From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For the current Iraqi intelligence agency, see Iraqi National
Intelligence Service.
The Iraqi Intelligence Service
(Jihaz Al-Mukhabarat Al-A'ma), also known
as the Mukhabarat, General Directorate of
Intelligence, or Party Intelligence, was
the main state intelligence organization in Iraq under Saddam Hussein. The IIS
was primarily concerned with international intelligence collection
and analysis but also performed many activities inside Iraq.
The most important section of the IIS was Directorate 4 – the
Secret Service. One of the well known Directors was Rafi'
Dahham Mejwel Al-Tikriti (Arabic: رافع دحام مجول التكريتي) the former Iraqi
Ambassador to Turkey and the last Chief of the Iraqi Intelligence
Service. The Secret Service was tasked with infiltrating both
foreign and domestic governments, unions, embassies, and opposition
groups. IIS often worked closely with the Iraqi General Security Directorate (the
Iraqi equivalent of the FBI) when conducting domestic
activities.
IIS is alleged to be responsible for a number of assassinations and
attempted assassinations abroad. These include the assassinations
of Sheikh Talib al-Suhail al-Tamimi in
Beirut (April 1994), Ayatollah Mehdi al-Hakim in
Sudan (January 1988), and Dr.
Ayad Habashi in Rome (October
1986), as well as the nearly successful assassinations of President
George H.W. Bush, former Iraqi Prime
Minister Ayad Allawi
and the Emir of Kuwait.
Structure
IIS was broken up into a number of Bureaus, which oversaw the individual Directorates. The
following list gives the Directorates divided by Bureau, and a
brief description of the Directorate [1]
Political
Bureau
- Directorate 4 – Secret Service
- Located inside the headquarters of the IIS, Directorate 4's
activities took place in both Iraq and abroad, with agents infiltrated within
Iraqi government
departments, the Ba'ath Party, associations, unions and organizations, Iraqi embassies and opposition parties. In addition, the Secret
Service received information from the Al Hadi Project. The
Directorate included a number of offices responsible for the collection of
information about a specific country or region. These offices
included areas for Southeast Asia, Turkey, Iran,
America (North and South),
Europe, Arab states, Africa and the former Soviet Union. Directorate 4 worked
in coordination
with Directorates 3, 5, 9, 12, 14 and 18. The last director of
Directorate 4 was BG Mohammed Yasin Al Shammari from Mosul.
- Directorate 8 – Technical Affairs
- Located in the headquarters of the ISS, Directorate 8 was
responsible for the fingerprinting of
all IIS employees and the development of materials needed for covert
offensive operations. These included weapons, explosives and poisons. Directorate 8 also
assembled cameras, communications equipment and employed
many engineers and scientists with advanced
degrees. The last director of Directorate 8 was Dr Mohammed
al-Masri, who was of Egyptian
origin.
- Directorate 9 – Secret Operations
- One of the most important directorates within the IIS.
Directorate 9's work was mostly outside Iraq in coordination with
Directorates 5, 12, 14 and 18, focusing on operations of sabotage and assassination.
The last director of Directorate 9 was MG Abdul Hameed Khalaf al-Bayati, with BG
Hussain Abdul Khaliq ad-Douri, from Dour as his Assistant
Director.
- Directorate 12 – Electronic Surveillance
- Responsible for the planting, monitoring, and analyzing video and audio surveillance devices within the IIS.
Also partially responsible for the forging of currency.
- Directorate 17 – National Security
Institute
- Responsible for the training of IIS officers. Located in the Jihad
district (possibly at Abu
Ghraib in the western suburbs of Baghdad), it contained full living quarters and a supermarket.
High-school graduates undertook a three year course, and college graduates an 18-month course prior to entering the intelligence service as junior
officers.
- Responsible for collecting and analyzing information from around the world,
including open sources such as radio, satellite TV, and newspapers.
- Responsible for conducting psychological warfare operations,
including the dissemination of false information.
Special
Bureau
- Directorate 5 – Counter-Intelligence
- Responsible for the detection and neutralization of foreign
intelligence agents, with a particular focus on Syrian infiltrators. Directorate 5 works in
conjunction with Directorates 3, 4, 14 and 18. Undated sources name
BG Sadoon Ali al-Tikriti, from Auja as Director of Directorate 5,
and LTC Ahmed Lahij ad-Dulaimi as
Assistant Director.
- Directorate 6 – Mukhabarat Security
- Responsible for the conduct of officers and other members of
the ISS. Directorate 6 was responsible for the issuing of papers,
passports, and marriage sanctions for all ISS employees. The
last Director of Directorate 6 was MG Abdul Hameed Yasin
al-Ghurairi, with COL
Ibrahim al-`Aani as his Assistant.
- Directorate 7 – Al Haakimiya
- The primary interrogation center of the ISS was Al
Haakimiya, located opposite the Passport Office on 52nd Street.
Sources conflict on the size of the building; some claim that it
has five floors above ground and five below; other sources claim
that there were three above and two below ground.
- Directorate 19 – Personnel Supervision
- Responsible for surveillance of IIS employees.
- Directorate 22 – Protection
- Responsible for personal protection of senior IIS officials and
visiting dignitaries.
- Uncertain designation. Conducted training of agents for the Clandestine operations
abroad.
- Rapid intervention force of
the IIS, armed with light and semi-heavy weapons.
Administration Bureau
- Directorate 2 – Administration
- Responsible for all administrative affairs. Directorate 2 was
divided into a number of subdivisions:
-
- Payments and Gifts
- Land and Housing
- Audit
- Security
- Registry
- Word Processing and Typing
- Public Enquiries
- Directorate 10 – Legal Directorate
- Charged with all IIS legal matters. Represents the IIS on joint
committees with other government departments and ministries. Also
contained the court where IIS prisoners were tried. The last
director of Directorate 10 was BG Kamel Qurtasi al-Jenabi, with COL
Saadoun Mohammed al-Mashhadani as his Assistant Director.
- Directorate 11 – Accounts
- Located in the headquarters complex. Responsible for financial affairs, and the salaries of all
directorates except Directorate 1.
- Located in the headquarters complex. Responsible for medical examinations of new recruits and medical care for members of the IIS.
- Directorate 15 – Vehicles
- Responsible for the vehicles of the IIS and their maintenance.
- Directorate 16 – Physical Plant
- Responsible for the maintenance, repair, and cleaning of all
IIS buildings.
- Directorate 20 – Printing
- Responsible for printing leaflets, books, and forged documents
(including passports).
- Directorate 27 – Engineering And
Construction
- Responsible for the construction of IIS buildings and housing
for senior officers.
- Directorate 1 – The Private Office
The office of the director of the Mukhabarat was situated in its
own building at the main entrance of the Mukhabarat complex in the
Mansour district of Baghdad. All instructions and directives flowed
from this office, and the director's meetings with his senior staff
took place here. The last Director of the Mukhabarat was
Rafi' Dahham Al Tikriti , former director of the
Fourth Directorate of the Mukhabarat and former Iraqi Ambassador in
Turkey. He assumed his present position on July 1, 1997. The
Director up to June 30, 1997 was Mani' Abd Rashid Al Tikriti. The
Manager of the Director's Office is Col. `Aayed Al Douri (Abu
Tayseer), from Dour, and the Director's secretary is Capt. Muthana
Al Tikriti (nephew of Mani' Abd Rashid).
Subdivisions of D1:
The Secretariat Audit Security Salaries Electronic equipment
Reception and appointments Internal and external co-ordination
- Directorate 3 – Surveillance
- Situated in the National Security Institute in the Jihad
District of Baghdad,
Directorate 3 was divided into three subdivisions: mobile
surveillance (close pursuit of targets with vehicles); foot
surveillance; and stationary surveillance (surveillance of a fixed
premises such as a kiosk or shop). The last known director for
Directorate 3 was BG Mohammed ad-Douri (Abu Nihad), from Dour, and
the last known Assistant Director was LTC Subhi Ibrahim al-Jibouri,
from Baiji/Al Siniya.
- One of the largest and most important directorates within the
IIS, Directorate 14 was responsible for the most secret and
sensitive operations undertaken outside of Iraq. Directorate 14 was
also responsible for the training of officers for operations of
this nature. The last known director for Directorate 14 was BG
Nouri ad-Douri (Abu Ibrahim) from Jadriya.
- Responsible for the Mujahideen Khalq Organisation
(MKO). Directorate 18 issues the orders and tasks for MKO
operations in Iraq, Iran, and other countries. The last
known director for Directorate 18 was BG Ihsan al-Timmimi (Syed
Ihsan), with COL Ali Bilal Hussein ad-Dulaimi as his Assistant
Director.
- Directorate 21 – Residency
- Responsible for monitoring the residence permits of foreigners
and Arabs in Iraq. Directorate 21 was headquartered in the Karradeh
District of Baghdad.
- Directorate 23 – Southern District
- Headquartered in Basra,
Directorate 23 was responsible for positions and operations in the
south of Iraq. It was charged with following political events and
infiltrating countries neighboring southern Iraq.
- Directorate 24 – Northern District
- Headquartered in Mosul with
an office in Kirkuk,
Directorate 24 was responsible for operations in northern Iraq.
Also responsible for infiltrating opposition groups in northern
Iraq.
- Directorate 25 – Western District
- Headquartered in Ramadi,
Directorate 24 was responsible for operations and recruitment of
agents in Syria and Jordan. Also responsible for
gun-running and smuggling across the border, and coordinating with
opposition parties. The last known director of Directorate 25 was
BG Jamal Amr al-Rawi from Rawa
- Directorate 26 – Eastern District
- Headquartered in Karbala, Directorate 26 was responsible for
operations in the Karbala Governorate.
- Directorate 28 – Security of MIO
- Directorate 28 was responsible for the security of all Military
Industrialization Organization facilities. It was established after
the defection of Hussein Kamel in August 1995.
History
Following an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Iraq's ruler
Abdul Karim Qasim in October 1959 by the Ba'ath Party, Saddam Hussein
was placed in charge of Jihaz al Khas
(Special Apparatus) sometime between 1964 and 1966. Codenamed
Jihaz al-Haneen (Instrument Of Yearning),
the organisation concentrated on security and intelligence work.
After the Ba'ath
Party seized power on July 17, 1968, Saddam expanded the
Special Apparatus and took control of the Amn (State
Internal Security Department). Following the failed coup attempt led by Director
of Internal Security Nazim Kazzar in 1973, Jihaz was
transformed into Da'irat al Mukhabarat al
Amah (General Intelligence Department or GID).
In 1983, under the leadership of Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti,
the GID organized the massacres of the villagers of Dujail and Jezan Al Chol, the
disappearance of the Barzanis from the Qushtapa camp, and the
assassination of 18 members of Ayatollah Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim's
family.
In recent years, as a result of the Gulf War, the external department was reduced
to less than half of its pre-1990 size, while the internal
department was enlarged to deal with increasing anti-Saddam
activities within Iraq.
In 1993, the IIS planned and executed an assassination attempt
against former US President George H. W. Bush and the Emir of Kuwait through the use of a large car bomb driven by two
Iraqis.
In June 1995, Saddam Hussein dismissed his stepbrother Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti
from his role as head of the IIS, due to his failure to increase
domestic security within Iraq. Brigadier General Majid Hasan
al-Majid was named as his successor.
It was officially dissolved on May 23, 2003 by Paul
Bremer per Order Number
2 of the Coalition Provisional
Authority.[2]
References
See also
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