From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Istanbul |
Top: Topkapı Palace - Hagia Sophia - Blue Mosque;
Center left: Beyoğlu, Center middle: Galata Tower, Center right: Maiden's Tower;
Bottom: Bosphorus Bridge connecting Europe and Asia, with the skyline of Levent financial district. |
|
Location of Istanbul on the Bosphorus Strait, Turkey
|
| Coordinates: 41°01′N 28°58′E / 41.017°N 28.967°E / 41.017; 28.967 |
| Country |
 Turkey |
| Region |
Marmara |
| Province |
Istanbul |
| Founded |
667 BC as Byzantium |
| Roman/Byzantine period |
AD 330 as Nova Roma (original name given in 330 and used during Constantine's reign) and later Κωνσταντινούπολη Constantinople (following Constantine's death in 337) |
| Ottoman period |
1453 as Istanbul (in Ottoman Turkish), Κωνσταντινούπολη (Greek), Constantinople (internationally) and various other names in local languages |
| Republic of Turkey period |
1923 as Istanbul (in Turkish), Κωνσταντινούπολη (Greek) and Constantinople (internationally), renamed as Istanbul also in foreign languages following the Turkish Postal Service Law of 28 March 1930 |
| Districts |
27 |
| Government |
| - Mayor |
Kadir Topbaş (AKP) |
| Area |
| - Total |
1,830.92 km2 (706.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation |
100 m (328 ft) |
| Population (2009)[1][2][3] |
| - Total |
12,782,960 (5th) |
| - Density |
6,211/km2 (16,086.4/sq mi) |
| - Demonym |
Istanbulite |
| Time zone |
EET (UTC+2) |
| - Summer (DST) |
EEST (UTC+3) |
| Postal code |
34010 to 34850 and
80000 to 81800 |
| Area code(s) |
(+90) 212 (European side)
(+90) 216 (Asian side) |
| Licence plate |
34 |
| Website |
Istanbul Portal |
|
|
|
.^ The large Syriac Christian population of the area was hit by the Turkish attacks on Armenians and other Christians during World War I and today has dwindled to a small remant.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Seeing the Ottomans leave, loud cheers and shouts of joy erupted in the entire city of Constantinople, filling the air with their happiness.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Now, as Istanbul , the City is simply a large modern city, the largest in Turkey, but no longer a capital, a fortress, a redoubt, or a beacon of culture or religion.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
[1] .^ It was fast losing its exotic oriental character and more closely resembling a colonial trading post in terms of its economic, social and cultural life as well as its architecture.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The city covers 39 districts of the
Istanbul province.
[5] .^ Following the advice of the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, Byzas established a colony at the of the Istanbul peninsula, today known as Seraglio Point, the Promentorium Bosphorium of antiquity; where the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn meet and flow in to the Marmara (667 B.C.).- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ It was known as the Cisr-i Cedid or New Bridge to distinguish it from the earlier bridge further up the Golden Horn, which became known as the Cisr-i Atik or Old Bridge.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Having defeated the crusaders, Yıldırım Beyazıd had the Anatolia Fortress (Anadolu Hisarı) constructed at the narrowest point of the Bosphorus on the Asian side.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Both sides had to resort to hand-to-hand combat as it was the only option within the tight, damp corridors inside the walls.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Latin Patriarchs of Constantinople, 1204-1261 .- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The walls of Istanbul date from the founding of the Eastern Roman Empire.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Ottoman Empire Mehmed II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The city was chosen as joint
European Capital of Culture for 2010. The historic areas of Istanbul were added to the
UNESCO World Heritage List in 1985.
[6]
Names
.^ The confusion is rooted in the various names the city assumed under the Ottomans in the centuries after their conquest of the city in 1453.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Ottoman Empire Mehmed II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The Greeks still do not use the Turkish name, and Konstantinopolis continues to be used on maps and road signs in Greece today.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ And greatly were they harassed by the people of the land and by the Greeks; and they rode -from day to day till they came to a city called Pamphyle, and lodged there, and sojourned in it for two months.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Henry, the brother of the Emperor Baldwin of Constantinople, with as many people as he could gather, marched against the Greeks to a city called Tzurulum, which is a three days' journey from Constantinople.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Now, as Istanbul , the City is simply a large modern city, the largest in Turkey, but no longer a capital, a fortress, a redoubt, or a beacon of culture or religion.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
. A version found in Western languages,
Stamboul, was used in lieu of Istanbul until the creation of the modern
Turkish language by
Atatürk after 1932. Before that time, English-speaking sources used
Stamboul to describe the central parts on the historic peninsula between the
Golden Horn and the
Sea of Marmara.
^ It is the bridge still familiar to many people today that was badly damaged in a fire in 1992 and towed up the Golden Horn to make way for the modern bridge now in use.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ When used with an adjective in the Turkish language, the word "kopek" takes the form "kopegi."- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Following the advice of the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, Byzas established a colony at the of the Istanbul peninsula, today known as Seraglio Point, the Promentorium Bosphorium of antiquity; where the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn meet and flow in to the Marmara (667 B.C.).- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[8]
.^ No one remains of the former residents of the Tophane quarter, Orthodox Turks who spoke the Karamanlı language, a variety of Turkish written in the Greek alphabet.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Also, while in English the stress is on the first syllable ("Is"), in Turkish it is on the second syllable ("tan").
Byzantium is the first known name of the city.
.^ But they found the country raised against them, and were discomfited; and the Greeks took them, and afterwards handed them over to the King of Wallachia, who had their heads cut off.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ And they found it very well defended, and saw the flags of Johannizza, King of Wallachia and Bulgaria, on the walls and towers; and the city was very strong and very rich, and very full of people.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ They took envoys therefore privily, from all the cities in the land, and sent them to Johannizza, the King of Wallachia and Bulgaria, who was still at war with them as he had been aforetime.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
[9] .^ The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Ottoman Empire Mehmed II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ "Stanbulin," (Greek for "to the city") once commonly found on road signs directing travelers to the capital, was punned by devout Turks into Islambol, where "Islam abounds."- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ And those who were in these cities maintained the war against the Greeks, 107 and made many forays.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ It was Anthemius, the capable governor of the Emperor Theodosius (408-450), who enlarged the walled area of the city two-fold, building the walls still named after him today.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The Roman Catholic Church is governed through the Emperor and the Patriarchs, namely the Patriarchs of Rome , Constantinople , Alexandria , Antioch , and Jerusalem , in that order of precedence.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ For the first time the name "Karakachan dog" is officially mentioned in 1938 in an article dedicated to this breed and published in German cynological issue.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[7] .^ Western accounts of the old city during this period make regular references to the name.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Recent research has shown that the name 'Istanbul' was used if not during the Byzantine period, at least during the 11th century and that the Turks knew the city by this name.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The names Islambol and Konstantiniye were used interchangeably in Ottoman documents up until the empire's demise in 1923.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ The oldest recorded bridge in Istanbul was built over the Golden Horn in 1453 during the Turkish siege of the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ OLD AND NEW CHEEK BY JOWL Alanya Fortress, the city’s oldest center of settlement, is situated on a steep promontory just behind the harbor.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Of the mosque built by Sultan Mehmed II inside the castle, only the lower part of the minaret remains today.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[10] .^ The order of the assault was so devised, that of the seven divisions, three were to guard the camp outside the city, and other four to give the assault.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ It is this garland of waters which makes Istanbu, whose seven hills are crowned with imperial monuments, a unique city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ It is the bridge still familiar to many people today that was badly damaged in a fire in 1992 and towed up the Golden Horn to make way for the modern bridge now in use.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The Greeks still do not use the Turkish name, and Konstantinopolis continues to be used on maps and road signs in Greece today.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ It was Anthemius, the capable governor of the Emperor Theodosius (408-450), who enlarged the walled area of the city two-fold, building the walls still named after him today.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ (March 25, 1997) and cannot be produced outside Turkey under the name “Turkish rakı”.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The names of the towers are as follows: Liberty, Independence, Law, Republic, Revolution, National Pact, 23rd April, Peace, Mehmetçik (the Turkish Soldier) and Victory.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The name controversy was assumed to be settled when Atatürk officially renamed the city Istanbul in the 1920s.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[11]
History
.^ Rumelihisari is the place where the Turks first settled on the European side of Istanbul and is noted for its many historic buildings.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[12][13][14] .^ The theory that the Trojans might have been Anatolian gained weight with the discovery of a lower city dating from the 17th-13th centuries BC and defined as High Trojan Culture.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Following the advice of the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, Byzas established a colony at the of the Istanbul peninsula, today known as Seraglio Point, the Promentorium Bosphorium of antiquity; where the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn meet and flow in to the Marmara (667 B.C.).- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Recent research has shown that the name 'Istanbul' was used if not during the Byzantine period, at least during the 11th century and that the Turks knew the city by this name.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Nineteenth century western taste and the houses and palaces furnished under European influence naturally triggered a transformation in the art of the carpet as well.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ And we cannot resist with only a handful of poorly trained men and some stone walls built over a millennia ago which are about to fall any moment now.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ We decided to take a tour of some of these promontories, and naturally our first stop was Sarayburnu or Palace Point, the most famous of all, upon which stands Topkapi Palace.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The surrounding areas near the city walls were completely deserted, apart from only a couple of scattered houses which were were lucky for the owners still standing, adjoined with small plots of land destined for their owners.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Recent research has shown that the name 'Istanbul' was used if not during the Byzantine period, at least during the 11th century and that the Turks knew the city by this name.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ During the Turkish period the names 'Dersaadet' and 'Deraliye' were used.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ He couldn't see the true faade of his city, the ruins of marvellous Roman villas and imposing palaces which formed today the dark side of this once splendid city.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ "Pulcheria's Crusade AD 421–422 and the Ideology of Imperial Victory," Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 18.- Bibliography on Women in Byzantium | Byzantine Studies | Research | Dumbarton Oaks 11 September 2009 15:42 UTC www.doaks.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Ottoman Sultan Yıldırım Beyazıt besieged the city for seven months (1391 AD).- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[17]
.^ He had the Rumeli Fortress (Rumeli Hisarı) constructed the European shore of the Bosphorus, directly across from the Anatolia Fortress (Anadolu Hisarı) The entire siege and battle took place between April 6 and May 29, and on this final day, Istanbul, once the capital of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the Turks.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ He couldn't see the true faade of his city, the ruins of marvellous Roman villas and imposing palaces which formed today the dark side of this once splendid city.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The Macedonian Roman Emperors, after retaking Antioch (969), entered Palestine and came close, but were not able to secure anything permanent or assault the city.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
[18] Byzantium (now renamed as
Nova Roma which eventually became
Constantinopolis, i.e. "The City of Constantine") was officially proclaimed the new capital of the
Roman Empire six years later, in 330. Following the death of
Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent partition of the Roman Empire between his two sons, Constantinople became the capital of the
Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.
.^ It is this garland of waters which makes Istanbu, whose seven hills are crowned with imperial monuments, a unique city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ And you may know that their fortunes were at the lowest, seeing that outside of Constantinople they had kepl& possession of no more than these two cities.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ They rode to a city called Nicomedia, which lies on a gulf of the sea, and is well two days' journey from Constantinople.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ While in its day Hagia Sophia was architecturally unique, and remained so for centuries -- also as the largest Church in Christendom -- the Ottomans began to build great mosques in the same style, culminating in the Sultan Ahmad (I) , or Blue, Mosque nearby, built adjacent to, and using many of the stones from, the classical Hippodrome.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ "Stanbulin," (Greek for "to the city") once commonly found on road signs directing travelers to the capital, was punned by devout Turks into Islambol, where "Islam abounds."- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Few people, indeed, remember that Mediaeval "Romans" meant the Greek, Albanian, Vlach, Armenian, and other inhabitants of the so-called "Byzantine" Empire.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
[19] .^ "Greek Orthodox" is still used for other Churches, as of Jerusalem , that have nothing to do with the Greek national Church but that are in doctrinal communion with the Patriarch of Constantinople.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The list of Orthodox Patriarchs is from a combination of various sources on the internet and Eusebius' The History of the Church [Penguin, 1965].- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The principle is still that Orthodox Churches base their doctrine on the Ecumenical Councils.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
[20]
.^ The Latin Patriarchate , as at Constantinople , Jerusalem , and Alexandria , was created during the Crusades, in this case in 1098 by the first Prince of Antioch .- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When the Crusaders took Constantinople in 1204, a Latin Patriarch was installed.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Geoffrey de Villehardouin [b.c.1160-d.c.1213]: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople , trans.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
[21] .^ Latin Patriarchs of Constantinople, 1204-1261 .- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Ottoman Empire Mehmed II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The Latin Patriarchate , as at Constantinople , Jerusalem , and Alexandria , was created during the Crusades, in this case in 1098 by the first Prince of Antioch .- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ I am going to publish my last book, Istanbul, Memories and the City, in what they call a ‘coffee table’ edition in America; printed on good paper, with large photographs, and with some new sections that I’ll write.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Few people, indeed, remember that Mediaeval "Romans" meant the Greek, Albanian, Vlach, Armenian, and other inhabitants of the so-called "Byzantine" Empire.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On the balcony of the large Blacharnae Palace, in the Byzantine capital, overlooking the natural beauty of the scenery was Basileos Manuel II, the emperor of the still surviving Byzantine Empire.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
[22] .^ There are many tasks to do within the empire, we don't need any more expansions right now.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Coptic Christians, however, have been leaving Egypt, in great part because of attacks from Muslim fanatics that have developed as the result of the recent increase in Islâmic militancy .- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Now you must know that many set eyes upon them, to know how the election had turned.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ So they took messengers privily, and sent them to Vernas in Constantinople.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ That night they took counsel together, and the decision to which they came was, that on the morrow they should go before Adrianople, and lay siege to it.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ And when the Greeks who were with him saw that he turned towards Adrianople, they began to steal away, both by day and by night, some twenty, thirty, forty, a hundred, at a time.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
[23]
.^ The oldest recorded bridge in Istanbul was built over the Golden Horn in 1453 during the Turkish siege of the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ To circumvent this he built a road of greased logs across Galata on the north side of the Golden Horn, and rolled his ships across.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Therefore to treat the Galata Bridge over the Golden Horn merely from the historic angle would be misleading.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The
Galata Bridge can be seen in the centre of the picture.
.^ Following the advice of the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, Byzas established a colony at the of the Istanbul peninsula, today known as Seraglio Point, the Promentorium Bosphorium of antiquity; where the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn meet and flow in to the Marmara (667 B.C.).- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Murad winked to both Khalil and Zaganos as he left the tower, returning swiftly to his palace to prepare the final details for the assault on the Byzantine capital.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ To the left of the tower a stone structure resembling a five-arch bridge is the only surviving dockyard from the Seljuk period.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The
Sea of Marmara and the
Princes' Islands are seen in the background, on the horizon. At the extreme left of the picture, the district of
Kadıköy (ancient
Chalcedon) on the Asian side of the city can be seen. Behind the Galata Bridge, towards the horizon, the
Column of Constantine (which was surrounded by iron bars for restoration) rises.
.^ The elevated status for Constantinople was because, of course, this had become the seat of the Emperor, beginning with Constantine , and the principal capital of the Roman Empire.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It was the last capital of the Rome Empire, Roma Nova , "New Rome," or Constantinou Polis , the "City of Constantine," for many centuries the largest and richest city in Europe and Christendom, the repository of much of Greek and Roman Classical learning.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It is now a little hard to recapture the sense that it used to be the principal city of Syria (the third largest city of the Roman Empire, after Rome and Alexandria) right down to when it was taken by the Mamlûks in 1268.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Even the expression "Greek Catholic" is used for the Roman Catholic counter-church that was created to lure the Greek Orthodox into allegiance to Rome.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The order of the assault was so devised, that of the seven divisions, three were to guard the camp outside the city, and other four to give the assault.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The Armenian Patriarch presided over an actual Armenian Quarter in the Old City of Jerusalem, thus distinguished from the Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Then did those of the host take council together to settle what thing they should do, and whether they should attack the city by sea or by land.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
[22] The Sultan also endowed the city with various architectural monuments, including the
Topkapı Palace and the
Eyüp Sultan Mosque.
.^ The Coptic Catholic Patriarch has lived in Alexandria, at the Church of the Resurrenction, whose construction was funded by the Austrian Emperor Franz Josef and dedicated in 1902.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Ottoman Conquest, 1453 ; Church of the Holy Apostles, 1453-1455; Convent of St. Mary Pammakaristos, 1455-1587 .- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Patriarchate briefly was based at the second church of the City, the Church of the Holy Apostles, which may already have been in disrepair.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ An alliance between the Ottoman Empire and us will surely be of great help.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Like many other arts, the Ottomans took over the art of the carpet from the Seljuk tradition.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ And they devised machines of divers kinds, and scaling ladders, and many other engines, and wrought diligently to take the city.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ If you enter through this gate, you can visit Kara Ahmet Paşa Mosque, the work of the celebrated 16th century Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Mustafa Kemal'in Istanbul'a gitmek sebepleri arasnda annesine gcenmis olmasnn da etkisi vard.- Dizinin ge�ti�i d�nemle ilgili d�k�manlar [Ar�iv] - DiziFilm.com Forum 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC www.dizifilm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ayn gn Cumhurbakan Mustafa Kemal Atatrk, Ankara Hukuk Mektebi'ni at.- Tarihte Bug�n [Arşiv] - Her�eyde biraz 2de1 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC www.2de1.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mustafa Kemal Paa da Ankara'yadnnde, taarruz plann Bakanlar Kuruluna aklad.- Tarihte Bug�n [Arşiv] - Her�eyde biraz 2de1 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC www.2de1.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In the early years of the republic, Istanbul was overlooked in favour of the new capital.
.^ Along with the gracious statures of the massive Roman constructions, the dilapidation of the city's buildings was striking.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Although the official name of the city has, ever since the establishment of the Republic, been 'Istanbul' and great sensitivity shown on this subject, Europe resists the adoption of the name 'Istanbul'.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Rumelihisari is the place where the Turks first settled on the European side of Istanbul and is noted for its many historic buildings.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Thus were they in very perilous case, for never did so few people besiege so many people in any city.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Then they rode out a day's march, and ordered their array with as many people as they had.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Then did the Emperor Henry summon as many people as he could, and issued from Constantinople, and rode day by day towards Adrianople, with all his forces in order.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The 671,000 square metre area housed many sections.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ And the greater part of the cities held for him, and all the castles; and he had so large a host that it was a marvel.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ And the city he caused to be pulled down, with its towers and walls; and the high palaces and rich houses to be burned and utterly destroyed.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
Illegal construction, combined with corner-cutting methods, have accounted for why 65% of the buildings in Istanbul are built without proper planning.
[24] The concerns have increased due to the serious nature of the
Izmit earthquake of 17 August 1999.
[25] On 9 September 2009 the city experienced
extensive flooding.
[26]
Geography
Location
.^ This ancient breed springs forth like a lion from its epicenter - the Kangal District - a region in east central Turkey located in what is known as the Anti-Taurus.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Although the official name of the city has, ever since the establishment of the Republic, been 'Istanbul' and great sensitivity shown on this subject, Europe resists the adoption of the name 'Istanbul'.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ From Byzantium to Constantinople and from then on to Istanbul,this fabled city, divided by the Bosphorus strait lies both in Europe and Asia.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Harty, Kevin J. The Reel Middle Ages: American, Western and Eastern European, Middle Eastern and Asian Films about Medieval Europe.- Bibliography on Women in Byzantium | Byzantine Studies | Research | Dumbarton Oaks 11 September 2009 15:42 UTC www.doaks.org [Source type: Academic]
The city boundaries cover a surface area of 1,830.93 square kilometres (707 sq mi), while the metropolitan region, or the
Province of Istanbul, covers 6,220 square kilometres (2,402 sq mi).
Geology
Istanbul is situated near the
North Anatolian fault, which runs from northern
Anatolia to the
Marmara Sea. Two
tectonic plates, the African and the Eurasian, push against each other here.
.^ Throughout history peoples have arrived and departed like migrant birds through this mountainous region.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ And they found it very well defended, and saw the flags of Johannizza, King of Wallachia and Bulgaria, on the walls and towers; and the city was very strong and very rich, and very full of people.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ When the ships were laden on the day after Easter (7th April 1203), the pilgrims encamped by the port, and the Venetians destroyed the city, and the walls and the towers.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ There aain was a mighty slaughter, and the remnant that escaped the slaughter he caused to be led captive to Wallachia, while the city itself he destroyed, as lie had destroyed the others.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
In 1766 the Eyüp Sultan Mosque was largely destroyed. The 1894 earthquake caused the collapse of many parts of the
Grand Bazaar. A devastating
earthquake on 17 August 1999, with its epicentre in nearby
İzmit, left 18,000 dead and many more homeless.
[27] .^ These occasions were memorable in themselves, but Osman Bayatli was additionally overjoyed because a new museum building was then being constructed outside the modern town of Bergama.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The first of these buildings, Dolmabahce Palace, which was completed in 1853, and the Dolmabahce Mosque and Clock Tower and Ortaköy Mosque are all by Nikoðos Balyan.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Subsidence of the land over the centuries has resulted in buildings that were originally on the shore being submerged, and it is these 6th century AD ruins which have been given the romantic name of Cleopatra's Bath.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Seismologists predict another earthquake, possibly measuring
magnitude 7.0, occurring before 2025.
[28]Flora
Istanbul like the
Marmara region it is situated in has a
temperate climate.
.^ Thus, an aesthetic urge to render the Mediterranean, Black, and Red Seas into a convenient "T" required that much that was already known be ignored.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ THE INFLUENCE OF THE BLACK SEA For the people of Istanbul, fish should be caught in the Bosphorus or the Black Sea, and so when they buy fish they always ask where it comes from.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
This is also reflected in its plant geography since flora of these three climate types flourish here. Istanbul is one of the provinces that best illustrates this aspect of the Marmara region.
.^ A winter's tale on the coast of the Black Sea .- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ To enjoy memorable winter landscapes, the western Black Sea coast is the perfect destination over the next few months.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ They planted two ladders at a barbican near the sea; and the wall was well defended by Englishmen and Danes; and 42 the attack was stiff and good and fierce.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The team from Merzifon was known as the Cabbages, for which the area was famous, while the team from Amasya was called the Okras after that city's most famous vegetable.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The Alemdağ forest on the Asian side and the Belgrade forest on the European side, which are regarded as the city's lungs, are large
virgin, humid mixed-leaf forests.
.^ From Byzantium to Constantinople and from then on to Istanbul,this fabled city, divided by the Bosphorus strait lies both in Europe and Asia.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ In the time of the Eastern Roman Empire the centers of fishing in Istanbul were the villages of the Bosphorus, the Islands, Kadiköy, Tuzla and the shores of Yedikule.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The dominant tree species is the
oak, three species of which are the
English Oak,
Sessile Oak or Durmast Oak, and
Hungarian Oak are spread over a broad area.
.^ A winter's tale on the coast of the Black Sea .- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ To enjoy memorable winter landscapes, the western Black Sea coast is the perfect destination over the next few months.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ A winter's tale on the coast of the Black Sea 0 [postlink]http://d.bloggerdestek.com/2007/06/alanya_03.html[/postlink] Alanya .- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Other common tree species living in these humid mixed-leaf forests include
Oriental Hornbeam,
Horse Chestnut,
Sweet Chestnut,
White Poplar,
Oriental Plane,
Black Alder,
Grey Alder,
Common Hazel,
Sycamore Maple,
Norway Maple,
Field Maple,
English Elm,
European White Elm,
Smooth-leaved Elm,
Field Elm,
Silver Linden,
Goat Willow and
Grey Willow.
.^ The doctrinal difference that goes along with this, as I understand it, is that Jesus was both human and divine, as the Latin and Greek Churches agreed, but that these are united in One Nature.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ In his forty-five-year professional career he composed more than one hundred songs and made more than two hundred recordings.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ This was the result of more than a thousand years of looting and useless spending, decadence and greed.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ When the barons had thus claimed the cost of the passages, and when the payments had been collected, the moneys came to less than the sum due-yea, by more than one half.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ They believed, among other things, that all matter is evfl, and that Christ suffered in appearance only.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Their despicable interests want us destroyed, erased from this world we live in with difficulty, that's what they want.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ As a city surrounded by sea Istanbul has many headlands, some remote and deserted with no buildings but a lighthouse, others lively and crowded.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[29]
Fauna
Istanbul has a relatively rich fauna. The forests harbour 18 mammal species and over 71 bird species, and since a ban on hunting exists, the fauna is out of danger. In the forests the most common mammals are
wild boar,
grey wolf,
golden jackal,
red fox,
red deer,
fallow deer, and
roe deer.
.^ The reason for the panel's choice, he explained, was not only the well-known fact that Istanbul lies at a geographical cross-roads with Europe and has interacted with European civilisations for centuries.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Of course those who only know Turkey from my books know it through Istanbul.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[30]Climate
Snow is common in winter.
Summer is generally hot and humid, the temperature between July and August averaging 28 °C (82 °F). Winter is cold, wet and often snowy, averaging 5 °C (41 °F). Spring and autumn are usually mild and wet but are erratic, and the weather can range from chilly to warm, though the nights are chilly.
.^ I feel the breath of a city which has seen much, experienced much, and retained its self-respect through all.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Thus did the count make an end and die; and much evil ensued, for he was a baron high and honoured, and a good knight.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
The city being located in the second most humid region of the country, has an average annual humidity of 72%.
[32][33] Average annual precipitation is 678 mm (27 in).
[34] Istanbul has an average annual of 152 days of precipitation.
[33] Summer is the driest season, but precipitation does occur during that season and is irregular and often torrential.
.^ Dire was the war between the Franks and the Greeks, for it abated not, but rather increased and waxed fiercer, so that few were the days on which there was not fighting by sea or land.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ We had only managed to stay a few minutes on the summit which we had taken days to reach.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ So did they remain before the city for three days, in great discomfort, and but few in number.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
[33]
Fog is prevalent, throughout the year, particularly during the mornings, but it quickly dissipates before noon. However fog cover during the whole day is rare, and it usually occurs in winter, spring and autumn.
[33] Thunderstorms, which are not common, usually occur in late spring, summer and early autumn, with an annual total of 22 days, and are particularly rare during the rest of the year and almost unheard of in winter.
[33] The city is also quite windy, having an average
wind speed of 18 km/h (11 mph).
[33][35]
The highest recorded temperature was 40.5 °C (105 °F) on 12 July 2000, and the lowest recorded temperature was −16.1 °C (3 °F) on 15 February 1927.
[36]Weather statistics for Istanbul
- Total number of days with snow: 19 [33]
- Total number of days with lows (nights) below freezing: 21 [33]
- Total number of days with precipitation: 152 [33]
- Total number of days with thunderstorms: 22 [33]
- Total number of days with fog: 228 [33]
- Total number of days above 32.2 °C (90 °F): 5 [33]
Climate data for Istanbul
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Record high °C (°F) |
18.3
(65) |
24.0
(75) |
26.2
(79) |
32.9
(91) |
33.0
(91) |
40.2
(104) |
40.5
(105) |
38.8
(102) |
33.6
(92) |
34.2
(94) |
27.2
(81) |
21.2
(70) |
40.5
(105) |
| Average high °C (°F) |
8.7
(48) |
9.1
(48) |
11.2
(52) |
16.5
(62) |
21.4
(71) |
26.0
(79) |
28.4
(83) |
28.5
(83) |
25.0
(77) |
20.1
(68) |
15.3
(60) |
11.1
(52) |
18.4
(65) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) |
5.8
(42) |
5.9
(43) |
7.55
(46) |
12.1
(54) |
16.7
(62) |
21.0
(70) |
23.4
(74) |
23.6
(74) |
20.2
(68) |
16.0
(61) |
11.9
(53) |
8.2
(47) |
14.3
(58) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
2.9
(37) |
2.8
(37) |
3.9
(39) |
7.7
(46) |
12.0
(54) |
16.0
(61) |
18.5
(65) |
18.7
(66) |
15.5
(60) |
12.0
(54) |
8.5
(47) |
5.3
(42) |
10.3
(51) |
| Record low °C (°F) |
-9.0
(16) |
-16.1
(3) |
-7.0
(19) |
-0.6
(31) |
3.6
(38) |
8.0
(46) |
10.5
(51) |
8.2
(47) |
5.2
(41) |
2.0
(36) |
-2.0
(28) |
-3.4
(26) |
-16.1
(3) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
87.3
(3.44) |
71.3
(2.81) |
63.2
(2.49) |
44.9
(1.77) |
32.6
(1.28) |
25.3
(1) |
23.7
(0.93) |
23.6
(0.93) |
44.3
(1.74) |
70.7
(2.78) |
84.7
(3.33) |
106.7
(4.2) |
678.3
(26.7) |
| % Humidity |
77 |
75 |
74 |
71 |
72 |
70 |
67 |
68 |
68 |
72 |
74 |
76 |
72 |
| Avg. snowy days |
6 |
6 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
19 |
| Avg. precipitation days |
20 |
17 |
16 |
14 |
12 |
8 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
12 |
16 |
19 |
152 |
| Source: World Meteorological Organisation (UN)[37] and BBC Weather Centre[38] 16 October 2009 |
Cityscape
Three historic quarters of Istanbul, looking south from
Beyoğlu to the "historic peninsula" separated by the
Golden Horn to the farther right and
Kadıköy on the Asian side separated by the entrance of the
Bosphorus to the left.
.^ On the second level was the Turkish city proper.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The oldest recorded bridge in Istanbul was built over the Golden Horn in 1453 during the Turkish siege of the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The Turkish city of Istanbul has beaten the Ukrainian capital, Kiev, for the third nomination as European capital of culture for 2010.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Istanbul's districts are divided into three main areas:
.^ This is one of the most colourful districts of Istanbul, with its many 18th and 19th century houses, although several of the most magnificent were destroyed by fire in 1797.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ The oldest recorded bridge in Istanbul was built over the Golden Horn in 1453 during the Turkish siege of the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ To circumvent this he built a road of greased logs across Galata on the north side of the Golden Horn, and rolled his ships across.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The land walls and their gates on the western side of the city are both of more aesthetic value and greater historic importance than the sea walls along the shores of the Marmara Sea and the Golden Horn.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ We will take a brief tour of the land walls, starting from Yedikule at the southern end.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Mehmed II planned to attack the Theodosian Walls, the intricate series of walls and ditches protecting Constantinople from an attack from the west, the only part of the city not surrounded by water.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Our tour of the land walls ends at Eğrikapı, the Crooked Gate, where the revered Islamic scholar Toklu Dede is buried.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Leaving the Bosphorus and turning east along the shore of the Marmara Sea, we come to Moda Burnu.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Following the advice of the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, Byzas established a colony at the of the Istanbul peninsula, today known as Seraglio Point, the Promentorium Bosphorium of antiquity; where the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn meet and flow in to the Marmara (667 B.C.).- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ On its hilltop site overlooking the Golden Horn and the district of Galata, the Bosphorus and its Asian shore, the Marmara Sea and its islands, Topkapi Palace guards over one of the most remarkable collections of royal treasure in the world.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ The imperial palaces and pavilions, Istanbul 's waterside residences, and the stately mansions in provincial cities and towns also had their own private baths, which were usually located at the end of a greenhouse-like passageway, filled with flowers, connecting the house and the garden.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The original Coptic Patriarch , who has resided in Cairo since 960, when the city was founded by the Fatimid Caliphs (969).- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Eventually, with the construction of the Imperial Palace, embassy representatives and prominent Istanbul figures, who spent the summer months in houses on the Bosphorus, began having seaside mansions built for themselves on its shores.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
) These cities have eventually been absorbed by Istanbul and have become its districts. Today, the Asian side of the city has numerous modern residential areas and business districts, and is home to around one-third of Istanbul's population.
.^ It stands in the centre of the high limestone plateau of Turabdin, with the city of Mardin to the west, Hasankeyf to the north, Cizre to the east and Nusaybin to the south.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The tallest office and residential towers rise particularly in the quarters of
Levent,
Etiler and
Maslak on the European side, and in the quarter of Kozyatağı on the Asian side.
Urbanism
The urban landscape of Istanbul is constantly changing.
.^ So did they decide, and the host was called together, and decision made as to who should remain in Constantinople, and who should go in the host with the Emperor Baldwin.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ "Pulcheria's Crusade AD 421–422 and the Ideology of Imperial Victory," Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 18.- Bibliography on Women in Byzantium | Byzantine Studies | Research | Dumbarton Oaks 11 September 2009 15:42 UTC www.doaks.org [Source type: Academic]
^ And they sailed up the straits to a city called Abydos, which lies on the straits of St. George, towards Turkey, and is very fair, and well situate.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
These were all independent cities in antiquity.
.^ The construction of the Dolmabahce Palace and the introduction of steamship travel in the 19th century facilitated settlement even in the waterway’s most remote recesses.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Recent research has shown that the name 'Istanbul' was used if not during the Byzantine period, at least during the 11th century and that the Turks knew the city by this name.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ OLD AND NEW CHEEK BY JOWL Alanya Fortress, the city’s oldest center of settlement, is situated on a steep promontory just behind the harbor.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Recent research has shown that the name 'Istanbul' was used if not during the Byzantine period, at least during the 11th century and that the Turks knew the city by this name.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ In the early 19th century Mahmut II (1808-1839) had a bridge built at some distance up the waterway between Azapkapi and Unkapani.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ If you would be a Byzantine, how would you react to seeing the Genoese on the walls with their troops while their city was falling?- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ The large Syriac Christian population of the area was hit by the Turkish attacks on Armenians and other Christians during World War I and today has dwindled to a small remant.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Although these baths are only a memory today, one such bath, inside Yildiz Palace , has been turned into a museum.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Today Izmir is a modern city dating largely from the 19th and 20th centuries.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Religious processions were carried out around the whole city, the population receiving the blessings and good wishes of the priests for the upcoming battle.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ So they know the intensive cultural structure of the city, built from layers of history and culture, and its multiple identity.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ As a city surrounded by sea Istanbul has many headlands, some remote and deserted with no buildings but a lighthouse, others lively and crowded.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ There are so many sights and scenes waiting to be explored in Istanbul, that some aspects of the city are pushed into the background.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Fatih Sultan Mehmet zamannda Osmanl topraklarna katld.- Dizinin ge�ti�i d�nemle ilgili d�k�manlar [Ar�iv] - DiziFilm.com Forum 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC www.dizifilm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Fatih Sultan Mehmet'in donanmas stanbul sularna geldi.- Tarihte Bug�n [Arşiv] - Her�eyde biraz 2de1 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC www.2de1.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Rumelihisari is the place where the Turks first settled on the European side of Istanbul and is noted for its many historic buildings.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Levent and Etiler also have numerous upmarket
shopping malls, like
Kanyon,
Metrocity,
Akmerkez, Mayadrom and Mayadrom Uptown. The headquarters of Turkey's largest companies and banks are also located in this area.
.^ Eventually, with the construction of the Imperial Palace, embassy representatives and prominent Istanbul figures, who spent the summer months in houses on the Bosphorus, began having seaside mansions built for themselves on its shores.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Rumelihisari is the place where the Turks first settled on the European side of Istanbul and is noted for its many historic buildings.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The imperial palaces and pavilions, Istanbul 's waterside residences, and the stately mansions in provincial cities and towns also had their own private baths, which were usually located at the end of a greenhouse-like passageway, filled with flowers, connecting the house and the garden.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The construction of the long, wide and elegant
Bağdat Avenue, with its rows of upscale shops and restaurants, contributed much to the initial urban expansion in the area.
.^ The large Syriac Christian population of the area was hit by the Turkish attacks on Armenians and other Christians during World War I and today has dwindled to a small remant.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ But how do we manage other important areas of the city?- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ It was desolate and empty, but they figured they could plunder something until they exited the city.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
But the real expansion of the Asian side came with the opening of the
Ankara Asfaltı, the Asian extension of the E5 highway, which is located to the north of Bağdat Avenue, parallel to the railway line.
.^ And many advised that they should attack the city on another side the side where it was not so well fortified.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ And some remained with their ships at anchor so near to the city that from either side they shot at one another with petraries and mangonels.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ He couldn't see the true faade of his city, the ruins of marvellous Roman villas and imposing palaces which formed today the dark side of this once splendid city.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The tradition of tossing stones from the tower lives on today but for the more innocuous purpose of making a wish.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ And be it known to you that the vessels carried more than three hundred petraries and mangonels, and all such engines as are needed for the taking of cities, in great plenty.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ R.E.Kocu 0 [postlink]http://d.bloggerdestek.com/2007/06/haydarpasa-train-station-istanbul.html[/postlink] Haydarpasa Train Station, Istanbul Turkey's largest and most magnificent railway station, Haydarpasa was built in the early 20th century by the German architects Otto Ritter and Helmuth Cuno.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ He had played a major part in the establishment of Bergama Museum and was aware how significant this new building, which was to open on 30 October 1936, was for a city which had once been the most powerful and magnificent in this region of western Turkey.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Zeki Muren (1931-1996) Zeki Muren (1931-1996) grew up in the provincial capital city of Bursa in western Turkey.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
At present, some gecekondu areas are being gradually demolished and replaced by modern mass-housing compounds.
Architecture
Throughout its long history, Istanbul has acquired a reputation for being a cultural and ethnic
melting pot.
.^ And the city he caused to be pulled down, with its towers and walls; and the high palaces and rich houses to be burned and utterly destroyed.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Now you must know that many of those in the host went to see Constantinople, and the rich palaces and great churches, of which there were many, and all the great wealth of the city-for never was there city that possessed so much.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The first of these buildings, Dolmabahce Palace, which was completed in 1853, and the Dolmabahce Mosque and Clock Tower and Ortaköy Mosque are all by Nikoðos Balyan.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ In his latest book, Istanbul, Memories and the City, he relates his own 50 years as it coincides with the history of the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[39]Ancient Greek and Roman
.^ And two ships that were bound together, of which the one was called the Pilgrim and the other the Paradise, approached so near to a tower, the one on the one side and the other on the other-so as God and the wind drove them-that the ladder of the Pilgrim joined on to the tower.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ For this reason was it well seen that two ships would attack each tower with greater effect than one.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ When Sultan Mehmed II was preparing for the conquest of Istanbul, he had this castle built so as to control shipping along the Bosphorus.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[40]
.^ When Palestine was partitioned in 1948, the city of Jerusalem ended up itself divided, with the Old City annexed to Jordan , and most of the New City made the capital of an independent Israel .- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ According to Bayatli every stone and shard discovered at Pergamum was of incalculable value, since this city had been one of the most magnificent centres of learning and culture of its age.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The religion of the City of Rome detached itself from the religion of the Roman Empire, i.e.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
[41]
.^ The religion of the City of Rome detached itself from the religion of the Roman Empire, i.e.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I have discussed above how the term "Caesaro-Papism," often used for the role of the Emperor in Constantinople, is applied more appropriately to the Popes themselves, whose claims and accumulation of power were an innovation, while the role of the Emperor had precedents all the way back to Constantine (and earlier, when a Roman Emperor was the Pontifex Maximus ).- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Coppola is apparently unaware that the Orthodox Churches he mentions, Churches in doctrinal agreement with the Patriarch of Constantinople, are the actual direct descendants of the State Religion of the Roman Empire, founded under the authority of the Patriarch and the Emperor in Constantinople (starting with Constantine), while modern Roman Catholicism, far from being Christianity "fused with the Roman Empire," is the religion of the Bishops of Rome who repudiated the authority of the Roman Emperor and excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ On top of this, Constantinople is very well defended and I am under no illusions that they will fight until the last man and until the last stone of those walls has been destroyed.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ They planted two ladders at a barbican near the sea; and the wall was well defended by Englishmen and Danes; and 42 the attack was stiff and good and fierce.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The Pope quickly sent his congratulations through one of his Cardinals in Constantinople, his message quickly followed suit by the kings and queens of Europe through their ambassadors and diplomats.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ John Paul II, indeed, reigned into the new Millennium.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Mehmed II planned to attack the Theodosian Walls, the intricate series of walls and ditches protecting Constantinople from an attack from the west, the only part of the city not surrounded by water.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ And Vemas had not rebuilt the walls of Demotica where they had been breached by Johannizza with his petraries and mangonels, and he had set but a weak garrison therein.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
The
Column of Marcian (
Turkish:
Kıztaşı) erected by
Marcianus (reigned 450–457) dates from the same period as the triple land walls of Theodosius II.
Byzantine
Originally a church, later a mosque, and now a museum, the 6th century
Hagia Sophia built by
Justinian was the largest ever cathedral building in the world for a thousand years, until the completion of the
Seville Cathedral in Spain.
.^ While in its day Hagia Sophia was architecturally unique, and remained so for centuries -- also as the largest Church in Christendom -- the Ottomans began to build great mosques in the same style, culminating in the Sultan Ahmad (I) , or Blue, Mosque nearby, built adjacent to, and using many of the stones from, the classical Hippodrome.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The lavishly decorated Ottoman palace could rival any Byzantine palace built in the 10th century, being a exact copy of the Roman governor's house of Ravenna, with obvious Turkish influences and other architectural additions which added to the beauty of the imposing structure.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Many centuries later the Byzantines built the Mangana Palace, Haghia Sophia and other churches here, and the Ottomans subsequently chose the same site for their imperial palace of Topkapý and Sultanahmet Mosque Gülhane Park on the northern side of the headland, and the many restaurants and tea gardens in the area also attract many people here.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ The traditional Cathedral of Constantinople, of course, was the great Church of Santa (Sancta/Hagia) Sophia.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ And they began to assemble in a great open space that was in Constantinople, and decided that they would take up their quarters near the walls and towers they had captured.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Then died two right good knights in Constantinople, Eustace of Canteleu, and Aimery of Villeroi, whereof their friends had great sorrow.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The ‘Hurling Tower’, another intriguing spot inside the Inner Citadel, is notorious as the site of a frightful game that was played with convicts during the Roman period.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[43] .^ Tsirpanlis, Constantine N. "Marriage, Family Values and 'Ecumenical Vision' in the Legislation of Justinian the Great (527–565)," Patristic and Byzantine Review 15, 1996–1997, pp.- Bibliography on Women in Byzantium | Byzantine Studies | Research | Dumbarton Oaks 11 September 2009 15:42 UTC www.doaks.org [Source type: Academic]
^ On the balcony of the large Blacharnae Palace, in the Byzantine capital, overlooking the natural beauty of the scenery was Basileos Manuel II, the emperor of the still surviving Byzantine Empire.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ This was built in its present form by the Emperor Justinian , although subsequently damaged by earthquakes and then restored.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ In the 17th century the shadow play technique was developed by Turkish puppeteers, and the main character known as Karagöz or Black Eye came into being.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ In the early 19th century Mahmut II (1808-1839) had a bridge built at some distance up the waterway between Azapkapi and Unkapani.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The many waterfront mansions built in Ortaköy in the 17th and 18th centuries were demolished in 1871 when Sultan Abdülaziz was building Çiragan Palace.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[44] .^ The Genoese were one of the most hated people in Constantinople, along with the Venetians, who ironically, both of them, were close traders with the Empire and the imperial family.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ On the balcony of the large Blacharnae Palace, in the Byzantine capital, overlooking the natural beauty of the scenery was Basileos Manuel II, the emperor of the still surviving Byzantine Empire.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The new emperor went oft to see the barons in the camp, and did them great honour, as much as he could; and this was but fitting, seeing that they had served him right well.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
[45][46]
.^ The catholics wanted concessions, chief amongst them the reunification of both churches following the Great Schizm.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The traditional Cathedral of Constantinople, of course, was the great Church of Santa (Sancta/Hagia) Sophia.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The time for the coronation drew near, and the Emperor Baldwin was crowned with great joy and great honour in the church of St. Sophia, in the year of the Incarnation of Jesus Christ one thousand twelve hundred and four.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ While in its day Hagia Sophia was architecturally unique, and remained so for centuries -- also as the largest Church in Christendom -- the Ottomans began to build great mosques in the same style, culminating in the Sultan Ahmad (I) , or Blue, Mosque nearby, built adjacent to, and using many of the stones from, the classical Hippodrome.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When the Patriarchate settled in the Phanar Quarter, it was forbidden to build a new church, and forbidden to have any church with a dome.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The traditional Cathedral of Constantinople, of course, was the great Church of Santa (Sancta/Hagia) Sophia.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Zoe and Constantine Mosaic in Hagia Sophia," Law and Society in Byzantium, 9 th -12 th centuries, ed.- Bibliography on Women in Byzantium | Byzantine Studies | Research | Dumbarton Oaks 11 September 2009 15:42 UTC www.doaks.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Originally built out of wood by Krikor Balyan, Beylerbeyi Palace on the Anatolian shore was destroyed by fire in 1851 and the present palace built by Sarkis Balyan, again from the same family.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Peter's Basilica at the Vatican is built over a 1st century Christian cemetery.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
The oldest surviving Byzantine church in Istanbul that has preserved its original form through the centuries, though partially in ruins, is the
Stoudios (İmrahor) Monastery, which was built in 462.
.^ If you would be a Byzantine, how would you react to seeing the Genoese on the walls with their troops while their city was falling?- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Westerners continued to refer to the city as Constantinople well into the 20th century.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The second assault, consisting largely of Anatolians focused on a section of the Blachernae walls in the northwest part of the city, which had been partially damaged by the cannon.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
They form a huge castle-like structure with several towers and a network of underground Byzantine dungeons.
.^ To the left of the tower a stone structure resembling a five-arch bridge is the only surviving dockyard from the Seljuk period.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Blachernae Palace, known in Turkish as Tekfur Saray, served in the 16th century as an imperial menagerie, housing exotic animals such as giraffes and rhinoceruses.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The
Boukoleon Palace facing the
Sea of Marmara was the primary residence of the
Latin emperors of Constantinople between 1204 and 1261. In these years, on the northern side of the
Golden Horn, the Dominican priests of the Catholic Church built the
Church of Saint Paul in 1233.
Genoese
.^ Latin Patriarchs of Constantinople, 1204-1261 .- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Latin Patriarchate , as at Constantinople , Jerusalem , and Alexandria , was created during the Crusades, in this case in 1098 by the first Prince of Antioch .- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Emperor Henry and the host of the French encamped before the city; and the foraging parties overran the land and captured oxen, and cows, and beeves in great plenty and other beasts.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ There were only 9 of them, but they were the most important statesmen of the moribund Byzantine Empire.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Exactly opposite it, in the garden of the Byzantine church, a viewing terrace has been built affording a panoramic Alanya vista.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The meeting was with the most important dignitaries of the Byzantine state, the senate of the Empire, which was now only a mere shadow of its former glory.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Genoese podesta, the administrator of the Galata quarter, Paolo, was born into a noble family which gave the first doge of Genoa, quickly becoming the podesta of Galata because of his connections.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Then they returned to the ships, and sailed over the sea; when a great mishap befell, for a great lord of the host, whose name was Guy, Castellan of Coucy, died, and was cast into the sea.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ THE INFLUENCE OF THE BLACK SEA For the people of Istanbul, fish should be caught in the Bosphorus or the Black Sea, and so when they buy fish they always ask where it comes from.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ There is a surface current from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, which changes course when it hits the points.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Ottoman
.^ The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Ottoman Empire Mehmed II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Right opposite Çali Burnu on the other side of the Bosphorus is Filburnu, followed to the south by Kavak Burnu, and between Anadolu Kavaðý and Beykoz is the tranquil and deserted Selviburnu.Kanlica Burnu, also on the Asian shore of the Bosphorus, was famous in the past for its waterfront mansions and musical gatherings, and also for its yogurt, which remains just as popular today.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Having defeated the crusaders, Yıldırım Beyazıd had the Anatolia Fortress (Anadolu Hisarı) constructed at the narrowest point of the Bosphorus on the Asian side.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Artillery units were battering the walls continuously but some of them were shut silent after a strong response from the Byzantine cannons placed atop the walls, received aid from the Genoese colony of Galata.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Although the Ottomans did not purposely change the city's name, they opted to make "Constantinople" into a more Turkish style name "Konstantiniye" (which loosely translates as "of Constantine"), however variations on Konstantiniye soon cropped up.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The oldest recorded bridge in Istanbul was built over the Golden Horn in 1453 during the Turkish siege of the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[49] The first mosque on the European side of Istanbul was built inside the
Rumeli Castle in 1452.
.^ This was the ceremonial entrance to the city known as the Golden Gate (Porta Auera).- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ In 1427 the Karamanogullari sold Alanya to the Memluk sultan for five thousand gold sovereigns, and in 1471 it became part of the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II. In 1571 Alanya, along with Tarsus, became part of the province of Cyprus.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Ottoman Empire Mehmed II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Ottoman Empire Mehmed II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ It was Anthemius, the capable governor of the Emperor Theodosius (408-450), who enlarged the walled area of the city two-fold, building the walls still named after him today.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The following morning came with dense fog which completely covered the entire Constantinople area, blanketing the city from the Ottoman view despite the close distance between the camp and the first walls.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Of the mosque built by Sultan Mehmed II inside the castle, only the lower part of the minaret remains today.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Exactly opposite it, in the garden of the Byzantine church, a viewing terrace has been built affording a panoramic Alanya vista.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ If you would be a Byzantine, how would you react to seeing the Genoese on the walls with their troops while their city was falling?- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Many centuries later the Byzantines built the Mangana Palace, Haghia Sophia and other churches here, and the Ottomans subsequently chose the same site for their imperial palace of Topkapý and Sultanahmet Mosque Gülhane Park on the northern side of the headland, and the many restaurants and tea gardens in the area also attract many people here.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ If you enter through this gate, you can visit Kara Ahmet Paşa Mosque, the work of the celebrated 16th century Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ In its place today, however, stands the graceful Ortaköy Mosque built by Sultan Abdülmecid in 1853-1855.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ The many waterfront mansions built in Ortaköy in the 17th and 18th centuries were demolished in 1871 when Sultan Abdülaziz was building Çiragan Palace.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Of the mosque built by Sultan Mehmed II inside the castle, only the lower part of the minaret remains today.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Many centuries later the Byzantines built the Mangana Palace, Haghia Sophia and other churches here, and the Ottomans subsequently chose the same site for their imperial palace of Topkapý and Sultanahmet Mosque Gülhane Park on the northern side of the headland, and the many restaurants and tea gardens in the area also attract many people here.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ While in its day Hagia Sophia was architecturally unique, and remained so for centuries -- also as the largest Church in Christendom -- the Ottomans began to build great mosques in the same style, culminating in the Sultan Ahmad (I) , or Blue, Mosque nearby, built adjacent to, and using many of the stones from, the classical Hippodrome.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The construction of the Dolmabahce Palace and the introduction of steamship travel in the 19th century facilitated settlement even in the waterway’s most remote recesses.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ One of the most famous buildings here is the 18th century Yilanli Yali - House of Snakes.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Together with a raft of names and hundreds of yalis, palaces and mosques large and small, the Bosphorus’s all-pervasive tranquility lingers on in our memory at the end of our tour.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ In its place today, however, stands the graceful Ortaköy Mosque built by Sultan Abdülmecid in 1853-1855.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ And be it known to you that the vessels carried more than three hundred petraries and mangonels, and all such engines as are needed for the taking of cities, in great plenty.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
[51]
.^ By the 19th century, Popes were spending much of their energy just trying to maintain their rule over Rome and the Papal States.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In the early 19th century Mahmut II (1808-1839) had a bridge built at some distance up the waterway between Azapkapi and Unkapani.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Nineteenth century western taste and the houses and palaces furnished under European influence naturally triggered a transformation in the art of the carpet as well.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ The construction of the Dolmabahce Palace and the introduction of steamship travel in the 19th century facilitated settlement even in the waterway’s most remote recesses.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ One of the most famous buildings here is the 18th century Yilanli Yali - House of Snakes.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ So one morning, at the break of day, he issued from the city in force, and got as far as the tents, and killed many before they could get to their armour.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The palace was one of the most beautiful and delectable that ever eyes could see, with every delight therein that the heart of man could desire, and convenient for the house of a prince.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ And the city he caused to be pulled down, with its towers and walls; and the high palaces and rich houses to be burned and utterly destroyed.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ THE GIANT CARPETS OF USAK Although Ottoman carpet production was concentrated in several different regions, the most important center was at Uşak with its colossal looms.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The famous
Camondo Stairs on
Bankalar Caddesi (Banks Street) in
Karaköy (
Galata) is also a beautiful example of Art Nouveau architecture.
.^ Having defeated the crusaders, Yıldırım Beyazıd had the Anatolia Fortress (Anadolu Hisarı) constructed at the narrowest point of the Bosphorus on the Asian side.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[54]
Administration
Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality City Hall (1960) in the
Fatih district.
Istanbul is a
home rule city and municipal elections are mainly
partisan.
.^ And be it known to you that the hearts of the people were not at peace, for 25 the one party used all efforts to break up the host, and the other to make it hold together.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Governance of the Church was also shared with the Emperor, the "Equal of the Apostles," who had the authority to call Church Councils; and, after 476, that meant only the Emperor in Constantinople -- although, as it happened, only that Emperor had ever called Councils.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Then did Henry take council with his barons, and their decision was that they would go to the city of Bizve, which was a fair city, and strong.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
[57].^ In his forty-five-year professional career he composed more than one hundred songs and made more than two hundred recordings.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Great and marvellous was the concourse, for every one wished to see who should be elected.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ So the government has the right to choose one of three works that the jury considered as worthy of reward.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Efforts by the Porte to reform the administration of the empire were continual during the nineteenth century; similar efforts by local authorities on Cyprus failed, as did those of the Porte.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Among the local authorities, municipalities are gaining greater importance with the rise in urbanisation.
.^ When the Patriarchate settled in the Phanar Quarter, it was forbidden to build a new church, and forbidden to have any church with a dome.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ After what may have been the largest funeral in history, on April 8th, a historic Papal election will soon take place, the first in a quarter of a century.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ As a city surrounded by sea Istanbul has many headlands, some remote and deserted with no buildings but a lighthouse, others lively and crowded.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[58]
Demographics
.^ Now you must know that this Count Thibaut was but a young man, and not more than twenty-two years of age, and the Count Louis not more than twenty-seven.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ In his forty-five-year professional career he composed more than one hundred songs and made more than two hundred recordings.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ This was the result of more than a thousand years of looting and useless spending, decadence and greed.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ As with many people who look good out of power, for their resistance, but then prove as bad, or worse, as their tormentors once they are in power themselves, our appreciation of the Papacy has its limits.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He had played a major part in the establishment of Bergama Museum and was aware how significant this new building, which was to open on 30 October 1936, was for a city which had once been the most powerful and magnificent in this region of western Turkey.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Thus were they in very perilous case, for never did so few people besiege so many people in any city.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Since the Melkite Patriarch had little popular support in Egypt, one might expect that the Arab Conquest in 640 would have ended the line; but it didn't.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ What I mean to say in the book is that in the past there was the large Ottoman Empire, and this city was a metropolis like New York, Paris or Berlin.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ When notification of a new teaching post arrived he resigned so as to remain in Bergama and pursue his research into the history and culture of the ancient city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ A few years later, after riding out the troubles of 1848, Napoleon III came to the rescue of the Papacy with French troops who prevented the absorption of Rome into the new Kingdom of Italy .- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The large Syriac Christian population of the area was hit by the Turkish attacks on Armenians and other Christians during World War I and today has dwindled to a small remant.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ According to Bayatli every stone and shard discovered at Pergamum was of incalculable value, since this city had been one of the most magnificent centres of learning and culture of its age.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ According to the article in the Anýtkabir Project Protocol it is directly at the disposal of the Government of the Republic of Turkey to choose one of the three projects that the jury counted as the best.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The rate of population growth in the city is currently at 3.45% a year on average, mainly due to the influx of people from the surrounding rural areas. Istanbul's population density of 2,742 people per square mile (1,700 per
square km) far exceeds Turkey's 130 people per square mile (81 people per square km).
[60] Most of the city’s population are ethnic
Turks.
.^ Now, as Istanbul , the City is simply a large modern city, the largest in Turkey, but no longer a capital, a fortress, a redoubt, or a beacon of culture or religion.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
There are several million
Kurdish migrants from the countryside in Istanbul.
[61]
.^ And well does Geoffry of Villehardouin the Marshal of Champagne, bear witness, that never, since the world was created, had so much booty been won in any city.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ It is now a little hard to recapture the sense that it used to be the principal city of Syria (the third largest city of the Roman Empire, after Rome and Alexandria) right down to when it was taken by the Mamlûks in 1268.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Genoese were one of the most hated people in Constantinople, along with the Venetians, who ironically, both of them, were close traders with the Empire and the imperial family.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ That bird, native to Africa, was brought to Europe via Turkey.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The Bosphorus joins Asia to Europe, and it is safe to say that no society that has lived in this region since the dawn of history has been indifferent to its fish.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ And those who were in these cities maintained the war against the Greeks, 107 and made many forays.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The histories of these Churches has thus become entangled with political and ethnic issues that exist independently of the Christian histories of the communities.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
The following overview shows the numbers of inhabitants by year. Population tallies up to 1914 are estimated with variations of up to 50% depending upon researcher. The numbers from 1927 to 2000 are results of censuses. The numbers of 2005 and 2006 are based on
computer simulation forecasts. The doubling of the population of Istanbul between 1980 and 1985 is due to a
natural increase in population as well as the expansion of municipal limits.
Historic population
| Year |
Population |
| 330 |
40,000 |
| 400 |
400,000 |
| 530 |
550,000 |
| 545 |
350,000 |
| 715 |
300,000 |
| 950 |
400,000 |
| 1200 |
150,000 |
| 1453 |
36,000 |
|
| Year |
Population |
| 1477 |
70,000[62] |
| 1566 |
600,000 |
| 1817 |
500,000 |
| 1860 |
715,000 |
| 1885 |
873,570 |
| 1890 |
874,000 |
| 1897 |
1,059,000 |
| 1901 |
942,900 |
|
| Year |
Population |
| 1914 |
909,978 |
| 1927 |
680,857 |
| 1935 |
741,148 |
| 1940 |
793,949 |
| 1945 |
860,558 |
| 1950 |
983,041 |
| 1955 |
1,268,771 |
| 1960 |
1,466,535 |
|
| Year |
Population |
| 1965 |
1,742,978 |
| 1970 |
2,132,407 |
| 1975 |
2,547,364 |
| 1980 |
2,772,708 |
| 1985 |
5,475,982 |
| 1990 |
6,629,431 |
| 2000 |
8,803,468 |
| 2007 |
11,372,613 |
|
|
|
Religion
.^ This is true of Istanbul, where bridges have found their way into folklore and become a treasured feature of the urban landscape.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The religion with the largest community of followers is
Islam.
.^ Also, your depiction of the relationship between orthodox and catholic Christianity is not correct, as far as I'm correct.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The Orthodox Christians, i.e., the Greek Cypriots who survived, had new foreign overlords.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Even the expression "Greek Catholic" is used for the Roman Catholic counter-church that was created to lure the Greek Orthodox into allegiance to Rome.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ As well as Muslims and Christians there is a smaller number of Yezidis, a people whose religion of Persian origin is thought to be related to Zoroastrianism.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ In many places are symbols of Christ Triumphant, the tombs of Muslims who fell during the Omayyad period siege and the later Ottoman siege of 1453, and churches and mosques.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ With some variations in size and composition, such carpets were produced to the end of the 17th century.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The vast size and the ethnic variety of the empire made such a policy imperative.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ HOUR HOT WATER Public baths, where such occasions were celebrated as a group, were located in the cities and towns and in some villages and were open to everyone.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Thus were they in very perilous case, for never did so few people besiege so many people in any city.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ So did they remain before the city for three days, in great discomfort, and but few in number.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ And some remained with their ships at anchor so near to the city that from either side they shot at one another with petraries and mangonels.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ "Stanbulin," (Greek for "to the city") once commonly found on road signs directing travelers to the capital, was punned by devout Turks into Islambol, where "Islam abounds."- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Few people, indeed, remember that Mediaeval "Romans" meant the Greek, Albanian, Vlach, Armenian, and other inhabitants of the so-called "Byzantine" Empire.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Then, at vesper time, those of the host and the Doge of Venice called together a parliament, and assembled in a church on the other side of the straits-on the side where they had been quartered.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
The Muslims are by far the largest
religious group in Istanbul. Among them, the
Sunnis form the most populous sect, while a number of the local Muslims are
Alevis. In 2007 there were 2,944 active mosques in Istanbul.
[63]Istanbul was the final seat of the
Islamic Caliphate, between 1517 and 1924, when the Caliphate was dissolved and its powers were handed over to the
Turkish Parliament.
.^ The Senate was divided into many factions all vying for power and control over the state's internal and external affairs.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ So it was a disappointment recently when Turkey's president vetoed a law that would grant graduates of religious high schools equal access to the nation's secular universities.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ While some form of Assyrian nationalism is widely popular in the Assyrian community, and even among some Chaldeans and Syrian Orthdox Christians, other Chaldeans and Syrian Orthodox find it offensive.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ As well as the large fairground and park, numerous buildings in the Turkish revival style (some of which are still standing) were built at this time.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Other objections, that the Crusades represent some kind of Western "imperialism," gloss over the question of what justified the original Islamic Conquest in the first place.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
In order to avoid the still valid prohibition, these organisations represent themselves as "cultural associations."
.^ There is, as it happens, an independent Monophysite Church represented in Jerusalem, and that is the line of Armenian Patriarchs, beginning with Abraham (638-669).- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The list of Orthodox Patriarchs is from a combination of various sources on the internet and Eusebius' The History of the Church [Penguin, 1965].- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The principle is still that Orthodox Churches base their doctrine on the Ecumenical Councils.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Thus was the bridge repaired, and in the morning the divisions were armed, and rode one after the other in the order appointed, and came before the city.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ "Greek Orthodox" is still used for other Churches, as of Jerusalem , that have nothing to do with the Greek national Church but that are in doctrinal communion with the Patriarch of Constantinople.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Before 1833, however, worries about the Church of Constantinople not being the "Greek Orthodox Church" would be anachronistic.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Ottoman Empire Mehmed II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Few people, indeed, remember that Mediaeval "Romans" meant the Greek, Albanian, Vlach, Armenian, and other inhabitants of the so-called "Byzantine" Empire.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Although their homeland had been dominated by foreigners for many centuries, it was only after the imposition of Ottoman rule that Orthodox Christians began to develop a really strong sense of cohesiveness.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ The large Syriac Christian population of the area was hit by the Turkish attacks on Armenians and other Christians during World War I and today has dwindled to a small remant.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ During the Greek War of Independence in 1821, the Ottoman authorities feared that Greek Cypriots would rebel again.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Both ship has seen action during the Russo-Turkish war of (1877-78) "93 Harbi".- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ The large Syriac Christian population of the area was hit by the Turkish attacks on Armenians and other Christians during World War I and today has dwindled to a small remant.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The large Syriac Othrodox population of Turkey had mainly been centered to the east, around Edessa (Urfa) and Diyarbakir; but beginning in World War I, with attacks on them as well as on Armenians and Assyrians , most such Christians have fled the area.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ And with him had come the Armenians of the land, who had helped him against the Greeks-some twenty thousand with all their wives and children-for they dared not remain behind.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Greeks still do not use the Turkish name, and Konstantinopolis continues to be used on maps and road signs in Greece today.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The large Syriac Christian population of the area was hit by the Turkish attacks on Armenians and other Christians during World War I and today has dwindled to a small remant.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ For example, Tiryaki, whom I place among those who speak Istanbul Turkish, might equally be classed with those with health problems or defects, on account of his opium addiction.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[65] .^ And inside Adrianople were only the Greeks and 123 Peter of Radinghem, who had been set there by the emperor, with ten knights.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The Greeks still do not use the Turkish name, and Konstantinopolis continues to be used on maps and road signs in Greece today.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Now there was a Greek who stood higher in his favour than all others, and had done more to make him embroil himself with the Franks than any other.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
[65]
The
Sephardic Jews have lived in the city for over 500 years.
.^ Then they issued from their quarters, and thought to find a sorer battle than the day before, for no word had come to them that the emperor had fled during the night.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ In 1427 the Karamanogullari sold Alanya to the Memluk sultan for five thousand gold sovereigns, and in 1471 it became part of the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II. In 1571 Alanya, along with Tarsus, became part of the province of Cyprus.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The Ottoman commanders, seemingly distorted from the reality that was unfolding in front of them, were giving orders towards the soldiers to push on and enter the city, much to the shock and amazement of the nearby troops.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ About two centuries ago Sultan Mahmud II was passing by in his royal barge when he saw this house, and liked it so much that he decided to buy it.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Some considered the Senate no more important than a municipal council, so why have it in the first place at all?- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Mehmet the conqueror, Sultan of Ottoman Empire, was 21 years of age and the city was 2120 years old (1453 AD) .- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Manuel wasn't expecting much out of these missions, but it was the only thing he could do at the moment without risking a direct confrontation with the Ottoman Empire.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
Another large group of Sephardic Jews came from southern Italy which was under Spanish control.
.^ The two Italian Republics controlled the Galata commonly, but it was the Genoese who had more influence and much more territory within the quarter than their cohabitants.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ And you may know that their fortunes were at the lowest, seeing that outside of Constantinople they had kepl& possession of no more than these two cities.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ No trace of the lodge building remains today on the field, still known as the 'Ok Meydani'.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ There were only 9 of them, but they were the most important statesmen of the moribund Byzantine Empire.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
Economy
.^ Zeki Muren (1931-1996) Zeki Muren (1931-1996) grew up in the provincial capital city of Bursa in western Turkey.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The other two chosen capitals are regional centres in EU countries - Pecs, in south-eastern Hungary and Essen in Germany's industrialised Ruhr Valley.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ It is a significant indicator of Izmir's importance as a trading centre that the first Ottoman railway line opened not in Istanbul but in Izmir in 1866, linking the city to Aydin and Kasaba.Basmane Station was constructed at the railway terminal in the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Now, as Istanbul , the City is simply a large modern city, the largest in Turkey, but no longer a capital, a fortress, a redoubt, or a beacon of culture or religion.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
It employs approximately 20% of Turkey's industrial labour and contributes 38% of Turkey's industrial workspace. Istanbul and its surrounding province produce
cotton,
fruit,
olive oil,
silk, and
tobacco. Food processing, textile production, oil products, rubber, metal ware, leather, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electronics, glass, machinery, automotive, transport vehicles, paper and paper products, and
alcoholic drinks are among the city's major industrial products. According to
Forbes magazine, Istanbul had a total of 35 billionaires as of March 2008, ranking fourth in the world.
[68]
Originally established as the Ottoman Stock Exchange (
Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası) in 1866, and reorganised to its current structure at the beginning of 1986, the
Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) is the sole
securities market of Turkey.
[69] .^ In the early 19th century Mahmut II (1808-1839) had a bridge built at some distance up the waterway between Azapkapi and Unkapani.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Today Izmir is a modern city dating largely from the 19th and 20th centuries.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ During the period of Ottoman domination, Cyprus had been a backwater of the empire, but in the nineteenth century it again drew the attention of West European powers.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[71] .^ This is one of the most colourful districts of Istanbul, with its many 18th and 19th century houses, although several of the most magnificent were destroyed by fire in 1797.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ It took Westerners a few decades to accept the name, as Constantinople continued to appear on maps well into the 1960s, when it began to appear in parentheses next to Istanbul.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[71] In 1995, the Istanbul Stock Exchange moved to its current building in the
Istinye quarter.
[72].^ Edessa today is the city of Urfa in Turkey.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The city was the principal gateway for trade between Europe and Ottoman Turkey.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Istanbul contributes 40% of all taxes collected in Turkey and produces 27.5% of Turkey's national product. In 2005 the City of Istanbul had a
GDP of $133 billion.
[73] In 2005 companies based in Istanbul made
exports worth $41,397,000,000 and
imports worth $69,883,000,000; which corresponded to 56.6% and 60.2% of Turkey's exports and imports, respectively, in that year.
[74]
.^ THE MOST PRECIOUS GIFT One factor which has made fish so important along the Bosphorus, placing it at the head of Istanbul's gastronomic culture, is the prominence of fish in dining in both the Eastern Roman and Ottoman Empires.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ This is one of the most colourful districts of Istanbul, with its many 18th and 19th century houses, although several of the most magnificent were destroyed by fire in 1797.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ While Turkey has more than one indigenous dog breed, the Kangal is the most famous of them all.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ There aain was a mighty slaughter, and the remnant that escaped the slaughter he caused to be led captive to Wallachia, while the city itself he destroyed, as lie had destroyed the others.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ And as the other Greeks had abandoned Veroi, so did the dwellers in Blisnon abandon their city; and he found it furnished with all things necessary, and quartered himself there.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ And those who had left Adrianople, the Venetians and the others who were there, came to a city called Tzurulum, that belonged to the Emperor Baldwin.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ This township, which hosts over a million tourists a year, has recently become the most serious contender for tourism among Turkey’s southern resorts such as Bodrum, Çeşme and Antalya.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ If you enter through this gate, you can visit Kara Ahmet Paşa Mosque, the work of the celebrated 16th century Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Of course those who only know Turkey from my books know it through Istanbul.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[75] .^ So they conferred together, and Alexius gave him his daughter to wife, and they entered into alliance, and said they should be as one.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Of course those who only know Turkey from my books know it through Istanbul.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ "Interestingly, the Istanbul application, the bid, did not begin either with the government of Turkey or with the government of the city of Istanbul, but with groups of public-spirited citizens, who took into their own hands the initiatives of leading their city towards this bid," he said.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[77]
Public services
Education
.^ This was the ceremonial entrance to the city known as the Golden Gate (Porta Auera).- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Murad arrived shortly, saluting everyone around him as he climbed the stairs to the top of the main gate which was also the crucial entrance to the city.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
Beyazıt Tower, located within the campus, is seen in the background.
.^ Now there was a Greek who stood higher in his favour than all others, and had done more to make him embroil himself with the Franks than any other.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ While Turkey has more than one indigenous dog breed, the Kangal is the most famous of them all.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Setting this value higher
; only wastes RAM and screws up your broadcast when more people connect
; than you can support.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ This township, which hosts over a million tourists a year, has recently become the most serious contender for tourism among Turkey’s southern resorts such as Bodrum, Çeşme and Antalya.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ The oldest recorded bridge in Istanbul was built over the Golden Horn in 1453 during the Turkish siege of the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ When captured by Mehmet the Conqueror; the city became the capital of the Ottoman Empire, assuming its present name, Istanbul (1453 A.D.) .- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The Papacy is one of the oldest institutions in the world, perhaps even the oldest.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
[79] Other prominent state universities in Istanbul include
Boğaziçi University,
Mimar Sinan University of Fine Arts,
Yildiz Technical University and
Marmara University. The major private universities in the city include
Koç University,
Sabancı University,
Fatih University,
Istanbul Commerce University,
Bahçeşehir University,
Yeditepe University,
Kadir Has University,
Doğuş University and
Bilgi University.
.^ Many times the Germans refer to Istanbul as 'Konstantinopel', the French and the British as 'Constantinople' and the Italians as 'Constantinopoli'.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ A castle tour of Turkey 0 [postlink]http://d.bloggerdestek.com/2007/06/bosphorus-tour.html[/postlink] A Bosphorus tour Besides his literary criticism, theoretical writings, guidebooks and years of teaching English literature in the universities, Murat Belge has been leading tours through every quarter of Istanbul for almost 25 years.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ So it was a disappointment recently when Turkey's president vetoed a law that would grant graduates of religious high schools equal access to the nation's secular universities.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ On the second level was the Turkish city proper.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The Galata Bridge was a symbolic link between the traditional city of Istanbul proper, site of the imperial palace and principal religious and secular institutions of the empire, and the districts of Galata, Beyoglu, Sisli and Harbiye where a large proportion of the inhabitants were non-Muslims and where foreign merchants and diplomats lived and worked.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The oldest recorded bridge in Istanbul was built over the Golden Horn in 1453 during the Turkish siege of the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ This ancient breed springs forth like a lion from its epicenter - the Kangal District - a region in east central Turkey located in what is known as the Anti-Taurus.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ So it was a disappointment recently when Turkey's president vetoed a law that would grant graduates of religious high schools equal access to the nation's secular universities.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Kuleli Military High School is the only
military high school in Istanbul, located in
Çengelköy district.
Anadolu Liseleri (Anatolian High Schools) were originally furnished for the Turkish children who returned home from foreign countries, such as the Üsküdar Anadolu Lisesi with German as the primary foreign language and technical instruction in German.
.^ The 7th Station is actually the first one in the Christian rather than the Moselm Quarter of the City.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1924 Bayatli became director of the Archaeological and Ethnographical Museum, the first in Turkey built specifically for an ancient city to house finds from excavations there.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ And such guard was established that those of the city lost not one stiver current.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
Those English-medium colleges were renamed as "Anadolu Lisesi" in subsequent decades.
.^ The construction of the Dolmabahce Palace and the introduction of steamship travel in the 19th century facilitated settlement even in the waterway’s most remote recesses.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Although their homeland had been dominated by foreigners for many centuries, it was only after the imposition of Ottoman rule that Orthodox Christians began to develop a really strong sense of cohesiveness.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Many travellers who passed through the Seljuk lands beginning in the 12th century mention the extraordinarily beautiful carpets woven there.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Avignon was still a Papal possession, and there were some outlying holdings in Italy, like Benevento.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ (March 25, 1997) and cannot be produced outside Turkey under the name “Turkish rakı”.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ This not only bespeaks the better angels of the Papal nature but is a caution for continuing political traditions, for long under the influence of Hegel , that denigrate the individual and exalt the reality of state and government.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
[80] Robert College, established in 1863, is another foreign school in the city, among numerous others.
.^ Istanbul was besieed numerous times over the centuries by Persians, Macedonians, Lombards, Slavs, Avars, Bulgarians, Russians, Goths, Huns, Pechenegs, Crusaders, Arabs and Ottomans.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ In the Byzantine period there were summer palaces, and in Ottoman times it was a royal garden.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Few people, indeed, remember that Mediaeval "Romans" meant the Greek, Albanian, Vlach, Armenian, and other inhabitants of the so-called "Byzantine" Empire.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The most important gate of all is Topkapı (far from, and unrelated to the palace of that name), literally the Cannon Gate.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The meeting was with the most important dignitaries of the Byzantine state, the senate of the Empire, which was now only a mere shadow of its former glory.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Syriac Orthodox (or "Syrian," a term now avoided to prevent confusion with the modern state of Syria, though historically the Chruch was indeed associated with geographical Syria).- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
Healthcare
The city has many public and private hospitals, clinics and
laboratories within its bounds and numerous
medical research centers.
.^ Three high mountain ranges traverse the country from east to west so that the interior plateau, the Plateau of Asia Minor, is high, rugged and formerly inaccessible.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ And those who were in these cities maintained the war against the Greeks, 107 and made many forays.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ It stands in the centre of the high limestone plateau of Turabdin, with the city of Mardin to the west, Hasankeyf to the north, Cizre to the east and Nusaybin to the south.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[82] Istanbul has particularly become a global destination for
laser eye surgery and
plastic surgery.
[81] The city also has an Army Veterans Hospital in the military medical centre.
Pollution-related health problems increase especially in the winter, when the combustion of heating fuels increase. The rising number of new cars in the city and the slow development of
public transportation often cause urban
smog conditions. Mandatory use of unleaded gas was scheduled to begin only in January 2006.
[83]Utilities
.^ The oldest recorded bridge in Istanbul was built over the Golden Horn in 1453 during the Turkish siege of the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The legend of the foundation of Istanbul is derived from classical mythology: Zeus fell in love with Io, daughter of Inachus, King of the City of Argos and God of the River of Argos.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Two of the greatest
aqueducts built in the Roman period are the Mazulkemer Aqueduct and the
Valens Aqueduct.
.^ Western accounts of the old city during this period make regular references to the name.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The team from Merzifon was known as the Cabbages, for which the area was famous, while the team from Amasya was called the Okras after that city's most famous vegetable.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ In the Byzantine period the city was known as ‘Kalonoros’, or ‘beautiful mountain’.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[84] .^ HOUR HOT WATER Public baths, where such occasions were celebrated as a group, were located in the cities and towns and in some villages and were open to everyone.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Caravans arriving from afar would here catch sight of the rich buildings of the city and the elegant mosque built by Mimar Sinan for Mihrimah Sultan, daughter of Süleyman the Magnificent.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ If you enter through this gate, you can visit Kara Ahmet Paşa Mosque, the work of the celebrated 16th century Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ M. Rifat Akbulut is a lecturer on City and Regional Planning at Mimar Sinan University.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Sinan constructed the Kırkçeşme
Water Supply System in 1555.
[84] In later years, with the aim of responding to the ever-increasing public demand, water from various springs was channeled to the public fountains by means of small supply lines; see
German Fountain.
Today, Istanbul has a chlorinated and filtered water supply and a
sewage disposal system managed by the government agency İSKİ.
[85] There are also several private sector organisations distributing
clean water.
Electricity distribution services are covered by the
state-owned TEK. The first electricity production plant in the city,
Silahtarağa Termik Santrali, was established in 1914 and continued to supply electricity until 1983.
[86]The Ottoman Ministry of Post and Telegraph was established in the city on 23 October 1840.
[87] The first post office was the
Postahane-i Amire near the courtyard of
Yeni Mosque.
[87] .^ When captured by Mehmet the Conqueror; the city became the capital of the Ottoman Empire, assuming its present name, Istanbul (1453 A.D.) .- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ This brings me back to the first point I have mentioned to you today commercial concessions from the Ottoman Empire would greatly help our economic situation.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ An alliance between the Ottoman Empire and us will surely be of great help.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
[87] In 1901 the first money transfers were made through the
post offices and the first cargo services became operational.
[87] .^ The Sultan looked closely at the map, analysing different possibilities of attack, until he was interrupted by Khalil who decided to interrupt the silence and speak first.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ In its place today, however, stands the graceful Ortaköy Mosque built by Sultan Abdülmecid in 1853-1855.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The many waterfront mansions built in Ortaköy in the 17th and 18th centuries were demolished in 1871 when Sultan Abdülaziz was building Çiragan Palace.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[88] .^ The first municipality was established in 1868, and the Kordon esplanade and quay were constructed between 1868 and 1872.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[87] .^ The first municipality was established in 1868, and the Kordon esplanade and quay were constructed between 1868 and 1872.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[89] On 23 May 1909, the first manual
telephone exchange with a 50 line capacity was established in the
Büyük Postane (Grand Post Office) of Sirkeci.
[89]Transportation
Airports
.^ It stands in the centre of the high limestone plateau of Turabdin, with the city of Mardin to the west, Hasankeyf to the north, Cizre to the east and Nusaybin to the south.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ According to Bayatli every stone and shard discovered at Pergamum was of incalculable value, since this city had been one of the most magnificent centres of learning and culture of its age.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Reaching for the edge, Manuel instinctively looked towards the west of the city, observing two specks along the rails of the balcony.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ And they sailed up the straits to a city called Abydos, which lies on the straits of St. George, towards Turkey, and is very fair, and well situate.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ A Christian power now secured the city for the first time since 1244.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1924 Bayatli became director of the Archaeological and Ethnographical Museum, the first in Turkey built specifically for an ancient city to house finds from excavations there.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ There are pleasant cafés in the beautiful tree-filled park, and along the west side are Istanbul Sailing Club, Fenerbahçe Sports Club and Galatasaray Sports Club.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ One year later, an international symposium about Alevilik that was held in Istanbul by a Swedish research center got the title: “Alevi Identity”.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ It stands in the centre of the high limestone plateau of Turabdin, with the city of Mardin to the west, Hasankeyf to the north, Cizre to the east and Nusaybin to the south.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Navigation
.^ The European side is seperated into two by a scimitar shaped gulf called Golden Horn:the old sprawls along one side, with its Byzantine ramparts and Ottoman palaces facing the Marmara Sea, the nPropontis of antiquty; on the other side,one can see the ancient Genoese port of Galata and more modern quartes beyond, with the legendary Bosphorus winding its way up to the Black Sea, the Pontus Euxinus of antiquity.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Following the advice of the Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, Byzas established a colony at the of the Istanbul peninsula, today known as Seraglio Point, the Promentorium Bosphorium of antiquity; where the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn meet and flow in to the Marmara (667 B.C.).- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Each division had its own ships, and all were ranged side by side; and the ships were separated from the galleys and transports.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Now you must know that this Count Thibaut was but a young man, and not more than twenty-two years of age, and the Count Louis not more than twenty-seven.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ He couldn't see the true faade of his city, the ruins of marvellous Roman villas and imposing palaces which formed today the dark side of this once splendid city.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ In his forty-five-year professional career he composed more than one hundred songs and made more than two hundred recordings.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The commuter ferries, along with the high speed catamaran
Seabus (
Deniz Otobüsü), also form the main connection between the city and the
Princes' Islands.
The first steam ferries appeared on the Bosphorus in 1837 and were operated by private sector companies.
[90] On 1 January 1851, the
Şirket-i Hayriye (literally the
Goodwill Company, as the Istanbul Ferry Company was originally called) was established by the Ottoman state.
[90] .^ The cities continue under Turkish sovereignty, as Antakya and Iskenderun.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On top of this, Constantinople is very well defended and I am under no illusions that they will fight until the last man and until the last stone of those walls has been destroyed.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ This would last until 1870, giving the Papal States a run of 1116 years.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
[90] Since March 2006, Istanbul's traditional commuter ferries are being operated by İstanbul Deniz Otobüsleri (Istanbul Sea Buses) which also operates the high speed catamaran Seabus.
[90].^ On its hilltop site overlooking the Golden Horn and the district of Galata, the Bosphorus and its Asian shore, the Marmara Sea and its islands, Topkapi Palace guards over one of the most remarkable collections of royal treasure in the world.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Thus did the fire prevail, and win across the port, even to the densest part of the city, and to the sea on the other side, quite near to the church of St. Sophia.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Therefore they enclosed their camp with palisades and barriers, and told off part of their men to keep guard within the palisades and barriers, while the others attacked the city.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
The
Yenikapı High Speed Car Ferry Port on the European side, and the
Pendik High Speed Car Ferry Port on the Asian side, are where the high speed catamaran "car ferries" are based.
.^ When Europeans arrived in America, they noticed similarities between the guinea-fowl and the American bird and called the latter turkey.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Istanbul has had other names at various times but none of them was used widely or for any great length of time.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Rumelihisari is the place where the Turks first settled on the European side of Istanbul and is noted for its many historic buildings.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ THE MOST PRECIOUS GIFT One factor which has made fish so important along the Bosphorus, placing it at the head of Istanbul's gastronomic culture, is the prominence of fish in dining in both the Eastern Roman and Ottoman Empires.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Anselm was one of the most important philosophers of the 12th century, responsible for the "ontological argument" for the existence of God which would bedevil subsequent thinkers.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It grew into a lively, cosmopolitan, and exotic port city, with communities of Levantines, Muslims and non-Muslims, and within a century had become one of the most important ports in the Ottoman Empire.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ It was known as the Cisr-i Cedid or New Bridge to distinguish it from the earlier bridge further up the Golden Horn, which became known as the Cisr-i Atik or Old Bridge.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Therefore to treat the Galata Bridge over the Golden Horn merely from the historic angle would be misleading.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ To circumvent this he built a road of greased logs across Galata on the north side of the Golden Horn, and rolled his ships across.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Thus, an aesthetic urge to render the Mediterranean, Black, and Red Seas into a convenient "T" required that much that was already known be ignored.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He encamped before the city, and saw, both he and his barons, that in the state in which it then was, it were not well to refortify it.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ They rode to a city called Nicomedia, which lies on a gulf of the sea, and is well two days' journey from Constantinople.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ After exchanging quick pleasantries and gifts from both sides, the Pope's men took the diplomats with a double-horsed cart towards the acropolis of the city where the Pope's quarters were located.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ This prevents us from attacking their main port, while the ones on the western part of the city are sealed off as well with smaller booms.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Rumelihisari is the place where the Turks first settled on the European side of Istanbul and is noted for its many historic buildings.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Motorways
.^ When Europeans arrived in America, they noticed similarities between the guinea-fowl and the American bird and called the latter turkey.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The city was the principal gateway for trade between Europe and Ottoman Turkey.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The reason for the panel's choice, he explained, was not only the well-known fact that Istanbul lies at a geographical cross-roads with Europe and has interacted with European civilisations for centuries.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The motorway network around Istanbul is well developed and is constantly being extended. Motorways lead east to
Ankara and west to
Edirne.
.^ And greatly were they harassed by the people of the land and by the Greeks; and they rode -from day to day till they came to a city called Pamphyle, and lodged there, and sojourned in it for two months.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ And no one came out from the city against them; and this was a great marvel, seeing that for every man that was in the host there were over two hundred men in the city.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Recent research has shown that the name 'Istanbul' was used if not during the Byzantine period, at least during the 11th century and that the Turks knew the city by this name.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Büyükdere Avenue runs through the heart of
Levent and
Maslak.
.^ Fatih Sultan Mehmet zamannda Osmanl topraklarna katld.- Dizinin ge�ti�i d�nemle ilgili d�k�manlar [Ar�iv] - DiziFilm.com Forum 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC www.dizifilm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Having defeated the crusaders, Yıldırım Beyazıd had the Anatolia Fortress (Anadolu Hisarı) constructed at the narrowest point of the Bosphorus on the Asian side.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The district of Rumelihisari which has such an important place in the memories of my youth lies on the European shore of the Bosphorus between Baltalimani and Bebek.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ The oldest recorded bridge in Istanbul was built over the Golden Horn in 1453 during the Turkish siege of the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ To circumvent this he built a road of greased logs across Galata on the north side of the Golden Horn, and rolled his ships across.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ On its hilltop site overlooking the Golden Horn and the district of Galata, the Bosphorus and its Asian shore, the Marmara Sea and its islands, Topkapi Palace guards over one of the most remarkable collections of royal treasure in the world.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Büyükdere Avenue is the main artery that runs through the central business districts of
Levent and
Maslak on the European side, and is also accessible through a number of
subway stations.
.^ Now they two had never been able to speak together face to face since the conquest of the land, for so many enemies lay between them that the one had never been able to come to the other.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Marquis Boniface of Montferrat rode all along the shore to the palace of Bucoleon, and when he arrived there it surrendered, on condition that the lives of all therein should be spared.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ There are also several headlands along the Bosphorus that are home only to lighthouses.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Leaving the Bosphorus and turning east along the shore of the Marmara Sea, we come to Moda Burnu.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Railways
In 1883, a Belgian entrepreneur,
Georges Nagelmackers, began a
rail service between Paris and
Constantinople, using a steamship to ferry passengers from
Varna to Constantinople.
.^ Johannizza., King of Wallachia and Bulgaria, had with him all his power, and he occupied the whole land; and the country, and the cities, and the castles held for him; and his Comans over-ran the land as far as Constantinople.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ He had for wife the daughter of the Emperor Alexius, through whom he laid claim to the land - this was the Alexius whom the Franks had driven from Constantinople, and who had put out his brother's eyes.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Now the land from Constantinople to Salonika was quiet and at peace, for the ways were so safe that all could come and go at their pleasure, and from the one city to the other there were full twelve long days' journey.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ However, among these projects the work, which was performed by two Turkish architects expressed this national issue more successfully.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[91].^ It is a significant indicator of Izmir's importance as a trading centre that the first Ottoman railway line opened not in Istanbul but in Izmir in 1866, linking the city to Aydin and Kasaba.Basmane Station was constructed at the railway terminal in the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ This resulted in two Papacies, the "Great Schism," and the states of Francia lined up on one side or another.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
Currently, international connections are provided by the line running between Istanbul and
Thessaloniki, Greece, and the
Bosphorus Express serving daily between Sirkeci and
Bucharest,
Romania. Lines to
Sofia,
Belgrade,
Budapest, and
Chişinău are established over the
Bosphorus Express connection to Bucharest.
.^ Having defeated the crusaders, Yıldırım Beyazıd had the Anatolia Fortress (Anadolu Hisarı) constructed at the narrowest point of the Bosphorus on the Asian side.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ And, notwithstanding all this, the Greeks ceased not to attack them, by this gate and by others, and held them so short that six or seven times a day the whole host was forced to run to arms.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Thus did the fire prevail, and win across the port, even to the densest part of the city, and to the sea on the other side, quite near to the church of St. Sophia.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Smyrna is a city currently in Turkey (Izmir) then part of the Ottoman Empire.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Having defeated the crusaders, Yıldırım Beyazıd had the Anatolia Fortress (Anadolu Hisarı) constructed at the narrowest point of the Bosphorus on the Asian side.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ It is a significant indicator of Izmir's importance as a trading centre that the first Ottoman railway line opened not in Istanbul but in Izmir in 1866, linking the city to Aydin and Kasaba.Basmane Station was constructed at the railway terminal in the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ It is a significant indicator of Izmir's importance as a trading centre that the first Ottoman railway line opened not in Istanbul but in Izmir in 1866, linking the city to Aydin and Kasaba.Basmane Station was constructed at the railway terminal in the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ It stands in the centre of the high limestone plateau of Turabdin, with the city of Mardin to the west, Hasankeyf to the north, Cizre to the east and Nusaybin to the south.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Reaching for the edge, Manuel instinctively looked towards the west of the city, observing two specks along the rails of the balcony.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
A single trip takes 48 minutes.
.^ The counts and barons landed and lodged themselves in the palace; and in the city round about, the main part pitched their tents.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ It is a significant indicator of Izmir's importance as a trading centre that the first Ottoman railway line opened not in Istanbul but in Izmir in 1866, linking the city to Aydin and Kasaba.Basmane Station was constructed at the railway terminal in the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ This prevents us from attacking their main port, while the ones on the western part of the city are sealed off as well with smaller booms.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
The 44 km long line has 28 stations and the trip takes 65 minutes.
.^ In an orgy of victory on the day that the city fell--September 9, 1570--20,000 Nicosians were put to death, and every church, public building, and palace was looted.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[92]
Trams
Trams first entered service in Istanbul on 3 September 1869, at the
Tophane – Ortaköy line.
[93] In 1871 the
Azapkapı – Galata;
Aksaray – Yedikule;
Aksaray – Topkapı; and
Eminönü – Aksaray lines entered service.
[93] .^ Although the oldest houses in the village were constructed in the 17th century according to their date plaques, the majority date from the late 19th century.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[93] .^ And many advised that they should attack the city on another side the side where it was not so well fortified.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ And some remained with their ships at anchor so near to the city that from either side they shot at one another with petraries and mangonels.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ And when the Greeks saw this, they began, on their side, to strengthen the defences of the city which was enclosed with high walls and high towers.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
[93] Towards the end of 1990, replicas of these historic red trams were put in service along the
İstiklal Avenue between
Taksim and
Tünel, which is a single 1.6 km-long (1640 m) line.
[93] On 1 November 2003, another nostalgic tram line (T3) was reopened on the
Anatolian part of Istanbul between
Kadıköy and
Moda.
[94] It has 10 stations on a 2.6 km long route.
[94] The trip takes 21 minutes.
[94]A fast tram (T1) was put in service in 1992 on standard gauge track with modern cars, connecting
Sirkeci with
Topkapı.
.^ The first years of the Turkish Republic were a time of recuperation for the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ First there was a book, the Iliad, written approximately 2720 years ago by Homer, one of the greatest poets the world has ever known.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The oldest recorded bridge in Istanbul was built over the Golden Horn in 1453 during the Turkish siege of the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
A final extension to
Kabataş was opened in June 2006. The line has 24 stations on a length of 14 km. Service was initially operated with 22 LRT vehicles built by
ABB, now reassigned to other lines; while stations were provided with temporary high platforms. These vehicles were replaced by 55 low-floor
Bombardier Flexity Swift trams in 2003.
.^ An entire trip takes 42 minutes.
^ The trip takes 21 minutes.
^ A single trip takes 48 minutes.
The daily transport capacity is 155,000 passengers. The amount of investment totaled
US$110 million. In September 2006, a second tram line (T2) was added, running west from
Zeytinburnu to
Bağcılar. Service on this line is operated with 14 ABB LRT cars. Stations have high platforms at the level of the car floor.
Funiculars
Istanbul is served by two
underground funicular railways, of very different ages and styles. The older of these lines is the
Tünel (1875).
.^ London; New York: 1997, pp.- Bibliography on Women in Byzantium | Byzantine Studies | Research | Dumbarton Oaks 11 September 2009 15:42 UTC www.doaks.org [Source type: Academic]
^ London/New York, 1998, pp.- Bibliography on Women in Byzantium | Byzantine Studies | Research | Dumbarton Oaks 11 September 2009 15:42 UTC www.doaks.org [Source type: Academic]
^ London/New York: 1997.- Bibliography on Women in Byzantium | Byzantine Studies | Research | Dumbarton Oaks 11 September 2009 15:42 UTC www.doaks.org [Source type: Academic]
The Tünel is 573 m (1,879.92
ft) long with an altitude difference of 60 m and no intermediate stations between
Karaköy and Tünel Square.
[95] It has been continuously in service since 1875.
[95] Two trains run on a single rail every 3.5 minutes, and a trip takes 1.5 minutes.
[95] Making 64,800 trips, totaling 37,066 kilometres a year, the Tünel carries 15,000 passengers per day.
[95]A second funicular line, the Kabataş-Taksim Funicular, entered service on 29 June 2006, connecting
Kabataş and
Taksim.
[96] This system connects the
Seabus station and the
tram stop in Kabataş to the metro station at
Taksim Square.
[96] It is about 600 meters long and climbs approximately 60 meters in 110 seconds, carrying 9,000 passengers per day.
[96]Light rail
Main article:
Istanbul LRTThe
Istanbul LRT is a
light rail transit system consisting of 2 lines. The first line (M1) began service on 3 September 1989 between
Aksaray and Kartaltepe. The line was further developed step-by-step and reached
Atatürk Airport on 20 December 2002. The other line (T4) was opened in 2007 between Edirnekapı and Mescid-i Selam. There are 36 stations, including 12 underground and 3 viaduct stations, on the line's 32 km length. The lines are totally segregated from other traffic, without
level crossings, and run underground for 10.4 km. Service is operated with LRT vehicles built by
ABB in 1988.
Metro
Main article:
Istanbul Metro.^ Eyll 2000 stanbul metrosunun Taksim-Levent hatt hizmete ald.- Tarihte Bug�n [Arşiv] - Her�eyde biraz 2de1 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC www.2de1.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is a significant indicator of Izmir's importance as a trading centre that the first Ottoman railway line opened not in Istanbul but in Izmir in 1866, linking the city to Aydin and Kasaba.Basmane Station was constructed at the railway terminal in the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The first municipality was established in 1868, and the Kordon esplanade and quay were constructed between 1868 and 1872.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[97] In 2000, there were 8
Alstom-built 4-car train sets in service, which ran every 5 minutes on average and transported 130,000 passengers daily. On 30 January 2009, the first train sets built by
Eurotem entered service.
[98] Eurotem will build a total of 92 new wagons for the M2 line.
[98][99] As of 30 January 2009, a total of 34 train sets, each with 4 cars, were being used on the M2 line.
[99]
.^ It is the bridge still familiar to many people today that was badly damaged in a fire in 1992 and towed up the Golden Horn to make way for the modern bridge now in use.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The oldest recorded bridge in Istanbul was built over the Golden Horn in 1453 during the Turkish siege of the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ To circumvent this he built a road of greased logs across Galata on the north side of the Golden Horn, and rolled his ships across.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
At present, the M2 line has 10 stations in service on the European side of the city; while 6 new stations on the European side and 16 new stations on the Asian side are currently under construction. The trip between the Şişhane station in
Beyoğlu and the Atatürk Oto Sanayi station in
Maslak is 15.65 km (9.7 mi) long and takes 21 minutes.
[101][102] .^ The oldest recorded bridge in Istanbul was built over the Golden Horn in 1453 during the Turkish siege of the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ This bridge completed in 1875 was 480 m long and 14 m wide and rested on 24 pontoons.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ To circumvent this he built a road of greased logs across Galata on the north side of the Golden Horn, and rolled his ships across.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[105].^ Having defeated the crusaders, Yıldırım Beyazıd had the Anatolia Fortress (Anadolu Hisarı) constructed at the narrowest point of the Bosphorus on the Asian side.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[106] The
Marmaray tunnel (Bosporus undersea railway tunnel) will connect the metro lines of the Asian and European parts of the city. According to the scheduled construction timeline, the tunnel will enter service in 2012.
Culture and contemporary life
Fine and performing arts
.^ Other characters representing the colourful array of social and ethnic types in Istanbul were gradually added.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ It was fast losing its exotic oriental character and more closely resembling a colonial trading post in terms of its economic, social and cultural life as well as its architecture.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
While world famous pop stars fill stadiums, activities like
opera,
ballet and theatre continue throughout the year.
.^ When played in an orchestra or ensemble it sweeps up all the other instruments and leads them on.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ THE MOST PRECIOUS GIFT One factor which has made fish so important along the Bosphorus, placing it at the head of Istanbul's gastronomic culture, is the prominence of fish in dining in both the Eastern Roman and Ottoman Empires.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ For the people of Istanbul another important point is the freshness of the fish, and they insist on seeing it before eating.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ From 1950 to 1953 he studied Decorative Arts in Istanbul at the Fine Arts Academy, while launching his musical career.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ The government appointed an impartial jury of Turkish and and foreign artists, as well as some architects chosen by the Public Works Ministry.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ The most famous personages of the entertainment world are here.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Examples of carpets from the Seljuk and Ottoman periods right up to the present day are exhibited at the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art, which has the world’s richest collection.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The first 50 years of my life were the black and white years when this city was most remote from the world and at its most provincial.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Although rakı is almost interchangeable with alcohol in Turkey, beer occupies first place in production.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ In 1924 Bayatli became director of the Archaeological and Ethnographical Museum, the first in Turkey built specifically for an ancient city to house finds from excavations there.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Mountain guns, machine guns and other equipment were mounted in some boats.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Meanwhile the interior of the citadel, which preserves Alanya’s historic texture while harboring impressive examples of Ottoman architecture as well, is a virtual open air museum.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Therefore to treat the Galata Bridge over the Golden Horn merely from the historic angle would be misleading.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Istanbul Archaeology Museum, established in 1881, is one of the largest museums of its kind in the world.
.^ After the diplomatic niceties that had developed in the Middle East, this was regarded as nearly as appalling as it has seemed more recently.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Defeat by the Turks and the loss of Asia Minor deprived Romania of more than half its territory.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ However, Jerusalem-centric maps generally were much more schematic than I show here and so introduce much greater distortions than just a foreshortening of Asia.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ And they began to assemble in a great open space that was in Constantinople, and decided that they would take up their quarters near the walls and towers they had captured.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The early retreat of their comrades didn't seem to have an impact on the crack troops as they marched forwards towards the gaping holes in the Byzantine walls.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ This is the case with Sövalye Island, whose many summer villas share the island with the ruins of late Roman walls, cisterns and churches.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Examples of carpets from the Seljuk and Ottoman periods right up to the present day are exhibited at the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art, which has the world’s richest collection.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Sadberk Hanım Museum contains a wide variety of
artifacts, dating from the earliest Anatolian civilisations to the Ottomans.
[108]
Occasionally, in November, the
Silahhane (Armory Hall) of
Yıldız Palace hosts the
Istanbul Antiques Fair, which brings together rare pieces of antiques from the Orient and Occident.
[109] The multi-storey
Mecidiyeköy Antikacılar Çarşısı (Mecidiyeköy Antiques Bazaar) in the Mecidiyeköy quarter of
Şişli is the largest antiques market in the city, while the
Çukurcuma neighbourhood of
Beyoğlu has rows of antiques shops in its streets.
.^ This grand mosaic consists of 126 images acquired in a tile-like fashion, covering one end of Saturn's rings to the other and the entire planet in between.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ During the dialogue between the Grand Vizier and the Sultan, a mystery person suddenly says : "- My Sultan, Grand Vizuer Halil does not know what he is saying.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Like many other arts, the Ottomans took over the art of the carpet from the Seljuk tradition.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ In the Byzantine period there were summer palaces, and in Ottoman times it was a royal garden.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ To understand the Kangal Dog, one needs to understand the context -- historical, cultural, and physical -- in which it is found.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ First there was a book, the Iliad, written approximately 2720 years ago by Homer, one of the greatest poets the world has ever known.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Meanwhile the interior of the citadel, which preserves Alanya’s historic texture while harboring impressive examples of Ottoman architecture as well, is a virtual open air museum.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Many centuries later the Byzantines built the Mangana Palace, Haghia Sophia and other churches here, and the Ottomans subsequently chose the same site for their imperial palace of Topkapý and Sultanahmet Mosque Gülhane Park on the northern side of the headland, and the many restaurants and tea gardens in the area also attract many people here.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ And this showed great good sense, for if they had moved to the attack, the numbers of the enemy were such that they must have been overwhelmed and (as it were) drowned among them.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Bringing their Asian tradition with them, they merged it with the bath culture they found in Anatolia , and a new synthesis was born, the 'Turkish bath'.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The 'culture of water' and the 'bath tradition' have been known in Anatolia since time immemorial.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ In the 17th century the shadow play technique was developed by Turkish puppeteers, and the main character known as Karagöz or Black Eye came into being.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
It was a culture of leisure during the Ottoman period, the finest example being the
Çemberlitaş Hamamı (1584) in Istanbul, located on the Çemberlitaş (Column of Constantine) Square.
[110]
Recreation
Traditional beach resorts had gradually disappeared due to
water pollution.
.^ In the 19th century, however, the city's large foreign expatriate community took to calling the old city Stamboul.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The most popular places for swimming in the city are in
Bakırköy,
Küçükçekmece,
Sarıyer and the
Bosphorus.
.^ Outside the Gulf of Fethiye is Gemiler Adasi (Island of Ships), which is within easy reach and well worth visiting.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ There is a surface current from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, which changes course when it hits the points.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ They rode to a city called Nicomedia, which lies on a gulf of the sea, and is well two days' journey from Constantinople.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
The
Princes' Islands (Prens Adaları) are a group of islands in the
Marmara Sea, south of the quarters
Kartal and
Pendik.
.^ In the early 19th century Mahmut II (1808-1839) had a bridge built at some distance up the waterway between Azapkapi and Unkapani.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ The tomb room, which is under the sarcophagus stone in the crown hall on the first floor of the mausoleum, is done in a mixed style based on Seljuk Turkish and Ottoman Turkish architecture.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Today Izmir is a modern city dating largely from the 19th and 20th centuries.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
They can be reached by ferry boats or high-speed catamaran
Seabus (
Deniz otobüsü) from
Eminönü and
Bostancı. Of the nine islands, only five are settled.
.^ Thus, an aesthetic urge to render the Mediterranean, Black, and Red Seas into a convenient "T" required that much that was already known be ignored.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Winter has come with its white quilt, concealing the autumn colours in the forests of the western Black Sea forests.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ For years, the mother and daughter have been America's most well known singers singing in Turkish.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ THE INFLUENCE OF THE BLACK SEA For the people of Istanbul, fish should be caught in the Bosphorus or the Black Sea, and so when they buy fish they always ask where it comes from.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Outdoor sports enthusiasts will enjoy the climb to the top of the headland, where a small lighthouse guides ships from the Black Sea into the Bosphorus.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Fattening in the Black Sea, the fish take refuge in the coves and water canals of the Bosphorus to mature.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The place has good swimming possibilities and has become popular in the recent years among the inhabitants of Istanbul as a place for excursions. Kilyos offers a beach park with seafood restaurants and
night clubs, being particularly active in the summer with many night parties and live concerts on the beach.
Shopping
Istanbul has numerous historic shopping centers, such as the
Grand Bazaar (1461),
Mahmutpaşa Bazaar (1462) and the
Egyptian Bazaar (1660).
.^ We win, we keep our territories, we get the best city in the world.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Emperor Henry, and for all the Latins of the land of Roumania, to lose such a man by such a misadventure-one of the best barons and most liberal, and one of the best knights in the world!- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Rumelihisari Something old , something new 0 [postlink]http://d.bloggerdestek.com/2007/06/city-walls-of-istanbul.html[/postlink] The city walls of Istanbul .- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Restaurants
.^ Where the condemnation is thought to have taken place may well be in error, and many of the events along the way are not in the Gospels but a matter of local tradition.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ From the windows of this lovely house, which has been open to the public since 1999, could be seen others of the traditional Ottoman Turkish type, of which examples are to be seen in many parts of Anatolia and the Balkans.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ So one morning, at the break of day, he issued from the city in force, and got as far as the tents, and killed many before they could get to their armour.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The most important parts of this were, of course, Rome itself and the area of Romagna around Ravenna in the north, with a narrow salient connecting them.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The team from Merzifon was known as the Cabbages, for which the area was famous, while the team from Amasya was called the Okras after that city's most famous vegetable.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ In the middle of the men was a long table which contained vellum maps showing the area around Constantinople and the city itself in amazing detail.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Many centuries later the Byzantines built the Mangana Palace, Haghia Sophia and other churches here, and the Ottomans subsequently chose the same site for their imperial palace of Topkapý and Sultanahmet Mosque Gülhane Park on the northern side of the headland, and the many restaurants and tea gardens in the area also attract many people here.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ In the early 19th century Mahmut II (1808-1839) had a bridge built at some distance up the waterway between Azapkapi and Unkapani.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Characteristic of the 19th century are small flowers on a matted ground, although the classical period carnations and pomegranates (depicted cracking open) are also still found.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Other historic pubs are found in the areas around
Tünel Pasajı and the nearby
Asmalımescit Sokağı. Some historic neighbourhoods around İstiklal Avenue have recently been recreated, with differing levels of success; such as
Cezayir Sokağı near
Galatasaray Lisesi, which became unofficially known as
La Rue Française[111] and has rows of
francophone pubs, cafés and restaurants playing live music.
[112]Istanbul is also famous for its historic seafood restaurants.
.^ On its hilltop site overlooking the Golden Horn and the district of Galata, the Bosphorus and its Asian shore, the Marmara Sea and its islands, Topkapi Palace guards over one of the most remarkable collections of royal treasure in the world.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ And they journeyed towards a city that lies upon the sea, called Rodosto, and that was full three days' journey distant.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The land walls and their gates on the western side of the city are both of more aesthetic value and greater historic importance than the sea walls along the shores of the Marmara Sea and the Golden Horn.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
[113][114] .^ Thus, an aesthetic urge to render the Mediterranean, Black, and Red Seas into a convenient "T" required that much that was already known be ignored.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On its hilltop site overlooking the Golden Horn and the district of Galata, the Bosphorus and its Asian shore, the Marmara Sea and its islands, Topkapi Palace guards over one of the most remarkable collections of royal treasure in the world.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ THE INFLUENCE OF THE BLACK SEA For the people of Istanbul, fish should be caught in the Bosphorus or the Black Sea, and so when they buy fish they always ask where it comes from.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Night life
.^ Greatly did many then grieve; alas I if only their grief had not been beyond remedy I So they lay that night in the city; and on the morrow they departed, and abandoned Stanimac.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The city was in many aspects a living ruin, and there was nothing nobody could do, apart from watch and look in despair on how the once marvellous buildings slowly but surely faded away, failing the test of time.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ As a city surrounded by sea Istanbul has many headlands, some remote and deserted with no buildings but a lighthouse, others lively and crowded.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
The night clubs, restaurants and bars increase in number and move to open air spaces in the summer. The areas around
Istiklal Avenue,
Nişantaşı,
Bebek and
Kadıköy offer all sorts of cafés, restaurants, pubs and clubs as well as
art galleries, theaters and cinemas.
Babylon[115] and
Nu Pera in
Beyoğlu are popular night clubs both in the summer and in the winter.
.^ Next comes the gate which was the most important in Ottoman times, Edirne Gate, which opened onto the main road through the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Q Jazz Bar in Ortaköy offers live
jazz music in a stylish environment.
.^ Emperor Henry, and for all the Latins of the land of Roumania, to lose such a man by such a misadventure-one of the best barons and most liberal, and one of the best knights in the world!- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ And when they heard it, their joy was such as cannot be uttered, for never was greater joy in all this world.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
Parkorman[122] in Maslak hosted the
Isle of MTV Party in 2002 and is a popular venue for live concerts and rave parties in the summer.
Media
The first Turkish newspaper, Takvim-i Vekayi, was printed on 1 August 1831 in the Bâbıâli (
Bâb-ı Âli, meaning
The Sublime Porte) district. Bâbıâli became the main centre for
print media.
.^ Now, as Istanbul , the City is simply a large modern city, the largest in Turkey, but no longer a capital, a fortress, a redoubt, or a beacon of culture or religion.- Popes & Patriarchs, Rome, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch, etc. 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC www.friesian.com [Source type: Original source]
^ With its bright, clear sound capable of expressing all kinds of emotions, this instrument was widely used in Ottoman Turkey.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Most nationwide newspapers are based in Istanbul, with simultaneous Ankara and İzmir editions.
[83] .^ Vakit, Son Posta ve Cumhuriyet gazetelerinde yaz ileri mdrl yapm pek ok eser vermiti.- Tarihte Bug�n [Arşiv] - Her�eyde biraz 2de1 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC www.2de1.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It is possible to ski throughout the winter here, while many others come just to enjoy the scenery of coniferous forests, streams, waterfalls and lakes.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Many of those who come to ski on Mount Ilgaz stay here, and there are numerous attractive places easy of access in winter in the mountains near the city, such as Azdavay, Pinarbasi, Senpazar, Cide, Ulus, Çatalzeytin, Abana, Gökçeagaç and Inebolu.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ And there were all the ships assembled, and all the transports, and all the galleys of the host, and many other ships of merchants that fared with them.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ There are so many sights and scenes waiting to be explored in Istanbul, that some aspects of the city are pushed into the background.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ And no one came out from the city against them; and this was a great marvel, seeing that for every man that was in the host there were over two hundred men in the city.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
[123]Sports
.^ There were only 9 of them, but they were the most important statesmen of the moribund Byzantine Empire.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Female saints and Holy Land pilgrimage during the Byzantine period," Hagiographica 5, 1998, pp.- Bibliography on Women in Byzantium | Byzantine Studies | Research | Dumbarton Oaks 11 September 2009 15:42 UTC www.doaks.org [Source type: Academic]
^ And on the other side of the straits of St. George, they held no more than the castle of Piga, while the rest of the land was in the hands of Theodore Lascaris.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
[124] .^ Just like today's sports teams, they wore uniforms of different colors, the Cabbages green, the Okras red.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Karagöz also became popular elsewhere in North Africa, including Algeria and Tunisia, and in cities of the Middle East like Damascus, Beirut, Aleppo, Haifa and Jerusalem.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Fenerbahçe Ülker, Darüşşafaka'yı (3-1), Galatasaray Cafe Crown da Beşiktaş Cola Turka'yı (3-0) elemişlerdi.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ There are pleasant cafés in the beautiful tree-filled park, and along the west side are Istanbul Sailing Club, Fenerbahçe Sports Club and Galatasaray Sports Club.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Intel, Microsoft, Vestel ve Crea; Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe ve Galatasaray taraftarlarına özel Taraftar PC projesi için bir araya geldi.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Emperor Henry, and for all the Latins of the land of Roumania, to lose such a man by such a misadventure-one of the best barons and most liberal, and one of the best knights in the world!- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Every one looked to his antis, such as he should use, for well each man knew that full soon he would have need of them.- Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople 19 November 2009 18:10 UTC www.fordham.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Of course those who only know Turkey from my books know it through Istanbul.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ In the time of the Eastern Roman Empire the centers of fishing in Istanbul were the villages of the Bosphorus, the Islands, Kadiköy, Tuzla and the shores of Yedikule.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Fattening in the Black Sea, the fish take refuge in the coves and water canals of the Bosphorus to mature.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Leaving the Bosphorus and turning east along the shore of the Marmara Sea, we come to Moda Burnu.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ "There is not much our small fleet can do because of the boom placed around the Golden Horn.- Fall of Constantinople - The Guild 10 February 2010 13:42 UTC forums.totalwar.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ There are pleasant cafés in the beautiful tree-filled park, and along the west side are Istanbul Sailing Club, Fenerbahçe Sports Club and Galatasaray Sports Club.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Intel, Microsoft, Vestel ve Crea; Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe ve Galatasaray taraftarlarına özel Taraftar PC projesi için bir araya geldi.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ Beşiktaş-Kartal Yuvası, Fenerbahçe-Fenerium ve Galatasaray-Store kulüp mağazalarında da Taraftar PC ürünlerinin satışı başlayacak.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Air racing is new to the city.
.^ The oldest recorded bridge in Istanbul was built over the Golden Horn in 1453 during the Turkish siege of the city.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ Karagöz also became popular elsewhere in North Africa, including Algeria and Tunisia, and in cities of the Middle East like Damascus, Beirut, Aleppo, Haifa and Jerusalem.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
For aerobics and bodybuilding, numerous fitness clubs are available.
.^ There are pleasant cafés in the beautiful tree-filled park, and along the west side are Istanbul Sailing Club, Fenerbahçe Sports Club and Galatasaray Sports Club.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
^ After taking the city, Mehmed the Conqueror allocated a special field for the sport in Istanbul with a lodge or club for the archers.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
.^ In this way several monasteries, such as the Studion Monastery, and extensive gardens and orchards were enclosed in the city boundary.- 5/1/07 - 6/1/07-TV Shows Now! 10 February 2010 10:25 UTC d.bloggerdestek.com [Source type: General]
Istanbul also hosts the annual
MTB races in the nearby Belgrad Forest and
Büyükada Island. Two of the most prominent cycling teams of Turkey, namely the Scott/Marintek MTB Team and the Kron/Sektor Bikes/Efor Bisiklet MTB Team, are from Istanbul.
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
See also
References
Notes
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- ^ Cite error: Invalid
<ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Turkey_pop_2009; see Help:Cite error.
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