront the Iranian government.
  • Iran News Digest | Stay Informed. Stay Green. 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.irannewsdigest.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Iranian people hate Saddam Hussein more than any other leader in the world.

.The once-strong Iranian military had been disbanded during the revolution, and with the Shah ousted, Hussein had ambitions to position himself as the new strong man of the Middle East.^ Everywhere were evidences of a new development of the true Iranian spirit; and it was not long before the Persian nation deemed itself sufficiently strong once more to enforce its old claims to the sovereignty of Western Asia.
  • Persia - Catholic Encyclopedia - Catholic Online 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.catholic.org [Source type: Original source]

^ With the remnants of the Shah’s strong (and U.S.-supplied) military infrastructure and thousands of willing youth volunteers, the Islamic Republic of Iran surprised Iraq with its ability to defend itself.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Organized labor has the potential capability to either cripple or boost the economy (e.g., the oil workers' strike during the Iranian revolution that helped defeat the shah's government) and therefore be a formidable force checking the states' power.
  • THE STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC meria.idc.ac.il [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.He also sought to expand Iraq's access to the Persian Gulf by acquiring territories that Iraq had claimed earlier from Iran during the Shah's rule.^ During the Shah's reign, Iran celebrated 2,500 years of continuous monarchy since the founding of the Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great.
  • Iran's Twitter Revolution 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: General]

^ With the remnants of the Shah’s strong (and U.S.-supplied) military infrastructure and thousands of willing youth volunteers, the Islamic Republic of Iran surprised Iraq with its ability to defend itself.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Access to watering rights still provides a major source of contention between Iran and Afghanistan to this day, especially during the frequent droughts.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC my.raex.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Of chief importance to Iraq was Khuzestan which not only boasted a substantial Arab population, but rich oil fields as well.^ He has vowed that America, Israel and Britain will disappear "like the pharaohs" of Egypt and he believes that oil-rich Iran is well on its way to becoming the regional superpower.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In October 1999, Iran announced that it had made its biggest oil discovery in 30 years, a giant onshore field called Azadegan located in the southwestern province of Khuzestan, a few miles east of the border with Iraq.

^ News Iran troops 'leave oil well, still in Iraq' .
  • Roubini Global Economics - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.roubini.com [Source type: News]

.On the unilateral behalf of the United Arab Emirates, the islands of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs became objectives as well.^ Other bases for light naval forces include Kharg Island at the head of the Gulf and islands in the Abu Musa group south-west of the Straits of Hormuz, these being heavily defended and well supplied.

^ The possibility of three MEUs on station in the Gulf has led some to further speculate on their use in capturing islands in and around the Strait of Hormuz, some of which may have Iranian Revolutionary Guard bases, including Abu Musa, Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb.

^ Mohammad Reza Dabiri, "Abu Musa Island: A Binding Understanding or a Misunderstading," Iranian Journal of International Affairs 5:3-4 (1993/1994): 575-583.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.With these ambitions in mind, Hussein planned a full-scale assault on Iran, boasting that his forces could reach the capital within three days.^ I still advocate a US-sanctioned, full-scale Israeli attack on Iran's command and control, WMD, and regime facilities.
  • Legitimate, Duly-Elected Regime of "Islamic Republic of Iran" Once Again Moves to Settle "Debate" With Citizens Which They Have Every Right to Do and We Shouldn't Say Anything Because That Would Be "Meddling" 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC minx.cc [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Except that my goal of scaling a decent mountain in these final two days in Iran has come to naught due to a combination of mostly positive factors - the driver having sidetracked me with a series of increasingly interesting diversions.
  • Jan Chipchase - Future Perfect: Iran Archives 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.janchipchase.com [Source type: General]

^ Mossadeq resigned, three days of pro-Mossadeq rioting followed, and the shah was forced to reappoint Mossadeq to head the government.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.On September 22, 1980 the Iraqi army invaded Iran at Khuzestan, precipitating the Iran-Iraq War.^ Indeed Iran went to war with Iraq.
  • Faster, Please! » The Death Spiral of the Islamic Republic II 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC pajamasmedia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Not a mention anywhere of Iran invading Iraq.
  • Iran's Power Play in Iraq 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: Original source]

^ September 1980 or an invasion or attack by Iran.
  • Iran's Power Play in Iraq 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: Original source]

.The attack took revolutionary Iran completely by surprise.^ Military deaths in this first wave of attacks against Iran would be expected to be in the thousands, especially with attacks on air bases and Revolutionary Guard facilities.

^ September 20, 2008 1:14 AM It is clear that Iran is ganging up full speed for a 'surprise' nuclear attack on Tel Aviv.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Although Saddam Hussein's forces made several early advances, by 1982, Iranian forces managed to push the Iraqi army back into Iraq.^ His research on both Saddam Hussein's Iraq ...
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Darius came too late; the internal disorders of the Persians had attracted the attention of it neighbors, and in 332 the Macedonian army advanced into Persia, sweeping everything before it.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC my.raex.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ India said it would reestablish diplomatic relations with Pakistan, Nepal opened negotiations with its rebels, the United States made a truce with an Iranian -backed guerrilla army in Iraq , and mercenaries in Ivory Coast murdered a rebel leader who told them to lay down their weapons.
  • Iran (Harper's Magazine) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.harpers.org [Source type: General]

.Khomeini sought to export his Islamic revolution westward into Iraq, especially on the majority Shi'a Arabs living in the country.^ Iran's foreign policy had alienated it from virtually every country in the world, in particular the USA, which the Ayatollah Khomeini called "the great Satan."  Iran continued to export Islamic revolution throughout the war, instigating riots among Shi'a communities in Saudi Arabia, and inspiring and arming terrorists in Lebanon who kidnapped US and British citizens.
  • Brief History of Modern Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mideastweb.org [Source type: Original source]

^ In September 1980, during the U.S. hostage crisis, Iraq invaded Iran to prevent the spread of the Islamic Revolution to Iraq’s Shi’a, seize the heavily-Arab province of Khuzestan, and gain control of the Shatt al-Arab, the waterway between the two countries.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Haggay Ram, "Exporting Iran's Islamic Revolution: Steering a Path between Pan-Islam and Nationalism," Terrorism and Political Violence 8:2 (Summer 1996): 7-24.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.The war then continued for six more years until 1988, when Khomeini, in his words, "drank the cup of poison" and accepted a truce mediated by the United Nations.^ Mossadeq's intransigence and inclination to accept Tudeh support, the Cold War atmosphere, and the fear of Soviet influence in Iran also shaped United States thinking.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ "On 21 June, Khomeini indicated that Iran would invade Iraq shortly, and on 22 June, the Iranian Chief-of-Staff Shirazi declared to "continue the war until Saddam Hussein is overthrown so that we can pray at Karbala and Jerusalem"."
  • Iran's Power Play in Iraq 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Phraates, his successor, removed the seat of government from the north of the empire to Taisefoon, or, as the Greeks called it, Ctesiphon, a suburb of Seleucia , which continued to be the capital until the Mohammedan conquest, more than six hundred years later.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

.Tens of thousands of Iranian civilians and military personnel were killed when Iraq used chemical weapons in its warfare.^ Iraq used chemical weapons against Iranian soldiers.

^ Iraq uses chemical weapons in 1984; U.S. restores diplomatic relations with Iraq.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ With the remnants of the Shah’s strong (and U.S.-supplied) military infrastructure and thousands of willing youth volunteers, the Islamic Republic of Iran surprised Iraq with its ability to defend itself.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iraq was financially backed by Egypt, the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf, the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact states, the United States (beginning in 1983), France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Brazil, and the People's Republic of China (which also sold weapons to Iran).^ The United States does not have an embassy in Iran.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ William Scott Ritter, Jr. July 15, 1961) is noted for his role as a chief United Nations weapons inspector in Iraq from 1991 to 1998, and later for his criticism of United States foreign policy in the Middle East.
  • Iran Coverage 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC irancoverage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The deal aims to ease concerns Tehran could build a nuclear weapon by removing most of Iran's low-enriched uranium from the country.

.There were more than 100,000 Iranian victims[60] of Iraq's chemical weapons during the eight-year war.^ Iraq used chemical weapons against Iranian soldiers.

^ There is more to the bible than love.” .
  • Think Progress » Ahmadinejad denies existence of gays in Iran. 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ There is more to the bible than love.
  • Think Progress » Ahmadinejad denies existence of gays in Iran. 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The total Iranian casualties of the war were estimated to be anywhere between 500,000 and 1,000,000. Almost all relevant international agencies have confirmed that Saddam engaged in chemical warfare to blunt Iranian human wave attacks; these agencies unanimously confirmed that Iran never used chemical weapons during the war.^ Iran will garner weapons and use them on Israel.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Due to all of the above, the US will use nuclear weapon against Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iraq used chemical weapons against Iranian soldiers.

[61][62][63][64]
See also: History of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Government and politics

Main articles: Politics and Government of Iran, Foreign relations of Iran, Supreme Leader of Iran, President of Iran, Majlis of Iran, Council of Guardians, Expediency Discernment Council, Judicial system of Iran, Assembly of Experts, and City and Village Councils of Iran
Political institutions of Iran.
.The political system of the Islamic Republic is based on the 1979 Constitution called the "Qanun-e Asasi" ("Fundamental Law").^ Since 1979, Iran is an Islamic Republic.
  • Brief History of Modern Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mideastweb.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Council for Fundamental Change in Education, established in 1986 as an organization affiliated to the Higher Council of Cultural Revolution, is responsible for reforming the upper secondary education system, studying some alternatives and proposing a system of education based on Islamic doctrine as well as the new social, economic and political needs.
  • UNESCO IBE - World Data on Education, 6th edition - Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.ibe.unesco.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Politically, he vowed a return to the fundamentals of the 1979 revolution—his faction is known as the “principalists.” His mentor is Ayatollah Muhammad Taqi Misbah-Yazdi, a far-right cleric who believes that the Islamic Republic should be replaced with an Islamist government—a theocracy unalloyed by any democratic structures.
  • International Socialist Review -- Obama in office 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC isreview.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The system comprises several intricately connected governing bodies. .The Supreme Leader of Iran is responsible for delineation and supervision of "the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran". The Supreme Leader is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, controls the military intelligence and security operations; and has sole power to declare war.^ Besides, he cannot be dangerous if he is not a commander of the armed forces, which the president in Iran is not.

^ He has the power to remove the president and is commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It is generally considered that as commander-in-chief of the armed forces of Iran, the Supreme Guide, Ayatollah Khamenei, is the leader of this coup d’état.

.The heads of the judiciary, state radio and television networks, the commanders of the police and military forces and six of the twelve members of the Council of Guardians are appointed by the Supreme Leader.^ The Supreme Leader appoints officials to key positions including the head of judiciary and the Council of Guardians.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Supreme Leader appoints the six religious members of the Council, while the Majles selects the six lay members from candidates recommended by the judiciary (which is, in turn, selected by the Supreme Leader).
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Guardian Council was composed of 12 members, six clerics appointed by the supreme leader and six religious jurists appointed by the head of the judiciary.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Assembly of Experts elects and dismisses the Supreme Leader on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem.^ An 86-member of Assembly of Experts is charged with electing and monitoring the Supreme Leader.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Rafsanjani elected as Head of Assembly of Experts.
  • British American Security Information Council 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.basicint.org [Source type: News]

^ The constitution also created an Assembly of Experts of clerics to elect the supreme leader.
  • International Socialist Review -- Obama in office 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC isreview.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[65] .The Assembly of Experts is responsible for supervising the Supreme Leader in the performance of legal duties.^ The constitution also created an Assembly of Experts of clerics to elect the supreme leader.
  • International Socialist Review -- Obama in office 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC isreview.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Assembly of Experts (Ulama) met in emergency session on June 4 and elected President Khamenei the new Valy-e-Faqih (supreme spiritual leader), simultaneously promoting him to the status of ayatollah.
  • Brief History of Modern Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.mideastweb.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The supreme leader, the recognized head of state, is elected by the Assembly of Experts and can only be removed by a vote of this assembly.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.After the Supreme Leader, the Constitution defines the President of Iran as the highest state authority.^ If, after the usual interval, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei had soberly announced a 51% win for President Ahmadinejad, then Iran, and the world, might well have bowed its head and moved on.
  • Martin Amis on the beginning of the end for Iran's ayatollahs | World news | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

^ The AP reports: TEHRAN, Iran — Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad caved into pressure from hardline clerics and the country’s supreme leader Friday and allowed the resignation of his top deputy after a week-long standoff.
  • Iran Coverage 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC irancoverage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran's supreme leader, Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, likes to portray himself as a simple man of faith, interested only in spiritual -- not material -- wealth.

.The President is elected by universal suffrage for a term of four years.^ Suffrage: Universal suffrage; 18 years of age.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The president of the Islamic Republic of Iran is elected by universal suffrage to a 4-year term.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Majles, or National Assembly, consists of 290 members elected to 4-year terms.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Presidential candidates must be approved by the Council of Guardians prior to running in order to ensure their allegiance to the ideals of the Islamic revolution.^ Iran's Guardian Council approved four candidates for the presidential election on June 12.
  • Global Voices Online » Iranian Election 2009 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalvoicesonline.org [Source type: News]

^ He is elected by popular vote from a slate of candidates approved by the Guardian Council.

^ The Guardian Council banned more than 1700 candidates, including many sitting members of parliament, from running for the 290 seats.
  • Iran Nuclear Weapons Threat: Research and Policy Analysis | The Heritage Foundation 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.heritage.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The President is responsible for the implementation of the Constitution and for the exercise of executive powers, except for matters directly related to the Supreme Leader, who has the final say in all matters.^ The functions of the executive, except in the matters that are directly placed under the jurisdiction of the Leadership by the Constitution, are to be exercised by the president and the ministers.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ His is the responsibility for implementing the Constitution and acting as the head of the executive, except in matters directly concerned with (the office of) the Leadership.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Khomeini and other leaders began to say that a simple withdrawal of all forces to the pre-September 1980 borders was no longer sufficient.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The President appoints and supervises the Council of Ministers, coordinates government decisions, and selects government policies to be placed before the legislature.^ The members of the government are appointed by the president.

^ The president supervises the affairs of the executive branch, appointing and supervising the Council of Ministers (members of the cabinet), coordinating government decisions, and selecting government policies to be placed before the Majles.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Supreme Leader appoints the six religious members of the Council, while the Majles selects the six lay members from candidates recommended by the judiciary (which is, in turn, selected by the Supreme Leader).
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Eight Vice-Presidents serve under the President, as well as a cabinet of twenty-one ministers, who must all be approved by the legislature.^ Please Mr. President, take the poet of Shiraz as your guide: the love that binds us all as one is greater than the hatred that divides us as many.
  • OMID: The Future of Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC omidforiran.org [Source type: General]

^ Whatever the metrics may be, he says it all began this summer, when “the White House, pushed by the office of Vice-President Dick Cheney [who else?
  • AMERICAN FUTURE - Marc Schulman on a world in turmoil » Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC americanfuture.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The election of a new President must take place no later than one month before the end of the term of the outgoing President.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

.Unlike many other states, the executive branch in Iran does not control the armed forces.^ The United States does not have an embassy in Iran.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It brought new elites to power, altered the pattern of Iran’s foreign relations, and led to the transfer of substantial wealth from private ownership to state control.

^ Does the hypocrisy of the United States telling Iran to not meddle in Iraq register on anyone else’s radar?
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

.Although the President appoints the Ministers of Intelligence and Defense, it is customary for the President to obtain explicit approval from the Supreme Leader for these two ministers before presenting them to the legislature for a vote of confidence.^ Ministers will be appointed by the President and will be presented to the Assembly for a vote of confidence.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Incumbent president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was declared the winner, while opposition leader and former Prime Minister Mir-Hossein Mousavi claimed fraud.
  • Global Voices Online » Iranian Election 2009 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalvoicesonline.org [Source type: News]

^ The Supreme Leader appoints officials to key positions including the head of judiciary and the Council of Guardians.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iran's current president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, was elected in a run-off poll in the 2005 presidential elections.^ Was Irans recent presidential election rigged?
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Mahmoud Ahmadinejads rise to the Presidency in 2005 serves as a striking example.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ (November 2005) What side is Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on?

His term expires in 2009.
The current legislature of Iran is a unicameral body. .Before the Iranian Revolution, the legislature was bicameral, but the upper house was removed under the new constitution.^ In this new period of struggle, the working class has the potential to recover the real history of the Iranian Revolution—one of the greatest working-class upsurges in world history before it was hijacked by reactionary clerics.
  • International Socialist Review -- Obama in office 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC isreview.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Ledeen warns against underestimating the possibility of a new Iranian revolution.
  • Faster, Please! » The Death Spiral of the Islamic Republic II 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC pajamasmedia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Eventually, the Iranian people staged a revolution and removed the Shah.

.The Majles-e Shura-ye Eslami (Islamic Consultative Assembly) comprises 290 members elected for four-year terms.^ The Majles, or National Assembly, consists of 290 members elected to 4-year terms.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The term of membership in the Islamic Consultative Assembly is four years.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Ten representatives from among the members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Majlis drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties, and approves the national budget.^ They must approve all legislation passed by the Majlis, and supervise the elections of the Assembly of Experts which selects the Supreme Religious Leader.

.All Majlis candidates and all legislation from the assembly must be approved by the Council of Guardians.^ He is elected by popular vote from a slate of candidates approved by the Guardian Council.

^ Don’t forget it was Khamenei and his Guardian Council, who specifically selected and approved of Mousavi and Karubi to run as presidential candidates to begin with.
  • Faster, Please! » The Death Spiral of the Islamic Republic II 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC pajamasmedia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Guardian Council banned more than 1700 candidates, including many sitting members of parliament, from running for the 290 seats.
  • Iran Nuclear Weapons Threat: Research and Policy Analysis | The Heritage Foundation 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.heritage.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Council of Guardians comprises twelve jurists including six appointed by the Supreme Leader.^ The Supreme Leader appoints officials to key positions including the head of judiciary and the Council of Guardians.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Guardian Council was composed of 12 members, six clerics appointed by the supreme leader and six religious jurists appointed by the head of the judiciary.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Council of Guardians is made up of twelve appointed members--six religious authorities and six jurists.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

.The others are elected by the Parliament from among the jurists nominated by the Head of the Judiciary.^ The Guardian Council was composed of 12 members, six clerics appointed by the supreme leader and six religious jurists appointed by the head of the judiciary.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ He will be elected from among the individuals proposed to the President by the head of the judiciary branch.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Guardian Council : 6 religious men selected by the Supreme Religious Leader, plus 6 jurists elected by the Majlis (legislature) from a list nominated by the Head of the Judicial Power.

.The Council interprets the constitution and may veto Parliament.^ All the laws adopted by the Parliament must be judged compatible both with the Constitution and, especially, with Islam by the highly conservative Council of Guardians.

^ The constitution further created a system of dual authority in which a body dominated by clerics, the Guardian Council, approved or rejected candidates for office and legislation in the Majlis, or parliament.
  • International Socialist Review -- Obama in office 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC isreview.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In addition to what is presented in the Constitution, the rules and decrees relating to the Ministry of Education are approved by the Islamic Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Education Council.
  • UNESCO IBE - World Data on Education, 6th edition - Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.ibe.unesco.org [Source type: Academic]

.If a law is deemed incompatible with the constitution or Sharia (Islamic law), it is referred back to Parliament for revision.^ The majority of the laws adopted by the Parliament dominated by the “Islamic reformists” were rejected by the Council of Guardians, dominated by the conservatives.

^ The rule of law cannot prevail where constitutional provisions are qualified by broad reference to "Islamic principles," giving the government discretion to interpret the law in accordance with its own interests.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

^ All the laws adopted by the Parliament must be judged compatible both with the Constitution and, especially, with Islam by the highly conservative Council of Guardians.

.In a controversial exercise of its authority, the Council has drawn upon a narrow interpretation of Iran's constitution to veto parliamentary candidates.^ Moreover, the constitutional grounding on which the council bases its authority is disputed in Iran.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Moreover, he selects six members of the Guardian Council, an influential body which has to pass all legislation and which can veto would-be election candidates.
  • Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.solcomhouse.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Parliamentary elections could represent a real contest for power in Iran's political system-but only if arbitrary bans on candidates and other constraints on political life are lifted.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Expediency Council has the authority to mediate disputes between Parliament and the Council of Guardians, and serves as an advisory body to the Supreme Leader, making it one of the most powerful governing bodies in the country.^ Because she is the most powerful country in the world.
  • AMERICAN FUTURE - Marc Schulman on a world in turmoil » Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC americanfuture.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Expediency Council which settles cases of litigation between the Islamic Parliament and the Council of Guardians; .

^ COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: Iran is a constitutional Islamic republic with a theocratic system of government where ultimate political authority is vested in the highest religious authority, the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.

.The Supreme Leader appoints the head of Iran's Judiciary, who in turn appoints the head of the Supreme Court and the chief public prosecutor.^ The head of the judiciary was appointed by the supreme leader, who in turn appointed the head of the Supreme Court and the chief public prosecutor.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The head of the Supreme Court and prosecutor-general also must be clerics.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran's supreme leader, Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, likes to portray himself as a simple man of faith, interested only in spiritual -- not material -- wealth.

.There are several types of courts including public courts that deal with civil and criminal cases, and "revolutionary courts" which deal with certain categories of offenses, including crimes against national security.^ There is no jury system in the civil and criminal courts.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ There are several court systems.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ When Iran's case was brought before the IAEA earlier this month, 27 nations voted against Iran, including Russia and China and India and Brazil and Sri Lanka and Egypt and Yemen.
  • FREE IRAN NEWS [In The Spirit Of Cyrus The Great & The First Declaration Of Human Rights] Persian Music,Iranian News, T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, Mugs, Mousepads, and othergifts! 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.activistchat.com [Source type: News]

.The decisions of the revolutionary courts are final and cannot be appealed.^ Its decisions are final and not subject to appeal.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Whereas court verdicts are subject to appeal by higher courts, the decisions of the council are not subject to independent appeal.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Special Clerical Court handles crimes allegedly committed by clerics, although it has also taken on cases involving lay people.^ Courts issued death sentences for crimes committed by minors.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The clerical courts, which investigate offenses and crimes committed by clerics and which are overseen directly by the supreme leader, are not provided for in the constitution and operated outside the domain of the judiciary.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ These people seem to miss the fact that a conspiracy to commit assault and battery is a crime in every state plus the District of Columbia.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

.The Special Clerical Court functions independently of the regular judicial framework and is accountable only to the Supreme Leader.^ It can come only when the Supreme Leader approves it.

^ The supreme leader, the recognized head of state, is elected by the Assembly of Experts and can only be removed by a vote of this assembly.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Head of the Judicial Power is appointed by the Supreme Religious Leader for a 5-year term (Art.

.The Court's rulings are final and cannot be appealed.^ On December 16, Madadi was released from jail following an appeals court ruling that cleared him of the charge of acting against national security.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Assembly of Experts, which meets for one week annually, comprises 86 "virtuous and learned" clerics elected by adult suffrage for eight-year terms.^ Rafsanjani elected as Head of Assembly of Experts.
  • British American Security Information Council 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.basicint.org [Source type: News]

^ The constitution also created an Assembly of Experts of clerics to elect the supreme leader.
  • International Socialist Review -- Obama in office 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC isreview.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Supreme Guide (the representative of God on earth, designated by the Assembly of Experts, a body composed of clerics, who have themselves been carefully chosen and elected following a complex procedure which leaves little choice to the people); .

.As with the presidential and parliamentary elections, the Council of Guardians determines candidates' eligibility.^ The Guardian Council does not concern itself with the [candidates'] eligibility.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Iran's Guardian Council approved four candidates for the presidential election on June 12.
  • Global Voices Online » Iranian Election 2009 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalvoicesonline.org [Source type: News]

^ Don’t forget it was Khamenei and his Guardian Council, who specifically selected and approved of Mousavi and Karubi to run as presidential candidates to begin with.
  • Faster, Please! » The Death Spiral of the Islamic Republic II 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC pajamasmedia.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Assembly elects the Supreme Leader and has the constitutional authority to remove the Supreme Leader from power at any time.^ The Supreme Leader holds power for life unless removed by the Assembly of Experts.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The constitution also created an Assembly of Experts of clerics to elect the supreme leader.
  • International Socialist Review -- Obama in office 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC isreview.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: Iran is a constitutional Islamic republic with a theocratic system of government where ultimate political authority is vested in the highest religious authority, the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.

.As all of their meetings and notes are strictly confidential, the Assembly has never been publicly known to challenge any of the Supreme Leader's decisions.^ All reports are strictly confidential .

^ The supreme leader, the recognized head of state, is elected by the Assembly of Experts and can only be removed by a vote of this assembly.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Supreme Leader holds power for life unless removed by the Assembly of Experts.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Finally, Local City Councils are elected by public vote to four-year terms in all cities and villages of Iran.^ The President is elected for a four-year term by the direct vote of the people.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Majles, or National Assembly, consists of 290 members elected to 4-year terms.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The assembly was composed of 86 members and was restricted to clerics, who served an eight-year term and were chosen by popular vote from a list approved by the Guardian Council.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.According to article seven of Iran's Constitution, these local councils together with the Parliament are "decision-making and administrative organs of the State". This section of the constitution was not implemented until 1999 when the first local council elections were held across the country.^ Rice announces Iran sanctions 25 Oct 2007: 'These actions will provide a powerful deterrent,' says the US secretary of state.
  • The visionary shah who inspired an Islamic republic | Elaheh Rostami-Povey | Comment is free | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

^ Last week's controversial election outcome in Iran should not deter the United States from pursuing better relations with it, according to Independent Institute Senior Fellow Ivan Eland.
  • Iran's Twitter Revolution 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: General]

^ ZNet Article Mahmoud Ahmadinejad--the man many Iranians believe stole the presidency in Iran's contested June 12 elections--two weeks ago nominated three women to head ministries and this week Iran's parliament...
  • ZNet - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.zmag.org [Source type: General]

.Councils have many different responsibilities including electing mayors, supervising the activities of municipalities; studying the social, cultural, educational, health, economic, and welfare requirements of their constituencies; planning and co-ordinating national participation in the implementation of social, economic, constructive, cultural, educational and other welfare affairs.^ The Labour and Social Welfare Institute is responsible for courses in labour affairs and social provision.
  • UNESCO IBE - World Data on Education, 6th edition - Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.ibe.unesco.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Another aim is The planning of a correct and just economic system, in accordance with Islamic criteria, in order to create welfare, eliminate poverty, and abolish all forms of deprivation with respect to food, housing, work, health care, and the provision of social insurance for all (section 12).

^ The Council for Fundamental Change in Education, established in 1986 as an organization affiliated to the Higher Council of Cultural Revolution, is responsible for reforming the upper secondary education system, studying some alternatives and proposing a system of education based on Islamic doctrine as well as the new social, economic and political needs.
  • UNESCO IBE - World Data on Education, 6th edition - Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.ibe.unesco.org [Source type: Academic]

.Iran's foreign relations are based on two strategic principles: eliminating outside influences in the region and pursuing extensive diplomatic contacts with developing and non-aligned countries.^ Iran's regional relations.
  • British American Security Information Council 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.basicint.org [Source type: News]

^ Irans regional relations.
  • British American Security Information Council 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.basicint.org [Source type: News]

^ Jews are only populated in some regions of the U.S. – generally the more liberal areas of the country; in conservative parts of the country they’re virtually non-existent.
  • Think Progress » Ahmadinejad denies existence of gays in Iran. 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iran maintains diplomatic relations with almost every member of the United Nations, except for Israel, which Iran does not recognize, and the United States since the Iranian Revolution.^ Dual nationality Dual nationality is not legally recognized in Iran.
  • Iran Travel Advice and Advisories | Government of Canada 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.voyage.gc.ca [Source type: News]

^ The United States does not have an embassy in Iran.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ He maintained close diplomatic relations with both Saudi Arabia and Israel.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[66] .Iran has come under international sanctions since December 2006, because of its civilian nuclear programme.^ A tougher stance on Iran's nuclear programme.
  • British American Security Information Council 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.basicint.org [Source type: News]

^ December 2006 UN Security Council resolution on Iran sanctions.
  • British American Security Information Council 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.basicint.org [Source type: News]

^ Iran to press ahead with nuclear programme.
  • British American Security Information Council 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.basicint.org [Source type: News]

Provinces and counties

Main articles: Provinces of Iran and Counties of Iran
.Iran is divided into 30 provinces (ostān), each governed by an appointed governor (استاندار, ostāndār).^ Iran has 30 provinces managed by an appointed governor general.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In the important provinces and subprovinces the governors are assisted by a man of experience, to whom the accounts and details of the government are entrusted.

^ The Aryans of Iran are divided into numerous tribes; these, again, being subdivided into minor tribes and clans.

.The provinces are divided into counties (shahrestān), and subdivided into districts (bakhsh) and sub-districts (dehestān).^ The provinces are further divided into counties, districts, and villages.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Aryans of Iran are divided into numerous tribes; these, again, being subdivided into minor tribes and clans.

^ The great majority of the civilized provinces were subdivided into local administrative districts governed by officials of the king and his satraps.

Provinces of Iran.
The map does not show the southern islands of Hormozgan (#20 listed below):
1. Tehran</tr> 2. Qom<tr/> 3. Markazi<tr/> 4. Qazvin<tr/> 5. Gīlān<tr/> 6. Ardabil<tr/> 7. Zanjan<tr/> 8. East Azarbaijan   <tr/> 9. West Azarbaijan<tr/> 10. Kurdistan<tr/>
11. Hamadān<tr/> 12. Kermanshah<tr/> 13. Īlām<tr/> 14. Lorestān<tr/> 15. Khūzestān<tr/> 16. Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari<tr/> 17. Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad   <tr/> 18. Bushehr<tr/> 19. Fārs<tr/> 20. Hormozgān<tr/>
21. Sistān and Baluchestān   <tr/> 22. Kermān<tr/> 23. Yazd<tr/> 24. Isfahan<tr/> 25. Semnān<tr/> 26. Māzandarān<tr/> 27. Golestān<tr/> 28. North Khorasan<tr/> 29. Razavi Khorasan<tr/> 30. South Khorasan<tr/>

Major cities

After the revolution, Shahyad Tower was renamed Azadi Tower (Freedom Tower).
.Iran has one of the highest urban-growth rates in the world.^ According to the 1994 general census, the population of Iran is about 61 million, with a growth rate of about 2.3%.
  • UNESCO IBE - World Data on Education, 6th edition - Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.ibe.unesco.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Iran is one of the world's most mountainous countries.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Stealing Ballots and Bandwidth Namjoo Hashemi - 7/27/2009 The recent protests in Iran are eerily reminiscent of the ones the world witnessed in 1979 that ousted the Shah.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.From 1950 to 2002 the urban proportion of the population increased from 27% to 60%.^ Between 1992 and 1995, the number of urban and rural libraries has significantly increased and 27 different types of cultural and artistic activities are being offered.
  • UNESCO IBE - World Data on Education, 6th edition - Islamic Republic of Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.ibe.unesco.org [Source type: Academic]

^ In the 1950’s urban population was around 25 percent and at the time of the Islamic Revolution in 1979 barely exceeded 50 percent.

[67] .The United Nations predicts that by 2030 the urban population will form 80% of the overall population.^ Nearly 80 percent of today’s Iranians are urban or semi-urban and with a substantial percentage of them residing in provincial centers with populations over one million.

^ The President calls on all supporters of human rights and freedom, and the United Nations, to take up Ganji's case and the overall human rights situation in Iran.
  • FREE IRAN NEWS [In The Spirit Of Cyrus The Great & The First Declaration Of Human Rights] Persian Music,Iranian News, T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, Mugs, Mousepads, and othergifts! 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.activistchat.com [Source type: News]

.Most of the internal migrants have settled near the cities of Tehran, Isfahan, Ahvaz, and Qom.^ Over the last 13 days over 200 Iranians have died in Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz, Tabriz, Rasht and other such cities.
  • International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran – Killed and Detained Since 12 June 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iranhumanrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It is centered on the Rudbar-Shah Rud valley and the city of Rayy, near modern Tehran.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC my.raex.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ This morning at the G-8 in Pittsburg Obama announced that Iran has been operating a secret uranium enrichment plant near Qom, south of Tehran.
  • Foundation for Democracy in Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iran.org [Source type: News]

The listed populations are from the 2006/2007 (1385 AP) census.[68]
Tehran (population 7,705,036)
.Tehran is the capital and largest city of Iran and like many big cities, suffers from severe air pollution.^ Why there is not any photo from big city like tehran ?!?
  • People and places in Iran Photo Gallery by Damon Lynch at pbase.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Since the June 12, 2009, presidential elections, political demonstrations and gatherings have occurred in major cities across Iran and notably in Tehran.
  • Iran Travel Advice and Advisories | Government of Canada 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.voyage.gc.ca [Source type: News]

^ The agriculture sector still suffers from shortages of capital, raw materials, and equipment- problems that date back to the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Tehran is the hub of the country's communication and transport network. .The city has numerous large museums, art centers, palace complexes and cultural centers and host 45% of Iran's industries.^ The best known and the one with most adherents is the Twelvers which have a large percentage in Iran 60% and Iraq 45%; the others are the Ismaili or Sevener, and Zaidiyyah.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ Traditionally an agricultural society, by the 1970s Iran had achieved significant industrialization and economic modernization, largely helped by the growing worldwide demand for oil.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Most of the day in Mashhad today is spent visiting a number of important sites — there are of course numerous ones in this holy city in Iran, so it must be a selection.
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

Mashhad (population 2,410,800)
Imam Reza shrine, which is visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.
.Mashhad (also spelt Mashad, literally "The place of martyrdom"), is located 850 kilometers (500 miles) east of Tehran, and is one of the holiest Shi'a cities in the world as it is the site of the shrine of Imam Reza, 8th Shia Imam.^ Within even thirty miles of Tehran, there are two places where coal can be procured in abundance, at the mere cost of digging and conveying it to the city.

^ One of the most usual is to the ruins of the ancient city of Rēi, four miles from town.

^ The fact is Iran is one of the most liberal and democratic countries in the world, more than any other state in the Middle East, including Turkey.

.It is the second largest city with a population of 2.8 million at the center of the province of Razavi Khorasan.^ Nearly 80 percent of today’s Iranians are urban or semi-urban and with a substantial percentage of them residing in provincial centers with populations over one million.

^ Add in its location, its population of nearly 70 million (the largest in the Middle East) and its ambitions to regional leadership, and the significance of Iran's future international role is undeniable.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.It's the center of tourism in Iran and between 15 and 20 million pilgrims go to the Imam Reza's shrine every year.^ No, no reason at all -- certainly not the regular threats of bombing Iran that have been going on for over a 20 years now.

^ I am still amazed at how modern Iran is, considering that the country has been under severe economic sanctions for over 20 years.

^ I hope Iran understands that we are very serious, that we are determined they are not going to get a nuclear weapon capability, and unless they change the strategic decision they’ve been pursuing for close to 20 years, that that’s something they better factor into their calculations.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

[69][70]
Isfahan (population 1,583,609)
.Isfahan or Eşfahān, located about 340 km south of Tehran, is the capital of Isfahan Province and Iran's third largest city.^ It is located 420 mi/675 km south-southwest of Tehran.

^ SHIRAZ Largest city and capital of the Fars region, in south-central Iran.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC my.raex.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Since the June 12, 2009, presidential elections, political demonstrations and gatherings have occurred in major cities across Iran and notably in Tehran.
  • Iran Travel Advice and Advisories | Government of Canada 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.voyage.gc.ca [Source type: News]

.The Naghsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.^ The square, with 500 x 160 m one of the largest in the world, is a sublime example of town planning - it dates back to 1612 and was designed and built as a whole.
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

^ From the Guardian: a n Iranian reader sent in this picture of the protest yesterday (June 17) in Isfahan's Naghsh Jahan square.
  • Foundation for Democracy in Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iran.org [Source type: News]

.The city also contains a wide variety of Islamic architectural sites ranging from the eleventh to the nineteenth century.^ Velayat-e faqih, and the idea of legitimacy through adherence to Islamic principles which it represents, is an elastic concept that creates space for a wide range of advocates for change.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

^ While her request to visit the city of Qom to meet with supporters of imprisoned religious leaders was denied, she was able to meet with individuals representing a wide range of political views.
  • Iran 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.hrw.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Heidi Walcher, "Face of the Seven Spheres: The Urban Morphology and Architecture of Nineteenth Century Isfahan (Part One)," Iranian Studies 33:3-4 (2000).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

Tabriz (population 1,378,935)
.Tabriz is the largest city in north-western Iran and is the capital of East Azarbaijan Province.^ Northeast Iran, north Khorasan Province, northwest of Mashhad.
  • Ethnologue report for Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.ethnologue.com [Source type: General]

^ Iran's western borders are with Turkey in the north and Iraq in the south, terminating at the Shatt al Arab (which Iranians call the Arvand Rud).
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran proves that Dubai is not the only "modern" city in the Middle East.

.Tabriz is situated north of the volcanic cone of Sahand south of the Eynali mountain.^ It is situated in a desolate plain, ten miles to the south of the Elboorz range of mountains, which run from west to east.

^ It is situated at the end of a large plain, bounded on the north by high hills, and on the south at some miles distant, by the lake Shahee.

Karaj (population 1,377,450)
.Karaj is located in Tehran province and is situated 20 km west of Tehran, at the foot of Alborz mountains, however the city is increasingly becoming an extension of the metropolitan Tehran.^ It is situated in a desolate plain, ten miles to the south of the Elboorz range of mountains, which run from west to east.

^ In early December AI reported that security forces arrested between 20 and 30 students, mostly in Tehran but also in other cities.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It is situated in the plain at the foot of the mountains, not far from the sea, and surrounded by beautiful woods and groves of oranges and lemons.

Shiraz (population 1,204,882)
.Shiraz is the capital of Fārs Province and is located in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains.^ We were glad to arrive at this capital of the Transcaucasian provinces, which is close to the foot of the mountains, and situated on both sides of the river Kur.

^ The Iranian province of Khuzestan is the one large piece of flat Iranian terrain to the west of the Zagros Mountains.

^ Kingdom of ELYMAIS A Helleno-Iranian kingdom located in what is now southeastern Iraq and the Zagros Mountains of Iran.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC my.raex.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Shiraz is known as the city of poetry, wine and carpet production and flowers (such as roses).^ Over the last 13 days over 200 Iranians have died in Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz, Tabriz, Rasht and other such cities.
  • International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran – Killed and Detained Since 12 June 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iranhumanrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

It is also famous for its importance in the history of Iran. .It has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for more than a thousand years.^ Twelve years ago the quantity produced was more than a million of pounds in weight, the value of which, on the spot, was more than 450,000 l .

^ (Seeded here on Mother Gaia Earth by some other planetary civilizations thousands of years more advanced in awareness than ourselves...because they have not had centuries of Earth Controllers...and unawakened masses allowing it.

^ She was pretty, and looked more like a stout girl of twelve years old than the mother of two children.

Ahvaz (population 969,843)
.The city of Ahvaz, is the capital of the Iranian province of Khūzestān.^ TABRIZ An important city in northwestern Iran, the fourth largest city in the nation, and capital of Iranian Azerbaijan.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC my.raex.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.It is built on the banks of the Karun River and is situated in the middle of Khūzestān Province.^ We were glad to arrive at this capital of the Transcaucasian provinces, which is close to the foot of the mountains, and situated on both sides of the river Kur.

^ Khuzestan Province, southwest side of Zagros Mountains, Shatt al Arab River bank.
  • Ethnologue report for Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.ethnologue.com [Source type: General]

^ This venerable relic is situated on the bank of a small stream, called Arpa Chaee, or Barley River, which separates Turkey from Russia.

The city has an average elevation of 20 meters above sea level.
Qom (population 951,918)
.Qom (also known as Q'um or Kom) lies 97 miles (156 km) by road south-west of Tehran and is the capital of Qom Province and is built on the banks of the Qom and is considered to be a holy city in Shi`a Islam, as it is the site of the shrine of Fatema Mæ'sume, sister of Imam `Ali ibn Musa Rida (Persian Imam Reza, 789–816 CE).^ In Qom we stop to visit the Hazrat-e Masumeh complex: a very large complex around the holy shrine of Fatima (Fatima al-Masumeh, sister of Emām Reza (789-816AD), who died and was buried here in 816 AD. The first buildings date back to the Safavid era, started in the early 17th century under Shah Abbas I (1587-1629) and extended during later rulers.
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The 97-mile stretch of highway from Tehran southwest to Qom passes through a cratered landscape of magnificent desolation to the basin between a salt marsh and a desert at the foot of the Zagros Mountains.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ On the ruins of Seleucia, on the opposite bank of the Tigris, Ardashir I. built the city Architecture of Veh-Ardashir (good is Ardashir), to which the later andActs.

The city is the largest center for Shi'a scholarship in the world, and is a significant destination of pilgrimage.

Geography and climate

Main article: Geography of Iran
See also: Agriculture in Iran and Wildlife of Iran
.Iran is the eighteenth largest country in the world after Libya and before Mongolia;[71] Its area roughly equals the size of the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Germany combined, about one-sixth the size of the United States or slightly larger, in land mass, than the state of Alaska.^ Iran is one of the world's most mountainous countries.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The United States does not have an embassy in Iran.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran is about one-fifth the size of the continental United States, or slightly larger than the combined area of the contiguous states of California, Arizona, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[72][73] .Its borders are with Azerbaijan (432 km/268 mi) and Armenia (35 km/22 mi) to the northwest; the Caspian Sea to the north; Turkmenistan (992 km/616 mi) to the northeast; Pakistan (909 km/565 mi) and Afghanistan (936 km/582 mi) to the east; Turkey (499 km/310 mi) and Iraq (1,458 km/906 mi) to the west; and finally the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south.^ North near Caspian Sea, south half of Mazanderan Province.
  • Ethnologue report for Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.ethnologue.com [Source type: General]

^ The mountains also impeded easy access to the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Khorasan to the Perso-Afghan border, its western limit being indicated by a long line to the northwest from near Shiraz, taking in the whole upper country to the Russian frontier and the Elburz; (2) the provinces south and south-west of the Caspian; (3) a narrow strip of wooded country south-west of the Zagros range, from the Diyala River in Turkey in Asia to Shiraz; (4) the Persian side of the Shatt-el-Arab, and Aralictan, east of the Tigris; and (5) the shores of the Persian Gulf and Baluchistan.

Iran's area is 1,648,000 km² (approximately 636,300  mi² )
Mount Damavand is Iran's highest point.
.Most of Iran is situated on the Iranian Plateau with the exception of the coast of the Caspian Sea and Khuzestan.^ The Iranian women’s rights movement is the most vibrant social movement in Iran today.
  • International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran – Killed and Detained Since 12 June 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iranhumanrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Because most of Iran is taken up by deserts and otherwise dry areas, greenery and parks are very precious to the Iranians.
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Iran has deployed Silkworm anti-ship cruise missiles along the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf, on Abu Musa island, on Qeshm Island and on Sirri Island.

.Iran is one of the world's most mountainous countries, its landscape is dominated by rugged mountain ranges that separate various basins or plateaus from one another.^ Iran is one of the world's most mountainous countries.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The best known and the one with most adherents is the Twelvers which have a large percentage in Iran 60% and Iraq 45%; the others are the Ismaili or Sevener, and Zaidiyyah.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ India, one of the emerging countries, whom many think will be among the most powerful in a few decades, is already extremely thirsty for energy.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The populous western part is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the Caucasus, Zagros and Alborz Mountains; the latter contains Iran's highest point, Mount Damavand at 5,604 m (18,386 ft), which is not only the country's highest peak but also the highest mountain on the Eurasian landmass west of the Hindu Kush.^ Iran is one of the world's most mountainous countries.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Jews are only populated in some regions of the U.S. – generally the more liberal areas of the country; in conservative parts of the country they’re virtually non-existent.
  • Think Progress » Ahmadinejad denies existence of gays in Iran. 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ If only circumstances were such that you, our country’s human capital, could spend your energy and your financial and intellectual resources for this country and its long suffering people.
  • Iran News Digest | Stay Informed. Stay Green. 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.irannewsdigest.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The eastern part consists mostly of desert basins like the saline Dasht-e Kavir, Iran's largest desert, located in the north-central portion of the country, and the Dasht-e Lut, in the east, as well as some salt lakes.^ Musharraf, for his part, denied that he had made a deal with the Americans to crack down on Al Qaeda in return for lenient treatment for selling nuclear technology to North Korea , Libya , Iran , and others; he also denied that his country's proliferation had done much harm.
  • Iran (Harper's Magazine) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.harpers.org [Source type: General]

^ JIBAL The Arabic name for north-central Iran; roughly the equivalent of ancient Media.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC my.raex.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ To do this, he must convince Europe, China and Russia that a nuclear Iran will be catastrophic for Middle East stability as well as for their own economies.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.This is because the mountain ranges are too high for rain clouds to reach these regions.^ That range places Israel, Iran's sworn enemy, well within reach, as well as U.S. bases in the Gulf region and parts of southeastern Europe.
  • The Jawa Report v3.0 Beta Archives 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC mypetjawa.mu.nu [Source type: General]

^ I had on a previous occasion seen these fountains, which take their rise in a small basin at the summit of very high mountains.

^ With their range of 1,300 kilometers, Shihab-3 missiles are capable of reaching Israel and other countries throughout the region.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Except for some scattered oases, such as Tabas, these deserts are uninhabited.
The landscape of Fars Province.
.The only large plains are found along the coast of the Caspian Sea and at the northern end of the Persian Gulf, where Iran borders the mouth of the Shatt al-Arab(or the Arvand Rūd)river.^ DAYLAM A region in northern Iran, just south of the Caspian Sea.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC my.raex.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Iranian navy will now be deployed only in the Gulf of Oman and along the Caspian Sea.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The mountains also impeded easy access to the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Smaller, discontinuous plains are found along the remaining coast of the Persian Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz and the Sea of Oman.^ The missiles are a direct threat to U.S. aircraft carriers stationed in the Persian Gulf/Arabian Sea.

^ (I) into the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf, 135,000 sq.

^ The southern boundary is the coast line of the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf from Gwetter to the mouth of the Shatt el Arab, a distance of about 870 m., comprised Southern , .

.Iran's climate is mostly arid or semiarid, to subtropical along the Caspian coast.^ Climate: Semiarid; subtropical along the Caspian coast.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran has deployed Silkworm anti-ship cruise missiles along the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf, on Abu Musa island, on Qeshm Island and on Sirri Island.

^ Iran has more than seven hundred undeclared dock and port facilities along its Persian Gulf coast.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.On the northern edge of the country (the Caspian coastal plain) temperatures nearly fall below freezing and remain humid for the rest of the year.^ The thermometer falls to 27° below zero, Fahrenheit; and nevertheless wheat and barley are produced in abundance in the ample plain or valley below.

^ Northwest Gilan Province, Caspian coastal plain and adjacent mountainous areas from Masuleh, Masal, and Kapur-Chal (Kepri-Chal) to Azerbaijan border.
  • Ethnologue report for Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.ethnologue.com [Source type: General]

^ The whole country occupies a plateau varying in height from 3000 to 5000 feet, and subject to wide extremes of climate, its northern edge bordering on the Caspian Sea and the plain of Turkestan , its southern and south-western on the Persian Gulf and the plains of Mesopotamia.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29 °C (84 °F). .Annual precipitation is 680 mm (27 in) in the eastern part of the plain and more than 1,700 mm (67 in) in the western part.^ That two-way trade totaled $6 billion in the first half of 2006, more than double the annual trade just five years ago.

^ He was then fifty-seven years of age, and had ruled over part of Persia for more than eighteen yearsover the kingdom generally for about three years, and from his coronation for about one year only.

^ Culture ministry officials also reportedly cancelled more than 30 concerts, and President Ahmadi-Nejad announced a ban on Western music in December 2005.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.To the west, settlements in the Zagros Mountains basin experience lower temperatures, severe winters, sub-freezing average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall.^ The Iranian province of Khuzestan is the one large piece of flat Iranian terrain to the west of the Zagros Mountains.

^ The mountains enclose several broad basins, or plateaus, on which major agricultural and urban settlements are located.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The eastern and central basins are arid, with less than 200 mm (eight in) of rain and have occasional desert.^ But the Persians say, and with justice, that an occasional chepawool of these pirates was less irksome than the presence and interference of consul and commodore.

^ In Tajrish, an election official told me that he had seen just 200 voters far fewer than in the presidential election less than two years ago.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Compared to less than 200, I’d say 11,000 is pretty signifigant.
  • Think Progress » Ahmadinejad denies existence of gays in Iran. 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Average summer temperatures exceed 38 °C (100 °F). .The coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman in southern Iran have mild winters, and very humid and hot summers.^ Advocates of an American invasion of Iran say that last months strengthening of the American armada in the Persian Gulf has frightened the Iranian regime.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The southern boundary is the coast line of the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf from Gwetter to the mouth of the Shatt el Arab, a distance of about 870 m., comprised Southern , .

^ Now, it appears as if Iran is making a power play, using its Iraqi allies, that could checkmate US influence in Iraq and the Persian Gulf.
  • Iran's Power Play in Iraq 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: Original source]

The annual precipitation ranges from 135 to 355 mm (five to fourteen inches).

Economy

The rial is Iran's official currency. The official exchange rate averaged 8,614 rials to the U.S. dollar in 2004
.
Tehran was one of the first cities in Iran which was modernized in the Pahlavi era.
^ Iran proves that Dubai is not the only "modern" city in the Middle East.

^ Wilhelm Eilers, "Education and Cultural Development in Iran during the Pahlavi Era," in George Lenczowski, ed., Iran under the Pahlavis (Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1978), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The first, and the one properly receiving the most attention, is inside Iran itself.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

It currently hosts 45% of Iran's large industries.
Kish Island is a free-trade zone, which is quickly becoming a major tourist destination.
Main article: Economy of Iran
See also: Next Eleven, Tehran Stock Exchange, Economic Cooperation Organization, Transport in Iran, Communications in Iran, and Construction in Iran
.Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures.^ Although the Supreme Leader issued a decree in July 2006 to privatize 80% of the shares of most government-owned companies, private sector activity is typically limited to small-scale workshops, farming, and the service industry.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The best known and the one with most adherents is the Twelvers which have a large percentage in Iran 60% and Iraq 45%; the others are the Ismaili or Sevener, and Zaidiyyah.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ CONCEPT PLAN (CONPLAN) 8022 JFCCSGS is in an advanced state of readiness to trigger nuclear attacks directed against Iran or North Korea.

.Its economic infrastructure has been improving steadily over the past two decades but continues to be affected by inflation and unemployment.^ But, it was only the latest in the long chain of the Iranian regime's outlaw behavior over the past two decades.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Over the past two decades, Tehran has nurtured cultural, economic, and political ties with various regional forces, most notably the Shiites of Iraq.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Inflation is approaching 30%, while the unemployment rate continues to be in the double digits.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[74] .In the early twenty-first century the service sector contributed the largest percentage of the GDP, followed by industry (mining and manufacturing) and agriculture.^ Although Islam guarantees the right to private ownership, banks and some industries--including the petroleum, transportation, utilities, and mining sectors--were nationalized after the revolution.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The private sector consists of those activities concerned with agriculture, animal husbandry, industry, trade, and services that supplement the economic activities of the state and cooperative sectors.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The granting of concessions to foreigners for the formation of companies or institutions dealing with commerce, industry, agriculture, services or mineral extraction, is absolutely forbidden.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

.About 45 percent of the government's budget came from oil and natural gas revenues, and 31 percent came from taxes and fees.^ (China, a major purchaser of Iranian oil, is negotiating a multibillion-dollar deal with Iran for the purchase of liquefied natural gas over a period of twenty-five years.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The culmination of the reformers' defeats came in 2005, when voters elected the hardline Ahmadinejad, who promised to use Iran's large oil revenues to help the poor.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Politically conscious Iranians were aware, however, that the British government derived more revenue from taxing the concessionaire, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC--formerly the Anglo-Persian Oil Company), than the Iranian government derived from royalties.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Government spending contributed to an average annual inflation rate of 14 percent in the period 2000–2004. In 2006 the GDP was estimated at $193.5 billion ($599.2 billion at PPP), or $2,440 per capita ($8,700 at PPP).^ Economy: per capita GDP $6,300 (2000 est.

^ Soon there will be no oil to export and its GDP per capita will drop to levels that would rank it amongst the poorest nations in the world.
  • People and places in Iran Photo Gallery by Damon Lynch at pbase.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ That two-way trade totaled $6 billion in the first half of 2006, more than double the annual trade just five years ago.

[75] .Because of these figures and the country’s diversified but small industrial base, the United Nations classifies Iran's economy as semi-developed.^ These were developments in which Iran shared.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The plutonium issue is one of several over which the United Nations Security Council has imposed sanctions to get Iran to cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency, the watchdog that is investigating American charges that Iran is covertly developing nuclear weapons.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ At the same time, an Iran concentrating on the development of the talents of its people and the resources of its country should have nothing to fear from the United States.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The services sector has seen the greatest long-term growth in terms of its share of GDP, but the sector remains volatile. .State investment has boosted agriculture with the liberalization of production and the improvement of packaging and marketing helping to develop new export markets.^ Their rule was characterized by considerable centralization, ambitious urban planning, agricultural development, and technological improvements.
  • Alienshift, MARS, UFO, Alien, Pole Shift, Time Travel, 2012, IRAN, IRAQ, RUSSIA, CHINA, ARMAGEDDON, UFO Video, NASA, SUFISM, ASCENSION 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.alienshift.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ China is searching for new regional allies because it wants to pursue strategic aims such as gaining privileged access to crude-oil reserves, finding new markets for its products and technology, and competing with the United States.

^ The following trade is permitted: licensed exports of U.S. agricultural and medical products to Iran, U.S. donations of articles intended to relieve human suffering in Iran (food, clothing, etc.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Thanks to the construction of many dams throughout the country in recent years, large-scale irrigation schemes, and the wider production of export-based agricultural items like dates, flowers, and pistachios, produced the fastest economic growth of any sector in Iran over much of the 1990s.^ Thanks very much from inside Iran!
  • Amazing IRAN - photos of North Africa/Middle East on Worldisround 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.worldisround.com [Source type: General]

^ In recent years, China has emerged as a potential large-scale partner.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Article 44 specifies that the state sector will own and administer all large-scale and mother industries, foreign trade, major minerals, banking, insurance, power generation, dams, and large-scale irrigation networks, radio and television, post, telegraph and telephone services, aviation, shipping, roads, railroads and the like."

.Although successive years of severe drought in 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001 have held back output growth substantially, agriculture remains one of the largest employers, accounting for 22% of all jobs according to the 1991 census.^ There were no female cabinet ministers, although one of the nine vice presidents was a woman, and several women held high-level positions.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ He reigned fourteen years, and his reign was a succession of barbarities, which can only be attributed to an evil disposition acted upon by an education void of all civilizing influences.

^ Although Judiciary Chief Shahrudi reportedly ordered an investigation into the allegations, the results remained unknown at year's end.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iran's major commercial partners are China, Germany, South Korea, France, Japan, Russia and Italy.^ Gotta wonder when Russia, China, South America, the rest of North America, Africa and the rest of Asia say ENOUGH, and invade and occupy the US. .
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ While explosives are raining on Lebanese and Israeli towns and Israel reclaims portions of Gaza, the proposal to Iran in May by the so-called Six (the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia and China) for negotiations on its nuclear weapons program still awaits an answer.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ But even if a miracle occurred and Russia, China and Germany agreed to adopt and enforce stiff sanctions against Iran, those sanctions would come too late to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Since the late 1990s, Iran has increased its economic cooperation with other developing countries, including Syria, India, Cuba, Venezuela, and South Africa.^ The only nations to support Iran were Syria, Cuba, and Venezuela.
  • FREE IRAN NEWS [In The Spirit Of Cyrus The Great & The First Declaration Of Human Rights] Persian Music,Iranian News, T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, Mugs, Mousepads, and othergifts! 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.activistchat.com [Source type: News]

^ At the same time, an Iran concentrating on the development of the talents of its people and the resources of its country should have nothing to fear from the United States.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran has since worked to modernize its military, both conventionally and through the development of its ballistic missile and nuclear programs.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iran is also expanding its trade ties with Turkey and Pakistan and shares with its partners the common goal of creating a single economic market in West and Central Asia, much like the European Union called ECO.^ She was much flattered at my telling her she was like a European.

^ No one in the West knows how much, or exactly what part, of Iran’s nuclear program lies hidden.

^ On his trip to Europe this week, President Bush is expected to press the Europeans to further reduce Iran-related export credits and cut ties with Irans financial institutions.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iran also expects to attract billions of dollars of foreign investment by creating a more favorable investment climate, such as reduced restrictions and duties on imports, and free-trade zones in Chabahar, Qeshm and Kish Island.^ As such, the reformist Khatami fell out of favor with the ruling clergy who backed the more hard-line Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as president.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ On his trip to Europe this week, President Bush is expected to press the Europeans to further reduce Iran-related export credits and cut ties with Irans financial institutions.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The trade between India and those countries, now free and uncontrolled on the payment of not immoderate duties, falls then under the despotic rule of that government, and becomes subject to its protective and selfish commercial restrictions.

.The current administration continues to follow the market reform plans of the previous one and indicated that it will diversify Iran's oil-reliant economy.^ The Bush Administration indicated that it has no plans for a "regime change" in Iran .
  • Iran (Harper's Magazine) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.harpers.org [Source type: General]

^ Former president Khatami followed the market reform plans of his predecessor, President Rafsanjani, and indicated that he would pursue diversification of Iran's oil-reliant economy, although he made little progress; high inflation and expansive public transfer programs, as well as powerful economic and political vested interests, posed obstacles for rapid reform during the Khatami era.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ For now, the administration must prevent the incipient Iran bourse (oil-exchange) from opening in March and precipitating a global sell-off of the debt-ridden dollar.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

It is attempting to do this by investing revenues in areas like automobile manufacturing, aerospace industries, consumer electronics, petrochemicals and nuclear technology. .Iran has also developed a biotechnology, nanotechnology, and pharmaceuticals industry.^ Iran wants to share its current demand with others and to succeed in exercising their right to develop a civil nuclear industry, not only for its own people but also for all the others.

^ Ronald W. Ferrier, "The Development of the Iranian Oil Industry," in Hossein Amirsadeghi, ed., Twentieth Century Iran (London: Heinemann, 1977), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[76] .The strong oil market since 1996 helped ease financial pressures on Iran and allowed for Tehran's timely debt service payments.^ The deal aims to ease concerns Tehran could build a nuclear weapon by removing most of Iran's low-enriched uranium from the country.

^ I visited Tehran in 1991, and since I was then the Chairman of Pak Railways, I expressed my desire to see the train of the Shah of Iran.
  • PERSIA, the Ancient Iran Photo Gallery by Ali Majdfar at pbase.com 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ After a while and the dollar has fallen, less forieghn goods will flood our markets, (too expensive) and Americans will again be desirable to employ since shippin in country will take less oil.

.Iranian budget deficits have been a chronic problem, in part due to large-scale state subsidies, totaling more than $40 billion per year, that include foodstuffs and especially gasoline.^ Costs: The cost of travel in Iran has been creeping up slowly over the years and is now much more expensive than it was five/ten years back when one could find a black market exchange rate and when fuel subsidies were greatest.
  • Middle East - Backpacking travel advice > Iran, Israel, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Turkey 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC travelindependent.info [Source type: Original source]

^ Erzeroom is a large town, dirtier and more disagreeable, I think, than.

^ They live, especially the married women, in a state of seclusion much more severe than that imposed on Persian females.

[77]

Energy

Main articles: Energy in Iran, Ministry of Petroleum of Iran, and Nuclear programme of Iran
As a further drive toward diversification of energy sources, Iran has also established wind farms in several areas, this one near Manjeel.
.Iran ranks second in the world in natural gas reserves and third in oil reserves.^ To them, the country’s vast reserves of oil and natural gas make it a natural ally.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran has the world's second-largest proven reserves of conventional crude oil, after Saudi Arabia, and the second-largest reserves of natural gas, after Russia.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Soon there will be no oil to export and its GDP per capita will drop to levels that would rank it amongst the poorest nations in the world.
  • People and places in Iran Photo Gallery by Damon Lynch at pbase.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In 2005, Iran spent US$4 billion dollars on fuel imports, because of contraband and inefficient domestic use.^ I was wondering if you would be able to advise us on how one can travel to Iran and see these wonderful places without using traditional tours companies?
  • Amazing IRAN - photos of North Africa/Middle East on Worldisround 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.worldisround.com [Source type: General]

^ At $60 barrel, the US is paying approximately $290 billion per year for imported oil.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The culmination of the reformers' defeats came in 2005, when voters elected the hardline Ahmadinejad, who promised to use Iran's large oil revenues to help the poor.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[78] .Oil industry output averaged 4 million barrels per day in 2005, compared with the peak of 6 million barrels per day reached in 1974. In the early 2000s, industry infrastructure was increasingly inefficient because of technological lags.^ At $60 barrel, the US is paying approximately $290 billion per year for imported oil.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Its large market, economic output, industrial potential, and vast oil and natural gas reserves make it central to American geostrategic and energy interests.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ However, with oil prices currently below $40 per barrel, the Iranian Government is facing a particularly worrisome economic situation.
  • Iran (09/09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Few exploratory wells were drilled in 2005.
.In 2004, a large share of Iran’s natural gas reserves were untapped.^ (China, a major purchaser of Iranian oil, is negotiating a multibillion-dollar deal with Iran for the purchase of liquefied natural gas over a period of twenty-five years.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Its large market, economic output, industrial potential, and vast oil and natural gas reserves make it central to American geostrategic and energy interests.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran has the world's second-largest proven reserves of conventional crude oil, after Saudi Arabia, and the second-largest reserves of natural gas, after Russia.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The addition of new hydroelectric stations and the streamlining of conventional coal- and oil-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33,000 megawatts.^ Iran's energy generation capacity has risen to about 26,000 megawatts.

.Of that amount, about 75 percent was based on natural gas, 18 percent on oil, and 7 percent on hydroelectric power.^ (China, a major purchaser of Iranian oil, is negotiating a multibillion-dollar deal with Iran for the purchase of liquefied natural gas over a period of twenty-five years.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ US leading Congressmen have warned India that it must choose between “the Iran of the Ayotollahs,” with its oil and gas, and the “democratic West,” with its advanced nuclear power technology.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran has the world's second-largest proven reserves of conventional crude oil, after Saudi Arabia, and the second-largest reserves of natural gas, after Russia.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In 2004, Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants, and the first solar thermal plant was to come online in 2009. Demographic trends and intensified industrialization have caused electric power demand to grow by 8 percent per year.^ Iran has consistently said it wants nuclear power to generate electricity.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ As tensions with Iran rise, many gulf countries have come to see themselves as the likely first targets of an Iranian attack.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Israelis - 'cause it's documented that the Israelis's were the first to threaten Iran.

.The government’s goal of 53,000 megawatts of installed capacity by 2010 is to be reached by bringing on line new gas-fired plants financed by independent power producers, including those with foreign investment backing, and by adding hydroelectric, and controversially, nuclear power generating capacity.^ In 1879 the Persian government was induced to spend 30,000 on the erection of a gas factory in Teheran, but work was soon stopped for want of good coal.

^ Iran has consistently said it wants nuclear power to generate electricity.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Israel vowed revenge, and threatened a nuclear strike on Tehran, before a hastily called UN General Assembly in New York City eased tensions.

.Iran’s first nuclear power plant at Bushehr, built with assistance from Russia, was not online by 2006. In 2005, Iran’s electricity imports were greater than its exports by about 500 million kilowatt-hours; exchanges were made with all neighboring countries except Iraq.^ Iran has consistently said it wants nuclear power to generate electricity.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The ironically named Bushehr nuclear power plant crumbled to dust.

^ Musharraf, for his part, denied that he had made a deal with the Americans to crack down on Al Qaeda in return for lenient treatment for selling nuclear technology to North Korea , Libya , Iran , and others; he also denied that his country's proliferation had done much harm.
  • Iran (Harper's Magazine) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.harpers.org [Source type: General]

[79]

Industrial production

See also: Privatization in Iran
.The authorities so as the private sector have put in the past 15 years an emphasis on the local production of domestic-consumption oriented goods such as home appliances, cars, agricultural products, pharmaceutical, etc.^ The private sector consists of those activities concerned with agriculture, animal husbandry, industry, trade, and services that supplement the economic activities of the state and cooperative sectors.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

.Today, Iran possesses a good manufacturing industry, despite restrictions imposed by foreign countries.^ A smaller group also blamed Ahmadinejads inflammatory foreign-policy rhetoric for the United Nations Security Council resolution imposing sanctions on Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran today aims at becoming the driving force of the Movement of Non Aligned Countries, which is currently in a revitalization stage.

^ If this country or Israel attacks Iran, it is all over for this country, and all that I can say is "Good riddance!"

.However, all nationalized industries such as the bonyads have often been managed in the worse way, making them ineffective and uncompetitive with years.^ Such a law, added to the wealth of England, would render her invincible if attacked, and make other nations slow to provoke her enmity.

^ No one has ever noticed, but the world has been created in a way to make us forget that united we have all the power we want to change things for the better.

^ Next year the conquering Kajar returned to Shirz to make an end of the only rival who now stood in his way.

.Today, the government is trying to privatize these industries, such as Damavand Mineral water company or some down stream industries of the National Iranian Oil Company, and despite some successes, there are still several problems to be overcome such as the lagging corruption with the public sector (and therefore, nationalized industries) and lack of competitiveness.^ These governments are responsible for their own problems.

^ In 1953, the Mossadegh government chose to nationalize the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (later renamed to the British Petroleum Company, now known as BP), which controlled of the nation’s oil reserves, feeling that proceeds from oil should be used to invest in the development of Iran, rather than siphoned off as profits.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Soon there will be no oil to export and its GDP per capita will drop to levels that would rank it amongst the poorest nations in the world.
  • People and places in Iran Photo Gallery by Damon Lynch at pbase.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Globally, Iran has leading manufacture industry in the fields of car-manufacture and transportations, construction materials, home appliances, food and agricultural goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, information technology and petrochemicals.^ (Remember that most of Iran 's income comes not from industrial or agricultural production but from oil, which is not labor intensive.

^ US leading Congressmen have warned India that it must choose between “the Iran of the Ayotollahs,” with its oil and gas, and the “democratic West,” with its advanced nuclear power technology.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ "Agricultural and Industrial Activity and Manpower in Iran," International Labour Review 59 (May 1949): 550-562.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

Tourism

See also:
{{{2}}} travel guide from Wikitravel
Xerxes Gate, The gate of all nations at Persepolis.
.The tourist industry declined dramatically during the war with Iraq in the 1980s but has subsequently revived.^ Iran DID invade Iraq during its genocidal war of aggression against that nation that cost over a million lives.
  • Iran's Power Play in Iraq 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Such stovepiping of intelligence had led to faulty conclusions about nonexistent weapons of mass destruction during the buildup to the 2003 Iraq war.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ More growth and expansion of focus was experienced during the Iraq war, as media activity increased in that area.

.The majority of the 300,000 tourist visas granted in 2003 were obtained by Asian Muslims, who presumably intended to visit important pilgrimage sites in Mashhad and Qom.^ It also nice to note that the Iranian government has recently started encouraging tourism and has made obtaining a tourist visa significantly easier than in the past.
  • PERSIA, the Ancient Iran Photo Gallery by Ali Majdfar at pbase.com 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Back in Shush we visit Daniel’s (presumed) tomb : Daniel was an important figure in Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The majority of the approximately 300,000 Christians in the country were ethnic Armenians and Assyro-Chaldeans.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.About 1,659,000 foreign tourists visited Iran in 2004; most came from Asian countries, including the republics of Central Asia, while a small share came from the countries of the European Union and North America.^ Though it is tragic that homosexuals are persecuted in Iran – 4,000 seems like a relatively small number compared to the number of human beings who die as a result of American foreign policy.
  • Think Progress » Ahmadinejad denies existence of gays in Iran. 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran began offering cash incentives in a program designed to bring in more foreign tourists; travel agents will receive $20 for every Western vacationer but only $10 per Asian.
  • Iran (Harper's Magazine) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.harpers.org [Source type: General]

^ President Bush , in his first State of the Union address, identified Iran , Iraq , and North Korea as an “ axis of evil .” .
  • Iran (Harper's Magazine) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.harpers.org [Source type: General]

.Several organized tours from Germany, France, and other European countries come to Iran annually to visit archaeological sites and monuments.^ I'm hoping to visit Iran in the coming years...
  • People and places in Iran Photo Gallery by Damon Lynch at pbase.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Most of the day in Mashhad today is spent visiting a number of important sites — there are of course numerous ones in this holy city in Iran, so it must be a selection.
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

^ My wife and I are planning to visit the old country, and your site helped us to map out some the locations we want see.
  • Amazing IRAN - photos of North Africa/Middle East on Worldisround 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.worldisround.com [Source type: General]

.The government reported that in 2004 some 4 million tourists, including over 2 million Iranians on vacation, spent nearly US$2 billion in Iran, an increase of 10 percent over 2003. However, in the early 2000s the industry still faced serious limitations in infrastructure, communications, regulatory norms, and personnel training.^ I still advocate a US-sanctioned, full-scale Israeli attack on Iran's command and control, WMD, and regime facilities.
  • Legitimate, Duly-Elected Regime of "Islamic Republic of Iran" Once Again Moves to Settle "Debate" With Citizens Which They Have Every Right to Do and We Shouldn't Say Anything Because That Would Be "Meddling" 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC minx.cc [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iranian security forces stormed a series of opposition offices on Monday, rounding up at least seven prominent anti-government activists in a new crackdown against the countrys reformist movement, opposition Web sites and activists reported.
  • Legitimate, Duly-Elected Regime of "Islamic Republic of Iran" Once Again Moves to Settle "Debate" With Citizens Which They Have Every Right to Do and We Shouldn't Say Anything Because That Would Be "Meddling" 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC minx.cc [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It also nice to note that the Iranian government has recently started encouraging tourism and has made obtaining a tourist visa significantly easier than in the past.
  • PERSIA, the Ancient Iran Photo Gallery by Ali Majdfar at pbase.com 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[80]
Iran currently ranks 68th in tourism revenues worldwide. .Iran with attractive natural and historical sites is rated among the 10 most touristic countries in the world.^ The deal aims to ease concerns Tehran could build a nuclear weapon by removing most of Iran's low-enriched uranium from the country.

^ The pavement consists of memorial stones for martyrs of the Iran-Irak war, and endless expanse of them which brings home the terrible toll the 10-year war meant for this country.
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

^ My photos are mostly from Iran nature and some faces from country area.
  • Amazing IRAN - photos of North Africa/Middle East on Worldisround 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.worldisround.com [Source type: General]

.Close to 1.8 percent of national employment is generated in the tourism sector which is slated to increase to 10 percent in the next five years.^ I believe they are there just for the money, (Everywhere I look on google, iran wouldn't be able to produce usable uranium in the next 10 years...

^ This was not so formerly, when not infrequently an official, generally a near relation of the shah, held the same governorship for five, ten or even more years.

^ What would be more attainable (at least theoretically) would be destruction of Irans nuclear program and their removal as a regional player for the next 10 years.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[81] .Iranian hospitality is one of the unique and distinctive features of its people.^ Is Obama the last one to understand that the regime has irrevocably lost all legitimacy in the eyes of the Iranian people?
  • Foundation for Democracy in Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iran.org [Source type: News]

^ It was one of the best moments in my life because Iran was such a beautiful country, and Iranian People were so friendly.
  • Amazing IRAN - photos of North Africa/Middle East on Worldisround 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.worldisround.com [Source type: General]

^ And so for instance I am one of the people responsible for Iran in our government and yet I have never met an Iranian government official in my 25-year career."
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Demography

Main articles: Demography of Iran, Iranian peoples, Iranian citizens abroad, and Health care in Iran
Ethnic diversity of Iran.
.Iran is a diverse country consisting of people of many religions and ethnic backgrounds cemented by the Persian culture.^ Iran is an incredibly diverse, beautiful country.
  • Amazing IRAN - photos of North Africa/Middle East on Worldisround 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.worldisround.com [Source type: General]

^ The pavement consists of memorial stones for martyrs of the Iran-Irak war, and endless expanse of them which brings home the terrible toll the 10-year war meant for this country.
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At the same time, an Iran concentrating on the development of the talents of its people and the resources of its country should have nothing to fear from the United States.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Persians, the founders of Ancient Persia, constitute the majority of the population.^ Persia's 9/11: In 498 BCE, Athens carried out a terrorist attack on Sardis, a major Persian city, which made 9/11 seem like child's play.
  • FREE IRAN NEWS [In The Spirit Of Cyrus The Great & The First Declaration Of Human Rights] Persian Music,Iranian News, T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, Mugs, Mousepads, and othergifts! 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.activistchat.com [Source type: News]

^ Their features are more delicate than those of the other inhabitants of Persia, and bear a strong resemblance to those of the ancient Persians, as they are preserved in the sculptures at Persepolis and Shahpoor.

^ The word Giaour, so usual in Turkey, is unknown in Persia, unless on the borders of Turkey, although perhaps derived from the Persian word Gebr, meaning the fire-worshippers of the ancient race.

.Seventy percent of present-day Iranians are Iranic peoples, native speakers of Indo-European languages who are descended from the Aryan (Indo-Iranians) tribes that began migrating from Central Asia into what is now Iran in the second millennium BCE. The majority of the population speaks one of the Iranian languages, in addition to the official language, Persian.^ The official language and script of Iran, the lingua franca of its people, is Persian.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Persian (Farsi) is the language of 58% of the population.

^ BC Immigration into Iran from the north of the Aryans, a nomadic Indo-European people.

.The main ethnic groups are Persians (51%), Azeris (24%), Gilaki and Mazandarani (8%), Kurds (7%), Arabs (3%), Baluchi (2%), Lurs (2%), Turkmens (2%), Laks, Qashqai, Armenians, Persian Jews, Georgians, Assyrians, Circassians, Tats, Pashtuns, Mandaeans, Gypsies, Brahuis, Hazare and others (1%).^ It consistently denied minorities their constitutional right to study and use their language in schools, particularly Kurds, Azeris, and Ahvazi Arabs.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Zoroastrians and Jews will each elect one representative; Assyrian and Chaldean Christians will jointly elect one representative; and Armenian Christians in the north and those in the south of the country will each elect one representative.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ John Marlowe, "Arab-Persian Rivalry in the Persian Gulf," Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 51:1 (January 1964): 23-31.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[75]
.Iran's population increased dramatically during the latter half of the twentieth century, reaching about 70 million by 2006. In recent years, however, Iran's birth rate has dropped significantly.^ In an opinion piece in The Hindu newspaper, (February 27, 2007) he summarizes that “For the past year and a half, every report of the International Atomic Energy Agency on Iran has reached two broad conclusions:” .
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Jews in a country with a population of almost 70 million is not what I would call exactly “thriving”.
  • Think Progress » Ahmadinejad denies existence of gays in Iran. 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ By 1999 there were an estimated 3 million heroin users in Iran , about 5% of the population.

[82] .Studies show that Iran's rate of population growth will continue to slow until it stabilizes, by the year 2050, above 90 million.^ Iran kept its program hidden for 18 years until its disclosure by an Iranian opposition group in 2002 " .

^ By 1999 there were an estimated 3 million heroin users in Iran , about 5% of the population.

^ Iran continues to facilitate the implementation of the Safeguards Agreement and had, until February 2006, acted on a voluntary basis as if the Additional Protocol were in force.

[83][84] .More than two-thirds of the population is under the age of 30, and the literacy rate is 79%.^ Two countries are more than enough.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ As there was nothing under the thin gauze, the result of course was more display than is usual in Europe.

^ That two-way trade totaled $6 billion in the first half of 2006, more than double the annual trade just five years ago.

[75]
Demography of Iran (2002).
.The number of Iranian citizens abroad is estimated at some four million people who emigrated to North America, Europe, and Australia, mostly during the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s.^ It was largely destroyed during the Iran-Iraq War.

^ Number of countries that supplied both sides during the Iran - Iraq war: 10 .
  • Iran (Harper's Magazine) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.harpers.org [Source type: General]

^ That was after Iraq started the war and attacked Iran.
  • Iran's Power Play in Iraq 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: Original source]

.Iran also hosts one of the largest refugee population in the world, with more than one million refugees, mostly from Afghanistan and Iraq.^ India has one of the world’s largest Shia Muslim populations (Iran having the largest).
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Actually 3 times more populous than Iraq.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ Costs: The cost of travel in Iran has been creeping up slowly over the years and is now much more expensive than it was five/ten years back when one could find a black market exchange rate and when fuel subsidies were greatest.
  • Middle East - Backpacking travel advice > Iran, Israel, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Turkey 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC travelindependent.info [Source type: Original source]

.Since 2006, Iranian officials have been working with the UNHCR and Afghan officials for their repatriation.^ After the Afghan war, US negotiators worked closely with Iranian counterparts to form a new Afghan government.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Since you are already involved in this, I would like to see a collection of Iranian people, and seeing this work with bricks, I know you will do a marvelous production with them as well.
  • Amazing IRAN - photos of North Africa/Middle East on Worldisround 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.worldisround.com [Source type: General]

^ There are no official tallies of Iranian casualties, although Mr Jalilizadeh put the total at about 100 since last year.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[85]
.Most Iranians are Muslims; 90% belong to the Shi'a branch of Islam, the official state religion, and about 8% belong to the Sunni branch, mainly Kurds and Iran's Balochi Sunni.^ While most Kurds are Sunni Muslims, the militants reject Islamic fundamentalism.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ ReligionAbout 9,000,000 of the population are Mahommedans of the Shiah faith, and 800,000 or 900,000, principally Kurds in north-western Persia, are said to belong to the other great branch of Islam , the Sunni, which differs from the former in religious doctrine and historical belief, and is the state religion of the Turkish Empire and other Mahommedan countries.

^ Formula for the future My 90-minute conversation with the senior Iranian government official ended with him describing a way forward between the United States and Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The remaining 2% are non-Muslim religious minorities, including Bahá'ís, Mandeans, Hindus, Sikhs,Yezidis, Yarsanis, Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians.^ In the end, all the non-believers – Jews, Muslims, Hindus, mainline Christians, etc.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ The Zoroastrians and Jews will each elect one representative; Assyrian and Chaldean Christians will jointly elect one representative; and Armenian Christians in the north and those in the south of the country will each elect one representative.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ After 22 years on the throne, the Shah introduced the White Revolution, which included land reform (including some distribution of large tracts of land owned by the clergy), profit sharing for industrial workers, privatization of state-owned factories, women's suffrage, a literacy campaign, and equal legal rights for non-Muslims (Christians, Jews, Bahais, Zoroastrians).

[75] .The latter three minority religions are officially recognized and protected, and have reserved seats in the Majles (Parliament).^ Five Majles seats were reserved for the recognized religious minorities.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Religious minorities were barred from election to a representative body, except for the five Majles seats reserved for recognized religious minorities (two for the Armenian Christians, and one each for the Assyrian Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians), and from holding senior government or military positions, but they were allowed to vote.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The constitution also states that "other Islamic denominations are to be accorded full respect" and recognizes the country's pre-Islamic religions--Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jews--as "protected" religious minorities.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.However the Bahá'í Faith, Iran's largest religious minority, is not officially recognized, and has been persecuted during its existence in Iran.^ Israeli intelligence, however, has also failed to provide specific evidence about secret sites in Iran, according to current and former military and intelligence officials.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Just in case anyone was wondering, the White House officially recognizes Ahmadinejad as "Iran's elected leader."
  • Foundation for Democracy in Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iran.org [Source type: News]

^ The legal system previously discriminated against recognized religious minorities in relation to blood money; however, in 2004 the Expediency Council authorized collection of equal blood money for the death of Muslim and non-Muslim men.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Since the 1979 revolution the persecution of Bahá'ís has increased with executions, the denial of civil rights and liberties, and the denial of access to higher education and employment.^ Western Failure to Contain Iran Dr. Sharam Taromsari - 4/20/2008 Since the 1979 revolution in Iran, international political systems have witnessed dramatic changes.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ As a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the country is obligated not to execute persons for crimes committed when they were younger than 18.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Shortly after the 1979 revolution, the government repealed the 1967 Family Protection Law that provided women with increased rights in the home and workplace and replaced it with a legal system based largely on Shari'a practices.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[86][87] .Currently, the Islamic Republic of Iran is noted for significant human rights violations, despite efforts by human right activists, writers, NGOs and some political parties.^ On May 25, the EU Presidency declared itself "deeply concerned" about the deteriorating human rights situation, noting that it was "particularly troubled about the recent wave of arrests of civil society and women's rights activists."
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Shirin Ebadi, an Iranian lawyer and human rights activist , was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
  • Iran (Harper's Magazine) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.harpers.org [Source type: General]

^ Islamic era history of Zoroastrians of Iran through political analysis and historical letters By Dr. Daryoush Jahanian [AmirN Post] Must Watch VOA interviewed Nazanin Afshin-Jam about child executions and other human rights violations in Iran.
  • FREE IRAN NEWS [In The Spirit Of Cyrus The Great & The First Declaration Of Human Rights] Persian Music,Iranian News, T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, Mugs, Mousepads, and othergifts! 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.activistchat.com [Source type: News]

.Human rights violations include governmental impunity, restricted freedom of speech, gender inequality, treatment of homosexuals, execution of minors, and in some cases torture.^ The government restricted the foreign travel of certain individual members of religious minorities and several religious leaders, as well as some scientists in sensitive fields.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ These are all innocent people fighting for human rights and freedom.
  • International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran – Killed and Detained Since 12 June 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iranhumanrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Ganji is sadly only one victim of a wave of repression and human rights violations engaged in by the Iranian regime.
  • FREE IRAN NEWS [In The Spirit Of Cyrus The Great & The First Declaration Of Human Rights] Persian Music,Iranian News, T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, Mugs, Mousepads, and othergifts! 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.activistchat.com [Source type: News]

[88]
.According to the Iranian Constitution, the government is required to provide every citizen of the country with access to social security that covers retirement, unemployment, old age, disability, accidents, calamities, health and medical treatment and care services.^ To benefit from social security with respect to retirement, unemployment, old age, disability, absence of a guardian, and benefits relating to being stranded, accidents, health services, and medical care and treatment, provided through Insurance or other means, is accepted as a universal right.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Iranian security forces stormed a series of opposition offices on Monday, rounding up at least seven prominent anti-government activists in a new crackdown against the countrys reformist movement, opposition Web sites and activists reported.
  • Legitimate, Duly-Elected Regime of "Islamic Republic of Iran" Once Again Moves to Settle "Debate" With Citizens Which They Have Every Right to Do and We Shouldn't Say Anything Because That Would Be "Meddling" 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC minx.cc [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ President Bush is saddened by recent reports that Mr. Ganji's health has been failing and deeply concerned that the Iranian government has denied him access to his family, medical treatment, and legal representation.
  • FREE IRAN NEWS [In The Spirit Of Cyrus The Great & The First Declaration Of Human Rights] Persian Music,Iranian News, T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, Mugs, Mousepads, and othergifts! 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.activistchat.com [Source type: News]

.This is covered by public revenues and income derived from public contributions.^ His revenue was entirely derived from the voluntary contributions of his flock; and even this scanty source of subsistence had recently, owing to some disagreements, ceased.

.The World Health Organization in the last report on health systems ranks Iran's performance on health level 58th, and its overall health system performance 93rd among the world's nations.^ Also positively reported is Iran’s level of cooperation.

^ I hope the Nations of the World tells Iran they can't have Nuclear Weapons or continue to taunt Israel!
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Whats more, late last month Russia signed a $1 billion contract to sell Iran an advanced defense system that can destroy guided missiles and laser-guided bombs, the Sunday Times reports.

[89]

Military

Iranian-made Azarakhsh fighter aircraft in flight.
Main articles: Military of Iran and Iranian defense industry
See also: Military history of Iran
.The Islamic Republic of Iran has two kinds of armed forces: the regular forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army, Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force, Islamic Republic of Iran Navy and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC), totalling about 545,000 active troops.^ Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, responsible for strategic programs, leads the effort.

^ Iran has two bodies of armed forces, the traditional army and the elite Revolutionary Guards, an ideological army, equipped with terrestrial, naval and air units.

^ A prime target would be the Fajr base run by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Quds Force in southern Iran, where Western intelligence agencies say armour-piercing projectiles used against British and US troops are manufactured.

.Iran also has around 350,000 Reserve Force totalling around 900,000 trained troops.^ Hakim and Sadr command some 80,000 to 100,000 men, who are armed, funded, and trained by Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[90]
.Iran also has a paramilitary, volunteer militia force within the IRGC, called the Basij, which includes about 90,000 full-time, active-duty uniformed members, and a further 11 million men and women who could be mobilized[91] This is the largest number of troop mobilization in the world.^ Good lord, the world is vast enough, there are still uninhabited countries where one could settle millions of poor Jews who may perhaps become happy there and one day constitute a nation.
  • Iran's Power Play in Iraq 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The total area occupied by the SCO member states is about 30 million 189 thousand square kilometres, or about three fifth the territory of Eurasia, with a population of 1.455 billion people, or about a quarter of total population of the world.

^ On April 18, the Supreme Court overturned the murder convictions of six members of the Basij, a paramilitary volunteer force formally connected with the IRGC, for five killings in 2002 on the grounds that the Basij members stated they believed Islam permitted the killings because the individuals were engaged in "morally corrupt" behavior.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iran's military capabilities are kept largely secret.^ Israeli intelligence, however, has also failed to provide specific evidence about secret sites in Iran, according to current and former military and intelligence officials.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ According to current and former American intelligence and military officials, secret operations in Lebanon have been accompanied by clandestine operations targeting Iran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Defense Department is required to report to Congress on U.S. military options to preventing Iran from acquiring nuclear-weapons capability and to "counter a nuclear ballistic missile threat" from Iran.
  • Foundation for Democracy in Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iran.org [Source type: News]

.Since 1992, it has produced its own tanks, armored personnel carriers, guided missiles, submarines, and fighter planes.^ At least those Iranian fighter planes that had not been destroyed on the ground by swift and systematic air strikes from US and Israeli missiles.

^ The C-801 can be air-launched and is carried on missile speedboats, submarines, escort boats, and destroyers, and is used to attack destroyers or escort boats.

^ Cruise missiles (carried by the US aircrafts as well as ships and submarines) and, possibly, ballistic missiles will be used.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[92] .In recent years, official announcements have highlighted the development of weapons such as Fajr-3 missile, Hoot, Kowsar, Zelzal, Fateh-110, Shahab-3, and a variety of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).^ Israeli intelligence sources say Iran recently tested this missile with dummy nuclear weapons for its warheads.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ North Korea threw out inspectors three years ago, and one senior American official said recently that "the Iranians have looked closely at that model."
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The other side is making pronouncements so they have to as well, he said, speaking of Irans recent announcements about its weapons capacity.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Fajr-3 is currently Iran's most advanced ballistic missile.^ Iran is thought to have missile batteries at underground storage bunkers on the southwest of Abu Musa with HY-2 anti-ship missiles -- an advanced version of the Chinese Silkworm -- and Scud-C's.

^ The Defense Department is required to report to Congress on U.S. military options to preventing Iran from acquiring nuclear-weapons capability and to "counter a nuclear ballistic missile threat" from Iran.
  • Foundation for Democracy in Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iran.org [Source type: News]

^ Ahmadinejad insists that Iran is developing only peaceful nuclear energy, but the development of long-range ballistic missiles such as the Shehab-3 suggests a different story.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.It is a domestically-developed and produced liquid fuel missile with an unknown range.^ Ahmadinejad insists that Iran is developing only peaceful nuclear energy, but the development of long-range ballistic missiles such as the Shehab-3 suggests a different story.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The IRIS solid-fuelled missile is a program which is supposed to be Iran's first missile to bring satellites into orbit.^ Iran’s military and missile programs, etc.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ If any type of Missile went into the air from Iran...would be tempted to eliminate them immediately.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The answer of the IDF and the defense establishment is that the Arrow is intended to intercept Iran's nuclear-tipped ballistic missiles, if these come into use.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In 2005, Iran's military spending represented 3.3% of the GDP or $91 per capita, the lowest figure of the Persian Gulf nations.^ Advocates of an American invasion of Iran say that last months strengthening of the American armada in the Persian Gulf has frightened the Iranian regime.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ One was US concern over Iran's likely retaliation, which would probably include a wave of attacks on US military and other personnel in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as on shipping in the Persian Gulf.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ China also provides conventional weapons that could threaten U.S. military forces securing the Persian Gulf.

[93] .Iran's military doctrine is to defend its territorial integrity only.^ The only direct aid from Israel we might need is the locations in Iran of their military supplies, nuclear fusion, (for peace) and support when we blow the blank out of Iran.
  • Faster, Please! » Is Iran in Trouble? 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC pajamasmedia.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran is responsible for guarding the independence and territorial integrity of the country, as well as the order of the Islamic Republic.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ No individual, group, or > authority, has the right to infringe in the slightest way upon the political, cultural, economic, and military independence or the territorial integrity of Iran under the pretext of exercising freedom.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

[94]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Iran
Miniature painting by Mohammad Tajvidi on the cover of the Divan of Hafez ("Hafez's Anthology"), published 1969.
.Few countries enjoy such a long cultural heritage as does Iran, and few people are so aware of and articulate about their deep cultural tradition as are the Iranians.^ Iran is a country with a rich and colorful heritage.
  • Amazing IRAN - photos of North Africa/Middle East on Worldisround 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.worldisround.com [Source type: General]

^ Furthermore, not only he does not occupy "a special place in the national consciousness" of the Iranian people or a source of pride, he is seen as a representative and continuation of a corrupt dynasty who was instrumental in Iran's demise just when European had started their Renaissance.
  • The visionary shah who inspired an Islamic republic | Elaheh Rostami-Povey | Comment is free | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

^ The Persian culture far predates Islam, but the last 30 years has seen a huge effort by the government to emphasise Islamic traditions in Iran and diminish the Persian heritage/customs.
  • The visionary shah who inspired an Islamic republic | Elaheh Rostami-Povey | Comment is free | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

.Iran, or Persia, as a historical entity, dates to the time of the Achaemenids.^ This gallery contains different historical remainings of the PERSIA (Ancient Iran),in the individual galleries, belonging not only to Iran and Iranians but also to human civilization.
  • PERSIA, the Ancient Iran Photo Gallery by Ali Majdfar at pbase.com 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Thanks for sharing the historical side of Persia//Iran with us.
  • PERSIA, the Ancient Iran Photo Gallery by Ali Majdfar at pbase.com 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.pbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Furthermore, culturally, Iranians are not Arabs like Iraqis are, and historically, Iraq (as Mesopotamia) and Iran (as Persia) had often been involved in conflicts, wars, and territorial disputes.
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Daily life in modern Iran is closely interwoven with Shia Islam and the country's art, literature, and architecture are an ever-present reminder of its deep national tradition and of a broader literary culture.^ They are proud of their history and culture whereas those currently running the country put Islam above all else (with the exception of their own survival) .
  • The visionary shah who inspired an Islamic republic | Elaheh Rostami-Povey | Comment is free | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

^ The Persian culture far predates Islam, but the last 30 years has seen a huge effort by the government to emphasise Islamic traditions in Iran and diminish the Persian heritage/customs.
  • The visionary shah who inspired an Islamic republic | Elaheh Rostami-Povey | Comment is free | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

^ His efforts to position Iran as a commercial and artistic centre between east and west have been inspirational for modern politicians who find in him a sense of national pride.
  • The visionary shah who inspired an Islamic republic | Elaheh Rostami-Povey | Comment is free | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

[95] .Iranian culture has long been a predominant culture of the Middle East and Central Asia, with Persian considered the language of intellectuals during much of the second millennium CE, and the language of religion and the populace before that.^ During the past few years, Iranian universities have been experiencing a new phase of government intervention in academic affairs, which is considered a second Cultural Revolution.
  • International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran – Killed and Detained Since 12 June 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iranhumanrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ FARS (Persis) In ancient times, this south-central region was known as Persida, and was considered the core of Persian territory.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC my.raex.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Persian, also, in its turn, especially during the last four or five centuries, has very perceptibly affected the Turkish language.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Iranian New Year (Norouz) is celebrated on March 21 from Spain in the west to Kazakhstan in the east.^ I wish all my fellow countrymen and all the peoples of the countries of the Iranian World a very Happy New Year!
  • Amazing IRAN - photos of North Africa/Middle East on Worldisround 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.worldisround.com [Source type: General]

^ During the past few years, Iranian universities have been experiencing a new phase of government intervention in academic affairs, which is considered a second Cultural Revolution.
  • International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran – Killed and Detained Since 12 June 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iranhumanrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Siddharth Varadarajan : What do you think prompted the Iranian authorities to make the declaration on September 21 about a new enrichment facility?
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

It is celebrated as the first day of spring. Norouz was nominated as one of UNESCO's Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2004.[96]
The Cyrus Cylinder was translated into all official U.N. languages in 1971.[97]
.Iranian customs and traditions often seem complex to the foreigner, but after further study reveal a rich and often intensely warm characteristic.^ Kamyar Ghaneabassiri, "U.S. Foreign Policy and Persia, 1856-1921," Iranian Studies 35:1-3 (2002), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.For example, respect for the elderly and hospitality for foreigners, remain highly visible parts of Iranian etiquette, while the highly familial nuclear structure of Iran's society is in stark contrast to many western societies.^ Iran has ignored a U.N. deadline to halt the enrichment of uranium, which the U.S. says is part of a secret effort to build nuclear weapons.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ And it has denounced as "unacceptable" a European offer to provide security and economic favors in exchange for Iran dropping parts of its nuclear program that have bomb-making uses.
  • FREE IRAN NEWS [In The Spirit Of Cyrus The Great & The First Declaration Of Human Rights] Persian Music,Iranian News, T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, Mugs, Mousepads, and othergifts! 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.activistchat.com [Source type: News]

^ He exchanged warm words with Iranians and said that there is no evidence to suggest Iran wants to build a nuclear bomb and "peaceful nuclear activities must be allowed".
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Cyrus Cylinder remains "the world's oldest human rights declaration"[98][99], predating the Magna Carta by one millennium.^ Abdolfatah Soltani, a human rights lawyer and one of the founding members of the Human Rights Defenders Center as well as a member of Executive Board of the Bar Association, was arrested on 16 June .
  • International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran – Killed and Detained Since 12 June 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iranhumanrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Center for the Defense of Human Rights, founded by Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Shirin Ebadi, remained banned.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ "It is disheartening for me to discuss Iranian human rights whom were the pioneers of first charter of human rights in the world.
  • FREE IRAN NEWS [In The Spirit Of Cyrus The Great & The First Declaration Of Human Rights] Persian Music,Iranian News, T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, Mugs, Mousepads, and othergifts! 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.activistchat.com [Source type: News]

[100]
.The Sassanid era, encompassing the length of the Late Antiquity period, is considered to be one of the most important and influential historical periods in Iran, and had a major impact on the world.^ The best known and the one with most adherents is the Twelvers which have a large percentage in Iran 60% and Iraq 45%; the others are the Ismaili or Sevener, and Zaidiyyah.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ For the record, Shah Abbas was one of the most hideous ruler of Iran.
  • The visionary shah who inspired an Islamic republic | Elaheh Rostami-Povey | Comment is free | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

^ Stealing Ballots and Bandwidth Namjoo Hashemi - 7/27/2009 The recent protests in Iran are eerily reminiscent of the ones the world witnessed in 1979 that ousted the Shah.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Persia influenced Roman civilization considerably during Sassanid times,[101] their cultural influence extending far beyond the empire's territorial borders, reaching as far as Western Europe,[102] Africa,[103] China and India[104] and also playing a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asiatic medieval art.^ The Persian Empire under Hulagu and his descendants extended from the dominions of Jagatai on the north to that of the Egyptian dynasts on the south, and from the Byzantine Empire on the west to the confines of China.

^ This Shah had no affection for religious tendencies and his adherence to Shiaism was to erode the influence of Ottoman Empire into his territory.
  • The visionary shah who inspired an Islamic republic | Elaheh Rostami-Povey | Comment is free | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

^ Thus the great empire was reduced to immobility and stagnationa process which was assisted by the deteriorating influences of civilization and world-dominion upon the character Internal of the ruling race.

[105] .This influence carried forward to the Islamic world.^ Washingtons performance should concern anyone who cares about long-term American influence in the Islamic world.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The dynasty's unique and aristocratic culture transformed the Islamic conquest and destruction of Iran into a Persian Renaissance.^ The Persian culture far predates Islam, but the last 30 years has seen a huge effort by the government to emphasise Islamic traditions in Iran and diminish the Persian heritage/customs.
  • The visionary shah who inspired an Islamic republic | Elaheh Rostami-Povey | Comment is free | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

^ Since coming to power twenty-nine years ago, the Islamic Republic of Iran has been in a constant battle with the Iranian people as well as her culture and heritage.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ This article examines Irans modern brand of Islamic fundamentalism (an oxymoron phrase), and argues against cultural relativism, which overlooks a dangerous pillar of Islamic fundamentalism, namely expansionism.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[106] .Most of what later became known as Islamic learning, including philology, astronomy, literature, history, geography, jurisprudence, philosophy, medicine, architecture, art and the sciences were taken from the Sassanid Persians in to the broader Muslim world.^ Under his keen eye, monumental architecture – including the famous blue mosque – flourished, as did new styles of painting and calligraphic art.
  • The visionary shah who inspired an Islamic republic | Elaheh Rostami-Povey | Comment is free | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

^ The students are instructed in Arabic and Persian literature, religion, interpretation of the Koran, Mussulman law, logic , rhetoric , philosophy and other subjects necessary for admittance to the clergy, for doctors of law, &c., while modern sciences are neglected.

^ Sunday 2009-06-21 10:11 UTC architecture , art , history , tombs .
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

[107][108]
.On the other hand Islamic rituals have penetrated in the Iranian culture.^ All civil, penal financial, economic, administrative, cultural, military, political, and other laws and regulations must be based on Islamic criteria.
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Ayatollah Khomeini, on the other hand, was determined to extend his revolution across the Islamic world, starting with Iraq.
  • Iran's Power Play in Iraq 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.thenation.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thanks for the information, i kiss thier hands, they are the barve symbol of iranian movement in this decades like others who lost thier life for freedom.
  • International Campaign for Human Rights in Iran – Killed and Detained Since 12 June 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iranhumanrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The most noticeable one of them is commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali.^ Almost no one noticed any aspect of the most important senate debate in the last 50 years?

.Every year in Day of Ashura most of Iranians even Armenians and Zoroastrians participate in mourning for the martyrs of battle of Karbala.^ While it is an annual custom for the Imam Khomeini mausoleum to host mourning ceremonies on Tasua and Ashura (the ninth and tenth days of the Shia holy month of Moharram), no ceremonies have been announced publicly this year.

^ Alas, today is the anniversary of the day Emām Khomeiny died: an official day of mourning and nearly everything (official buildings, museums, most shops, even many restaurants) is closed — including the restaurant we wanted to go to.
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Iranian new year, a pre-Islamic Zoroastrian festival to mark the coming of spring, was celebrated here.
  • The visionary shah who inspired an Islamic republic | Elaheh Rostami-Povey | Comment is free | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

.The commemoration of Karbala has permeated all of Persian culture and finds expression in poetry, music, and the solemn Shia view of the world.^ Armenians all over the world commemorate the genocide on 24 April, demanding Turkey finally acknowledges it.
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I hope to visit your country one day because of wonderful architecture, spectacular mountain views and great persian culture and history!
  • Amazing IRAN - photos of North Africa/Middle East on Worldisround 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.worldisround.com [Source type: General]

^ Bruno Nettl, The Radif of Persian Music: Studies of Structure and Cultural Context (Champaign Ill.: Elephant and Cat, 1987).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[109][95]
.Women today compose more than half of the incoming classes for universities around the country and increasingly continue to play pivotal roles in society.^ Two countries are more than enough.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ They live, especially the married women, in a state of seclusion much more severe than that imposed on Persian females.

^ The fact is Iran is one of the most liberal and democratic countries in the world, more than any other state in the Middle East, including Turkey.

The state also actively monitors the Internet, which has become enormously popular among the Iranian youth. .Iran is now the world's fourth largest country of bloggers.^ The fact is Iran is one of the most liberal and democratic countries in the world, more than any other state in the Middle East, including Turkey.

^ India has one of the world’s largest Shia Muslim populations (Iran having the largest).
  • Iran — Global Issues 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.globalissues.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran has the world's second-largest proven reserves of conventional crude oil, after Saudi Arabia, and the second-largest reserves of natural gas, after Russia.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[110]

Persian language

Main articles: Persian language and History of the Persian language
The region where Persian (green) and other Iranian languages are spoken.
.Persian is an Iranian tongue belonging to the Aryan or Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages.^ (See INDO-EUROPEAN.) The Aryan family (called by Professor Sievers the Asiatic base-language) is subdivided into (1) Iranian (Eranian, or Erano-Aryan) languages, (2) Pisacha, or non-Sanskritic Indo-Aryan languages , (3) Indo-Aryan, or Sanskritic Indo-Aryan languages (for the last two see INDO-ARYAN) Iranian being also grouped into Persian and non-Persian.

^ These, in part, are rooted in the primeval Indo-European days, though their ultimate form dates only from the Aryan epoch.

^ Their subjects, on the contrary, speak absolutely different tongues: for the attempts to explain the languages of the Cossaeans, Mitannians, and Arzapians as Indo-European (Iranian) have ended in failure (cf.

.The oldest records in Old Persian date back to the great Persian Empire of the 6th century BCE.[111] The known history of the Persian language can be divided into three distinct periods:Old Persian, Parthian and Middle Persian and Modern Persian.^ Looristan is divided into Great and Little Looristan.

^ It is generally known as Pahlavi, or Middle Persian.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Towards the middle of the sixth century B.C., and a few years after the death of Nebuchadnezzar ( Nabuchodonosor ) the Great, King of Babylon (605-562 B.C.), Western Asia was divided into three kingdoms: the Babylonian Empire , Media , and Lydia; and it was only a question of time which of the three would annihilate the other two.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

.Old Persian supposedly evolved from Proto-Indo-Iranian on the western wing in the Iranian plateau.^ Everywhere were evidences of a new development of the true Iranian spirit; and it was not long before the Persian nation deemed itself sufficiently strong once more to enforce its old claims to the sovereignty of Western Asia .
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Both Medes and Persians are Aryans; the Aryans who settled in the southern part of the Iranian plateau became known as Persians, while those of the mountain regions of the north-west were called Medes.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ M.R. Ghanoonparvar, In a Persian Mirror: Images of the West and Westerners in Iranian Fiction (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

The first known written evidence of Persian appears with the rise of the Persian Empire under Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BCE.
.During the Parthian and Sassanid empires, the morphology of the language was simplified from the complex conjugation and declension system of Old Persian to the almost completely regularized morphology and rigid syntax of Middle Persian.^ Consequently, also, the language and writing of the Parthian period, which are retained under the Sassanids, received the name Pahksvi, i.e.

^ During his reign the Persian Empire attained the height of its splendour; indeed, the government of Chosroes I, "the Just", was both equitable and vigorous.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ These eels have, however, become complete Persians, and have preserved no trace of their origin either in language or appearance.

.The Islamic conquest of Persia marks the beginning of the modern history of Persian language and literature.^ Persian language and literature .
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ This literary and ecclesiastical development led to the formation of a Syriac literature in Persia (Syriac being the liturgical language of the Persian Church), and ultimately of a Christian Persian literature.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Historians generally assign the beginnings of Persian history to the reign of Cyrus the Great (550-529 B.C.), although, strictly speaking, it should begin with Darius (521-485 B.C.).
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

It is known as the golden era of Persian. .The Islamic conquest of Iran commenced a synthesis of the Arabic and Iranian tongues.^ Since coming to power twenty-nine years ago, the Islamic Republic of Iran has been in a constant battle with the Iranian people as well as her culture and heritage.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Ali Akbar Mahdi, "Iranian women: between Islamicization and globalization," in Ali Mohammadi, ed., Iran Encountering Globalization: Problems and Prospects (London: Routledge, 2003), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ I am not an Iranian, but my love for Iran is simply more than one can imagine.Yes, basically it is because of the revolution and the glory restored to all the Islamic world by the Iranians.
  • Amazing IRAN - photos of North Africa/Middle East on Worldisround 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.worldisround.com [Source type: General]

.Also Modern Iranian Persian and Dari are normally written using a modified variant of the Arabic alphabet (see Perso-Arabic script) with different pronunciation and more letters.^ II. Modern Persian Literature.Persian historians are greatly at variance about the origin of their national poetry.

^ With such materials the cuneiform script could not be used; instead, the Persian language was written in, Aramaic characters, a method which later led to the so-called Pahlavi, i.e.

^ Hamid Dabashi, "The Poetics of Politics: Commitment in Modern Persian Literature," in Iranian Studies 18:2-4 (Spring Autumn 1985): 147-188.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.An Iranian cultural renaissance in the late 8th century led to a reawakening of Persian literary culture, though the Persian language was now highly Arabized and in Arabic script, and native Persian Islamic dynasties began to appear with the rise of the Samanid dynasty in the early 9th century.^ Concerning the religion of the ancient Persians, from the time of the Achæmenian dynasty down to the end of the Sassanian period, covering about twelve centuries (sixth cent.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Arsacids now began to assume the old title king of kings (the s/iahanshah of modern Persia),though previously their coins, as a rule, had borne only the legend great king.

^ Worse yet, though minorities prophets are given some respect, the Iranian state is portrayed as Persian Islamic.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[95] In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Shu'ubiyyah movement prompted writers, scientists, and scholars to write in Persian. .The Samanid dynasty was used Persian in its Divan and led the revival of Persian culture and language.^ The Sheghaghees use two languages indifferently, Turkish and their own Lekee, a dialect of Persian.

^ This literary and ecclesiastical development led to the formation of a Syriac literature in Persia (Syriac being the liturgical language of the Persian Church), and ultimately of a Christian Persian literature.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ With such materials the cuneiform script could not be used; instead, the Persian language was written in, Aramaic characters, a method which later led to the so-called Pahlavi, i.e.

.The culmination of the Persianization movement was the Shahname by Ferdowsi (Persian: Book of Kings), Iran's national epic, entirely in native Persian.^ It's every Iranian individuals and also Iran embassies responsibilities to make all efforts for show beauties nature of Iran and greatness of Persian Nation.
  • Amazing IRAN - photos of North Africa/Middle East on Worldisround 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.worldisround.com [Source type: General]

^ From The Epic of Kings Masterpiece By Ferdowsi (935-1020) the world famous Persian (Iranian) poet.
  • FREE IRAN NEWS [In The Spirit Of Cyrus The Great & The First Declaration Of Human Rights] Persian Music,Iranian News, T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, Mugs, Mousepads, and othergifts! 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.activistchat.com [Source type: News]

^ The Medes were at first the leading nation, but towards the middle of the sixth century, B.C. the Persians became the dominant power, not only in Iran, but also in Western Asia .
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

.This gave rise to a strong reassertion of Iranian national identity, and is in part responsible for the continued existence of Persian as a separate language.^ Ghazal Omid - 8/10/2006 Who is responsible for the continuing death of political prisoners and who is behind the failure of every attempt to uproot the brutal Iranian regime?
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Hossein Shahidi, "The BBC Persian Service, 1940-1953, and the Nationalization of Iranian Oil," Journal of Iranian Research and Analysis 17:1 (April 2001): 31-55.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ This may be considered the termination of Armenian independence and separate existence in this part of Asia.

Written on the wall of the room he had worked in for all those years, before he died, he also left a long poem, more like a curse, which ended with the words:
Heaven's vengeance will not forget. Shrink tyrant from my words of fire, and tremble at a poet's ire.</center>
<center>بسی رنج بردم در این سال سی عجم زنده کردم بدین پارسی</center><p>For thirty years, I suffered much pain and strife
with Persian I gave the Ajam verve and life
<center>Ferdowsi (935–1020)</center>
.Using Persian language in the Divan of the non-Persian dynasties like Ghaznawids and Seljuks as well as Persian poems of Sufis became instrumental in the revival of Persian.^ The Sheghaghees use two languages indifferently, Turkish and their own Lekee, a dialect of Persian.

^ With such materials the cuneiform script could not be used; instead, the Persian language was written in, Aramaic characters, a method which later led to the so-called Pahlavi, i.e.

^ Who, I said, half in Turkish, half in Persian-not knowing the former language well–who made you soldiers?

.Persian beside Arabic has been a medium for literary and scientific contributions to the Islamic world especially in Anatolia, central Asia and Indian sub-continent.^ C. Edmund Bosworth, "The Persian contribution to Islamic historiography in the pre-Mongol period," in Richard Hovannisian and Georges Sabagh, eds., The Persian Presence in the Islamic World (Cambridge: CUP, 1998), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ George Saliba, "Persian scientists in the Islamic world: astronomy from Maragha to Samarqand," in Richard Hovannisian and Georges Sabagh, eds., The Persian Presence in the Islamic World (Cambridge: CUP, 1998), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ E.M. Jeremiás, " R_bita in the classical Persian literary tradition: the impact of Arabic logic on Persian," in Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 27 (2002), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

It has had an influence on neighboring languages.

Poetry

Main article: Persian literature
See also: music of Iran and Persian miniature
Manuscript depicting Persian poetry written in the sixteenth-century calligraphic style called "shekasteh".
Kelileh va Demneh Persian manuscript copy dated 1429, from Herat, depicts the Jackal trying to lead the Lion astray.
.Persian poetry is recognized worldwide and has served as an inspiration for writers and poets around the world.^ The first Persian who employed poetry exclusively for the illustration of Sufic doctrines was Firdousis con- ~ Poets temporary, the renowned sheikh Abu SaId b.

^ From The Epic of Kings Masterpiece By Ferdowsi (935-1020) the world famous Persian (Iranian) poet.
  • FREE IRAN NEWS [In The Spirit Of Cyrus The Great & The First Declaration Of Human Rights] Persian Music,Iranian News, T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, Mugs, Mousepads, and othergifts! 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.activistchat.com [Source type: News]

.Iran's literary tradition is rich and diverse, However only a few names such as Rumi and Omar Khayyám have surfaced among western popular readership, even though the likes of Hafez and Saadi are considered by many Iranians to be just as influential.^ I didn't even though Iran was so diverse!
  • Amazing IRAN - photos of North Africa/Middle East on Worldisround 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.worldisround.com [Source type: General]

^ Furthermore, not only he does not occupy "a special place in the national consciousness" of the Iranian people or a source of pride, he is seen as a representative and continuation of a corrupt dynasty who was instrumental in Iran's demise just when European had started their Renaissance.
  • The visionary shah who inspired an Islamic republic | Elaheh Rostami-Povey | Comment is free | The Guardian 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: News]

^ The regime considers both, enemies of Iran and Iranian Shiism, and helps both to become the victims of their own hatred and anger.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Both Hafez and Rumi, for example were practitioners of Sufism, and are quoted by Iranians with passion.
.So strong is the Persian aptitude for versifying everyday expressions that one can encounter poetry in almost every classical work, whether from Persian literature, science, or metaphysics.^ It surprises one to find oneself in almost the chief city of Persia, and yet not to hear a word of Persian spoken.

^ On being returned to the Persian gentleman from whom he had been borrowed, he was transferred to a moolla, whom, to the great mirth of his master, he nearly killed in one of his encounters.

^ II. Modern Persian Literature.Persian historians are greatly at variance about the origin of their national poetry.

For example, almost half of Avicenna's medical writings are known to be versified. .Works of the early era of Persian poetry are characterized by strong court patronage, an extravagance of panegyrics, and what is known as سبک فاخر ("exalted in style").^ Early in this reign Maruthas, Bishop of Maiperkat, in Mesopotamia, was employed by the Roman emperor as envoy to the Persian Court.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The works of James Morier , especially his Adventures of Hajji Baba of .Tspahan, throw much light on Persian society in the early years of the 19th century.

^ Ehsan Yarshater, "The Theme of Wine Drinking and the Concept of the Beloved in Early Persian Poetry," Studia Islamica 13 (1960): 43-52.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

."Love’s nationality is separate from all other religions,
The lover’s religion and nationality is the Beloved (God).
The lover’s cause is separate from all other causes.
^ God forbids you not as regards those (non-Muslims) who have not fought you in religion's cause, nor expelled you from your habitation, that you should be kindly to them, and act justly towards them; surely God loves the just .
  • Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran | Foundation for Iranian Studies 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC fis-iran.org [Source type: Original source]

^ In the Indo-Scythian Empire the Persian gods were zealously worshipped; in Armenia the old national religion was almost entirely banished by the Persian cults (Gelzer, Zur armen.

^ America loves war just as much as Germany , Russia and all others who have made the mad dash for world conquest.


Love is the astrolabe of God’s mysteries".—Rumi.[112]
همه عالم تن است و ایران دل
نیست گوینده زین قیاس خجل
"Iran is the Heart and all the universe, The Body,
Of this claim, the poet feels no regret or humility."Nizami
بنى آدم اعضاء يک پیکرند
که در آفرينش ز يک گوهرند

چو عضوى بدرد آورد روزگار
دگر عضوها را نماند قرار

"Of one Essence is the human race
thus has Creation put the base,
One Limb impacted is sufficient
For all Others to feel the Mace."Saadi Inscribed on the entrance of United Nations' Hall of Nations

Architecture

Main article: Iranian architecture
.
Naghsh-i Jahan Square was one of the many monuments built in the Safavid era.
^ The square, with 500 x 160 m one of the largest in the world, is a sublime example of town planning - it dates back to 1612 and was designed and built as a whole.
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

^ QARA QOYUNLU Jahan Shah........................................1458-1466 Yet a fourth era of fragmentation, followed by reunification under the Safavid Dynasty.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC my.raex.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

It was the largest city square in the world at the time of its construction.
The main building types of classical Iranian architecture are the mosque and the palace. Persian architecture display their extraordinary skills in making massive domes. Domes can be seen frequently in the structure of bazaars and mosques. .Iranian domes are distinguished for their height, proportion of elements, beauty of form, and roundness of the dome stem.^ The Iranian languages form one of the great branches of the Indo-European stem, first recognized as such by Sir William Jones and Friedrich Schlegel .

The outer surfaces of the domes are mostly mosaic faced, and create a magical view. The architecture makes use of abundant symbolic geometry. Persians were among the first to use mathematics, geometry, and astronomy in architecture.
.Persian (Iranian) architecture left a profound influence on the architecture of old civilizations.^ It refused to engage Iran over the future of Iraq and instead focused its energies on containing Iranian influence in the Persian Gulf and rolling back Iran's nuclear program.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Professor Arthur Pope wrote: Architecture in Iran has at least 6,000 years of continuous history, The supreme Iranian art, in the proper meaning of the word, has always been its architecture.^ Iran kept its program hidden for 18 years until its disclosure by an Iranian opposition group in 2002 " .

^ (China, a major purchaser of Iranian oil, is negotiating a multibillion-dollar deal with Iran for the purchase of liquefied natural gas over a period of twenty-five years.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Russian government decided to continue the program and will deliver all of the systems to Iran by the end of this year (2006).

.The supremacy of architecture applies to both pre-and post-Islamic periods.
examples of which can be seen from Syria to north India and Chinese borders, and from Caucasus to Zanzibar.^ This relatively unusual mix stems from both pre- and post-1979 acquisitions from the West and the Soviet Union, respectively.

^ For example, they are expanding their military presence in Syria on a scale not seen since the Cold War.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Each of the periods of Elamites, Achaemenids, Parthians, and Sassanids were creators of great architecture that over the ages has spread wide and far to other cultures being adopted.^ Consequently, also, the language and writing of the Parthian period, which are retained under the Sassanids, received the name Pahksvi, i.e.

^ Parthians and Romans met for the first time, not for war , but to arrange a treaty of peace between the two great powers of that age.
  • CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia 14 January 2010 15:41 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Walls built from small stones were Sassanid, ones with large blocks are from the Parthian period.
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

.Iran ranks 7th among countries in the world with the most archeological architectural ruins and attractions from antiquity as recognized by UNESCO.^ The deal aims to ease concerns Tehran could build a nuclear weapon by removing most of Iran's low-enriched uranium from the country.

^ The histories, the travels, and the novels of these distinguished writers have made the world acquainted with the literature, the geography, the commerce, and the antiquities of that country.

^ The fact is Iran is one of the most liberal and democratic countries in the world, more than any other state in the Middle East, including Turkey.

[113] .Fifteen of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites are creations of Iranian architecture and the mausoleum of Maussollos was identified as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.^ No one has ever noticed, but the world has been created in a way to make us forget that united we have all the power we want to change things for the better.

^ Part Time Job at Home Any one can do it very easily Easy Money Creation procures a wide variety of services from companies around the world.
  • Iran classified for properties, jobs, car, dating ,free, posting, listing, online advertisement,internet banner ad,ads,advertise. 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC ads4iran.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Dr This collection takes me back to my childhood and has reminded me how wonderful Iran is which remains to be the greated Imperatory in the world of the ancient world.
  • Amazing IRAN - photos of North Africa/Middle East on Worldisround 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.worldisround.com [Source type: General]

Iranian art

Seventeenth-century painting from Hasht-Bahesht palace, Isfahan.
Main article: Iranian art
.The Iranian Cultural Continent — consisting of the modern nations Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and surrounding regions — is home to one of the richest art heritages in world history and encompasses many disciplines including architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and stone masonry.^ The history of the world is the history of civilizational clashes, cultural clashes.

^ The pavement consists of memorial stones for martyrs of the Iran-Irak war, and endless expanse of them which brings home the terrible toll the 10-year war meant for this country.
  • Iran - Marjolein's Travel Blog 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC blog.iamback.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I hope the Nations of the World tells Iran they can't have Nuclear Weapons or continue to taunt Israel!
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The art of carpet weaving in Iran has its roots in the culture and customs of its people and their instinctive feelings.^ Since coming to power twenty-nine years ago, the Islamic Republic of Iran has been in a constant battle with the Iranian people as well as her culture and heritage.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Obviously, also, he must have understood the art of organizing his people and arousing the feeling of nationality and the courage of self-sacrifice.

^ Behrad Najafi, Film in Iran, 1900-1979: A Political and Cultural Analysis (Stockholm: Department of Theatre and Cinema Arts, 1986).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

Weavers mix elegant patterns with a myriad of colors. The Iranian carpet is a re-enactment of the Persian garden: brimming with florae, birds, and beasts.

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Iran
.Iranian cinema has continued to thrive in modern Iran, and many Iranian directors have garnered worldwide recognition for their work.^ The Iraqi and Iranian governments continued to dispute Iraqi refugees' citizenship, rendering many of them stateless.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ FDI is receiving reports from many sources that Hamas Palestinians and other non-Iranians have been specially trained to do the regime's dirty work.
  • Foundation for Democracy in Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.iran.org [Source type: News]

^ Mohammad Faghfoory, "The Impact of Modernization on the Ulama of Iran, 1925-1941," Iranian Studies 26 (Summer/Fall 1993): 277-312.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

(.Iranian movies have won over three hundred awards in the past twenty-five years.^ (China, a major purchaser of Iranian oil, is negotiating a multibillion-dollar deal with Iran for the purchase of liquefied natural gas over a period of twenty-five years.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Typically they will attack a few soldiers at the fringe of a larger group, said Sadun Edesa, 22, an Iranian Kurd who said he had been fighting for five years.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ America quickly fixed its sights on the Taleban in Afghanistan with whom the Iranians had nearly come to war just three years earlier.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

) .One of the best-known directors is Abbas Kiarostami.^ The best known and the one with most adherents is the Twelvers which have a large percentage in Iran 60% and Iraq 45%; the others are the Ismaili or Sevener, and Zaidiyyah.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

.The Media of Iran is a mixture of private and state-owned, but books and movies must be approved by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance before being released to the public.^ To do this, he must convince Europe, China and Russia that a nuclear Iran will be catastrophic for Middle East stability as well as for their own economies.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Iran's discredited Press TV Celebrates Anniversary of Propaganda Paul Martin - 7/7/2008 According to reports, Iran 's state-run media known as "PressTV" is celebrating its anniversary.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ All Internet service providers (ISPs) must be approved by the Ministry of Culture and Guidance, and the government used filtering software to block access to some Western Web sites, reportedly including the Web sites of prominent Western news organizations and NGOs.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

State censorship is often brought upon films which do not meet approval.

Cuisine

Main article: Iranian cuisine
The cuisine of Iran is diverse, with each province featuring dishes, as well as culinary traditions and styles, distinct to their region. Iranian food is not spicy. Most meals consist of a large serving of seasoned rice and an accompanying course, typically consists of meat, poultry, or fish. Herbs are used frequently. .Onions and garlic are normally used in the preparation of the accompanying course, but are also served separately during meals, either in raw or pickled form.^ We had made preparation for a long march, as it was called, next day; but during the night so violent a storm of snow arose, accompanied by a boorān, that movement was impracticable.

Science and technology

.
An eighteenth-century Persian astrolabe.
^ Mario Vitalone, The Persian Rev_yat "Ithoter": Zoroastrian Ritual in the Eighteenth Century (Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale, 1996).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Juan R.I. Cole, "Invisible Occidentalism: Eighteenth-Century Indo-Persian Constructions of the West," Iranian Studies 25:3-4 (1992): 3-16.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Throughout the Middle Ages, the natural philosophy and mathematics of the ancient Greeks and Persians were furthered and preserved within Persia.^ There is a spirit of change abroad among the Persians, which will preserve his system from extinction; besides which, his doctrines are of an attractive nature to Persians.

^ The Gyro paedia is a didactic romance, written with a view to Greek institutions and rarely preserving genuine information on the Persian Empire.

^ Their features are more delicate than those of the other inhabitants of Persia, and bear a strong resemblance to those of the ancient Persians, as they are preserved in the sculptures at Persepolis and Shahpoor.

During this period, Persia became a center for the manufacture of scientific instruments, retaining its reputation for quality well into the nineteenth century.
.
13th century manuscript by Qotbeddin Shirazi, a Persian astronomer.
^ Bernard O'Kane, Early Persian Painting: Kalila wa Dimna Manuscripts of the 14th Century (London: I.B. Tauris, 2003).
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

The image depicts an epicyclic planetary model.
Main article: Science in Iran
See also: Education in Iran and Higher education in Iran
.Science in Iran, as the country itself, has a considerable history.^ The countries west of the Euphrates never owned its dominion, and even of Iran itself not one half was subject to the Arsacids.

From the Qanat to the Yakhchal, to the windmill. .Iran has reached scientific achievements and influenced world cultures for thousands of years.^ Since coming to power twenty-nine years ago, the Islamic Republic of Iran has been in a constant battle with the Iranian people as well as her culture and heritage.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ I pray that life continues to thrive in Iran as it has for thousands and thousands of years and this plague of American imperialism is stopped in its track.

^ Nikki R. Keddie, "Reflections on the Iranian Revolution and its Influence in the Muslim World," in Nikke R. Keddie, Iran and the Muslim World: Resistance and Revolution (New York: New York University Press, 1995), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

Iranians contributed significantly to the current understanding of astronomy, nature, medicine, mathematics, and philosophy. .To mention just a few, Persians first invented Algebra and discovered alcohol.^ Among the changes of the sound system in New Persian, as contrasted with earlier periods, especially with Old Persian, the first that claims mention is the change of the tenues k, t, p, c, into g, d, b, 1.

^ It is strange that a Persian Armenian should have been the first to discover the convenience of this road.

Iran strives to revive the golden age of Persian science. .The country has increased its publication output nearly tenfold from 1996 through 2004, and has been ranked first in terms of output growth rate followed by China.^ In July 2004, Iran's oil minister stated that the country's proven oil reserves had increased again, to 132 billion barrels, following new discoveries in the Kushk and Hosseineih fields in Khuzestan province.

^ According to a 2004 HRW report, political prisoners in the country used the term to describe prolonged incommunicado solitary confinement.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[114]
.Despite the limitations in funds, facilities, and international collaborations, Iranian scientists remain highly productive in several experimental fields as pharmacology, pharmaceutical chemistry, organic chemistry, and polymer chemistry.^ The government restricted the foreign travel of certain individual members of religious minorities and several religious leaders, as well as some scientists in sensitive fields.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Farahbakhsh remained in Evin Prison for several months despite a letter from Judiciary Chief Shahrudi ordering his release on bail.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ But though he remains highly respected among clerics, Rafsanjani is not a beloved figure in Iranian public life.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Iranian scientists are also helping construct the Compact Muon Solenoid, a detector for CERN's Large Hadron Collider due to come online in May 2008.
.In the biomedical sciences, Iran's Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics is a UNESCO chair in biology,[115] and in late 2006, Iranian scientists successfully cloned a sheep by somatic cell nuclear transfer, at the Rouyan research center in Isfahan.^ "Thinking about IRAN for a moment -- The Iranian government recently said it will resume research on nuclear technology, despite opposition from other countries.

^ This came out of the blue, said François Heisbourg, special adviser to the Foundation for Strategic Research in Paris and author of a coming book on Irans nuclear program.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Shiva Balaghi, "Print Culture in Late Qajar Iran: the Cartoons of Kashk_l ," Iranian Studies 34:1-4 (2001): 165-182.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[116]
.The Iranian nuclear program was launched in the 1950s.^ Nevertheless, the prime ministers preoccupation with the Iranian nuclear program seems sincere and deeply felt.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The EU-3 and Russia, with the support of the United States, have made the Iranian regime offers that would enable Iran to have a civil nuclear energy program.

^ He has proven to be an excellent source on the Iranian buildup of its military forces, especially as regards its missile program and its nuclear arms program.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Iran's current facilities includes several research reactors, a uranium mine, an almost complete commercial nuclear reactor, and uranium processing facilities that include a uranium enrichment plant.^ In late April, the military leadership, headed by General Pace, achieved a major victory when the White House dropped its insistence that the plan for a bombing campaign include the possible use of a nuclear device to destroy Irans uranium-enrichment plant at Natanz, nearly two hundred miles south of Tehran.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ While it would be difficult to completely destroy all of Iran's several dozen nuclear facilities, senior officials and IAF officers believe that a successful strike on a number of key elements of the nuclear program - such as the uranium enrichment center in Natanz, the heavy water facility at Arak and the Isfahan nuclear technology center - would be enough to stop the country's race for nuclear power.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Make no mistake: President Bush will need to bomb Irans nuclear facilities before leaving office, he wrote.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Iranian Space Agency launched its first reconnaissance satellite named Sina-1 in 2006, and a "space rocket" in 2007,[117] which aimed at improving science and research for university students.^ In 2006, for the first time since 1980, approximately 200 Baha'i students were admitted to universities.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The Sinah-1 is just the first of several Iranian satellites set for Russian launches in the coming months.

^ J.I. Clarke, The Iranian City of Shiraz , University of Durham, Department of Geography, Research Paper 7, 1963.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

[118]
.Iran is now a world leader in theoretical disciplines, such as string theory,[119] and Iranian scientists are a significant portion of the international scientific community.^ The Baha'is of the world are Iran's cheer leaders.
  • Amazing IRAN - photos of North Africa/Middle East on Worldisround 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.worldisround.com [Source type: General]

^ This cannot happen unless Iran's leaders decide whether they are representing a cause or a nation -- whether their basic motivation is crusading or international cooperation.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Eric Hooglund, "The United States and Iran, 1981-1989," in Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Manshour Varasteh, eds., Iran and the international community (London: Routledge, 1991), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

In 1960, Ali Javan co-invented the first gas laser, along with American physicist William R. Bennett, Jr. In 1965, fuzzy set theory was introduced by Lotfi Zadeh[120]. Iranian cardiologist, Tofy Mussivand invented the first artificial cardiac pump, the precursor of the artificial heart, and developed it further afterwards. HbA1c was discovered by Samuel Rahbar and introduced to the medical community, thereby furthering research and treatment of Diabetes. Vafa-Witten theorem was proposed by Iranian string theorist Cumrun Vafa,and his co-worker Edward Witten. The KPZ equation in theoretical physics was named after Mehran Kardar, a notable Iranian physicist.

Sports in Iran

Main article: Sports in Iran
Azadi Football Stadium, Iran's famous venue for Iranian football (soccer).
International Snowboard championship in Dizin. The ski resort of Dizin is situated to the north of Tehran in the Alborz Mountains range.
.With two thirds of Iran's population under the age of 25, sports constitutes a highly active portion of Iran's society, both traditional and modern.^ Submission or resistance seems to have been equally fatal; and slaughter–the indiscriminate slaughter of the young and the aged, of man and of woman–was the lot of the wretched population in both cases.

^ Husayn Mehrpur, "The Council of Guardians under the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran," Islamic and Comparative Law Quarterly 8 (1988): 65-76.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Farzin Vahdat, "Mehdi Haeri Yazdi and the Discourse of Modernity," in Ramin Jahanbegloo, ed., Iran: Between Tradition and Modernity (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2004), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

Iran hence was the birthplace of sports such as polo,[121] backgammon,[122] and Varzesh-e Pahlavani. Tehran was furthermore the first city in the Middle East to host the Asian Games in 1974.
.Today, the most popular sport in Iran is football, with national team being a World Cup finalist three times, and having won the Asian Cup on three occasions.^ I hope the Nations of the World tells Iran they can't have Nuclear Weapons or continue to taunt Israel!
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The fact is Iran is one of the most liberal and democratic countries in the world, more than any other state in the Middle East, including Turkey.

^ To whom did Ahmadinejad refer to when he told the United Nations in September: "I emphatically declare that today's world, more than ever before, longs for ...
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.However, freestyle Wrestling is traditionally referred to as Iran's national sport.^ Said Amir Arjomand, "Traditionalism in Twentieth-Century Iran," in Said Amir Arjomand, ed., From Nationalism to Revolutionary Islam (London: Macmillan Press, 1984), pp.
  • http://web.mit.edu/isg/iranica.html 25 January 2010 7:07 UTC web.mit.edu [Source type: Academic]

.Former WWF champion Iron Sheik wrestled as an amateur in Iran before moving to the United States.^ The United States does not have an embassy in Iran.
  • Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Does the hypocrisy of the United States telling Iran to not meddle in Iraq register on anyone else’s radar?
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

^ United States Military can’t level all iran’s Military installation’s and destroy any advancing forces are foolish and naive.
  • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

.Iran is home to several unique skiing resorts,[123] with the Tochal resort being the world's fifth-highest ski resort (3,730 m at its highest station) situated only fifteen minutes away from Tehran.^ Persian Gulf, where vegetation is very scanty, stations only a few miles away from the coast and not more than 20 or 30 ft.

^ The above beautiful range of mountains, crowned with the magnificent peak of Demawend, saves Tehran from being one of the most frightful places in the world.

.Being a mountainous country, Iran offers enthusiasts abundant challenges for hiking, rock climbing,[124] and mountain climbing.^ The annexation of Iran by Seleucus Nicator led to a war for the countries on the Indian frontier; his opponent being Sandracottus or Chandragupta Maurya , the founder Seleucus I. of the great Indian Empire of Maurya (Palimbothra).

^ The country hereabout being flat, and Ararat not being many miles distant, we beheld the mountain in all its solitary grandeur.

^ The Saudi said that, in his countrys view, it was taking a political risk by joining the U.S. in challenging Iran: Bandar is already seen in the Arab world as being too close to the Bush Administration.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

[125][126][127]
.Women are primarily active in volleyball and badminton, but even in rallying, female drivers participate in national rally tournaments, such as Iran's successful female driver Laleh Seddigh.^ Private rights such as clothing, divorce, custody, inheritance, abortion and mobility are a matter of legal battles for women in Iran.
  • Global Politician - Iran 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC globalpolitician.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the President of Iran, has effectively used the program to rally the nation behind him, and against Washington.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Even if Israel were to decide against such a strike, Iran's going nuclear could destroy what is left of the international non-proliferation regime.
  • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

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  3. ^ Xinhua, "New evidence: modern civilization began in Iran", 10 Aug 2007, retrieved 1 Oct 2007
  4. ^ Iran Daily, "Panorama", 3 Mar 2007, retrieved 1 Oct 2007
  5. ^ Iranian.ws, "Archaeologists: Modern civilization began in Iran based on new evidence", 12 Aug 2007, retrieved 1 Oct 2007
  6. ^ IRAN @ 2000 and Beyond lecture series, opening address, W. Herbert Hunt, 18 May 2000, retrieved 1 Oct 2007
  7. ^ BBC News — Iran's growing regional influence.
  8. ^ parliament.uk, "Select Committee on Foreign Affairs, Eighth Report, Iran, retrieved 1 Oct 2007
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  12. ^ Bailey, Harold Walter (1987). "Arya". Encyclopedia Iranica 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 
  13. ^ MacKenzie, David Niel (1998). "Ērān, Ērānšahr". Encyclopedia Iranica 8. Cosa Mesa: Mazda. 
  14. ^ a b Gignoux, Phillipe (1987). "Anērān". Encyclopedia Iranica 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 
  15. ^ Oriental Institute, University of Chicago ~~~~—. "Iranian Pottery". Retrieved on 2006-04-29.
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Further reading

External links

All wikimedia projects
Articles on this topic in other Wikimedia projects can be found at: Iran
Government
Other
Iranian news and media
.
  • List of Iranian news and media from the Open Directory Project
  • Yahoo!^ The Iranian government has tried to create jobs swiftly and pacify the people by spending the oil money on new government-run projects.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Other groups, like the Israel Project, conduct intensive briefings for the media in the US and Europe to educate reporters and editors about the Iranian nuclear program.
    • Iran re-emerges (19.6.68, update 20.5.09) 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.solami.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

    ^ Well, Voice of America types of media are very effective in providing TRUE news about different part of Iran to the Iranians living in Iran.
    • Think Progress » Bolton: I ‘Absolutely’ Hope The U.S. Will Attack Iran In The Next ‘Six Months’ 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]

    News Full Coverage Iran Yahoo headline links
  • Guardian section about Iran
  • PRESS TV — 24 hour news channel in English
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