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James Madison
4th President of the United States
In office March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
Vice President	George Clinton (1809–1812), None (1812–1813), Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) None (1814–1817)
Preceded by	Thomas Jefferson
Succeeded by	James Monroe
5th United States Secretary of State
In office May 2, 1801 – March 3, 1809
President	Thomas Jefferson
Preceded by	John Marshall
Succeeded by	Robert Smith
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 5th district
In office March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1793
Preceded by	New district; first Congress
Succeeded by	George Hancock
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 15th district
In office March 4, 1793 – March 3, 1797
Preceded by	New district
Succeeded by	John Dawson
Born	March 16, 1751(1751-03-16) Port Conway, Virginia
Died	June 28, 1836 (aged 85) Montpelier, Virginia
Nationality	American
Political party	Democratic-Republican
Spouse(s)	Dolley Todd Madison
Children	John Payne Todd (stepson)
Alma mater	Princeton University
Occupation	Lawyer
Religion	unknown[1]
Signature

Early life

• Francis Madison (1753–1800): planter of Orange County, Virginia
• Ambrose Madison (1755–1793): planter and captain in the Virginia militia, looked after the family interests in Orange County; named after his paternal grandfather.
• Catlett Madison (1758–1758): died in infancy.
• Nelly Madison Hite (1760–1802)
• William Madison (1762–1843): veteran of the Revolution and a lawyer, he served in the Virginia legislature
• Sarah Catlett Madison Macon (1764–1843)
• Unnamed child (1766–1766)
• Elizabeth Madison (1768–1775)
• Unnamed child (1770–1770)
• Reuben Madison (1771–1775)
• Frances "Fanny" Madison Rose (1774–1823)

Education

Marriage and family

Early political career

Father of the Constitution

Federalist Papers

Author of Bill of Rights

1. It was unnecessary, since it purported to protect against powers that the federal government had not been granted;
2. It was dangerous, since enumeration of some rights might be taken to imply the absence of other rights; and
3. At the state level, bills of rights had proven to be useless paper barriers against government powers.^ And the very peculiarity which gives pre-eminent value to that of the United States, the partition of power between different governments, opens a new door for controversies and parties.
   • Online Library of Liberty - TO HENRY LEE. mad. mss. - The Writings, vol. 9 (1819-1836) 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC oll.libertyfund.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
   
   ^ In 1787, Madison wanted the 1st Amendment to apply to the states, but was forced to drop the issue in the interest of getting support for separation at the federal level.
   • Lenni Brenner: James Madison, the Anti-Clerical Father of the Bill of Rights 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.counterpunch.org [Source type: Original source]
   
   ^ In its current & controversial application it means a destruction of the States, by transfusing their powers into the government of the Union.
   • Online Library of Liberty - TO HENRY LEE. mad. mss. - The Writings, vol. 9 (1819-1836) 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC oll.libertyfund.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
   
   ^[3]

.However, the anti-Federalists demanded a bill of rights in exchange for their support for ratification.^ The Anti-Clerical Father of the Bill of Rights .

• Lenni Brenner: James Madison, the Anti-Clerical Father of the Bill of Rights 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.counterpunch.org [Source type: Original source]

.Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia legislature not to elect Madison as one of their first Senators; but Madison was directly elected to the new United States House of Representatives and became an important leader from the First Congress (1789) through the Fourth Congress (1797).^ Served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War; member of Virginia state legislature, 1776; Delegate to Continental Congress from Virginia , 1780-83, 1787-88; member, U.S. Constitutional Convention , 1787; U.S. Representative from Virginia , 1789-97 (at-large 1789-91, 5th District 1791-93, 15th District 1793-97); U.S. Secretary of State , 1801-09; President of the United States , 1809-17.

• The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Beginning with a selection of his father’s letters, the series moves through Madison’s years as a student, and as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and include extensive notes of the debates during his three-year term in the Continental Congress (1779-82).

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In the letter, Randolph informs Madison of the results of the U.S. Senate elections in the Virginia general assembly and stating that Patrick Henry had engineered Madison’s defeat and the election of Richard Henry Lee and William Grayson as Virginia’s first two U.S. Senators.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.People submitted more than 200 proposals from across the new nation.^ Madison asserted the oxymoronic but essential claim of revolutionary legitimacy for the new constitution and for the unexpected direct appeal to the people (rather than to the state legislators) for its ratification.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Madison ignored proposals that called for structural change to the government and synthesized the remainder into a list for the protection of civil rights, such as free speech, right of the people to bear arms, and habeas corpus.^ Consider how Madison's concept of property and interests infused his original proposals before Congress that led to the adoption of the USA "Bill of Rights".

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ In Madison's version of the new constitutional structure, the states were to the general federal authority as the three branches of the federal government were to one another.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Let's keep our focus on Bush's immoral war of aggression, and blatant violations of the Bill of Rights with illegal wiretaps and suspension of habeas corpus.

• James Madison - "Impeach Bush Over Purgegate!" | CommonDreams.org 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.commondreams.org [Source type: Original source]

.Still ambiguous as late as 1788 in his support for a bill of rights,^[18] in June 1789 Madison offered a package of twelve proposed amendments to the Constitution.^ Remarks in Congress on Proposed Constitutional Amendments, August 15, 1789.

• James Madison: Writings : Note on the Texts (The Library of America) 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.loa.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Consider how Madison's concept of property and interests infused his original proposals before Congress that led to the adoption of the USA "Bill of Rights".

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ In the letter, Madison announces the ratification of the Constitution in the Virginia convention by a vote of 89-79 and adds that the convention will recommend some amendments.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[19] Madison completed his change in position and "hounded his colleagues relentlessly" to accept the proposed amendments.^[3]

.By 1791, the last ten of Madison's proposed amendments were ratified and became the Bill of Rights.^ Consider how Madison's concept of property and interests infused his original proposals before Congress that led to the adoption of the USA "Bill of Rights".

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Speech in the Virginia Ratifying Convention on Taxation, a Bill of Rights, and the Mississippi, June 12, 1788.

• James Madison: Writings : Note on the Texts (The Library of America) 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.loa.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Madison, James (1751-1836) — also known as "Father of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights" — of Virginia.

• The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Contrary to his wishes, the Bill of Rights was not integrated into the main body of the Constitution, and it did not apply to the states until the passages of Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments restricted the powers of the states.^ Indeed the 1st Amendment wasn't judicially declared binding on the states until 1925.

• Lenni Brenner: James Madison, the Anti-Clerical Father of the Bill of Rights 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.counterpunch.org [Source type: Original source]

^ He finally saw the need to spell out the degree of particulated sovereignty that had to be reserved to individuals, just as the constitution addressed those powers reserved to the states.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ He was in fact the main author of these first amendments to the US Constitution.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The Second Amendment originally proposed by Madison (but not then ratified: see United States Bill of Rights) was later ratified in 1992 as the Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution.^ Well, we've voided the warranty on the Constitution of the United States of America.

• James Madison - "Impeach Bush Over Purgegate!" | CommonDreams.org 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.commondreams.org [Source type: Original source]

^ A letter from James Madison to Martin Van Buren, the Vice President of the United States, written on January 22, 1836.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Consider how Madison's concept of property and interests infused his original proposals before Congress that led to the adoption of the USA "Bill of Rights".

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

.The remaining proposal was intended to accommodate future increase in members of the House of Representatives.^ Member of Alaska territorial House of Representatives 2nd District, 1951-52.

• The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Opposition to Hamilton

.The chief characteristic of Madison's time in Congress was his work to limit the power of the federal government.^ Hamilton leaned toward a powerful national government; here Madison leaned slightly in the other direction, toward an efficient and effective union of states.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ In Madison's version of the new constitutional structure, the states were to the general federal authority as the three branches of the federal government were to one another.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ We continue to ask if Russians are ready for the market economy, when we should first ask if Russians, and other peoples within the sphere of Russian power, are ready for democratic, federal, representational government.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Wood (2006a) argued that Madison never wanted a national government that took an active role.^ Hamilton leaned toward a powerful national government; here Madison leaned slightly in the other direction, toward an efficient and effective union of states.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ One of the most influential and interesting historians of the constitutional era, Gordon Wood, has argued that Madison’s main opposition, the anti-federalists, were the real federalists.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

He was horrified to discover that Alexander Hamilton and George Washington were creating "a real modern European type of government with a bureaucracy, a standing army, and a powerful independent executive".^[20]

When Britain and France went to war in 1793 the U.S. was caught in the middle. The 1778 treaty of alliance with France was still in effect, yet most of the new country's trade was with Britain. .War with Britain seemed imminent in 1794, as the British seized hundreds of American ships that were trading with French colonies.^ In a letter, 1814, he discusses an incident during the War of 1812 involving the French ship ”Olivier.” Papers: In the Madison and Randolph Letters, 1828-1831, 1 item.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Madison (in collaboration with Jefferson, who had temporarily returned to private life), believed that Britain was weak and America was strong, and that a trade war with Britain, although risking retaliation by the British government, probably would succeed, and would allow Americans to assert their independence fully.^ The letter consists of instructions from Madison to America’s Minister to Great Britain covering American rights to the Mississippi, Spain’s cession of Louisiana to France, President Jefferson’s consequent appointment of a Commission Extraordinary to negotiate with France, and James Madison’s negotiations with the British Government.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Garry Wills , perhaps America’s most creative political scholar-pundit, identified three main trends among those who seek to interpret Madison.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ In the letter, also signed by Theodore Bland, Madison describes the threat posed by Benedict Arnold, who had defected to the British.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Great Britain, he charged, "has bound us in commercial manacles, and very nearly defeated the object of our independence."^ Let us keep judiciary independence by our side lest reversion to the rule of tyranny.

• James Madison - "Impeach Bush Over Purgegate!" | CommonDreams.org 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.commondreams.org [Source type: Original source]

As Varg explains, Madison had no fear of British recriminations for "her interests can be wounded almost mortally, while ours are invulnerable." The British West Indies, he maintained, could not live without American foodstuffs, but Americans could easily do without British manufactures. .This faith led him to the conclusion "that it is in our power, in a very short time, to supply all the tonnage necessary for our own commerce".^[21] However, George Washington avoided a trade war and instead secured friendly trade relations with Britain through the Jay Treaty of 1794, a treaty that Madison tried but failed to defeat.^ The papers include a letter from George S. Washington to James Madison written on December 18, 1800, regarding the impact of the Hessian fly on wheat crops.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A letter from George Washington to James Madison written around September 8, 1789.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Papers: In the George Washington Letters to James Madison and Col. Elias Dayton, 1777 and 1793, 2 items.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

All across the country, voters divided for and against the Treaty and other key issues, and thus became either Federalists or Democratic-Republicans.

.Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton built a nationwide network of supporters that became the Federalist Party and promoted a strong central government with a national bank.^ Political and official correspondence between President Madison and Alexander James Dallas, Secretary of the Treasury and, in spring and summer of 1815, Secretary of War.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Hamilton leaned toward a powerful national government; here Madison leaned slightly in the other direction, toward an efficient and effective union of states.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ State (see copies of these papers on the files of J. M.) in the hand writing of Mr Hamilton the Secretary of the Treasury.

• Lenni Brenner: James Madison, the Anti-Clerical Father of the Bill of Rights 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.counterpunch.org [Source type: Original source]

.To oppose the Federalists, Madison and Jefferson organized the Democratic-Republican Party.^ Jefferson & Madison cofounded the 'Republicans', short for democratic republicans.

• Lenni Brenner: James Madison, the Anti-Clerical Father of the Bill of Rights 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.counterpunch.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The country is dotted with Democratic Party James Madison Clubs.

• Lenni Brenner: James Madison, the Anti-Clerical Father of the Bill of Rights 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.counterpunch.org [Source type: Original source]

.Madison led the unsuccessful attempt to block Hamilton's proposed Bank of the United States, arguing the new Constitution did not explicitly allow the federal government to form a bank.^ The number that follows the colon is the page number in this particular edition = Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist: A Commentary on the Constitution of the United States; being a Collection of Essays written in Support of the Constitution agreed upon September 17, 1787, by the Federal Convention (NYC: Modern Library).

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ From number 52 to the end, Madison and Hamilton traded off the task of describing and defending the three main branches of government proposed by the new constitution (the House of Representatives in numbers 52-56, Congress in general:57-61, Senate:62-66, the Presidency:67-77, and the Supreme Court:78-83).

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Magee, William — of Cazenovia, Madison County , N.Y. Member of New York state assembly 111th District, 1991-.

• The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[22]

.Many historians argue that Madison changed radically from a nationally oriented ally of Hamilton in 1787–88 to a states'-rights–oriented opponent of a strong national government by 1795 and then back to his original view while president.^ Both "invisible hand" and "government off our backs" are expressions of utopian anarchism from the Madisonian point of view.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Shortly thereafter, Mr. Madison yielded the floor to Mr. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, who argued against impeaching a President for firing an honorable man.

• James Madison - "Impeach Bush Over Purgegate!" | CommonDreams.org 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.commondreams.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Deftly threading his way among several political paradoxes, dilemmas or antinomies, Madison addressed the problem of how to guarantee "states rights" in their relationship with a strong national government.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Madison started the first transition by opposing Hamilton;^[23] by 1793 he was opposing Washington as well.^ Papers: In the George Washington Letters to James Madison and Col. Elias Dayton, 1777 and 1793, 2 items.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In a letter marked “Private,” George Washington writes to James Madison from Mount Vernon, 1793 October 14, concerning “the calamitious situation of Philadelphia,” i.e.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^{.February 2008" style="white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed]} Madison usually lost and Hamilton usually achieved passage of his legislation, including the National Bank, funding of state and national debts, and support of the Jay Treaty.^ The number that follows the colon is the page number in this particular edition = Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist: A Commentary on the Constitution of the United States; being a Collection of Essays written in Support of the Constitution agreed upon September 17, 1787, by the Federal Convention (NYC: Modern Library).

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ Hamilton’s statist views on standing militias and navies, on taxes and the general problem of raising state revenue to support vital centralized national functions, particularly in numbers 30-36 [ excerpts ], are excluded from the Rossiter abridgment.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1787, Madison wanted the 1st Amendment to apply to the states, but was forced to drop the issue in the interest of getting support for separation at the federal level.

• Lenni Brenner: James Madison, the Anti-Clerical Father of the Bill of Rights 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.counterpunch.org [Source type: Original source]

(Madison did block the proposal for high tariffs.)

.Madison's politics remained closely aligned with Jefferson's until the experience of a weak national government during the War of 1812 caused Madison to appreciate the need for a strong central government to aid national defense.^ Political and official correspondence between President Madison and Alexander James Dallas, Secretary of the Treasury and, in spring and summer of 1815, Secretary of War.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Deftly threading his way among several political paradoxes, dilemmas or antinomies, Madison addressed the problem of how to guarantee "states rights" in their relationship with a strong national government.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ The contradiction hinted in the two words "invigoration" and "restraint" brings us close to the heart of Madison's political thought.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

.He then began to support a national bank, a stronger navy, and a standing army.^ Hamilton’s statist views on standing militias and navies, on taxes and the general problem of raising state revenue to support vital centralized national functions, particularly in numbers 30-36 [ excerpts ], are excluded from the Rossiter abridgment.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ In the meantime, Hamilton shifted from standing militias and navies to taxes, to the problem of raising revenue to support vital centralized national functions, particularly in numbers 30-36.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

However, other historians, led by Lance Banning and Gordon S. Wood, see more continuity in Madison's views and do not see a sharp break in 1792.

United States Secretary of State 1801–1809

Further information: Louisiana Purchase and Embargo Act of 1807

The main challenge which faced the Jefferson Administration was navigating between the two great empires of Britain and France, which were almost constantly at war. The first great triumph was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, made possible when Napoleon realized he could not defend that vast territory, and it was to France's advantage that Britain not seize it. .Madison and President Jefferson reversed party policy to negotiate for the Purchase and then win Congressional approval.^ Madison served (1809-17) as Jefferson's successor as President & even succeeded him on the University of Virginia board.

• Lenni Brenner: James Madison, the Anti-Clerical Father of the Bill of Rights 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.counterpunch.org [Source type: Original source]

^ A document signed by President James Madison in November 1809, giving his approval to the granting of specified lands on the St. Clair River to various Indian tribes as negotiated by a treaty with the Indians in 1807.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In the letter, Madison writes regarding preparation for negotiations preceding the Louisiana Purchase.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Madison tried to maintain neutrality between Britain and France, but at the same time insisted on the legal rights of the U.S. under international law.^ In the letter, Madison instructs Livingston to negotiate with French government on right of deposit at New Orleans, for satisfaction in the matter of Captain Rodgers and Davidson, and on the French navigation laws.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In the letter, Madison writes concerning Great Britain’s breach of maritime neutrality laws in its attacks on U.S. merchant vessels, and desire of Pres.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The correspondence includes a letter, 1801 May 17, from James Monroe to Madison concerning James Thomson Callender, arrested under the Alien and Sedition laws, and his release by Thomas Jefferson; and a letter, 1818 December 23, from Monroe to Madison concerning the Convention of 1818 between Great Britain and the United States.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Neither London nor Paris showed much respect, however. .Madison and Jefferson decided on an embargo to punish Britain and France, forbidding Americans to trade with any foreign nation.^ In letters, 1803 and 1804 James Madison discusses the spoilation claims of American citizens against England and France.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The letter consists of instructions from Madison to America’s Minister to Great Britain covering American rights to the Mississippi, Spain’s cession of Louisiana to France, President Jefferson’s consequent appointment of a Commission Extraordinary to negotiate with France, and James Madison’s negotiations with the British Government.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The embargo failed as foreign policy, and instead caused massive hardships in the southern seaboard, which depended on foreign trade.

During his term as Secretary of State he was a party to the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison, in which the doctrine of judicial review was asserted by the high Court.

.The party's Congressional Caucus chose presidential candidates, and Madison was selected in the election of 1808, easily defeating Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, riding on the coattails of Jefferson's popularity.^ A letter from Charles Pinckney to James Madison written on July 8, 1801.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In the letter, Washington asks Madison’s advice on several matters, including candidates for judicial appointments and the propriety of his using the veto on a bill for Congressional salaries.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Congress repealed the failed embargo as Madison took office.

Presidency 1809–1817

James Madison engraving from between 1809 and 1817

Bank of the United States

.The twenty-year charter of the first Bank of the United States was scheduled to expire in 1811, the second year of Madison's administration.^ A letter from James Madison to Martin Van Buren, the Vice President of the United States, written on January 22, 1836.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Correspondence and notes trace his two terms as the fourth president of the United States, illuminating the origins and course of the War of 1812 and the post-war years of his presidency and subsequent retirement.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Documents which were sent by and to James Madison in his position as Secretary of State, and later, as President of the United States.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Madison failed in blocking the Bank in 1791, and waited for its charter to expire. .Secretary of the Treasury Gallatin wanted the bank rechartered, and when the War of 1812 broke out, he discovered how difficult it was to finance the war without the Bank.^ Political and official correspondence between President Madison and Alexander James Dallas, Secretary of the Treasury and, in spring and summer of 1815, Secretary of War.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Gallatin's successor as Treasury Secretary Alexander J. Dallas proposed a replacement in 1814, but Madison vetoed the bill in 1815. By late 1815, however, Madison asked Congress for a new bank, which had strong support from the younger, nationalistic republicans such as John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay, as well as Federalist Daniel Webster.^ Political and official correspondence between President Madison and Alexander James Dallas, Secretary of the Treasury and, in spring and summer of 1815, Secretary of War.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A letter from James Madison to Henry Clay written on May 24, 1828.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Consider how Madison's concept of property and interests infused his original proposals before Congress that led to the adoption of the USA "Bill of Rights".

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Madison signed it into law in 1816 and appointed William Jones as its president.^ Original manuscript of James Madison’s inaugural speech made on March 4, 1809, when he was inducted into office as President of the United States.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A letter from James Madison to William Jones written on February 28, 1803.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

War of 1812

Main article: War of 1812

British insults continued, especially the practice of using the Royal Navy to intercept unarmed American merchant ships and "impress" (conscript) all sailors who might be British subjects for service in the British navy. .Madison's protests were ignored by the British, so he helped the nationalist Republicans to stir up public opinion in the west and south for war.^ In the letter, James Madison thanks the statesmen from South Carolina for kind words about his public service.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

One argument by the so-called "war hawks" was that an American invasion of British Canada would be easy and would provide a good bargaining chip. Madison carefully prepared public opinion for what everyone at the time called "Mr. Madison's War", but much less time and money was spent building up the army, navy, forts, and state militias. .After he persuaded Congress to declare war, Madison was reelected President over DeWitt Clinton but by a smaller margin than in 1808 (see U.S. presidential election, 1812).^ War Message to Congress, June 1, 1812.

• James Madison: Writings : Note on the Texts (The Library of America) 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.loa.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Political and official correspondence between President Madison and Alexander James Dallas, Secretary of the Treasury and, in spring and summer of 1815, Secretary of War.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Papers: In the DeWitt Clinton Collection, 1803-1808, 43 official letters.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Some historians in 2006 ranked Madison's failure to avoid war as the sixth worst presidential mistake ever made.^[24][25]

.In the ensuing War of 1812, the British, Canadians, and First Nations^{[citation needed]} allies won numerous victories, including the capture of Detroit after the American general there surrendered to a smaller force without a fight, and the occupation of Washington, D.C. which forced Madison to flee the city and watch as the White House was set on fire by British troops.^ The Writings of James Madison, comprising his Public Papers and his Private Correspondence, including his numerous letters and documents now for the first time printed, ed.

• Online Library of Liberty - TO HENRY LEE. mad. mss. - The Writings, vol. 9 (1819-1836) 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC oll.libertyfund.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ General correspondence, 1781-1839, of James Madison concerns the American Revolution, intelligence reports, political events, slavery, and domestic and family affairs.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In a letter, 1814, he discusses an incident during the War of 1812 involving the French ship ”Olivier.” Papers: In the Madison and Randolph Letters, 1828-1831, 1 item.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The attack was in retaliation for a U.S. invasion of York, Upper Canada (now Toronto, Ontario), in which U.S. forces twice occupied the city, burning the Parliament Buildings of Upper Canada. The British also armed American Indians in the West, most notably followers of Tecumseh who were defeat at the Battle of the Thames. The Americans built warships on the Great Lakes faster than the British and Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British fleet to avert a major invasion of New York in 1814^{[citation needed]}. At sea, the British blockaded the entire coastline, cutting off both foreign trade and domestic trade between ports. Economic hardship was severe in New England, but entrepreneurs built factories that soon became the basis of the industrial revolution in America.

.Madison faced formidable obstacles—a divided cabinet, a factious party, a recalcitrant Congress, obstructionist governors, and incompetent generals, together with militia who refused to fight outside their states.^ Madison writes to Monroe, who served as secretary of state during Madison’s presidency, seeking further information about questions raised by Lee concerning delays in delivering the order to General Jackson.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Most serious was lack of unified popular support. There were serious threats of disunion from New England, which engaged in massive smuggling to Canada and refused to provide financial support or soldiers.^[26] However Andrew Jackson in the South and William Henry Harrison in the West destroyed the main Indian threats by 1813.

War-weariness led to the end of conflict after the apparent defeat of Napoleon in 1814. Both the British and American will to continue were exhausted, the causes of the war were forgotten, the Indian issue was resolved for the time being, and it was time for peace. New England Federalists, however, set up a defeatist Hartford Convention that discussed secession. The Treaty of Ghent ended the war in 1815. There were no territorial gains on either side as both sides returned to status quo ante bellum, that is, the previous boundaries. .The Battle of New Orleans, in which Andrew Jackson defeated the British regulars, was fought fifteen days after the treaty was signed but before the news of the signing reached New Orleans.^ James Madison writes to James Monroe about Andrew Jackson’s criticism of Monroe’s efforts to supply him during the New Orleans campaign, 1827; Tench Ringgold writes to Monroe about Jackson and New Orleans.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Postwar

With peace finally established, the U.S. was swept by a sense that it had secured solid independence from Britain. .The Federalist Party collapsed and eventually disappeared from politics, as an Era of Good Feeling emerged with a much lower level of political fear and vituperation, although political contention certainly continued.^ In the emerging era of multiparty democracy in the USA, e.g., Nader-style Green Party activism, it is time to re-read Maurice Duverger’s Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State (1959, a translation of the 1951 French original).

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

.Although Madison had accepted the necessity of a Hamiltonian national bank, an effective taxation system based on tariffs, a standing professional army and a strong navy, he drew the line at internal improvements as advocated by his Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin.^ A letter from James Madison to Albert Gallatin written around September 1819.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Political and official correspondence between President Madison and Alexander James Dallas, Secretary of the Treasury and, in spring and summer of 1815, Secretary of War.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Hamilton leaned toward a powerful national government; here Madison leaned slightly in the other direction, toward an efficient and effective union of states.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

In his last act before leaving office, Madison vetoed on states' rights grounds a bill for "internal improvements," including roads, bridges, and canals:

“

Having considered the bill ... I am constrained by the insuperable difficulty I feel in reconciling this bill with the Constitution of the United States.... The legislative powers vested in Congress are specified ... in the ... Constitution, and it does not appear that the power proposed to be exercised by the bill is among the enumerated powers.[27]

”

Madison rejected the view of Congress that the General Welfare provision of the Taxing and Spending Clause justified the bill, stating:

“

.Such a view of the Constitution would have the effect of giving to Congress a general power of legislation instead of the defined and limited one hitherto understood to belong to them, the terms "common defense and general welfare" embracing every object and act within the purview of a legislative trust.^ You would not gather from this story that the Coup Committee was at that moment aiming to overthrow the constitutional authority of one of the world's great nations . James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source] ^ For one thing, Madison understood that he who would seek to suppress faction would be, in this act, a faction unto himself. James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source] ^ He warned that powerful colonial empires threatened the new Union, but he also promised that a strong general government would allow the USA to do some profitable threatening of its own. James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

”

.Madison urged a variety of measures that he felt were "best executed under the national authority," including federal support for roads and canals that would "bind more closely together the various parts of our extended confederacy."^ In Madison's version of the new constitutional structure, the states were to the general federal authority as the three branches of the federal government were to one another.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

^ You would not gather from this story that the Coup Committee was at that moment aiming to overthrow the constitutional authority of one of the world's great nations .

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

International

The Second Barbary War brought to a conclusive end the American practice of paying tribute to the pirate states in the Mediterranean and marked the beginning of the end of the age of piracy in that region.

Administration and cabinet

The Madison Cabinet
Office	Name	Term
President	James Madison	1809–1817
Vice President	George Clinton	1809–1812
	Elbridge Gerry	1813–1814
Secretary of State	Robert Smith	1809–1811
	James Monroe	1811–1814
		1815–1817
Secretary of Treasury	Albert Gallatin	1809–1814
	George W. Campbell	1814
	Alexander J. Dallas	1814–1816
	William H. Crawford	1816–1817
Secretary of War	William Eustis	1809–1813
	John Armstrong, Jr.	1813–1814
	James Monroe	1814–1815
	William H. Crawford	1815–1816
Attorney General	Caesar A. Rodney	1809–1811
	William Pinkney	1811–1814
	Richard Rush	1814–1817
Secretary of the Navy	Paul Hamilton	1809–1813
	William Jones	1813–1814
	Benjamin W. Crowninshield	1814–1817

• Madison is the only president to have had two vice-presidents die while in office.

Judicial appointments

Main article: James Madison judicial appointments

Supreme Court

Madison appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:

• Gabriel Duvall – 1811
• Joseph Story – 1812

Other courts

.Madison appointed eleven other federal judges, two to the United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, and nine to the various United States district courts.^ Magee, William — of Cazenovia, Madison County , N.Y. Member of New York state assembly 111th District, 1991-.

• The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Documents which were sent by and to James Madison in his position as Secretary of State, and later, as President of the United States.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Hamilton leaned toward a powerful national government; here Madison leaned slightly in the other direction, toward an efficient and effective union of states.

• James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]

One of those judges was appointed twice, to different seats on the same court.

States admitted to the Union

• Louisiana – April 30, 1812
• Indiana – December 11, 1816

Later life

James Madison c. 1821

.When Madison left office in 1817, he retired to Montpelier, his tobacco plantation in Virginia; not far from Jefferson's Monticello.^ In the letter, Randolph writes concerning Madison’s preface to Jefferson’s memoirs and noting that the insolvency of Jefferson’s estate requires him to reclaim and sell the library Jefferson left to the University of Virginia.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The 1818 letter refers to business affairs at Madison’s plantation, Montpelier.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A letter from James Madison to Thomas Jefferson written in March 1790, about a debt; and two letters, 1817 Mar.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Madison was then 65 years old. .Dolley, who thought they would finally have a chance to travel to Paris, was 49. As with both Washington and Jefferson, Madison left the presidency a poorer man than when he entered, due to the steady financial collapse of his plantation.^ They document the life of the man who came to be known as the “Father of the Constitution” through correspondence, personal notes, drafts of letters and legislation, an autobiography, legal and financial documents, and miscellaneous manuscripts.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The collection consists of manuscripts, correspondence, documents, and other related material of both James (Class of 1771) and Dolley Madison, collected by Jasper E. Crane (Class of 1901).

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In the letter, James Madison writes to Gerry, who would serve as his Vice President when Madison became President in 1809, with world affairs, after first discussing at some length the application of “Mr.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Some historians speculate that his mounting debt was one of the chief reasons why he refused to allow his notes on the Constitutional Convention, or its official records which he possessed, to be published in his lifetime "He knew the value of his notes, and wanted them to bring money to his estate for Dolley's use as his plantation failed—he was hoping for one hundred thousand dollars from the sale of his papers, of which the notes were the gem."^ In the letter, Madison announces the ratification of the Constitution in the Virginia convention by a vote of 89-79 and adds that the convention will recommend some amendments.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In the letters, George Mason asks on 6 July 1826 if James Madison is the author of a certain political paper he has in his possession and would like to publish.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Notes and a memoranda document Madison’s pivotal role in the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and the Virginia ratification convention of 1788.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[28] Madison's financial troubles and deteriorating mental and physical health would continue to consume him.

In his later years Madison also became extremely concerned about his legacy. .He took to modifying letters and other documents in his possessions: changing days and dates, adding and deleting words and sentences, and shifting characters.^ A collection of letters, commissions, and other documents relating to the public life of James Madison.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

By the time he had reached his late seventies, this "straightening out" had become almost an obsession. .This can be seen by his editing of a letter he had written to Jefferson criticizing Lafayette: Madison not only inked out original passages, but went so far as to imitate Jefferson's handwriting as well.^ A letter from James Madison to Thomas Jefferson written on October 9, 1824.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A letter from Thomas Jefferson to James Madison written on November 1, 1824.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A letter from James Madison to Henry Clay written on May 24, 1828.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[29] .In Madison's mind, this may have represented an effort to make himself clear, to justify his actions both to history and to himself.^ Randolph also alerted Madison to efforts to defeat the latter as a candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives by placing Orange County, Virginia, in a tough district for Madison to win.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Madison instructs Armstrong to make the U.S. position clear to the French government.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

“

During the final six years of his life, amid a sea of personal [financial] troubles that were threatening to engulf him...At times mental agitation issued in physical collapse. For the better part of a year in 1831 and 1832 he was bedridden, if not silenced...Literally sick with anxiety, he began to despair of his ability to make himself understood by his fellow citizens.[30]

”

.In 1826, after the death of Jefferson, Madison followed Jefferson as the second Rector ("President") of the University of Virginia.^ In the letter, Randolph writes concerning Madison’s preface to Jefferson’s memoirs and noting that the insolvency of Jefferson’s estate requires him to reclaim and sell the library Jefferson left to the University of Virginia.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In the letter, Madison writes concerning the Classical Professorship at the University of Virginia.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ In the letter, Madison writes to Dunglison to introduce John Chapman, a student at the University of Virginia.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

It would be his last occupation. He retained the position as college chancellor for ten years, until his death in 1836.

.In 1829, at the age of seventy-eight, Madison was chosen as a representative to the constitutional convention in Richmond for the revising of the Virginia state constitution; this was to be Madison's last appearance as a legislator and constitutional drafter.^ Delegate to Florida state constitutional convention from Wakulla County, 1865.

• The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Lawyer ; delegate to Mississippi state constitutional convention , 1832; member of Mississippi state senate , 1833-34.

• The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812; U.S. Representative from New York 28th District, 1827-31; delegate to New York state constitutional convention , 1867.

• The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The issue of greatest importance at this convention was apportionment. .The western districts of Virginia complained that they were underrepresented because the state constitution apportioned voting districts by population, and the count included slaves even though slaves could not vote.^ In the letter, Madison announces the ratification of the Constitution in the Virginia convention by a vote of 89-79 and adds that the convention will recommend some amendments.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812; U.S. Representative from New York 28th District, 1827-31; delegate to New York state constitutional convention , 1867.

• The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Westerners had few slaves, while the Eastern planters had many, and thus the vote of a white easterner outweighed the vote of a white westerner. .Madison, who in his prime was known as "the Great Legislator," tried to effect a compromise, such as the three-fifths ratio for a slave then used by the U.S. Constitution, but to no avail.^ They document the life of the man who came to be known as the “Father of the Constitution” through correspondence, personal notes, drafts of letters and legislation, an autobiography, legal and financial documents, and miscellaneous manuscripts.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Madison, James (1751-1836) — also known as "Father of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights" — of Virginia.

• The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Eventually, the eastern planters prevailed. Slaves would continue to be counted toward their masters' districts. Madison was crushed at the failure of Virginians to resolve the issue more equitably. ."The Convention of 1829, we might say, pushed Madison steadily to the brink of self-delusion, if not despair.^ James Madison writes to Monroe,1828 February 5, concerning the Virginia Convention of 1829 and the role of ex-Presidents in politics.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The dilemma of slavery undid him."^[31]

A portrait of Madison, at age 82

.Although his health had now almost failed, he managed to produce several memoranda on political subjects, including an essay against the appointment of chaplains for Congress and the armed forces, because this produced religious exclusion, but not political harmony.^ In the letter, Washington asks Madison’s advice on several matters, including candidates for judicial appointments and the propriety of his using the veto on a bill for Congressional salaries.

• MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[32]

Madison lived on until 1836, increasingly ignored by the new leaders of the American polity. .He died at Montpelier on June 28, the last Founding Father to die.^ Died in Montpelier, Orange County , Va., June 28, 1836 .

• The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[33] He is buried in the Madison Family Cemetery at Montpelier.

Legacy

Presidential Dollar of James Madison

As historian Garry Wills wrote:

.

“

Madison's claim on our admiration does not rest on a perfect consistency, any more than it rests on his presidency. He has other virtues.... As a framer and defender of the Constitution he had no peer.... .The finest part of Madison's performance as president was his concern for the preserving of the Constitution....^ James Madison writes to Monroe,1828 February 5, concerning the Virginia Convention of 1829 and the role of ex-Presidents in politics. MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES] ^ In the letter, Madison writes concerning the part played by William Livingston of New Jersey in the federal Constitutional Convention of 1787. MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES] No man could do everything for the country – not even Washington. Madison did more than most, and did some things better than any. That was quite enough.[34]

”

• Many counties, several towns, cities, educational institutions, a mountain range and a river are named after Madison.^ Madison, Edmond Haggard (1865-1911) — also known as Edmond H. Madison — of Dodge City, Ford County , Kan.
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  • Madison County - lists counties named for him
  • Cities: e.g. .Madison, Wisconsin
  • The James Madison College of public policy at Michigan State University; James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia - its athletic teams are called the James Madison Dukes; the James Madison Institute was named in honor of his contributions to the Constitution.
  • The Madison Range was named in honor of the future President then U.S. Secretary of State by Meriwether Lewis as the Lewis and Clark Expedition traveled through Montana in 1805. The Madison River in southwestern Montana, named in 1805 by Lewis & Clark.^ A letter from Tobias Lear to James Madison, Secretary of State, written on July 5, 1805.
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    ^ Documents which were sent by and to James Madison in his position as Secretary of State, and later, as President of the United States.
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    ^ In the letter, Secretary of State Madison gives authority for use of the militia to prevent any armed expeditions against the possessions of Spain, such as a recent attempt by American citizens to gain control of Baton Rouge.
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    ^[35]
  .
  • Mount Madison in the Presidential Range of the White Mountains in New Hampshire is named after Madison.
  • Two U.S. Navy ships have been named USS James Madison and three USS Madison.
  • Madison's portrait was on the U.S. $5000 bill.^ Among the documents are an Ohio land grant, a passport, ship’s papers, and a Pittsburgh deed—the latter two are counter-signed by James Monroe.
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    ^ Two letters from James Madison, one addressed to Rufus King and one addressed to William Hulings of New Orleans.
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    ^ Consist of two letters (1780, 1818), three partly printed documents, an addressed envelope in James Madison’s hand, four engravings of Madison, an autograph quotation signed by Dolley Madison, and two engravings of Mrs. Madison.
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    ^[36]

Madison Square Gardens and Madison Cycle Racing

"Madison Cottage" on the site of the Fifth Avenue Hotel at Madison Square, NYC, 1852

.A lodge was built three years after Madison's death in a critical spot at the then-northernmost departure and arrival point in New York City — and named Madison Cottage in honor of the recently deceased fourth president.^ Magee, William — of Cazenovia, Madison County , N.Y. Member of New York state assembly 111th District, 1991-.

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^ Member of New York Democratic State Committee , 1945; borough president of Queens, New York , 1951; delegate to Democratic National Convention from New York, 1952 , 1956 , 1960 .

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^ Henry L. Clinton, Apollo Hall, New York City, February 3, 1872 .

• The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The site of Madison Cottage would remain a critical crossroads throughout the city's history — after its demise the site became a park, in turn named Madison Square,^[37] which remains today. Madison Square in turn, lead to the naming of Madison Avenue and Madison Square Garden, the latter taking the name of its original location: next to Madison Square. Madison Square Gardens, a prominent bicycling venue, gave rise to a popular form of track cycle racing named after the arena, Madison Racing, which remains an Olympic Sport today.

See also

• American philosophy
• List of American philosophers
• Religious affiliations of United States Presidents
• Report of 1800, produced by Madison to support the Virginia Resolutions

Notes

1. ^ James Hutson (May 31, 2001). "James Madison and the Social Utility of Religion: Risks vs. Rewards". The Library of Congress. http://www.loc.gov/loc/madison/hutson-paper.html. Retrieved November 18, 2009. 
2. ^ See "MADISON, James, Jr., (1751 - 1836)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. US Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000043. Retrieved 2009-08-24. , "James Madison Jr.". teachingamericanhistory.org. http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/delegates/madison.html. Retrieved 2009-08-24.  and "Madison, James, Jr.,". Princeton University. http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/madison_james.html. Retrieved 2009-08-24. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} Wood, 2006b.
4. ^ Madison Debates in Convention - Tuesday June 26, 1787 "There will be particularly the distinction of rich & poor. ***....In framing a system which we wish to last for ages, we should not lose sight of the changes which ages will produce. An increase of population will of necessity increase the proportion of those who will labor under all the hardships of life, and secretly sigh for a more equal distribution of its blessings. These may in time outnumber those who are placed above the feelings of indigence. According to the equal laws of suffrage, the power will slide into the hands of the former."
5. ^ Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787, TUESDAY JUNE 26TH "The man who is possessed of wealth, who lolls on his sofa, or rolls in his carriage, cannot judge of the wants or feelings of the day laborer. The government we mean to erect is intended to last for ages. The landed interest, at present, is prevalent; but in process of time, when we approximate to the states and kingdoms of Europe; when the number of landholders shall be comparatively small, through the various means of trade and manufactures, will not the landed interest be overbalanced in future elections, and unless wisely provided against, what will become of your government? In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people, the property of the landed proprietors would be insecure. An agrarian law would soon take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation. Landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. The checks and balances ought to be so constituted as to protect the [privatized property of the] minority of the opulent against the [will of the] majority."
6. ^ Jerry Fresia, "Toward an American Revolution - Exposing the Constitution and other Illusions" (South End Press, 1988)
7. ^ Fresia (1988) Chapter 3: The Constitution: Resurrection of an Imperial System
8. ^ James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, March 2, 1794.) "I see by a paper of last evening that even in New York a meeting of the people has taken place, at the instance of the Republican Party, and that a committee is appointed for the like purpose."
   *Thomas Jefferson to President Washington, May 23, 1792 "The republican party, who wish to preserve the government in its present form, are fewer in number. They are fewer even when joined by the two, three, or half dozen anti-federalists,..."
   *Thomas Jefferson to John Melish, January 13, 1813. "The party called republican is steadily for the support of the present constitution"
9. ^ Brennan, Daniel. "Did James Madison suffer a nervous collapse due to the intensity of his studies?" Mudd Manuscript Library Blog, Princeton University Archives and Public Policy Papers Collection, Princeton University.
10. ^ Ralph Louis Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography, Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1971; paperback, 1990, p. 57, accessed 2009-02-06
11. ^ James Madison Biography, American-Presidents.com, Accessed on July 29 2009.
12. ^ Wood, 2006, pp. 163–64.
13. ^ "Selected summaries of The Federalist Papers". http://wikisum.com/w/Hamilton%2C_Jay%2C_and_Madison:_The_Federalist. 
14. ^ Larry D. Kramer, "Madison's Audience," Harvard Law Review 112,3 (1999), pp. 611+ online version.
15. ^ Lance Banning, "James Madison: Federalist," note 1, [1].
16. ^ Madison to Hamilton Letter, July 20, 1788, American Memory, Library of Congress, accessed 2 Feb 2008
17. ^ Matthews, 1995, p. 130.
18. ^ Matthews, 1995, p. 142.
19. ^ "The Constitution of the United States". http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=105_cong_documents&docid=f:sd011.105. 
20. ^ Wood, 2006a, p. 165.
21. ^ Paul A. Varg, Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers (Michigan State Univ. Press, 1963), p. 74.
22. ^ As early as May 26, 1792, Hamilton complained, "Mr. Madison cooperating with Mr. Jefferson is at the head of a faction decidedly hostile to me and my administration." Hamilton, Writings (Library of America, 2001), p. 738. On May 5, 1792, Madison told Washington, "with respect to the spirit of party that was taking place ...I was sensible of its existence". Madison Letters 1 (1865), p. 554.
23. ^ "definition of Madison, James". Free Online Encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Madison%2c+James. Retrieved 2008-02-03. 
24. ^ "U.S. historians pick top 10 presidential errors". Associated Press article in CTV. February 18, 2006. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060218/presidential_errors_060218/20060218?hub=World. Retrieved 2008-02-03. 
25. ^ "Results of Presidential Mistakes Survey". McConnell Center, University of Louisville. February 18 and 19, 2006. http://louisville.edu/mcconnellcenter/news/presidentialmoments/results.html. Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
26. ^ Stagg, 1983.
27. ^ Tax Foundation
28. ^ Garry Wills, James Madison (Times Books, 2002), p. 163.
29. ^ Ibid., p. 162.
30. ^ Drew R. McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989), p.151.
31. ^ Ibid., p. 252.
32. ^ He was tempted to admit chaplains for the navy, which might well have no other opportunity for worship.The text of the memoranda
33. ^ "The Founding Fathers: A Brief Overview". The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_founding_fathers_overview.html. Retrieved 2008-02-12. 
34. ^ Wills 2002, p. 164.
35. ^ Allan H. Keith, Historical Stories: About Greenville and Bond County, IL. Consulted on August 15, 2007.
36. ^ "Five Thousand Green Seal". The United States Treasury Bureau of Engraving and Printing. http://www.moneyfactory.gov/document.cfm/5/42/159. Retrieved 2008-09-17. 
37. ^ Jackson, Kenneth T. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of New York City (1995) ISBN 0-300-05536-6

Primary sources

• Madison, James (1865). Letters & Other Writings Of James Madison Fourth President Of The United States (called the Congress edition ed.). J.B. Lippincott & Co. .http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00239122&id=pb2s8DG_2WUC&pg=RA1-PR11&lpg=RA1-PR11&dq=Letters+%26+Other+Writings+Of+James+Madison+Fourth+President. 
• Madison, James (1900–1910).^ Books about James Madison: Ralph Louis Ketcham, James Madison : A Biography ; Garry Wills, James Madison ; Robert Allen Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison ; Charles Cerami, Young Patriots: The Remarkable Story of Two Men.
  • The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  Gaillard Hunt, ed.. ed. The Writings of James Madison. G. P. Putnam’s Sons. http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00752381&id=ri4fEe_y99kC&lpg=RA3-PR21&dq=Writings+of+James+Madison:+comprising+his+public+papers&pgis=1. 
• Madison, James (1962). William T. Hutchinson et al., eds.. ed. .The Papers of James Madison (30 volumes published and more planned ed.^ Their Impossible Plan and The Revolution That Created The Constitution ; Samuel Kernell, ed., James Madison: The Theory and Practice of Republican Government Madison, Lorenzo — of Clinton, Hinds County , Miss.
  • The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ). Univ. of Chicago Press. .http://www.virginia.edu/pjm/description1.htm. 
• Madison, James (1982).^ Madison, James (1751-1836) — also known as "Father of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights" — of Virginia.
  • The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  Jacob E. Cooke, ed.. ed. The Federalist. Wesleyan Univ. Press. ISBN 0819560774. 
• Madison, James (1987). Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Reported by James Madison. W.W. Norton. ISBN 0393304051. 
• Madison, James (1995). Marvin Myers, ed.. ed. Mind of the Founder: Sources of the Political Thought of James Madison. Univ. Press of New England. ISBN 0874512018. 
• Madison, James (1995). James M. Smith, ed.. ed. The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776–1826. W.W. Norton. ISBN 039303691X. 
• Madison, James (1999). Jack N. Rakove ed.. ed. James Madison, Writings. Library of America. ISBN 1883011663. 

Secondary sources

Biographies

• Brant, Irving. "James Madison and His Times," American Historical Review. 57,4 (July, 1952), 853–870.
• Brant, Irving. James Madison, 6 vols., (Bobbs-Merrill, 1941–1961)
• Brant, Irving. The Fourth President; a Life of James Madison (Bobbs-Merrill, 1970). Single volume condensation of his series.
• Ketcham, Ralph. James Madison: A Biography (Macmillan, 1971).
• Rakove, Jack. James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic, 2nd ed., (Longman, 2002).
• Riemer, Neal. .James Madison (Washington Square Press, 1968).
• Wills, Garry.^ Books about James Madison: Ralph Louis Ketcham, James Madison : A Biography ; Garry Wills, James Madison ; Robert Allen Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison ; Charles Cerami, Young Patriots: The Remarkable Story of Two Men.
  • The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  James Madison (Times Books, 2002). Short bio.

Analytic studies

• Adams, Henry. History of the United States during the Administrations of James Madison (C. Scribners's Sons, 1890–91; Library of America, 1986). ISBN 0940450356
  • Wills, Garry. Henry Adams and the Making of America (Houghton Mifflin, 2005). a close reading.
• Banning, Lance. The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic (Cornell Univ. Press, 1995). online ACLS History e-Book. Available only to subscribing institutions.
• Brant, Irving. James Madison and American Nationalism. (Van Nostrand Co., 1968).
• Elkins, Stanley M.; McKitrick, Eric. The Age of Federalism (Oxford Univ. Press, 1995). most detailed analysis of the politics of the 1790s.
• Kernell, Samuel, ed. .James Madison: the Theory and Practice of Republican Government (Stanford Univ.^ Their Impossible Plan and The Revolution That Created The Constitution ; Samuel Kernell, ed., James Madison: The Theory and Practice of Republican Government Madison, Lorenzo — of Clinton, Hinds County , Miss.
  • The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  Press, 2003).
• Matthews, Richard K., If Men Were Angels : James Madison and the Heartless Empire of Reason (Univ. Press of Kansas, 1995).
• McCoy, Drew R. The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (W.W. Norton, 1980). mostly economic issues. .
  • McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge Univ.^ Madison, James (1751-1836) — also known as "Father of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights" — of Virginia.
    • The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
    
    Press, 1989). JM after 1816.
• Muñoz, Vincent Phillip. "James Madison's Principle of Religious Liberty," American Political Science Review 97,1(2003), 17–32. SSRN 512922 in JSTOR.
• Riemer, Neal. "The Republicanism of James Madison," Political Science Quarterly, 69,1(1954), 45–64 in JSTOR.
  • Riemer, James Madison : Creating the American Constitution (Congressional Quarterly, 1986).
• Rutland, Robert A. The Presidency of James Madison (Univ. Press of Kansas, 1990). scholarly overview of his two terms.
  • Rutland, ed. .James Madison and the American Nation, 1751–1836: An Encyclopedia (Simon & Schuster, 1994).
• Scarberry, Mark S. "John Leland and James Madison: Religious Influence on the Ratification of the Constitution and on the Proposal of the Bill of Rights," Penn State Law Review, Vol.^ Madison, James (1751-1836) — also known as "Father of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights" — of Virginia.
  • The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  113, No. 3 (April 2009), 733-800. SSRN 1262520
• Sheehan, Colleen A. "The Politics of Public Opinion: James Madison's 'Notes on Government'," William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser. 49,3(1992), 609–627. in JSTOR.
  • Sheehan, "Madison and the French Enlightenment," William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser. 59,4(Oct. 2002), 925–956. in JSTOR.
  • Sheehan, "Madison v. .Hamilton: The Battle Over Republicanism and the Role of Public Opinion," American Political Science Review 98,3(2004), 405–424. in JSTOR.
  • Sheehan, "Madison Avenues," Claremont Review of Books (Spring 2004), online.
  • Sheehan, "Public Opinion and the Formation of Civic Character in Madison's Republican Theory," Review of Politics 67,1(Winter 2005), 37–48.
• Stagg, John C.A., "James Madison and the 'Malcontents': The Political Origins of the War of 1812," William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser.^ Their Impossible Plan and The Revolution That Created The Constitution ; Samuel Kernell, ed., James Madison: The Theory and Practice of Republican Government Madison, Lorenzo — of Clinton, Hinds County , Miss.
  • The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ Served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War; Kentucky auditor of public accounts , 1796-1816; major in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812; Governor of Kentucky , 1816; died in office 1816.
  • The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Maddin to Maggy 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC politicalgraveyard.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  33,4(Oct. 1976), 557–585.
  • Stagg, "James Madison and the Coercion of Great Britain: Canada, the West Indies, and the War of 1812," in William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser. 38,1(Jan., 1981), 3–34.
  • Stagg, Mr. Madison's War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American republic, 1783–1830 (Princeton, 1983).
• Wood, Gordon S., "Is There a 'James Madison Problem'?" in Wood, Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (Penguin Press, 2006a), 141–72.
  • Wood, "Without Him, No Bill of Rights : James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights by Richard Labunski", The New York Review of Books (November 30, 2006b).

External links

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Of all the enemies to public liberty war, is, perhaps, the most to be dreaded because it comprises and develops the germ of every other.

Sourced

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I believe there are more instances of the abridgement of the freedom of the people by gradual and silent encroachments of those in power than by violent and sudden usurpations.

• The man who is possessed of wealth, who lolls on his sofa or rolls in his carriage, cannot judge the wants or feelings of the day-laborer.^ In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness.
  • WallBuilders - Issues and Articles - James Madison and Religion in Public 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.wallbuilders.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ James Madison is more responsible than any other single American for one of the nation's greatest characteristics -- religious freedom.
  • Madison and Religious Freedom - WSJ.com 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC online.wsj.com [Source type: News]
  
  ^ There is more that might be said about a wise man who would later turn against some of the notions of centralized federal government that he had earlier espoused in the light of the post-constitutional experience.
  • The Thought of James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.thelockeinstitute.org [Source type: Original source]
  
  .The government we mean to erect is intended to last for ages. The landed interest, at present, is prevalent; but in process of time, when we approximate to the states and kingdoms of Europe, — when the number of landholders shall be comparatively small, through the various means of trade and manufactures, will not the landed interest be overbalanced in future elections, and unless wisely provided against, what will become of your government?^ Strained relations between the United States and Europe, chiefly England, France and Spain, occupied much of Madisons time, making his presidency somewhat ineffective.
  • Founder of the Month - James Madison - by Monty Rainey 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC juntosociety.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ That act stipulated that for a territory to become a State, the "schools and the means of education" in that territory must encourage the "religion, morality, and knowledge" that was "necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind."
  • WallBuilders - Issues and Articles - James Madison and Religion in Public 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.wallbuilders.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ The decision that is at this time made will become the permanent exposition of the constitution; and on a permanent exposition of the constitution will depend the genius and character of the whole government.
  • James Madison - "Impeach Bush Over Purgegate!" | CommonDreams.org 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.commondreams.org [Source type: Original source]
  
  .In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people, the property of landed proprietors would be insecure.^ This produces a better class of legislators, more stable and predictable owing to their likely interest in maintaining property rights above all else.
  • A Tiny Revolution: Good Call, James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.tinyrevolution.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ The Constitution, in its language and in its spirit, welcomes the black man to all the rights which it was intended to guarantee to any class of the American people.
  • A Tiny Revolution: Good Call, James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.tinyrevolution.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Portraying rights as powers reserved meant that one had to enumerate all rights, or otherwise it could be inferred that they were powers granted, and it would be impossible to enumerate all of the rights of the people.
  • James Madison on the Relationship Between Democratic Theory andFederalism 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.cjsocpols.armstrong.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  .An agrarian law would soon take place.^ He left Philadelphia shortly after the Constitution was signed to take his place in the Continental Congress in New York that now would determine its fate.
  • The Thought of James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.thelockeinstitute.org [Source type: Original source]
  
  .If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation.^ Madison declared that the combination of federalism and republicanism had secured the nation against the tendency of every other form of government to either despotism or anarchy.
  • James Madison on the Relationship Between Democratic Theory andFederalism 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.cjsocpols.armstrong.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Maybe these traditions are eroding in our time, both in the USA and Russia, so the topic is not just historical and theoretical.
  • James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Union was committed to me, has comprized vicissitudes and struggles deeply interesting to the fortunes of our Country ...
  • MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  .Landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other.^ As a political theorist, Madison's most distinctive belief was that the new republic needed checks and balances to limit the powers of special interests, which Madison called factions .
  • James Madison encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ As a political theorist, Madison's most distinctive belief was that the new republic needed checks and balances to limit the powers of special interests, which Madison called factions.
  • http://www.geni.com/people/President-James-Madison/4438583119100069835 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.geni.com [Source type: Original source]
  • James Madison | 4th US President | Constitutional Convention Father 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: General]
  
  ^ In this letter, Madison not only exhibits an understanding of the self-interest that motivates these sects, but also the good that can come when they are in a constant state of conflict with each other.
  • James Madison "Godfather of the Constitution" - The Early America Review, Summer 1997 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.earlyamerica.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  .They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority. The senate, therefore, ought to be this body; and to answer these purposes, they ought to have permanency and stability.^ They were meant to be short-lived and purpose driven, as opposed to being the semi-permanent profit-driven bodies that they are now.
  • The American Spectator : Obama vs. James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC spectator.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  ^ He later characterized his forebears in these terms: In both the paternal and maternal line of ancestry [they were] planters and among the respectable though not the most opulent class.
  • James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.knowsouthernhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ And I am confident that when I have heard the reasons against it, something will be said to answer those reasons — insomuch that I should doubt whether he was an Englishman or no that should doubt of these things.
  • A Tiny Revolution: Good Call, James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.tinyrevolution.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  .
  • Statement (1787-06-26) as quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates.

• In time of actual war, great discretionary powers are constantly given to the Executive Magistrate.^ Speech in the Federal Convention on Electing the Executive, July 19, 1787.
  • James Madison: Writings : Note on the Texts (The Library of America) 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.loa.org [Source type: Academic]
  
  ^ Speech in the Federal Convention on Electing the Executive, July 17, 1787.
  • James Madison: Writings : Note on the Texts (The Library of America) 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.loa.org [Source type: Academic]
  
  ^ Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 .
  • James Madison at AllExperts 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  Constant apprehension of War, has the same tendency to render the head too large for the body. A standing military force, with an overgrown Executive will not long be safe companions to liberty. The means of defence agst. foreign danger, have been always the instruments of tyranny at home. Among the Romans it was a standing maxim to excite a war, whenever a revolt was apprehended. Throughout all Europe, the armies kept up under the pretext of defending, have enslaved the people. .
  • Speech, Constitutional Convention (1787-06-29), from Max Farrand's Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol.^ Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 .
    • James Madison at AllExperts 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
    
    ^ Forrest McDonald, Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution 208-209 (Lawrence, Kansas, 1985), compiled from The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (Max Farrand, ed., New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911), Vol.
    • WallBuilders - Issues and Articles - James Madison and Religion in Public 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.wallbuilders.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
    
    ^ James Madison, The Papers of James Madison 1566 ( Henry D. Gilpin, ed., Washington: Langress and O'Sullivan, 1840) (Wednesday, September 12, 1787); see also 2 George Bancroft, Bancroft's History of the Formation of the Constitution 209-210 (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1882), and 2 Farrand's Records of The Federal Convention 588 ( September 12, 1787) and 637 (September 15, 1787).
    • WallBuilders - Issues and Articles - James Madison and Religion in Public 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.wallbuilders.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
    
    I [1] (1911), p. .465

• Since the general civilization of mankind, I believe there are more instances of the abridgment of the freedom of the people by gradual and silent encroachments of those in power, than by violent and sudden usurpations; but, on a candid examination of history, we shall find that turbulence, violence, and abuse of power, by the majority trampling on the rights of the minority, have produced factions and commotions, which, in republics, have, more frequently than any other cause, produced despotism.^ James Madison is more responsible than any other single American for one of the nation's greatest characteristics -- religious freedom.
  • Madison and Religious Freedom - WSJ.com 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC online.wsj.com [Source type: News]
  
  ^ In some instances they have been seen to erect a spiritual tyranny on the ruins of the civil authority; in many instances they have been seen upholding the thrones of political tyranny; in no instance have they been the guardians of the liberties of the people.
  • Positive Atheism's Big List of James Madison Quotations 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.positiveatheism.org [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ "I think it the duty of farmers who are wealthier than others to give those less so the benefit of any improvements they can introduce, gratis."
  • The American Spectator : Obama vs. James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC spectator.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  
  .If we go over the whole history of ancient and modern republics, we shall find their destruction to have generally resulted from those causes.^ The result was a document titled "Notes on Ancient and Modern Confederacies."
  • James Madison "Godfather of the Constitution" - The Early America Review, Summer 1997 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.earlyamerica.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ The contest between the supporters of the general assessment and Madison was not, however, another skirmish in the battle between ancients and moderns, for Henry and his counterparts in the other states were innovators.
  • Hutson Paper: James Madison and the Social Untility of Religion: Risks vs. Rewards (Library of Congress Exhibition) 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.loc.gov [Source type: Original source]
  
  .
  • Speech at the Virginia Convention to ratify the Federal Constitution (1788-06-06) [2]

• Wherever the real power in a Government lies, there is the danger of oppression. In our Governments, the real power lies in the majority of the Community, and the invasion of private rights is chiefly to be apprehended, not from the acts of Government contrary to the sense of its constituents, but from acts in which the Government is the mere instrument of the major number of the constituents.^ "The powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the federal government are few and defined.
  • Is This What James Madison Had in Mind? -- Politics Daily 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.politicsdaily.com [Source type: General]
  
  ^ Speech in the Virginia Constitutional Convention, December 2, 1829.
  • James Madison: Writings : Note on the Texts (The Library of America) 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.loa.org [Source type: Academic]
  
  ^ Speech in the Virginia Ratifying Convention on Control of the Military, June 16, 1788.
  • James Madison: Writings : Note on the Texts (The Library of America) 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.loa.org [Source type: Academic]
  
  .
  • Letter to Thomas Jefferson (1788-10-17)

• Man who preys both on the vegetable and animal species, is himself a prey to neither.^ Thomas Jefferson to President Washington, May 23, 1792 said, "The republican party, who wish to preserve the government in its present form, are fewer in number.
  • James Madison - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ But as with both Washington and Jefferson, Madison left the presidency a poorer man than when he entered, due to the steady financial collapse of his plantation.
  • James Madison - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
  • http://www.geni.com/people/President-James-Madison/4438583119100069835 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.geni.com [Source type: Original source]
  • James Madison encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ He was made a member of the Governor's Council when Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson were governors, and both these great men had a high regard for him.
  • James Madison - Fourth President of the United States 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.all-biographies.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  He too possesses the reproductive principle far beyond the degree requisite for the bare continuance of his species. What becomes of the surplus of human life to which this principle is competent?
  It is either, 1st. destroyed by infanticide, as among the Chinese and Lacedemonians; or 2d. it is stifled or starved, as among other nations whose population is commensurate to its food; or 3d. it is consumed by wars and endemic diseases; or 4th. it overflows, by emigration, to places where a surplus of food is attainable. .
  • "Population and Emigration" in National Gazette (1791-11-21); also quoted in If Men Were Angels: James Madison & the Heartless Empire of Reason (1995) by Richard K. Matthews.^ Towson 16, James Madison 11   .
    • 2009 James Madison University Baseball 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.jmusports.com [Source type: General]
    
    ^ JAMES MADISON 21, WILLIAM & MARY 0 ================================== Paul Wantuck kickoff 59 yards to the WM6, Stephen Cason return 19 yards to the WM25 (Akeem Jordan).
    • James Madison vs William & Mary (Dec 10, 2004) 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.tribeathletics.com [Source type: Academic]
    
    ^ James Madison Dukes 17" x 11" Padded Stadium Seat .
    • James Madison Dukes Fan Shop 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.unleash.com [Source type: General]
    
    p. .44

• I cannot undertake to lay my finger on that article of the Constitution which granted a right to Congress of expending, on objects of benevolence, the money of their constituents.^ Working with other proponents of a strong central government, Madison was largely instrumental in persuading Congress to summon a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation , or federal constitution.
  • James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.rebelswithavision.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ That each state in the union shall respectively retain every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by the Constitution delegated to the Congress of the United States, or to the departments of the federal government.
  • James Madison on the Relationship Between Democratic Theory andFederalism 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.cjsocpols.armstrong.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ As a leader in the first Congresses, he drafted many basic laws and was responsible for the first ten amendments to the Constitution, and thus is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights".
  • http://www.geni.com/people/President-James-Madison/4438583119100069835 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.geni.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  .
  • Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, 3rd Congress, 1st Session, page 170 (1794-01-10) [3].^ When the Constitution was ratified, Madison was elected to the United States House of Representatives from his home state of Virginia and served from the First Congress through the Fourth Congress .
    • James Madison at AllExperts 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC en.allexperts.com [Source type: Original source]
    
    ^ The actual amendments went into effect in 1791, by which time Madison was representing Virginia in the First Congress of the United States House of Representatives .
    • James Madison@Everything2.com 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC everything2.com [Source type: Original source]
    • James Madison (person)@Everything2.com 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC everything2.com [Source type: Original source]
    
    ^ Madison was elected to the House of Representatives in the first Congress, and soon became the avowed leader of the Republican party.
    • http://www.geni.com/people/President-James-Madison/4438583119100069835 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.geni.com [Source type: Original source]
    
    The Annals summarize speeches in the third person, with the actual text of Madison's quote as follows: "Mr. Madison wished to relieve the sufferers, but was afraid of establishing a dangerous precedent, which might hereafter be perverted to the countenance of purposes very different from those of charity. .He acknowledged, for his own part, that he could not undertake to lay his finger on that article in the Federal Constitution which granted a right of Congress of expending, on objects of benevolence, the money of their constituents."^ Allowing for the overlap of nineteen individuals who were both at the Constitutional Convention and a part of the first Congress, [10] there were one hundred and twenty-six individual participants in the framing of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
    • WallBuilders - Issues and Articles - James Madison and Religion in Public 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.wallbuilders.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
    
    ^ He also played a key part in guiding the Constitution through the Continental Congress.
    • America's Founding Fathers - Delegates to the Constitutional Convention 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.archives.gov [Source type: Original source]
    
    ^ Working with other proponents of a strong central government, Madison was largely instrumental in persuading Congress to summon a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation , or federal constitution.
    • James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.rebelswithavision.com [Source type: Original source]
    
    .The expense in question was for French refugees from the Haitian Revolution.

• The government of the United States is a definite government, confined to specified objects.^ He asked Congress to decide whether the United States should remain at peace under these circumstances as a solemn question which the Constitution wisely confides to the legislative department of the government.
  • James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.knowsouthernhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Madison also fought Hamiltons proposal that the federal government assume the states debts incurred during the revolution.
  • James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.knowsouthernhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ That each state in the union shall respectively retain every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by the Constitution delegated to the Congress of the United States, or to the departments of the federal government.
  • James Madison on the Relationship Between Democratic Theory andFederalism 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.cjsocpols.armstrong.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  .It is not like the state governments, whose powers are more general.^ The more adequate, indeed, the federal powers may be rendered to the national defense, the less frequent will be those scenes of danger which might favor their ascendancy over the governments of the particular States.
  • Is This What James Madison Had in Mind? -- Politics Daily 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.politicsdaily.com [Source type: General]
  
  ^ In Madison's version of the new constitutional structure, the states were to the general federal authority as the three branches of the federal government were to one another.
  • James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Lesson Three: Raising an Army: Balancing the Power of the States and the Federal Government : One or two class periods.
  • EDSITEment - Lesson Plan 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC edsitement.neh.gov [Source type: Original source]
  
  Charity is no part of the legislative duty of the government.
  • Speech, House of Representatives, during the debate "On the Memorial of the Relief Committee of Baltimore, for the Relief of St. Domingo Refugees" (1794-01-10) [4]

• Of all the enemies to public liberty war is, perhaps, the most to be dreaded, because it comprises and develops the germ of every other. War is the parent of armies; from these proceed debts and taxes; and armies, and debts, and taxes are the known instruments for bringing the many under the domination of the few. .In war, too, the discretionary power of the Executive is extended; its influence in dealing out offices, honors, and emoluments is multiplied; and all the means of seducing the minds, are added to those of subduing the force, of the people.^ If the president should possess alone the power of removal from office, those who are employed in the execution of the law will be in their proper situation, and the chain of dependence be preserved; the lowest officers, the middle grade, and the highest, will depend, as they ought, on the president, and the president on the community.
  • James Madison - "Impeach Bush Over Purgegate!" | CommonDreams.org 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.commondreams.org [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Translation: "I've figured out a way to secure a degree of influence for myself by wining and dining 24 power brokers on the taxpayer's dime ("all public officials" who can bury it in their taxpayer funded travel budget.
  • Is This What James Madison Had in Mind? -- Politics Daily 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.politicsdaily.com [Source type: General]
  
  ^ Perhaps the great danger, as has been observed, of abuse in the executive power, lies in the improper continuance of bad men in office.
  • James Madison - "Impeach Bush Over Purgegate!" | CommonDreams.org 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.commondreams.org [Source type: Original source]
  
  .The same malignant aspect in republicanism may be traced in the inequality of fortunes, and the opportunities of fraud, growing out of a state of war, and in the degeneracy of manners and of morals engendered by both.^ Whatever opinion may be held as to the character of the war and its results, there is a general agreement that its management, on the part of the United States, was feeble.
  • James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.rebelswithavision.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ "For the same reason, we may leave out of consideration those backward states of society in which the race itself may be considered as in its nonage.
  • James Madison & Russia 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC darkwing.uoregon.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Even worse, border skirmishes and minor wars broke out between some of the states.
  • James Madison@Everything2.com 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC everything2.com [Source type: Original source]
  • James Madison (person)@Everything2.com 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC everything2.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  .No nation could preserve its freedom in the midst of continual warfare.
  • "Political Observations" (1795-04-20); also in Letters and Other Writings of James Madison (1865), Vol.^ See all of James Madison , no other writeups in this node.
    • James Madison (person)@Everything2.com 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC everything2.com [Source type: Original source]
    
    ^ Primary sources Madison, James (1865).
    • James Madison encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
    
    ^ James Madison 20, Virginia Military 2   .
    • 2009 James Madison University Baseball 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.jmusports.com [Source type: General]
    
    IV, p. 491

• Perhaps it is a universal truth that the loss of liberty at home is to be charged against provisions against danger, real or pretended from abroad. .
  • Letter to Thomas Jefferson (1798-05-13); published in Letters and Other Writings of James Madison (1865), Vol.^ A letter from James Madison to Thomas Jefferson written on October 9, 1824.
    • MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
    
    ^ A letter from James Madison to Thomas Jefferson written around October 1818.
    • MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
    
    ^ A letter from James Madison to Thomas Jefferson written on April 26, 1802.
    • MADISON, James, Jr. (1751-1836) Guide to Research Papers 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC bioguide.congress.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
    
    II, p. .141

• Resolved, That the General Assembly of Virginia, doth unequivocally express a firm resolution to maintain and defend the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of this State, against every aggression either foreign or domestic, and that they will support the Government of the United States in all measures warranted by the former.^ The Virginia resolutions asserted with truth that, in adopting the Federal constitution, the states had surrendered only a limited portion of their powers; and went on to declare that, whenever the Federal government should exceed its constitutional authority, it was the business of the state governments to interfere and pronounce such action unconstitutional.
  • James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.rebelswithavision.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ The first President to have served in the United States Congress , he was a leader in the 1st United States Congress , drafted many basic laws and was responsible for the first ten amendments to the Constitution (said to be based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights ), and thus is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights ".
  • James Madison encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Even though he placed great emphasis upon maintaining the Constitution as it was understood by the generation that created it, he was conscious of the right of succeeding generations to change It to fit their aspirations.
  • James Madison on the Relationship Between Democratic Theory andFederalism 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.cjsocpols.armstrong.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  .
  • Resolutions proposed to the Legislature of Virginia on 1798-12-21, passed on 1798-12-24 and published on 1800-01-20 as the "Report of the Committee to whom were referred the Communications of various States, relative to the Resolutions of the last General Assembly of this State, concerning the Alien and Sedition Laws"

• This Assembly doth explicitly and peremptorily declare, that it views the powers of the federal government, as resulting from the compact, to which the states are parties, as limited by the plain sense and intention of the instrument constituting the compact; as no further valid than they are authorized by the grants enumerated in that compact; and that in case of deliberate, palpable, and dangerous exercise of other powers, not granted by the said compact, the states who are parties thereto, have the right, and are in duty bound, to interpose, for arresting the progress of the evil, and for maintaining within their respective limits, the authorities, rights and liberties appertaining to them.^ Only limited powers were assigned to the federal government.
  • James Madison on the Relationship Between Democratic Theory andFederalism 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.cjsocpols.armstrong.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ They declared that our Federal constitution was a compact, to which the several states were the one party and the Federal government was the other, and each party must decide for itself as to when the compact was infringed, and as to the proper remedy to be adopted.
  • James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.rebelswithavision.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ "The powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the federal government are few and defined.
  • Is This What James Madison Had in Mind? -- Politics Daily 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.politicsdaily.com [Source type: General]
  
  .
  • "Virginia Resolution of 1798" (December 1798)

• Some degree of abuse is inseparable from the proper use of every thing; and in no instance is this more true than in that of the press.^ Madison did more than most, and did some things better than any.
  • James Madison - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: Original source]
  • James Madison encyclopedia topics | Reference.com 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.reference.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ He secretly co-authored, along with Thomas Jefferson, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 to protest the Alien and Sedition Laws.
  • James Madison | 4th US President | Constitutional Convention Father 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: General]
  
  ^ In some instances they have been seen to erect a spiritual tyranny on the ruins of the civil authority; in many instances they have been seen upholding the thrones of political tyranny; in no instance have they been the guardians of the liberties of the people.
  • Positive Atheism's Big List of James Madison Quotations 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.positiveatheism.org [Source type: Original source]
  
  .It has accordingly been decided, by the practice of the states, that it is better to leave a few of its noxious branches to their luxuriant growth, than, by pruning them away, to injure the vigor of those yielding the proper fruits.^ It's in the constitution and we need more than just a few states and cities to make it happen.
  • James Madison - "Impeach Bush Over Purgegate!" | CommonDreams.org 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.commondreams.org [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Madison's religious practice is better documented than his religious principles.
  • Hutson Paper: James Madison and the Social Untility of Religion: Risks vs. Rewards (Library of Congress Exhibition) 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.loc.gov [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Only states, not individuals, were represented in the Continental congress, which accordingly resembled a European congress rather than an English parliament.
  • James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.rebelswithavision.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  .And can the wisdom of this policy be doubted by any one who reflects that to the press alone, checkered as it is with abuses, the world is indebted for all the triumphs which have been gained by reason and humanity over error and oppression?^ Seeing these acts as a severe threat to free government, Madison subsequently argued that a free press was responsible "for all the triumphs which have been gained by reason and humanity over error and oppression."
  • James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.rebelswithavision.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Have everyone who supports impeaching the tyrant in the white House call in sick for one day, the same day for all.
  • James Madison - "Impeach Bush Over Purgegate!" | CommonDreams.org 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.commondreams.org [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ He spoke, Noonan concluded, "as a believer in Christianity's special light," as one who "looks to the evangelization of the world."
  • Hutson Paper: James Madison and the Social Untility of Religion: Risks vs. Rewards (Library of Congress Exhibition) 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.loc.gov [Source type: Original source]
  
  .
  • Report on the Virginia Resolutions, House of Representatives: Report of the Committee to whom were referred the Communications of the various States, relative to the Resolutions of the Last General Assembly of the State, concerning the Alien and Sedition Laws (1800-01-20) [5], p.^ In January, 1786, Mr. Madison carried a resolution through the General Assembly of Virginia, inviting the other States to appoint commissioners to meet in convention at Annapolis to discuss this subject.
    • http://www.geni.com/people/President-James-Madison/4438583119100069835 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.geni.com [Source type: Original source]
    
    ^ He secretly co-authored, along with Thomas Jefferson, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 to protest the Alien and Sedition Laws.
    • http://www.geni.com/people/President-James-Madison/4438583119100069835 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.geni.com [Source type: Original source]
    • James Madison | 4th US President | Constitutional Convention Father 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.squidoo.com [Source type: General]
    
    ^ He quickly became a legislative leader, steering through the assembly much of the revision of the Virginia law code proposed by Jefferson and defeating Patrick Henry's attempt to support an established Church in the State of Virginia.
    • The Thought of James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.thelockeinstitute.org [Source type: Original source]
    
    571

• I repair to the post assigned me with no other discouragement than what springs from my own inadequacy to its high duties. .If I do not sink under the weight of this deep conviction it is because I find some support in a consciousness of the purposes and a confidence in the principles which I bring with me into this arduous service.^ Under the Sedition Act it was a penal offense to publish any false, scandalous, and malicious writing against the government with the Intent of bringing it into disrepute.
  • James Madison on the Relationship Between Democratic Theory andFederalism 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.cjsocpols.armstrong.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  
  .To cherish peace and friendly intercourse with all nations having correspondent dispositions; to maintain sincere neutrality toward belligerent nations; to prefer in all cases amicable discussion and reasonable accommodation of differences to a decision of them by an appeal to arms; to exclude foreign intrigues and foreign partialities, so degrading to all countries and so baneful to free ones; to foster a spirit of independence too just to invade the rights of others, too proud to surrender our own, too liberal to indulge unworthy prejudices ourselves and too elevated not to look down upon them in others; to hold the union of the States as the basis of their peace and happiness; to support the Constitution, which is the cement of the Union, as well in its limitations as in its authorities; to respect the rights and authorities reserved to the States and to the people as equally incorporated with and essential to the success of the general system; to avoid the slightest interference with the right of conscience or the functions of religion, so wisely exempted from civil jurisdiction; to preserve in their full energy the other salutary provisions in behalf of private and personal rights, and of the freedom of the press; to observe economy in public expenditures; to liberate the public resources by an honorable discharge of the public debts; to keep within the requisite limits a standing military force, always remembering that an armed and trained militia is the firmest bulwark of republics — that without standing armies their liberty can never be in danger, nor with large ones safe; to promote by authorized means improvements friendly to agriculture, to manufactures, and to external as well as internal commerce; to favor in like manner the advancement of science and the diffusion of information as the best aliment to true liberty; to carry on the benevolent plans which have been so meritoriously applied to the conversion of our aboriginal neighbors from the degradation and wretchedness of savage life to a participation of the improvements of which the human mind and manners are susceptible in a civilized state — as far as sentiments and intentions such as these can aid the fulfillment of my duty, they will be a resource which can not fail me.^ A large zippered pocket keeps all of your essentials within reach.
  • James Madison Dukes Fan Shop 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.unleash.com [Source type: General]
  
  ^ That's right kids, we're on our own.
  • James Madison - "Impeach Bush Over Purgegate!" | CommonDreams.org 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.commondreams.org [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ This, I perceive, is pressed as that which is so essential and due: the right of the people of this kingdom, and as they are the people of this kingdom, distinct and divided from other people; and that we must for this right lay aside all other considerations; this is so just, this is so due, this is so right to them.
  • A Tiny Revolution: Good Call, James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.tinyrevolution.com [Source type: Original source]
  
  
  • First Inaugural Address (1809-03-04)

• Religion & Govt. will both exist in greater purity, the less they are mixed together. .
  • Letter to Edward Livingston (1822-07-10)

• A popular Government without popular information, or the means of acquiring it, is but a Prologue to a Farce or a Tragedy, or perhaps both.^ Edward Livingston, July 10, 1822.
  • James Madison: Writings : Note on the Texts (The Library of America) 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.loa.org [Source type: Academic]
  
  ^ James Madison , letter to Edward Livingston, July 10, 1822 ( more complete excerpt given below) .
  • Positive Atheism's Big List of James Madison Quotations 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.positiveatheism.org [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Elections, and constitutional amendments, are the only legal means that the popular sovereign can indirectly use In order to modify the usurpation of state powers by the federal government.
  • James Madison on the Relationship Between Democratic Theory andFederalism 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.cjsocpols.armstrong.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  .Knowledge will forever govern ignorance: And a people who mean to be their own Governors, must arm themselves with the power which knowledge gives.^ Since the central government under the Constitution would act directly on the people, It would be national In its operation; but In terms of Its powers It would be federal.
  • James Madison on the Relationship Between Democratic Theory andFederalism 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.cjsocpols.armstrong.edu [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ Jefferson was the chief spokesman for those who opposed friendship with Britain and sought to limit the power of the federal government.
  • James Madison 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.knowsouthernhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
  
  ^ "The sincere friends of liberty," he added, "who give themselves up to the extravagancies of this passion are not aware of the injury they do to their own cause."
  • Hutson Paper: James Madison and the Social Untility of Religion: Risks vs. Rewards (Library of Congress Exhibition) 14 January 2010 17:10 UTC www.loc.gov [Source type: Original source]
  
  .
  • Letter to W.T. Barry (1822-08-04)