Japan: Wikis

Did you know ...

one of the humanoid robots created by Japanese roboticist Tomotaka Takahashi was listed in Time’s Coolest Inventions in 2004?
of the three precious statues of the goddess Kannon enshrined in the Sugimoto-dera temple in Kamakura, Japan, likely none were made by the artists they are traditionally attributed to?
one of the victims in a recent rare shooting in Habikino, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, was the gunman's mother-in-law?
the "Devil's Cigar" is a mushroom found only in Texas and Japan?
the 1863 Battle of Shimonoseki (pictured) was the first naval confrontation between the U.S. Navy and a Japanese fleet?
nearly 350,000 metric tons of Pacific ocean perch (pictured) were caught in the Gulf of Alaska by Soviet and Japanese trawling fleets in 1965?
more than six thousand Japanese people settled in North Korea voluntarily in the 1960s, accompanying ethnic Korean spouses returning under a repatriation campaign supported by the Japanese and North Korean governments?
in the Japanese theatrical art known as Taishū engeki (pictured), it is not uncommon for fans to spend tens or hundreds of thousands of yen on gifts for the performers?
in the fiscal years 2001 to 2003, the oil tanker MV Montauk made over 125 voyages in and about South Korea and Japan?
in the Sakuradamon incident in 1860 (pictured), Japan's pro-foreign Chief Minister Ii Naosuke was assassinated by xenophobic samurai?
major portions of Japanese writer Shōko Ieda's 1991 book Yellow Cab, about the eponymous sexual stereotype of Japanese women, were later denounced as "fraudulent" by her research assistant?
many Japanese POWs continued to toil in Siberian labor camps ten years after the end of World War II?
the 1½ km long Odori Park which bisects the Japanese city of Sapporo was originally intended as the city's main street?
the 43,000 Sakhalin Koreans were abandoned by Japan after World War II and kept stateless by the Soviet Union for 30 years?
the idiopathic inflammatory lung disease diffuse panbronchiolitis has the highest incidence among Japanese, Korean, Chinese and Thai cases, indicating a genetic predisposition among East Asians?
the hydroid Hydractinia bayeri was named by Emperor Hirohito of Japan in honor of a fellow marine biologist, Frederick Bayer?
the inshore marine fish Malabar jack (pictured) derives its name from Malabar in South India, but can be found in coastal areas as far apart as South Africa, Japan and Vanuatu?
the Japanese animated television series Last Exile uses terms from chess in its episode titles?
the Japanese destroyer Matsu had a very short career: just more than three months from her completion in 1944, to her sinking as she returned from her first escort mission?
the Buddhist monk Tetsugen spent twenty years in an attempt to publish the Chinese scriptures of Buddhism in Japan, because he kept giving away the money he collected for the purpose?
the pored mushroom Gyrodon lividus (pictured) has been found associated with alder trees in such diverse places as California, Latvia, and Japan?
the 1402 Korean Kangnido map fully depicts the Old World, from Europe and Africa to Japan, long before European explorations?
the 430-foot-tall (131 m) Kyoto Tower (pictured) is the tallest man-made structure in the city of Kyoto, Japan?
the 1868 encounter between Kasuga and Kaiyō was the first naval battle between two modern fleets in Japan?
the antibody class IgE was discovered by the Japanese scientist Kimishige Ishizaka?
the auto racing division of Sigma Automotive (later known as SARD) became the first Japanese team to compete in the 1973 24 Hours of Le Mans?
in the 1896 Yamagata-Lobanov Agreement negotiations, Japanese Prime Minister Yamagata Aritomo proposed dividing Korea at the 38th parallel, should Japanese and Russian troops occupy the peninsula?
in the 1869 Battle of Hakodate in Japan, French soldiers fought side-by-side with rebel samurai against the newly formed Imperial government, in an episode reminiscent of the movie The Last Samurai?
despite pioneer Japanese journalist Kuga Katsunan's advocacy of Japanese nationalism, government censors shut his newspaper down 30 times between 1889 and 1896?
before a shogunate tribunal in 1787, the temples Myōhō–ji, Ankokuron-ji and Chōshō-ji in Kamakura all claimed to be the site where Nichiren, founder of Nichiren Buddhism in Japan, had his hermitage in a hut in the 13th century?
despite wild differences in subject matter, 1970s Japanese science fiction television series Akumaizer 3 features frequent allusions to Alexander Dumas' famous novel The Three Musketeers?
during World War II, the Arkansas politician Jefferson W. Speck was a POW transported on the Japanese Hell ship, the Oryoku Maru?
during his Eastern journey Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovitch of Russia visited Egypt, India, China and Japan travelling a distance of more than 51,000 km (31,500 mi)?
because of the specific social structure of Japanese society there are many more homeless men (pictured) than homeless women in Japan?
at a cost of US$7.9 billion, Meghna Bridge in Bangladesh is the single largest project with Japanese assistance in the world?
a suikinkutsu is a type of Japanese garden ornament and a music device?
The Big Blowdown, a crime novel by American author George Pelecanos, was the recipient of the International Crime Novel of the Year award in France, Germany and Japan?
after being stripped of his aristocratic title after World War II, Prince Takeda Tsuneyoshi of Japan retired to raise racehorses on his estate?
almost a quarter of the brown lanternsharks found in Suruga Bay, Japan, have both male and female organs?
as part of Fukubukuro, a New Year's custom in Japan, merchants offer bags of merchandise for prices much lower than the normal value of the items inside?
during the history of San Diego State University some students joined the armed forces during World War II and assisted in the Doolittle Raid over Japan?
during the era of Ryukyu Kingdom the noodle soup Okinawa soba could only be eaten by royalty until Okinawa's annexation by Japan in the late 19th century?
in 2005, during D1 Grand Prix's end of season US vs Japan event at Irwindale Speedway, U.S. drifting driver, Vaughn Gittin, Jr. became the first to break the all-Japanese stranglehold?
in 1976, an 8.0 M_w earthquake in Moro Gulf in the Celebes Sea in the Philippines killed at least 5,000 people and triggered tsunamis that reached as far as Japan?
in Japan during the Muromachi era, the shogun's representative would go to Wakamiya Ōji Avenue in Kamakura once a year to walk around a certain Shinto gate seven times?
in his 1933 essay In Praise of Shadows, Junichirō Tanizaki includes monastery toilets in his reflections on Japanese aesthetics?
in late 1921 a series of arrests of its activists led to the break-up of the Japanese Enlightened People's Communist Party?
in 1854 the southern coast of Honshū, Japan, was hit by tsunamis caused by two great megathrust earthquakes on December 24 and 25?
in 1686, at the Tōshiya archery contest in Kyoto, Japan, Wasa Daihachiro successfully fired a record 13,053 arrows in 24 hours, averaging nine arrows a minute and hitting the target 8,133 times?
each title of the thirteen episodes of the 2007 Japanese animated television series Blue Drop: Tenshitachi no Gikyoku is the name of a flower seen in that episode?
eleven of the Twelve Heavenly Generals at Shin-Yakushi-ji temple (hon-dō pictured) in Nara, Japan, are made of clay and date to the 8th century while the wooden statue of Haira was made in 1931?
former professional boxer Giichi Nishihara was the writer-director of such Japanese cult pink films of the 1960s and 1970s as Abnormal Reaction: Ecstasy and Grotesque Perverted Slaughter?
from 1945 until 1978, cars in Okinawa Prefecture drove on the right side of the road until a switch to left-hand drive as part of the 730 Conversion Plan, to match the rest of Japan?
the Japanese make-up artist Shu Uemura gained critical acclaim for transforming actress Shirley MacLaine into a Japanese woman?
the Japanese manga character Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo can command his own body hair to perform various martial arts?
the Japanese documentary filmmaker Fumio Kamei had films banned by both Japan's militarist wartime government and the democratizing Allied Occupation?
the Nameless Book is the oldest existing Japanese work of literary criticism?
the U.S. 10th Mountain Division Special Troops Battalion was to take part in the invasion of Japan, but instead returned to the U.S. two days after Japan's surrender?
the administrative capital of Samarai (pictured) in Papua New Guinea was demolished in World War II to avoid its falling into Japanese hands?
the city of Sapporo has the only beer museum in Japan?
the Yūshūkan, a Japanese military and war museum owned and operated by Yasukuni Shrine, has been at the center of an international controversy?
the Umikaze class destroyers of the Imperial Japanese Navy were the first large destroyers designed for open ocean service to be built in Japan?
the Susukino district was established as a red-light district in Sapporo, Japan in 1871 to keep labourers in Hokkaidō?
the Sun Ning Railway Company, South China's first significant railway, was dismantled in December 1938 during the Second Sino-Japanese War to deny its use by the Japanese military?
the Tatara Bridge in Japan has the longest span of any cable-stayed bridge in the world?
the Toi gold mine in Japan houses the world's largest pure gold bar, weighing 250 kilograms (550 lb)?
the Type numbering system in Japan specified that the Mitsubishi A6M of 1940 would be designated "Type 0 Carrier Fighter", giving rise to the popular name "Zero"?
the final episode of Kamen Rider Stronger, a Japanese tokusatsu television series, features appearances from the main characters of every previous series in the franchise?
the name Japanese War Tuba was a name applied to the acoustic locators used by Japan during World War II?
the world's first all-electronic television receiver was demonstrated on Christmas Day, 1926 by the Japanese researcher Kenjiro Takayanagi?
the titles of the thirteen episodes of the Japanese animated television series Gunslinger Girl were given in Italian as well as Japanese?
two American bands named themselves after the same 1960 Japanese Sun Tribe film The Warped Ones?
with a rapidly declining birth rate, Japan's elderly, with the world's highest proportion at 20% of the population, is expected to double to 40% of residents by 2055?
with over 3,000 participants, the 1884 Chichibu Incident was one of the largest peasant revolts of Japan's Meiji period?
the story of Sada Abe, a woman who cut off her dead lover's genitals and carried them around with her for days, is one of Japan's most notorious scandals?
the stationmaster of the Kinokawa train station in Kinokawa, Japan is a cat named Tama (pictured)?
the person or group responsible for the blackmail letters of the Glico Morinaga case in Japan is known as the Monster with 21 Faces?
the name of Shichirigahama (pictured), a beach in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, means "Seven Ri (approximately 27 km/17 mi) Beach" in Japanese, but it is only about one-tenth of that in length?
the protagonist of the Japanese PlayStation 2 RPG Venus & Braves is a 345-year-old with the appearance of a teen
the repertoire of the Japanese musical style danmono consists of eight pieces, all very similar in style?
the site of SSAWS, once the world's largest indoor ski slope, now hosts Japan's first IKEA superstore?
the Shinbashi Enbujō in Ginza, Japan, today a major kabuki theatre, was originally built to serve as a venue for geisha dances?
the Sapporo Factory in Japan, a building complex with a shopping mall, offices, a multiplex movie theatre and a Meissen porcelain museum, was originally constructed as a brewery?
the Japanese novel Kanikōsen is one of the best-selling books of 2008, despite being published in 1929?
the Japanese diplomat Tatsuo Kawai (pictured) was sacked as an official spokesman at the Foreign Ministry after leading a strike there in 1940?
the Zen rock garden in the grounds of Zuisen-ji temple, near Kamakura, Japan, is a nationally designated Place of Scenic Beauty?
the Joseon Korean official Choe Bu wrote a travel diary about his shipwrecked stay in Ming China that eventually became widely printed in Korea and Japan during the 16th century?
the Korean poetic form of sijo resembles the Japanese poetic form of haiku?
the Japanese band Daisy × Daisy provided the song "Brave your truth" as the opening theme song of the episodes of the Chrome Shelled Regios anime?
the Japanese Sōshi-kaimei policy forced Koreans previously banned from using Japanese surnames to do so?
the Japanese role-playing game Night Wizard! was adapted into an animated television series consisting of thirteen episodes?
the Japanese manga series Soul Eater by Atsushi Okubo has been developed into an animated television series that plans to adopt the source material over fifty-one episodes?
the Japanese visual novel True Tears was adapted into an animated television series that is planned to consist of thirteen episodes?
the Japanese visual novel Yotsunoha allows the player to navigate in a top-down perspective similar to a console role-playing game?
the Japanese Farmer-Labour Party was banned just a few hours after its foundation in 1925?
the Nikkatsu Roman Porno film Love Hunter (1972) was confiscated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police, and became the last film to be tried for obscenity in Japan to this day?
the Ottoman frigate Ertuğrul disaster, which occurred in 1890 off Kushimoto, led to strengthening foreign relations between Turkey and Japan?
the Naniwa class cruisers were the first protected cruisers designed in Japan?
the six episodes of the Japanese original video animation series FLCL were produced by the FLCL Production Committee, which included Gainax, Production I.G, and Starchild Records?
the Nissan President, Nissan's top-of-the-range luxury limousine made for over forty years, remains largely unknown outside of Japan?
the Old Ford Motor Factory, Ford's first assembly plant in Southeast Asia and built in 1941, was the site of the historic surrender of the British to the Japanese in World War II, later described by Winston Churchill as the "largest capitulation in British history"?
the Peachliner (pictured) people mover in Komaki, Japan was planned originally to carry 43,000 passengers daily, but only carried an average of 2670 per day during 15 years of operation?
the history of sushi shows that although sushi is famous for its use in the Japanese cuisine, it actually originated in China in the 3rd or 4th century BC, more than 900 years before its first known appearance in Japan?
the Beppu-Ōita Marathon in Japan produced world record-breaking marathon runs in both 1963 and 1978?
the Liberator that crashed in 1943 in New Zealand during World War II was transferring Japanese men, women and children from the consular corps to exchange for Allied POWs?
the 1946 earthquake in Nankaidō, Japan caused a 6-meter (20-ft) tsunami that destroyed 2,100 homes?
the Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang was built in 1982 to commemorate the "victory" of Korea over Japan in the WWII?
the Battle of Bun'ei in 1274 was Mongol emperor Kublai Khan's first attempt to invade Japan?
Tanna japonensis, the Japanese cicada, makes a melancholy sound (example right) after sunset, when the temperature has dropped, or when it becomes cloudy?
tōgyū (pictured) is a bullfighting sport practiced in Okinawa, Japan, in which two bulls wrestle in a ring in a manner compared to sumo?
Perth-born Northern Territory Chief Minister Marshall Perron jokingly blamed Japan for denying him his birthright as a Territorian, as his family fled Darwin shortly before it was bombed?
oil company Idemitsu Kosan is exploring the potential for geothermal power in Japan?
Prussian military bandmaster Franz von Eckert is credited with composing the harmony to the national anthems of both Japan and the Empire of Korea?
Scottish language prodigy James Murdoch, after participating in a failed communist commune in Paraguay, was hired by the Australian Ministry of Defence as an expert on Japanese issues?
American academic Jackson Bailey was decorated with the Order of the Sacred Treasure, the highest possible honor given by Japan to a foreigner?
Lieutenant Commander Willis Lent and his submarine the USS Triton fired the first United States Navy torpedo to be used against the Japanese during World War II?
Liberal Democratic Party member Akihiko Kumashiro, a four-termer in Japan's House of Representatives, dropped out of a race for re-election when his party fielded another candidate against him?
Japanese writer Naoki Sanjugo (literally "Naoki 35") changed his pen-name four times, once per year, to match his age?
Japanese scientists have found anticancer activity in some Brazilian traditional remedies?
Japanese author Kodō Nomura, who patterned his fictional detective Zenigata Heiji after Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes, wrote 383 detective stories set in Edo period Japan?
Japanologist Hugh Borton took up his field after being posted to Japan by a Quaker service organization?
Kentucky State Representative Sam B. Thomas coached fellow army soldiers in Olympic basketball trials in Japan after World War II?
YouTube artist Beckii Cruel from the Isle of Man has become popular in Japan?
Abe Tadaaki was one of the highest-ranking Japanese officials to remain in office after his colleagues followed Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu into death in 1651?
delay certificates issued by railway companies in Japan and Germany to passengers for tardy trains are considered valid reasons by superiors for reporting late to school or work?
David Snell, who was the first person to allege that Japan had tested its own atomic bomb prior to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, later became a writer for Life Magazine?
Featherston prisoner of war camp was the site of a riot that lead to the death of 47 Japanese prisoners of war during World War II?
Fumio Kyuma (pictured) resigned as Japanese Minister for Defense over statements that the atomic bombing of Nagasaki "could not be helped" while also representing Nagasaki in the Diet of Japan?
Haruji Matsue was the first person to manufacture the sugar cube in Japan?
Chindonya are elaborately-costumed Japanese street musicians who advertise for shops and other establishments?
Central Asia plus Japan is an ongoing dialogue between Japan and the Central Asian republics to promote regional cooperation?
Akira Iwasaki was the only film critic arrested by the ideological police in wartime Japan?
akabeko (pictured), red cow toys from the Aizu region of Japan, are believed to ward off disease?
Antonio Fontanesi (work pictured) was one of three foreign artists chosen by the Meiji government to oversee Japan's first public art school?
Battleship Row bore the brunt of the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor?
Boneless Fish is a Japanese frozen food made from fish, which is deboned by hand and then glued to its original shape using a food-grade enzyme?
Japanese producer Genjiro Arato exhibited his 1980 film Zigeunerweisen across Japan in a specially-built inflatable mobile dome after exhibitors refused to screen it, and the film went on to win 4 Japanese Academy Awards?
Japanese film tycoon Haruki Kadokawa built a full-size replica of Columbus' flagship Santa Maria which sailed from Barcelona to Japan?
Japan and India signed a peace treaty and established diplomatic relations in April 1952, one of the first such treaties by Japan after World War II?
General Douglas MacArthur's staff threatened United States Army Lieutenant Colonel Charles S. Lawrence with court martial if he confiscated nearly 2,000 cases of food from Japanese-run firms in the Philippines, and that the stores were destroyed during the Battle of Bataan in early 1942?
Japan and Poland are the world's largest krill fishing nations since Russia abandoned its operations in 1993?
Japan's entomological warfare program in China during World War II used plague-infected fleas and cholera-coated flies to kill nearly 500,000 people?
Japan's incoming First Lady Miyuki Hatoyama claims to have been abducted by aliens in a triangular-shaped UFO and to have known Tom Cruise when he was Japanese in a prior incarnation?
feminist author Yuriko Miyamoto wrote over 900 letters to her imprisoned husband, defying Japan's draconian Peace Preservation Laws?
Duke University anthropologist Anne Allison worked as a hostess girl for four months while researching Nightwork, her study of white-collar entertainment clubs in Japan?
99 percent of Japanese municipalities collect and recycle steel cans despite not being required by law, giving the country one of the world's highest recycling rates for these cans? (Japanese recycling bins pictured)
22-year-old Ling Ling was the oldest panda in Japan at the time of his death in April 2008?
Academy Award-winning film Thirty Seconds over Tokyo was adapted from a book by the pilot of "The Ruptured Duck," one of 16 USAAF bombers in the Doolittle Raid on Japan during World War II?
BoA's Best of Soul made her the first non-Japanese Asian singer to have two million-selling albums in Japan?
Buddhist monk Ekai Kawaguchi was the first Japanese citizen to travel to Nepal?
Japanese film director and actress Tomoko Matsunashi was described as one of the Japanese directors who "have brought some needed originality and talent to contemporary Japanese cinema"?
Japanese jūdōka Shokichi Natsui became the first World Judo Champion in 1956?
Japanese Governor Murayama Tōan led a failed invasion of Taiwan in 1616?
Japanese Imari porcelain was made specifically for export to Europe?
Japanese artist Atsuko Tanaka wore a costume made of lit lightbulbs—her 1956 work Electric Dress—to exhibitions?
Japanese author Jun'ichirō Tanizaki attributed his phobia of earthquakes to the collapse of his family house in the 1894 Meiji Tokyo earthquake?
Japanese author Mushanokōji Saneatsu emulated Leo Tolstoy in establishing a commune based on humanism and utopian socialism?
Japanese trade union leader Ritsuta Noda was a pioneer in the underground birth control movement in Osaka?
Japanese theoretical physicist Kazuhiko Nishijima is well-known for developing the concept of strangeness in particle physics?
Japanese matinée idol Akira Kobayashi wore a gash across his face and large, Brezhnevian eyebrows for his role in the Seijun Suzuki yakuza film Kanto Wanderer?
Japanese alpinist Ken Noguchi became the youngest person to scale the Seven Summits when he ascended Mt. Everest in 1999 at the age of 25?
Japanese singer and actress Junko Sakurada was part of a trio on Star Tanjō! with musicians Momoe Yamaguchi and Masako Mori?
Japanese tenor Taro Ichihara made his Metropolitan Opera debut in the role of the Italian tenor in Der Rosenkavalier?
Hawayo Takata, a Nisei fluent in the language and culture of both Japan and the United States, introduced Reiki to the Western World?
Hitachi Zosen Corporation built the first oil tanker in Japan in 1908 per an order by Standard Oil Company?
Takashima Shūhan (pictured) was the first major proponent of Western firearms at the end of Japan's Seclusion period in the 19th century?
Simone Niggli-Luder from Switzerland won all four women's competitions at the orienteering world championships 2005 in Aichi, Japan, repeating her performance of 2003?
Teruji Kogake set a world record in the triple jump at the Japanese Olympic Trials but only managed eighth in the finals at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics?
Togo Tanaka publicly called Japan's government "stupid" the day after Pearl Harbor for starting an unwinnable war but was one of 10,000 Japanese Americans forcibly relocated to the Manzanar camp?
Tori Busshi, a Japanese artist, most likely learned to sculpt while working as a saddle maker?
Shō Tai (pictured) was the last king of the Ryūkyū Kingdom who abdicated when the Ryukyu Islands were annexed by Japan in 1879?
120 earthquakes and tremors in total were felt in Edo, Japan during the Ansei Great Earthquakes of 1854–55?
Samuel A. Goldblith was able to publish a paper for the journal Science after World War II on malnutrition suffered at POW camps in the Philippines and Japan observed during the war from his own experience as a prisoner in those camps?
Sakae Menda (pictured) was the first person in the history of Japan to be exonerated while on death row?
Sano Fusako was kidnapped in Niigata, Japan in 1990 at age 10 and was not freed until nine years and two months later?
sashimono were small banners worn on the backs of Japanese medieval troops for identification during battles?
Satoru Kobayashi, one of Japan's most prolific directors, wrote and directed the first pink film in 1962?
Tung Hua Lin led a team that designed and built China's first twin-engine aircraft in a cave to avoid detection by the Japanese during World War II?
Typhoon Conson of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season was the first of the record ten typhoons to impact Japan that season?
Battlefield Baseball, a Japanese film, features elements of the sports, martial arts and horror genres, as well as including three musical numbers?
Kimono de Ginza are a group of kimono and Japanese clothing enthusiasts in Tokyo that meet monthly in full-dress in front of a department store and then later in an izakaya?
Monosolenium tenerum is a species of weed that is threatened with habitat loss in Japan?
One is a Japanese adult renai game (or visual novel), developed by Tactics?
Summer Wars was the first Japanese animated film to be included for competition at the Locarno International Film Festival?
Yuzuru Hiraga was a Japanese naval architect, noted for work on innovative warships such as the cruiser Yubari and Yamato for the Imperial Japanese Navy?
Yoshioka-Kaitei Station, located 149.5 metres below sea level within the Seikan Tunnel, is the deepest underground station in Japan?
Vincenzo Ragusa was an Italian sculptor hired by the Meiji government of Japan from 1876 to 1882 to introduce Western art techniques in order to revive Japan's own ancient sculptural arts?
Xianxingzhe, China's first bipedal humanoid robot was satirized in Japan for having a joint that resembles a "crotch cannon"?
Yamada Nagamasa was a Japanese adventurer who played a key military role in 17th century Thailand?
Yishan Yining, a Zen master who pioneered Gozan Bungaku literature in 14th-century Japan, was originally a Buddhist monk on a diplomatic mission from China?
Saga Castle is one of the few medieval castles in Japan to be surrounded by a wall, instead of being built on one?
SBD Dauntless dive bombers sank four Japanese aircraft carriers and a cruiser during the Battle of Midway?
Linimo in Aichi, Japan claims to be the world's first commercial automated "Urban Maglev" train, but it has to be shut down when it is too windy?
Léonce Verny was a French Naval engineer who directed the construction of the Yokosuka arsenal in Japan from 1865 to 1876, thus helping jump-start Japan's modernization?
Luis Sotelo was a Spanish friar who died as a martyr in Japan in 1624?
Matsuura Takanobu was an early host and patron to the Jesuits, whom he hoped would influence an increase in trade between European traders and Japan?
Mifune Chizuko, a Japanese clairvoyant, was reported to have read messages written inside hidden envelopes?
Kashima Antlers is the name of a professional football club in the Japanese J. League?
Kōmyō-ji, a Jōdo temple in Japan dedicated to the training of Buddhist priests and scholarly research, has a pet cemetery on its premises?
James Glynn, captain of the USS Preble, was the first American to negotiate successfully with Sakoku ("closed country") Japan, in 1848?
Jōmon Sugi, located on the island of Yakushima, is the oldest specimen of Cryptomeria japonica and the largest conifer in Japan?
Kaiyō Maru, a Japanese steam warship, was the flagship of Admiral Enomoto Takeaki of the rebel Republic of Ezo in the Boshin War?
Kotetsu, a Japanese ironclad battleship, was originally intended to be Stonewall of the Confederate States Navy but was not delivered until after the end of the American Civil War?
Johnny Kitagawa has held a virtual monopoly on the creation of boy bands in Japan for more than 40 years?
Minori Kimura made her professional manga artist debut at the age of 14 in the 1964 Spring Special issue of Ribon, a magazine published in Japan by Shueisha?
Mitsuyo Seo, the director of Japan's first feature length anime, Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors, a World War II propaganda film, was earlier arrested and tortured as a leftist?
Pixiv is a Japanese online community for artists, which as of February 2009 consists of over 600,000 members, and 3 million submissions?
Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) signed an agreement in 1963 with Japanese company NEC which gave the latter partial ownership of PTV's network?
Prince Arisugawa Taruhito's engagement to Princess Kazu-no-Miya Chikako of Japan was cancelled by the Tokugawa bakufu so that the princess could marry Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi, for political reasons?
Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa of Japan was head of the Northern Alliance whilst serving as a Buddhist priest?
rice brokers in Osaka in the Edo period were the forerunner of banking in Japan?
Otokichi (1818–1867) was a Japanese castaway, who circled the globe as he tried unsuccessfully to return to Japan?
Major Oscar F. Perdomo downed five Japanese aircraft in a single day and thereby became the United States' last "Ace in a day" of World War II?
mizuna is a cold-resistant mustard green grown extensively during winter in Japan?
Mount Omine is a sacred mountain in Nara, Japan, famous for its controversial ban on women and for its three tests of courage?
New England used to be part of the Roman Empire, and China is still part of Japan?
Operation Ten-Go was the last major Japanese naval operation in World War II?
196 activists of the Japanese Hyōgikai trade union movement were jailed in 1926 for organizing strikes?

More interesting facts on Japan

Include this on your site/blog:

Categories: States and territories established in 660 BC > Liberal democracies > Island countries > Empires > East Asian countries > Countries bordering the Pacific Ocean > Countries bordering the Philippine Sea > Constitutional monarchies > G20 nations > G8 nations > Japan

Encyclopedia

Updated live from Wikipedia, last check: June 17, 2013 02:12 UTC (37 seconds ago)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the country. For other uses, see Japan (disambiguation).

Japan

日本国
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku


Flag	Imperial Seal

Anthem: Kimigayo (君が代^?)

Government Seal:
Seal of the Office of the Prime Minister and the Government of Japan

Paulownia (五七桐 Go-Shichi no Kiri^?)

Capital
(and largest city) Tokyo (de facto)
35°41′N 139°46′E / 35.683°N 139.767°E / 35.683; 139.767

Official language(s) None^[1]

Recognised regional languages Aynu itak, Eastern Japanese, Western Japanese, Ryukyuan, and several other Japanese dialects

National language

National Scripts Japanese

Kanji
Hiragana
Katakana

Ethnic groups 98.5% Japanese, 0.5% Korean, 0.4% Chinese, 0.6% other^[2]

Demonym

Japanese

Government Parliamentary democracy with constitutional monarchy

- Emperor Akihito

- Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama (DPJ)

Legislature

National Diet

- Upper House House of Councillors

- Lower House House of Representatives

Formation

- National Foundation Day February 11, 660 BC^[3]

- Meiji Constitution November 29, 1890

- Current constitution May 3, 1947

- Treaty of
San Francisco April 28, 1952

Area

- Total 377,944 km² ^[4](61st)
145,925 sq mi

- Water (%) 0.8

Population

- 2010 estimate 127,430,000^[5] (10th)

- 2004 census 127,333,002

- Density 337.2/km² (36th)
873.3/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2008 estimate

- Total $4.356 trillion^[6] (3rd)

- Per capita $34,115^[6] (24th)

GDP (nominal) 2008 estimate

- Total $4.910 trillion^[6] (2nd)

- Per capita $38,457^[6] (23rd)

Gini 38.1 (2002)^[7]

HDI (2007) ▲ 0.960^[8] (very high) (10th)

Currency International Symbol ¥ Pronounced (Yen)
Japanese Symbol 円 Pronounced (En) (JPY)

Time zone JST (UTC+9)

- Summer (DST) not observed (UTC)

Date formats yyyy-mm-dd
yyyy年m月d日
Era yy年m月d日 (CE−1988)

Drives on the left

Internet TLD

.jp

Calling code

.Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon^?, officially 日本国

Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku) is an island country in East Asia.^ The JR East Pass is a special Japan train travel discount ticket for tourists to the country...

Alltop - Top Japan News 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC japan.alltop.com [Source type: General]

^ On the same day, Japan held an "Asia-Pacific Water Summit" in Japan, collecting representatives from 35 countries.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south.^ Japan lost control over North Korea.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan doesn't recognize North Korea.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ North Korea is neither a foreign nation nor part of Japan, according to Japanese laws.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

The characters which make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".

Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands.^[9] The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for 97% of Japan's land area. .Most of the islands are mountainous, many volcanic; for example, Japan’s highest peak, Mount Fuji, is a volcano.^ Volcanoes Fuji is the most remarkable volcanic peak.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Plains.Japan, though very mountainous, has many extensive plains.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Among the mountains ,of Japan there are three volcanic ranges, namely, that of the Kuriles, that of Fuji, and that of Kirishima.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with about 128 million people.^ You also wrote this: I would like to inform people in the world about my situation.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ People in Kagoshima pay about 100 million dollars in total as fees.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The way you write above, you purport that only you know what is good music, and that all of the societies around the world (not just in Japan) are wrong about Ozawa's talents.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.^ But please be aware that Tokyo prefecture (See Note 3) includes some Southern islands such as Izu Islands (See Note 5).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Great Kanto earthquake September 1, 1923 At that time, Tokyo was already one of the major cities in the world.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Roads leading from Tokyo to the prefectural offices, and those forming the lines of conoexion between cities and military stations.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

Archaeological research indicates that people were living on the islands of Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. .The first written mention of Japan begins with brief appearances in Chinese history texts from the first century A.D. Influence from the outside world followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history.^ CIA World Fact Book Japan The BBC Country profile Japan provides an instant guide to history, politics and economic background of Japan.

The Japanese Stock Market and Economy. 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.site-by-site.com [Source type: Reference]

^ There are three wet seasons in Japan: the first, from the middle of April to the beginning of May; the second, from the middle of June to the beginning of July; and the third, from early in September to early in October.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Goldiegirl Jun 20, 2007, 05:05 Suicide has a long history in Japan...it's not a conspiracy, it's cultural.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Since adopting its constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament, the Diet.^ The current Constitution of Japan was established in 1947.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.A major power,^[10] Japan has the world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP and the third largest in purchasing power parity.^ There are three wet seasons in Japan: the first, from the middle of April to the beginning of May; the second, from the middle of June to the beginning of July; and the third, from early in September to early in October.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ J-Pop: From Peak to Weak I recently heard rumors from Japanese music executives that Japan has become the world’s largest market for recorded music.

Alltop - Top Japan News 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC japan.alltop.com [Source type: General]

^ JAPAN , an empire of eastern Asia , and one of the great powers of the world.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

It is also the world's fourth largest exporter and fifth largest importer. .It is also the only Asian country in the G8 and is currently serving as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council.^ In 1961, U Thant, then Burma's Permanent Representative to the United Nations and former Secretary to the Prime Minister, was elected Secretary-General of the United Nations; he was the first non-Westerner to head any international organization and would serve as UN Secretary-General for ten years.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ (Note 14)--^ Bangladesh's Ahmed supports Japan's bid for the permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But censorship is seen not only in Asian countries but also among Western countries.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern and extensive military force which is employed in self-defense and peacekeeping roles.^ But although the capital of Japan formerly played only an insignificant part in Japanese ceramics, modern Tokyo has an important school of artist-artisans.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

It is a developed country with very high living standards (10th highest HDI). .Japan has the highest life expectancy of any country in the world (according to both the UN and WHO estimates) and the third lowest infant mortality rate.^ CIA World Fact Book Japan The BBC Country profile Japan provides an instant guide to history, politics and economic background of Japan.

The Japanese Stock Market and Economy. 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.site-by-site.com [Source type: Reference]

^ Japan has been admired as the safest country with the best policemen in the world.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Smokers in their 70s have higher rates of life expectancy than non-smokers in their 70s have.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[11]^[12]

Etymology

Main article: Names of Japan

Further information: Wiktionary etymology for the word "Japan"

The English word Japan is an exonym. .The Japanese names for Japan are Nippon (にっぽん^?) (

listen (help·info)) and Nihon (にほん^?) (

listen (help·info)).^ This Japanese name was used at unity immediately after the attacks in all news and reports in Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For the first a few months, Japan used unified typhoon names as well as Japanese original typhoon names.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ (Note 1)-- Japanese names that are used in the unified name table--- Japan ignores the unified system while other Asian countries use the unified name table that includes even Japanese names.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.They are both written in Japanese using the kanji 日本.^ Sometimes Chinese cobalt was used, sometimes Japanese, and sometimes a mixture of both.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Japanese name Nippon is used for most official purposes, including on Japanese money, postage stamps, and for many international sporting events.^ This name was particularly used for the Japanese in Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The real purpose was to collect money that is not included in the national budget and can be used freely by the government until the people retire.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ History Money laundering is a new word for most Japanese, but its idea itself is a familiar one.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Nihon is a more casual term and the most frequently used in contemporary speech.^ But in the short term, they can already say that they are likely to become more frequent, even if not necessarily more severe.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Japanese people refer to themselves as Nihonjin (日本人^?) and they call their language Nihongo (日本語^?).^ Lan guage.Since the year 1820, when Klaproth concluded that the Japanese language had sprung from the Ural-Altaic stock, philologists have busied themselves in tracing its affinities.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ If they would just release the information to the public so people could see it for themselves there wouldn't be this suspecion there.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For Japan, Yasukuni Shrine and the Japanese Red Army are the same because they are heroes who devote themselves to the national interest (See Note 6).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

Both Nippon and Nihon literally mean "the sun's origin" and are often translated as the Land of the Rising Sun. .This nomenclature comes from Imperial correspondence with the Chinese Sui Dynasty and refers to Japan's eastward position relative to China.^ Tradition refers to the advent of a Chinese artist named Nanriu, invited to Japan in the 5th century as a painter of the Imperial banners, but of the labors and influence of Period, this man and of his descendants we have no record.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan virtually destroyed Chinese, Korean and Ryukyu Dynasties.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Before Nihon came into official use, Japan was known as Wa (倭^?) or Wagoku (倭国^?).^ By the term archaic is to be understood the pure Japanese language of earliest times, and by the term classical the quasi-Chinese language which came into use for literary purposes when Japan appropriated the civilization of her great neighbors.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Kyoto Protocol was used to establish a public image of Japan as a developed nation on the environmental affairs before conducting weather terrorism.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[13]

The English word for Japan came to the West from early trade routes. .The early Mandarin or possibly Wu Chinese (呉語) word for Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu. In modern Shanghainese, a Wu dialect, the pronunciation of characters 日本 'Japan' is Zeppen [zəʔpən]; in Wu, the character 日 has two pronunciations, informal (白讀^?) [niʔ] and formal (文讀^?) [zəʔ].^ We decided to publish this editorial about the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on July 7 because we believe this year has special significance for both Japan and China.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Now most Japanese use "kazoku" or "家族" in Chinese character as the alternative Japanese word.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1947, the Japanese word that was frequently used to mean "family origin" was "monchi" or "門地" in the Chinese character.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.(In some southern Wu dialects, 日本 is pronounced [niʔpən], similar to its pronunciation in Japanese.^ Their pronunciations were very similar, particularly in Japanese.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

) .The old Malay word for Japan, Jepang (now spelled Jepun in Malaysia, though still spelled Jepang in Indonesia), was borrowed from a Chinese language, and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in Malacca in the 16th century.^ The embroiderers craft has been followed for centuries in Japan with eminent success, but whereas it formerly ranked E b t~ with dyeing and weaving, it has now come to be m rO eay.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Kojiki is written in the archaic form: that is to say, the language is the language of old Japan, the script, although ideographic, is used phonetically only, and the case-indicators are represented by Chinese characters having the samesounds.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Now most Japanese use "kazoku" or "家族" in Chinese character as the alternative Japanese word.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

It is thought the Portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to Europe. It was first recorded in English in a 1565 letter spelled Giapan.^[14]

History

Main article: History of Japan

.The first signs of occupation on the Japanese Archipelago appeared with a Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC, followed from around 14,000 BC by the Jōmon period, a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer (possibly Ainu)^[15] culture of pit dwelling and a rudimentary form of agriculture.^ The first attack was set at June 23rd around the US, but not in the US. The then Japanese prime minister, Nakasone, had seemingly a good relationship with the US president Ronald Reagan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Decorated clay vessels from this period, often with plaited patterns, are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world.^ This country often cherishes some children for alomost the period of a whole generation.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Yayoi period, starting around 500 BC, saw the introduction of many new practices, such as wet-rice farming,^[16] a new style of pottery^[17] and Metallurgy ^[18]^[19] brought by migrants from China and Korea.^ There are many such people around me.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The close of this long period brought a new style of art, that of the Korin school.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Great Hanshin earthquake January 17, 1995 This earthquake occurred just around the time when the Operation Desert Storm started.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Japanese first appear in written history in China’s Book of Han.^ Nothing is written in Japanese history books about what happened on that day.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Communications.From the conditions actually existing in the 8th century after the Christian era the first compilers of Japanese history inferred the conditions which might Roads and have existed in the 7th century before that era.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The date of the first use of color-printing in Japanese book illus- fi ok Ill tration is uncertain.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.According to the Chinese Records of Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the third century was called Yamataikoku.^ The date of its construction is not recorded, but it certainly underwent signal improvement in the 12th and 13th centuries, and during the two and a half centuries of Tokugawa sway in Yedo.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Nevertheless the annals show that during the three centuries before 1897 there were 108 earthquakes sufficiently disastrous to merit historical mention.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.Buddhism was first introduced to Japan from Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism and Buddhist sculptures were primarily influenced by China.^ One example in English Three examples in Japanese .

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ North Korea is neither a foreign nation nor part of Japan, according to Japanese laws.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Iwleanwhile an inquirer is confronted by the strange fact that of three neighboring countries between which frequent communication existed, one (China) never deviated from an ideographic script; another (Korea) invented an alphabet , and the third (Japan) devised a syllabary.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[20] Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and eventually gained growing acceptance since the Asuka period.^[21]

The Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281 were successfully repelled

.The Nara period of the eighth century marked the first emergence of a strong central Japanese state, centered on an imperial court in the city of Heijō-kyō, or modern-day Nara.^ Since most national holidays in Japan had been related to the imperial family, the Allies carried out court procedures on the days.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The native artist who crested the first great wave of Japanese painting was a court noble named Kos no Kanaoka, living under the patronage of the emperor Seiwa ~ mi (850859) and his successors down to about the end of J~~d the 9th century, in the midst of a period of peace and culture.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The period from the early part of the 14th century to the opening of the 17th is generally regarded as the dark age of Japanese literature.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

In addition to the continuing adoption of Chinese administrative practices, the Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent written literature with the completion of the massive chronicles Kojiki (712) and Nihon Shoki (720).^[22] .(Nara was not the first capital city in Japan, though.^ Happily, there are still preserved in the great temples of Japan, chiefly in the ancient capital of Nara, many noble relics of this period.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

Before Nara, Fujiwara-kyō and Asuka served as capitals of the Yamato state.)

.In 784, Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō for a brief ten-year period, before relocating it to Heian-kyō (modern-day Kyoto) in 794, where it remained for more than a millennium.^ Dude I have been here for over 20 years and I have seen more cloud patterns like the one you link to than you could shake a stick at.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Happily, there are still preserved in the great temples of Japan, chiefly in the ancient capital of Nara, many noble relics of this period.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Each ge~eration has added something to the canons of its predecessor, and for every ten points preserved not more than one has been discarded.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[23] .This marked the beginning of the Heian period, during which time a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged, noted for its art, poetry and literature.^ At that time, most Japanese diplomats were government agents who expanded the networks of spies and sympathisers for Japan (See Note 7,8).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Professor Chamberlains Kojiki, the same authors introduction to The Classical Poetry of the Japanese, and Mr W. G. Astons Nikongi, are essential to every student of Japanese literature.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ During recent times many students have turned their attention to this branch of literature.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.Lady Murasaki's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of modern Japan's national anthem, Kimi ga Yo were written during this time.^ No important new developments have taken place during modern times in Japans lacquer manufacture.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ His books were written before and during WWII. When he made a speech at the Nobel Prize award ceremony in 1968, the title of his speech was "Beautiful Japan".

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[24]

An old Japanese painting depicting a battle during the Sengoku period (1467–1615)

.Japan's feudal era was characterized by the emergence of a ruling class of warriors, the samurai.^ In the feudal period, Buddhist temples often held many warriors and fought samurai warriors and each other for non-religious reasons.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.In 1185, following the defeat of the rival Taira clan, Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed Shogun and established a base of power in Kamakura.^ The struggle between the Taira and Minamoto clans for the power that had long been practically abandoned by the Imperial line lasted through the 11th and the greater part of the 12th centuries, ending only with the rise of Yoritomo to the shogunate in 1185.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1888 Maruyama established, another Asahi in Tokyo, and thither he was quickly followed by his Osaka rival, which in TOkyO took the name of Mainichi Dempo (Daily Telegraph).

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

After Yoritomo's death, the Hōjō clan came to rule as regents for the shoguns. Zen Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and became popular among the samurai class.

.The Kamakura shogunate managed to repel Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281, aided by a storm that the Japanese interpreted as a kamikaze, or Divine Wind.^ A calamitous atmospheric feature is the periodical arrival of storms called typhoons (Japanese tai-fu or great wind).

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ As far back as the beginning of the Christian era the Japanese and the Koreans could not hold intercourse without the aid of interpreters.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Kamakura shogunate was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo, who was soon himself defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336.^[25] The succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords (daimyō), and a civil war erupted (the Ōnin War) in 1467 which opened a century-long Sengoku (“Warring States”) period.^ The period from the early part of the 14th century to the opening of the 17th is generally regarded as the dark age of Japanese literature.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[26]

.During the sixteenth century, traders and Jesuit missionaries from Portugal reached Japan for the first time, initiating active commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West (Nanban trade).^ There is no sat?sfactory theory as to the route by which the Mongols reached Japan, but it is scarcely possible to doubt that they found their way thither at one time.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The first historical period of glyptic art in Japan reaches from the end of the 6th to the end of the 12th century, culminating in, the work of the great Nara sculptors, Unkei and Period, his pupil Kwaikei.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ If Japan was eminently fortunate in the men who directed her political career at that time, she was equally favored in those that presided over her literary culture.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

One of Japan's Red seal ships (1634), which were used for trade throughout Asia.

Samurai of the Satsuma clan during the Boshin War, circa 1867.

Oda Nobunaga conquered numerous other daimyo by using European technology and firearms and had almost unified the nation when he was assassinated in 1582. Toyotomi Hideyoshi succeeded Nobunaga and united the nation in 1590. Hideyoshi invaded Korea twice, but following several defeats by Korean and Ming China forces and Hideyoshi's death, Japanese troops were withdrawn in 1598.^[27]

After Hideyoshi's death, Tokugawa Ieyasu utilized his position as regent for Hideyoshi's son Toyotomi Hideyori to gain political and military support. .When open war broke out, he defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu was appointed shōgun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo).^ In 1939, World War II broke out.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[28] The Tokugawa shogunate enacted a variety of measures such as Buke shohatto to control the autonomous daimyo.

.In 1639, the shogunate began the isolationist sakoku ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period.^ A new era in art began in the latter half of the 17th century with the establishment of a popular school under an embroiderers draughtsman named Hishigawa Moronobu (c.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The date of its construction is not recorded, but it certainly underwent signal improvement in the 12th and 13th centuries, and during the two and a half centuries of Tokugawa sway in Yedo.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ This is undoubtedly the finest jewelled porcelain in Japan; the best examples leave nothing to be desired The factorys period of excellence began about the year I 680, ant culminated at the close of the 18th century.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

The study of Western sciences, known as rangaku, continued during this period through contacts with the Dutch enclave at Dejima in Nagasaki. .The Edo period also gave rise to kokugaku, or literally "national studies", the study of Japan by the Japanese themselves.^ North Korea is neither a foreign nation nor part of Japan, according to Japanese laws.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The so-called dark age of Japanese literature was not entirely unproductive: it gave the drama (No) to Japan.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Nov 17, 2007, 08:09 My recent discovery,Japan's Zainici-Koreans are most outwardly patriotic & often like to misrepresent themselves as true Japanese nationals.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[29] .According to one authority, there were at least 130 famines during the Edo period, of which 21 were particularly serious.^ Buddhist sculpture was by no means neglected during this period, but there are few works that call for special notice.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ There are no rabbits, but hares (usagi) are to be found in very varying numbers, and those of one species put on a white coat during winter.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[30]

.On March 31, 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry and the "Black Ships" of the United States Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa.^ This, the deepest sea- bed in the world, is called the Tuscarora Deep, after the name of the United States man-of-war which made the survey.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The world would think that Japan is in turmoil and that it could really be a disaster to force Japan into a corner.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Brazil is the Latin American country that has received the most ethnic Japanese immigrants, as well having the largest Japanese population outside of Japan, numbering an estimate of more than 1.5 million considerably bigger than that of the 1.2 million in the United States.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Subsequent similar treaties with the Western countries in the Bakumatsu period brought Japan into economic and political crises.^ CIA World Fact Book Japan The BBC Country profile Japan provides an instant guide to history, politics and economic background of Japan.

The Japanese Stock Market and Economy. 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.site-by-site.com [Source type: Reference]

^ I hear he got married with a minority woman in a Western country and came back to Japan alone, like Fujimori (See Note 4) and Yoko Ono (See Note 5).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Most earthquakes in Japan seem to be artificial ones usually with political and economic purposes.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.The abundance of the prerogative and the resignation of the shogunate led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state unified under the name of the Emperor (Meiji Restoration).^ A new era in art began in the latter half of the 17th century with the establishment of a popular school under an embroiderers draughtsman named Hishigawa Moronobu (c.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ This, the deepest sea- bed in the world, is called the Tuscarora Deep, after the name of the United States man-of-war which made the survey.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

Adopting Western political, judicial and military institutions, the Cabinet organized the Privy Council, introduced the Meiji Constitution, and assembled the Imperial Diet. .The Meiji Restoration transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that embarked on a number of military conflicts to expand the nation's sphere of influence.^ JAPAN , an empire of eastern Asia , and one of the great powers of the world.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.After victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea, and the southern half of Sakhalin.^ Japan lost control over North Korea.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Formosa and the Pescadores were ceded to Japan by China after the war of 1894-1895, and the southern half of Sakhalinthe part south of 500 N.was added to Japan by cession from Russia in 1905.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ In the 1930s, at a time when militarists had taken control of the Japanese government and society, Catholics in Japan faced a problem.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[31]

20th century

.The early twentieth century saw a brief period of "Taishō democracy" overshadowed by the rise of expansionism and militarization.^ The period from the early part of the 14th century to the opening of the 17th is generally regarded as the dark age of Japanese literature.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The second period in Japanese glyptic art extends from the beginning of the 13th to the early part of the 17th century.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.World War I enabled Japan, which joined the side of the victorious Allies, to expand its influence and territorial holdings.^ Japan took advantage of the global confusion during World War II and expanded its battle line.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ You may think that, during World War II, France was included in the Allied Powers.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Aug 3, 2007, 16:09 Japan's Conspiracy (23-1) ==== Japan won World War II. ==== I was surprised when I knew that Japan was a victorious nation for the Japanese government and for some nationalists.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

Japan continued its expansionist policy by occupying Manchuria in 1931. As a result of international condemnation for this occupation, Japan resigned from the League of Nations two years later. In 1935, local assemblies were established in Taiwan.^[32] .In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany, joining the Axis powers in 1941.^[33] In 1941, Japan signed the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact with Soviet Union, respecting both Manchukou and Mongolian People's Republic territories.^ At that time, Japan was eager to show the power of the Japanese construction industry.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japanese death toll was 3.1 million, the US death toll was 290,000 On the other hand, the death tolls of Soviet Union, China, Germany, Poland and Indonesia were 23 million, 20 million, 7 million, 5 million and 4 million, respectively.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Some were given to the Soviet Union as pawns for the security of Japan proper.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.In 1937, the Empire of Japan invaded other parts of China, precipitating the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).^ North Korea is neither a foreign nation nor part of Japan, according to Japanese laws.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Most Japanese victims were killed for other reasons, including torture and mass suicide within Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Formosa and the Pescadores were ceded to Japan by China after the war of 1894-1895, and the southern half of Sakhalinthe part south of 500 N.was added to Japan by cession from Russia in 1905.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

In 1940, the Empire then invaded French Indochina, after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan.^[34] .On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States naval base in Pearl Harbor and declared war on the United States, the United Kingdom and Netherlands.^ For example, the Attack on Pearl Harbor was carried out on December 8, 1941 in the US, and on December 9, 1941 in Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These attacks were often compared with Attack on Pearl Harbor.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This, the deepest sea- bed in the world, is called the Tuscarora Deep, after the name of the United States man-of-war which made the survey.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.This act brought the United States into World War II and, on December 8, these three countries declared war on Japan.^ CIA World Fact Book Japan The BBC Country profile Japan provides an instant guide to history, politics and economic background of Japan.

The Japanese Stock Market and Economy. 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.site-by-site.com [Source type: Reference]

^ A defence minister of the Japanese puppet regime The capital of Burma, Rangoon, fell to the Japanese in March 1942 (as part of the Burma Campaign in World War II), and the Japanese military administration took over the country.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I was surprised when I found some web sites relating the first change of government since the end of World War II under Hosokawa administration.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[35]^[36] .After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, along with the Soviet Union joining the war against it, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender of all Japanese forces on August 15 (Victory over Japan Day).^ Unconditional surrender was a foregone conclusion for Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But, from August 15 to this day, no Japanese government officials thought that Japan lost the war.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japanese may think that the war ended on August 15.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[37]

Skyscrapers in Shinjuku, Tokyo

.The war cost Japan and countries part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere millions of lives and left much of the country's industry and infrastructure destroyed.^ Formosa and the Pescadores were ceded to Japan by China after the war of 1894-1895, and the southern half of Sakhalinthe part south of 500 N.was added to Japan by cession from Russia in 1905.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Pacific Ocean, which washes the eastern shores, moulds their outline into much greater diversity than does the Sea of Japan which washes the western shores.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Allied powers repatriated millions of ethnic Japanese from colonies throughout Asia.^ The jinrikisha was devised by a Japanese in 1870, and since then it has come into use throughout the whole of Asia eastward of the Suez Canal .

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ During World War II, in Southeast Asia such as Vietnam and Cambodia, French navy cooperated with Japanese navy and fought the Allied Powers.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army surrendered to the Allied Powers in exchange for the acquittal of all government officials.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[38] .The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, was convened by the Allies (on May 3, 1946) to prosecute some Japanese leaders for war crimes.^ For example, the president of a Japanese company may assume the chairman of a crime prevention association just to camouflage collusion with gang organizations.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At the first post-war gathering of Japan's bishops in May 1946, the bishops decreed that Catholics henceforth were not allowed to go to shrines in either a private or a public capacity.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ You may think that, during World War II, France was included in the Allied Powers.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.However, all members of the bacteriological research units and members of the imperial family involved in the conduct of the war were exonerated from criminal prosecutions by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces.^ Since most national holidays in Japan had been related to the imperial family, the Allies carried out court procedures on the days.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Above all this, however, the Japanese sculptor is a force in art.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Though it was beyond expectation for every Japanese, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers Douglas MacArthur suddenly ordered to arrest key 39 Japanese generals and politicians who were designated as Class A War Criminals including Hideki Tojo.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.In 1947, Japan adopted a new pacifist constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices.^ The current Constitution of Japan was established in 1947.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These four clauses above are figurative expressions for part of the constitutional amendment proposed by the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (See Note 1, 2).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Around September 11 2003, most headline news were election for president of the Liberal Democratic Party.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Allied occupation ended by the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952^[39] and Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956. Japan later achieved spectacular growth to become the second largest economy in the world, with an annual growth rate averaging 10% for four decades.^ Since most national holidays in Japan had been related to the imperial family, the Allies carried out court procedures on the days.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The birth-rate, taking the average of the decennial period ended 1907, is 3~o5% of the population, and the death-rate is 2.05.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ (Note 14)--^ Bangladesh's Ahmed supports Japan's bid for the permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

This ended in the mid-1990s when Japan suffered a major recession. .Positive growth in the early twenty-first century has signaled a gradual recovery.^ It was first produced by a Korean who emigrated to Japan in the early part of the 16th century.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[40]

Government and politics

Main articles: Government of Japan and Politics of Japan

Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko

.Japan is a constitutional monarchy where the power of the Emperor is very limited.^ When Japan restored a monarchy system in 1868, still Buddhist temples held strong powers.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.As a ceremonial figurehead, he is defined by the constitution as "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people". Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister of Japan and other elected members of the Diet, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people.^ On the moment, Japan had no prime minister.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This is just what the Japanese prime minister is saying.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan tried to convince the Bush administration that there were no alternative prime minister other than Mr. Koizumi.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[41] The Emperor effectively acts as the head of state on diplomatic occasions. .Akihito is the current Emperor of Japan.^ Emperor's Birthday === The current emperor, Akihito, was born in 1933 (See Note 2).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan, stands as next in line to the throne.^ July 10 to July 17 Japanese Crown Prince Naruhito visited Mongolia (See Note 1).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

Japan's legislative organ is the National Diet, a bicameral parliament. .The Diet consists of a House of Representatives, containing 480 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved and a House of Councillors of 242 seats, whose popularly elected members serve six-year terms.^ As the result, though the city accounts for 35 per cent of the total voters of the 5 single-seat constituencies, no candidates from it has been elected for some years.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1961, U Thant, then Burma's Permanent Representative to the United Nations and former Secretary to the Prime Minister, was elected Secretary-General of the United Nations; he was the first non-Westerner to head any international organization and would serve as UN Secretary-General for ten years.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Dissolution of the House of Representatives === The Japanese government dissolved the Lower House, which distracted people's attention from the execution of war criminals on December 23, 1948 (See Note 5).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.There is universal suffrage for adults over 20 years of age,^[10] with a secret ballot for all elective offices.^ There is a nation-wide TV debate program that has lasted about 20 years.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "We have to be realistic, and we can't continue this process for 10, 20 years," Joji Morishita, Tokyo's representative to the conference, said.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Okinawa University === In Okinawa University, there were two professors who supported Japanese Red Army (See Note 10).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[41] .In 2009, the social liberal Democratic Party of Japan took power after 54 years of the liberal conservative Liberal Democratic Party's rule.^ On this point, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party has been successful.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The day just before the disastrous day, long-powerful Liberal Democratic Party regime collapsed.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The opposition parties seem to stand against the ruling party, but they are comrades who have the same purpose in Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government.^ On the moment, Japan had no prime minister.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan tried to convince the Bush administration that there were no alternative prime minister other than Mr. Koizumi.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ (Note 6)-- July 24: Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed requested government bureaucrats and non-government organizations to cooperate with the government at the disaster emergency committee.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.The position is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the Diet from among its members and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office.^ The number of houses in Japan at the end of 1903, when the census was last taken, was 8,725,544, the average number of inmates in each house being thus 5.5, .

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ For many years their ware enjoyed the credit, or discredit, of being the most lavishly deco- Wa,i-~ I rated porcelain in Japan.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ In the northern suite the lady of the house dwelt, the eastern and western suites being allotted to other members of the family.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet (the literal translation of his Japanese title is "Prime Minister of the Cabinet") and appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State, a majority of whom must be Diet members.^ This is just what the Japanese prime minister is saying.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Finally, the cabinet put off the decision about whether the vice minister of defense is dismissed or not.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This is the title of a book published by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Yukio Hatoyama currently serves as the Prime Minister of Japan.^ On the moment, Japan had no prime minister.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan tried to convince the Bush administration that there were no alternative prime minister other than Mr. Koizumi.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Until the time the earthqake occurred, there had been no prime minister in Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[42]

.Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki.^ This is the reality of the Japanese law enforcement system.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As the Japanese penal law is much influenced by the German law, you need a sort of "action" to be punished.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The development of Japanese painting may be divided into the following six periods, each signalized by a wave of progress.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.However, since the late nineteenth century, the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably France and Germany.^ At the base is a thermal spring, where baths have existed since the 7th century.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.For example, in 1896, the Japanese government established a civil code based on the German model.^ An impetus was given to ceramic decoration by the efforts of a new school, which owed its origin to Dr G. Wagener, an eminent German expert formerly in the service of the Japanese government.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Since the modern Japanese government was established, the money laundering fraud was developed in both the underground societies and official secret organizations.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japanese government representatives ordered the U.S. crew to return to Yokota Air Base because the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) were going to handle the rescue.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.With post-World War II modifications, the code remains in effect in present-day Japan.^ World War II and defeat - - - Prologue to war .

Japan -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]

^ For an example of this, see World War II .

Japan - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC uncyclopedia.wikia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The fortunes of war at first ran in favor of Japan, and by the end of 1942 the spread of Japanese military might over the Pacific to the doors of India and of Alaska was prodigious (see World War II ).

Japan Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Japan 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[43] .Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature, the National Diet of Japan, with the rubber stamp approval of the Emperor.^ North Korea is neither a foreign nation nor part of Japan, according to Japanese laws.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.The current constitution requires that the Emperor promulgates legislation passed by the Diet, without specifically giving him the power to oppose the passing of the legislation.^ Japan has a royal family led by an Emperor, but under the current constitution he holds no power at all, not even emergency reserve powers.

fUSION Anomaly. Japan 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC fusionanomaly.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Japan's national diet has sole legislative power.

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/japan.html?nav=el 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The emperor shares legislative power with two large political bodies, the Chamber of Peers and the Chamber of Deputies.

CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Japan 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]

^[41] .Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts.^ Japanese Style Gerimander (See Note 5)=== Kagoshima City, with the population of 605,000, is divided into three constituencies.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Structurally Japan is divided into two regions by a depression (the Fossa Magna of Naumann) which stretches across the island of Hondo from Shimoda to Nagano.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ It is divided into three parts, separated by walls, and each containing a lake, of which the middle one emits steam and the two others are cold.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[44] The main body of Japanese statutory law is a collection called the Six Codes.^[43]

Foreign relations and military

Main articles: Foreign relations of Japan, Japan Self-Defense Forces, and Ministry of Defense (Japan)

The JDS Hyuga, one of two Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force helicopter carriers.

Japanese Air Self-Defense Force F-15s.

.Japan maintains close economic and military relations with its key ally the United States, with the U.S.-Japan security alliance serving as the cornerstone of its foreign policy.^ Since most national holidays in Japan had been related to the imperial family, the Allies carried out court procedures on the days.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Bank of Japan and Public Security Intelligence Agency Shigetake Ogata is a man who symbolizes the relations between the two organizations (See Note 3).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ (Note 14)--^ Bangladesh's Ahmed supports Japan's bid for the permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[45] .A member state of the United Nations since 1956, Japan has served as a non-permanent Security Council member for a total of 19 years, most recently for 2009 and 2010. It is also one of the G4 nations seeking permanent membership in the Security Council.^ Since most national holidays in Japan had been related to the imperial family, the Allies carried out court procedures on the days.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ A slew of films featuring this episode have been made recently in both China and the United States.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On this day Japan also celebrated its own foundation because this day was also Japan's most important national holiday, the National Foundation Day..

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[46]

.As a member of the G8, the APEC, the "ASEAN Plus Three" and a participant in the East Asia Summit, Japan actively participates in international affairs and enhances diplomatic ties with its important partners around the world.^ The way you write above, you purport that only you know what is good music, and that all of the societies around the world (not just in Japan) are wrong about Ozawa's talents.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Japanese government moved a variety of agents in and around Japan, sometimes throughout the world.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On the same day, Japan held an "Asia-Pacific Water Summit" in Japan, collecting representatives from 35 countries.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Japan signed a security pact with Australia in March 2007^[47] and with India in October 2008.^[48] It is also the world's third largest donor of official development assistance after the United States and United Kingdom, donating US$8.86 billion in 2004.^[49] Japan contributed non-combatant troops to the Iraq War but subsequently withdrew its forces from Iraq.^ The US Bush administration demanded Japan's financial contribution and joint action to the war.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan forever renounces war and use of force.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Abe promised Japan's Self Defense Forces' operation for another 2 years in Iraq.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[50] .The Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force is a regular participant in RIMPAC maritime exercises.^ Abe promised Japan's Self Defense Forces' operation for another 2 years in Iraq.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I now believe that the Meteorological Agency announces the weather forecast after discussing the manipulation effect with the Air Self-Defense Force.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There is a variety of alternative names for the law such as "Anti-terrorism law", "terrorism defense law" or "law of cooperation with US forces" in Japanese.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors: with Russia over the South Kuril Islands, with South Korea over the Liancourt Rocks, with the People's Republic of China and Republic of China (Taiwan) over the Senkaku Islands, and with the PRC over the EEZ around Okinotorishima.^ But he faced a severe criticism again in and around Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Formosa and the Pescadores were ceded to Japan by China after the war of 1894-1895, and the southern half of Sakhalinthe part south of 500 N.was added to Japan by cession from Russia in 1905.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan tried to buy not Northern Territories (Kuril islands) but to buy the concession by the then Russian President Yeltsin about the territories' handover to Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Japan also faces an ongoing dispute with North Korea over its abduction of Japanese citizens and its nuclear weapons and missile program (see also Six-party talks).^ Japan lost control over North Korea.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan doesn't recognize North Korea.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ (Note 1 to Note 9) ------------------------- (Note 1) Crown Prince helps excavate Mongolia fossils http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070714b2.html (Note 2) N. Korea warns Japan of consequences if it presses abduction issue North Korea on Thursday accused Japan of "abusing" the issue of Japanese citizens abducted to North Korea in the 1970s and 1980s to scuttle the six-party denuclearization talks, warning that if Japan fails to fulfill its commitments to provide energy aid, the nuclear issue will remain unsettled.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.As a result of the Kuril Islands dispute, Japan is technically still at war with Russia since no treaty resolving the issue was ever signed.^ Formosa and the Pescadores were ceded to Japan by China after the war of 1894-1895, and the southern half of Sakhalinthe part south of 500 N.was added to Japan by cession from Russia in 1905.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The books produced in the period1880-1908in Japan are still of high technical excellence.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan tried to buy not Northern Territories (Kuril islands) but to buy the concession by the then Russian President Yeltsin about the territories' handover to Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[51]

.Japan's military is restricted by the Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, which renounces Japan's right to declare war or use military force as a means of settling international disputes.^ Article 9: Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes (See Note 1).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan forever renounces war and use of force.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In the original Japanese Constitution, ”門地" was used to express the meaning of "family origin".

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Japan's military is governed by the Ministry of Defense, and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF).^ If you want to be a prestigious meteorologist, I suggest that you develop your skill in convincing others of your close-mouthed character and that you set up contacts with the Air Self-Defense Force.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Japanese government and Japanese mass media say that Okinawans are angry about the education ministry's instructions to textbook publishers to modify statements that Okinawa residents were forced by the military into committing mass suicide during the Battle of Okinawa.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan's foreign ministry officials can call any foreign government officials.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.The forces have been recently used in peacekeeping operations and the deployment of Japanese troops to Iraq marked the first overseas use of its military since World War II.^ Article 9: Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes (See Note 1).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan forever renounces war and use of force.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[50]

Administrative divisions

Map of the prefectures of Japan in ISO 3166-2:JP order and the regions of Japan

Main articles: Prefectures of Japan, Cities of Japan, Towns of Japan, Villages of Japan, and List of Japanese cities by population

Japan consists of forty-seven prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor, legislature and administrative bureaucracy. .Each prefecture is further divided into cities, towns and villages.^ Japanese Style Gerimander (See Note 5)=== Kagoshima City, with the population of 605,000, is divided into three constituencies.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

Hokkaidō 1. Hokkaidō	Tōhoku 2. Aomori 3. Iwate 4. Miyagi 5. Akita 6. Yamagata 7. Fukushima	Kantō 8. Ibaraki 9. Tochigi 10. Gunma 11. Saitama 12. Chiba 13. Tokyo 14. Kanagawa	Chūbu 15. Niigata 16. Toyama 17. Ishikawa 18. Fukui 19. Yamanashi 20. Nagano 21. Gifu 22. Shizuoka 23. Aichi
Kansai 24. Mie 25. Shiga 26. Kyoto 27. Osaka 28. Hyōgo 29. Nara 30. Wakayama	Chūgoku 31. Tottori 32. Shimane 33. Okayama 34. Hiroshima 35. Yamaguchi	Shikoku 36. Tokushima 37. Kagawa 38. Ehime 39. Kōchi	Kyūshū and Okinawa 40. Fukuoka 41. Saga 42. Nagasaki 43. Kumamoto 44. Ōita 45. Miyazaki 46. Kagoshima 47. Okinawa

The nation is currently undergoing administrative reorganization by merging many of the cities, towns and villages with each other. .This process will reduce the number of sub-prefecture administrative regions and is expected to cut administrative costs.^ There are forty-three ordinary prefectures, three metropolitan prefectures with special administrative powers, and one administrative region for the northernmost island.

Culture of Japan - traditional, history, people, traditions, women, beliefs, food, family, social, marriage, men, life, immigrants, wedding, population, religion, rituals, History and ethnic relations 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.everyculture.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[52]

.Japan has dozens of major cities, which play an important role in Japan's culture, heritage and economy.^ But although the capital of Japan formerly played only an insignificant part in Japanese ceramics, modern Tokyo has an important school of artist-artisans.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan hopes that they will play a critical role in the international political arena in the future, particularly for Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Japan

Mount Fuji with cherry blossom trees and a shinkansen in the foreground—all three are iconic of Japan

.Japan is a country of over three thousand islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia.^ The Pacific coast of the Japanese islands is more liable than the western shore to shocks disturbing a wide area.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ On the same day, Japan held an "Asia-Pacific Water Summit" in Japan, collecting representatives from 35 countries.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But the foundation on which the volcanoes rest is exposed along the east coast of Hondo (in the Kwanto, Abukuma and Kitakami hills), and also in the island of Yezo.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.The main islands, running from north to south, are Hokkaidō, Honshū (the main island), Shikoku and Kyūshū.^ In the north of the main island there are no peaks of remarkable height.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Th third road, the OshOkaidO runs northward from Yedo o h~k 1d~ (now Tokyo) to Aomori on the extreme north of the S U 5 O~ main island, a distance of 445 iii., and several lesser highways give access to other regions.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ There the bottom slopes very abruptly, descending precipitously at a point not far from the north-east coast of the main island, where soundings have shown 4655 fathoms.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Ryukyu Islands, including Okinawa, are a chain of islands south of Kyushū.^ The island fell on about June 21, 1945, though some Japanese continued fighting, including the future governor of Okinawa prefecture, Masahide Ota.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Together they are often known as the Japanese Archipelago.^ It is often said that typhoons are supposed to go through the Japanese archipelago, but it is impossible to explain the reason only by topography and meteorology.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It has often been said of the Japanese that they are slow in forming a decision but very quick to act upon it.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

About 70% to 80% of the country is forested, mountainous,^[53]^[54] and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial, or residential use. This is because of the generally steep elevations, climate and risk of landslides caused by earthquakes, soft ground and heavy rain. .This has resulted in an extremely high population density in the habitable zones that are mainly located in coastal areas.^ The country is heavily urbanized, and urban areas have extremely high population densities.

Culture of Japan - traditional, history, people, traditions, women, beliefs, food, family, social, marriage, men, life, immigrants, wedding, population, religion, rituals, History and ethnic relations 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.everyculture.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ On the arable land, which is only 11% of Japan's total land area, the population density is among the highest in the world.

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/japan.html?nav=el 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Japan Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Japan 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Only about 15 percent of the land is level enough for agriculture, and so the population density in coastal plains and valleys is extremely high.

Culture of Japan - traditional, history, people, traditions, women, beliefs, food, family, social, marriage, men, life, immigrants, wedding, population, religion, rituals, History and ethnic relations 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.everyculture.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.^ Japan has been admired as the safest country with the best policemen in the world.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The remarkable grace of this moun- Fe L tams curvean inverted catenarymakes it one of the most beautiful in the world, and has obtained for it a prominent place in Japanese decorative art.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Most earthquakes in Japan seem to be artificial ones usually with political and economic purposes.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[55]

.Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire, at the juncture of three tectonic plates, gives Japan frequent low-intensity tremors and occasional volcanic activity.^ This area is in the middle of the fault zone of the Pacific, the Eurasian and the Philippine tectonic plates.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Japanese Archipelago is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunamis, occur several times each century.^ The attitude of the Japanese government has been strange for the past several years when earthquakes occurred.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Great Hanshin earthquake January 17, 1995 This earthquake occurred just around the time when the Operation Desert Storm started.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Those conspiracy often occur at the time which is very convenient for the Japanese government.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[56] .The 1923 Tokyo earthquake killed over 140,000.^[57] The most recent major quakes are the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake and the Great Hanshin Earthquake of 1995. Hot springs are numerous and have been developed as resorts.^ The Great Hanshin Earthquake occurred on January 17, 1995 at 5:46 a.m.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ (Tokyo) Great Kanto earthquake about 100,000 to 142,000 deaths It took place during the emergency in the Japanese politics.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Great Hanshin earthquake January 17, 1995 This earthquake occurred just around the time when the Operation Desert Storm started.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[58]

Shiranesanzan (from left to right: Mount Nōtori, Mount Aino, Mount Kita), view from Mount Kenashi in Shizuoka Prefecture.

.The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate, but varies greatly from north to south.^ Mountasns.The Japanese islands are traversed from north t south by a range of mountains which sends out various laterl branches.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[59] Japan's geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones:

Hokkaidō: The northernmost zone has a temperate climate with long, cold winters and cool summers.
^ General characteristics are hot and humid though short summers, and long, cold and clear winters.
Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]
^ But the variation of the thermometer in winter and summer being considerableas much as 72 F. in Tokyothe climate proves somewhat trying to persons of weak constitution.
Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]
.Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snow banks in the winter.
Sea of Japan: On Honshū's west coast, the northwest wind in the wintertime brings heavy snowfall.
^ But in the mountainous provinces of the interior and in those along the western coast, deep snow covers the ground throughout the whole winter, and the sky is usually wrapped in a veil of clouds.
Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The intervening sea being comparatively warm, this wind arrives at Japan having its temperature increased and carrying moisture which it deposits as snow on the western faces of the Japanese mountains.
Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]
^ There the bottom slopes very abruptly, descending precipitously at a point not far from the north-east coast of the main island, where soundings have shown 4655 fathoms.
Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]
.In the summer, the region is cooler than the Pacific area, though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures, because of the foehn wind phenomenon.
Central Highland: A typical inland climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter, and between day and night.
^ He takes them as part of the days work, and though he sometimes grumbles, rarely, if ever, does he repine.
Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]
^ General characteristics are hot and humid though short summers, and long, cold and clear winters.
Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]
^ But the variation of the thermometer in winter and summer being considerableas much as 72 F. in Tokyothe climate proves somewhat trying to persons of weak constitution.
Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]
.Precipitation is light.
Seto Inland Sea: The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the region from the seasonal winds, bringing mild weather throughout the year.
Pacific Ocean: The east coast experiences cold winters with little snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind.
Ryukyu Islands: The Ryukyu Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers.
^ But in the mountainous provinces of the interior and in those along the western coast, deep snow covers the ground throughout the whole winter, and the sky is usually wrapped in a veil of clouds.
Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]
^ General characteristics are hot and humid though short summers, and long, cold and clear winters.
Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The intervening sea being comparatively warm, this wind arrives at Japan having its temperature increased and carrying moisture which it deposits as snow on the western faces of the Japanese mountains.
Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]
.Precipitation is very heavy, especially during the rainy season.
^ During the seasonal periods of heavy rainfall and typhoons, flooding becomes a major problem.
Japan Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Japan 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Typhoons are common.

The highest temperature ever measured in Japan—40.9 °C (105.6 °F)—was recorded on August 16, 2007.^[60]

.The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa, and the stationary rain front responsible for this gradually works its way north until it dissipates in northern Japan before reaching Hokkaidō in late July.^ It was not until the triumph of the northern dynasty was achieved through the prowess of an interested champion of the Ashikaga clan that the culture of ancient Japan revived.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ There is no sat?sfactory theory as to the route by which the Mongols reached Japan, but it is scarcely possible to doubt that they found their way thither at one time.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.In most of Honshū, the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks.^ There are three wet seasons in Japan: the first, from the middle of April to the beginning of May; the second, from the middle of June to the beginning of July; and the third, from early in September to early in October.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Last week some of Barack Obama's critics were upset that he ducked a question in Japan about whether he approved of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

James Fallows: Japan Archives 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC jamesfallows.theatlantic.com [Source type: General]

^ Troy Hogg Rain, rain, go away......The month of June signals the beginning of the rainy season in Japan.

Travel, Teach, Live in Japan - 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.eslteachersboard.com [Source type: General]

In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain.^[59]

Japan is home to nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. .They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.^ According to a comparison made by A. Gray with regard to the numbers of genera and species respectively represented in the forest trees of four regions of the northern hemisphere , the following is the case: .

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ In all the regions of the main island southward of this belt the only mountains of conspicuous altitude are Omine (6169 ft.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ In the northern half of the main island, in Yezo and in the Kuriles, the cold is severe during the winter, which lasts for at least four months, and snow falls sometimes to great depths.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[61]

Environment

Main article: Environmental issues in Japan

Ikata Nuclear Power Plant.

.Japan's environmental history and current policies reflect a balance between economic development and environmental protection.^ CIA World Fact Book Japan The BBC Country profile Japan provides an instant guide to history, politics and economic background of Japan.

The Japanese Stock Market and Economy. 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.site-by-site.com [Source type: Reference]

^ Hawaii is a place which has complicated history between Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Kyoto Protocol was used to establish a public image of Japan as a developed nation on the environmental affairs before conducting weather terrorism.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.In the rapid economic growth after World War II, environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations.^ I was surprised when I found some web sites relating the first change of government since the end of World War II under Hosokawa administration.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan took advantage of the global confusion during World War II and expanded its battle line.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ You may think that, during World War II, France was included in the Allied Powers.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.As an inevitable consequence, some crucial environmental pollution (see Pollution in Japan) occurred in the 1950s and 1960s.^ July 19 N. Korea warns Japan of consequences if it presses abduction issue (See Note 2).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But, in Japan, when we see some such books, they are usually books of full of compliments and decoration.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In this sense, Japan might have reached some important goals at the war (See Note 4).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

In the rising concern over the problem, the government introduced many environmental protection laws^[62] in 1970 and established the Ministry of the Environment in 1971.

.The Oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy due to Japan's lack of natural resources.^ Japanese nature nor yet of Buddhist teaching, but is due to the stress of endeavouring to reach the standards of Western acquirement with grievously inadequate equipment, opportunities and resources.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ From the Gulf crisis through The Gulf War, oil prices skyrocketed and hit bitterly the Japan's bubble economy.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[63] .Current priority environmental issues include urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and international co-operation for environmental conservation.^ We offer international volunteer work programs in Education, Wildlife and Environmental Conservation and Community Development.

Bloglines | New Blogs 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC my.bloglines.com [Source type: General]

^ Most major environmental disruptions and natural disasters are caused by weather terrorism, though there are some natural environmental changes.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But on the other hand; "The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) says the world's changing climate poses a grave risk to one third of its forests.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[64]

.Today Japan is one of the world's leaders in the development of new environment-friendly technologies.^ Japan was very busy on that day for the selection of world's seven new wonders.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The government hopes that this technology will lead to the development of phaser weapons and photon torpedoes to launch a new industry in Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The highway between his stronghold, Kamakura, and the imperial city, KiOto, began in his time to develop features which ultimately entitled it to be called one of the finest roads in the world.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

Honda and Toyota hybrid electric vehicles were named to have the highest fuel economy and lowest emissions.^[65] This is due to the advanced technology in hybrid systems, biofuels, use of lighter weight material and better engineering.

.Japan also takes issues surrounding climate change and global warming seriously.^ Environment ministers from around the world are meeting in Bali to decide what are the next steps to take in the fight against climate change on December 3.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This seems as if Japan tries to ignore the Bali Conference on Climate Change (See Note 9).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan tries to distract people's attention by relating the damage, caused by the environmental terrorism, to the global warming phenomena.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and host of the 1997 conference which created it, Japan is under treaty obligations to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps related to curbing climate change.^ In 1997, Kyoto Protocol was adopted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ "Forests are threatened by climate change, so countries should not rely on them to soak up carbon dioxide", it says.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I was surprised when I found some web sites relating the first change of government since the end of World War II under Hosokawa administration.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Cool Biz campaign introduced under former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi was targeted at reducing energy use through the reduction of air conditioning use in government offices.^ Former prime minister Koizumi once called them "winners and losers".

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan tried to convince the Bush administration that there were no alternative prime minister other than Mr. Koizumi.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ (Note 6)-- July 24: Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed requested government bureaucrats and non-government organizations to cooperate with the government at the disaster emergency committee.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Japan is preparing to force industry to make big cuts in greenhouse gases, taking the lead in a country struggling to meet its Kyoto Protocol obligations.^ The government hopes that this technology will lead to the development of phaser weapons and photon torpedoes to launch a new industry in Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ This means that it takes about 30 minutes to make a rainfall though everything is prepared well enough.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan is an underdeveloped country === Among advanced countries, Japan may be the only country in which people neither can meet nor can send letters to the public safety commissioners.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[66]

.Japan is ranked 30th best in the world in the Environmental Sustainability Index.^ Japan has been admired as the safest country with the best policemen in the world.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[67]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Japan

The Tokyo Stock Exchange is the world's second largest stock exchange.

From 1868, the Meiji period launched economic expansion. Meiji rulers embraced the concept of a free market economy and adopted British and North American forms of free enterprise capitalism. .Japanese went to study overseas and Western scholars were hired to teach in Japan.^ Japan can use its influence with overseas providers through ODA, investment and Japanese companies.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I have had suspicion about the cause of earthquakes that took place in Japan since I studied related Japanese history.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

Many of today's enterprises were founded at the time. .Japan emerged as the most developed nation in Asia.^ Since most national holidays in Japan had been related to the imperial family, the Allies carried out court procedures on the days.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On this day Japan also celebrated its own foundation because this day was also Japan's most important national holiday, the National Foundation Day..

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On this day Japan also celebrated its own foundation because this day was also Japan's most important national holiday, the National Foundation Day.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

From the 1960s to the 1980s, overall real economic growth has been called a "Japanese miracle": a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and a 4% average in the 1980s.^[68] .Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s during what the Japanese call the Lost Decade, largely because of the after-effects of Japanese asset price bubble and domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets.^ This is called go-no-me-namako, because of its resemblance to the disposition of chequers in the Japanese game of go.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ You may think that you don't know the reality with it in Japan because you are not Japanese.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Japanese government really hope that developing countries continue to lag behind for ever, because its aim is to become the world No.1 country.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

Government efforts to revive economic growth met with little success and were further hampered by the global slowdown in 2000.^[69] .The economy showed strong signs of recovery after 2005. GDP growth for that year was 2.8%, with an annualized fourth quarter expansion of 5.5%, surpassing the growth rates of the US and European Union during the same period.^ The larger towns, their populations and the growth of the latter during the five-year period commencing with 1898 were as follow: URnAN POPULATIONS .

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ It was calculated that this redemption would be effected in a period of 32 years, after which the annual profit accruing to the state from the lines would be 51/8 millions sterling.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The meteorological record for ten years ended 1905 shows a total of 120 typhoons, being an average of 12 annually.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[70]

.As of 2009, Japan is the second largest economy in the world,^[71] after the United States, at around US$5 trillion in terms of nominal GDP^[71] and third after the United States and China in terms of purchasing power parity.^ A slew of films featuring this episode have been made recently in both China and the United States.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ This, the deepest sea- bed in the world, is called the Tuscarora Deep, after the name of the United States man-of-war which made the survey.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[72] .Banking, insurance, real estate, retailing, transportation, telecommunications and construction are all major industries.^ Transport and Communications Land Transportation Marine Transportation Air Transportation Warehousing & Harbor Transportation Services Communication Commerce Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Finance & Insurance Banks Securities Insurance Other Financial Business Real Estate Services .

The Japanese Stock Market and Economy. 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.site-by-site.com [Source type: Reference]

^[73] .Japan has a large industrial capacity and is home to some of the largest, leading and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles and processed foods.^ The government hopes that this technology will lead to the development of phaser weapons and photon torpedoes to launch a new industry in Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Yamato and her sister ship Musashi were the largest, heaviest, and most powerful battleships ever constructed, weighing 72,802 tons at full load (See Note 2).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But, if Japan crosses the line, it would never be able to come back as a leading advanced country.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[69] The service sector accounts for three quarters of the gross domestic product.

Osaka Castle and Osaka Business Park district of Osaka. The majority of Japan's economy is service sector based.

As of 2001, Japan's shrinking labor force consisted of some 67 million workers.^[74] Japan has a low unemployment rate, around 4%. .Japan's GDP per hour worked is the world's 19th highest as of 2007.^[75] The Big Mac Index shows that Japanese workers get the highest salary per hour in the world.^ In the beginning of the 19th century worked ShOkwasai, who frequently collaborated with the metal-worker Shibayama, encrusting his lacquer with small decorations in metal by the latter.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ But, in reality, the world has changed and this kind of intimidation and insinuation would not work as Japan expects.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Their work shows much promise, but like all fine specimens of the Sino-Japanese school, the prices are too high to attract wide custom.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

Some of the largest enterprises in Japan include Toyota, Nintendo, NTT DoCoMo, Canon, Honda, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sony, Nippon Steel, Tepco, Mitsubishi and 711.^[76] It is home to some of the world's largest banks, and the Tokyo Stock Exchange (known for its Nikkei 225 and Topix indices) stands as the second largest in the world by market capitalization.^[77] Japan is home to 326 companies from the Forbes Global 2000 or 16.3% (as of 2006).

.Japan ranks 12th of 178 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index 2008 and it has one of the smallest governments in the developed world.^ The world would finally allow the Japanese government to equip itself with nuclear arms, as North Korea has nuclear arms and threaten Japan with the weapons.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The government hopes that this technology will lead to the development of phaser weapons and photon torpedoes to launch a new industry in Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The highway between his stronghold, Kamakura, and the imperial city, KiOto, began in his time to develop features which ultimately entitled it to be called one of the finest roads in the world.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.Japanese variant of capitalism has many distinct features.^ C. 1773) and Tsukioka Tange (1717-1786), the latter of whom made the drawings for many of the meish or guidebooks which form so interesting and distinctive a branch of Japanese illustration.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Jul 15, 2007, 15:19 ===== July 14th =============== Though I'm not sure why Japanese sticks to something so much, Japan's terrorism has distinctive features.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

Keiretsu enterprises are influential. Lifetime employment and seniority-based career advancement are relatively common in Japanese work environment.^[78]^[79] .Japanese companies are known for management methods such as "The Toyota Way". Shareholder activism is rare.^ Social Security Plan and Foreign Assistance Japanese companies organize charities such as donations, for sure, but they are part of benefit maximization.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ While I have to admit, cherry has written a wonderful story, it is missing some key points - such as there is no known way to cause earthquakes, even in theory.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[80] .Recently, Japan has moved away from some of these norms.^ In Japan, some earthquakes took place on Sundays, recently, too.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[81]^[82] .In the Index of Economic Freedom, Japan is the 5th most laissez-faire of 30 Asian countries.^ FT Country Report: Japan - September 30 2002 OECD Member Profile Japan: English .

The Japanese Stock Market and Economy. 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.site-by-site.com [Source type: Reference]

^ CIA World Fact Book Japan The BBC Country profile Japan provides an instant guide to history, politics and economic background of Japan.

The Japanese Stock Market and Economy. 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.site-by-site.com [Source type: Reference]

^ It was a matter of time before other Asian countries caught up with Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[83]

Toyota Prius, a hybrid electric vehicle. Automobiles and electronics constitute a large proportion of Japanese exports.

.Japan's exports amounted to 4,210 U.S. dollars per capita in 2005. Japan's main export markets are the United States 22.8%, the European Union 14.5%, China 14.3%, South Korea 7.8%, Taiwan 6.8% and Hong Kong 5.6% (for 2006).^ Formosa and the Pescadores were ceded to Japan by China after the war of 1894-1895, and the southern half of Sakhalinthe part south of 500 N.was added to Japan by cession from Russia in 1905.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ A slew of films featuring this episode have been made recently in both China and the United States.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thus, about the year 1865, there commenced an export of enamels which had no prototypes in Japan, being destined frankly for European and American collectors.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

Japan's main exports are transportation equipment, motor vehicles, electronics, electrical machinery and chemicals.^[69] .Japan's main import markets are China 20.5%, U.S. 12.0%, the European Union 10.3%, Saudi Arabia 6.4%, UAE 5.5%, Australia 4.8%, South Korea 4.7% and Indonesia 4.2% (for 2006).^ Japanese death toll was 3.1 million, the US death toll was 290,000 On the other hand, the death tolls of Soviet Union, China, Germany, Poland and Indonesia were 23 million, 20 million, 7 million, 5 million and 4 million, respectively.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ From February 17th to 23rd, 2002, President Bush officially visited Japan, South Korea, and China.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ South Korea was catching up Japan in some industries.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef), chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its industries.^[84] By market share measures, domestic markets are the least open of any OECD country.^[79] .Junichiro Koizumi administration commenced some pro-competition reforms and foreign investment in Japan has soared recently.^ Japan tried to convince the Bush administration that there were no alternative prime minister other than Mr. Koizumi.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In Japan, some earthquakes took place on Sundays, recently, too.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ May 22, 2007, 21:50 Recommendations by the government of Japan to the government of the uninted states regarding regulartory reform and competition policy.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[85]

.Japan's business culture has many indigenous concepts such as the nemawashi, the nenko system, the salaryman, and the office lady.^ Japan has had such history for many years.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

Japan's housing market is characterized by limited land supply in urban areas. .This is particularly true for Tokyo, the world's largest urban agglomeration GDP. More than half of Japanese live in suburbs or more rural areas, where detached houses are the dominant housing type.^ There is no more polite nation in the world than the Japanese.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Thus it results that Japanese poems are, for the most part, impressionist; they suggest a great deal more than they actually express.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ It is true that the Japanese are shorter in stature than either the Chinese or the Koreans.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

Agricultural businesses in Japan often utilize a system of terrace farming and crop yields are high. 13% of Japan's land is cultivated. .Japan accounts for nearly 15% of the global fish catch, second only to China.^ China and Japan exists only in the artists imagination.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[69] Japan's agricultural sector is protected at high cost.^[86]

Infrastructure

Main articles: Energy in Japan and Transportation in Japan

As of 2005, one half of energy in Japan is produced from petroleum, a fifth from coal, and 14% from natural gas.^[87] .Nuclear power produces a quarter of Japan's electricity.^ Japan wish it would be a nuclear super power.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[88]

High speed Shinkansen or Bullet trains are a common form of transportation in Japan.

Japan's road spending has been large.^[89] The 1.2 million kilometers of paved road are the main means of transportation.^[90] Japan has left-hand traffic. .A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities and are operated by toll-collecting enterprises.^ Roads connecting noted localities with the chief town of such neighborhoods, or leading to seaports convenient of access.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Roads connecting the head offices of cities and prefectures with their branch offices.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

New and used cars are inexpensive. Car ownership fees and fuel levies are used to promote energy-efficiency. .However, at just 50% of all distance travelled, car usage is the lowest of all G8 countries.^ Way, way back in Buddhist history, in its home country of India, monks did not reside in one place but travelled all over the country.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[91]

.Dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets; for instance, 7 JR enterprises, Kintetsu Corporation, Seibu Railway and Keio Corporation.^ In 1997, its construction began by Kajima Corporation, a Japanese construction company, and was completed in December, 2001 (See Note 3).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jun 1, 2007, 22:36 Bechtel Corporation I think this company had a relation with them mining , boring and etc I think those Conspiracy were not Japanese one.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Seibu Railway Company Ltd.

The Japanese Stock Market and Economy. 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.site-by-site.com [Source type: Reference]

Often, strategies of these enterprises contain real estate or department stores next to stations. .Some 250 high-speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities.^ Though Kobe was a major city, some opposition party politicians complained that there had been no ruling party politicians in Kobe at that moment.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

Japanese trains are known for their punctuality.^[92]

.There are 173 airports and flying is a popular way to travel between cities.^ By the way, there was a funny episode between Bill Clinton and Japanese former prime minister Yoshiro Mori (See Note 8).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.The largest domestic airport, Haneda Airport, is Asia's busiest airport.^ (August 12, 1985) Japan Airlines Flight 123 was a JAL domestic flight from Tokyo International Airport in Haneda to Osaka International Airport in Itami.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.The largest international gateways are Narita International Airport (Tokyo area), Kansai International Airport (Osaka/Kobe/Kyoto area) and Chūbu Centrair International Airport (Nagoya area).^ (August 12, 1985) Japan Airlines Flight 123 was a JAL domestic flight from Tokyo International Airport in Haneda to Osaka International Airport in Itami.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ All Nippon Airways Flight 61 === ANA Flight 61 is a flight from Tokyo International Airport to New Chitose Airport in Hokkaido, Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Timeline of the Incident On June 22, 1985, the bags of a passenger named L. Singh were checked in at Vancouver for Canadian Pacific Airlines (CP Air) 003 to New Tokyo International Airport (now Narita International Airport) in Narita, Japan, near Tokyo.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

The largest ports include Nagoya Port.

Science and technology

Main article: Science and technology in Japan

Press release photo of the most recent Honda ASIMO model.

JAXA Japanese Experiment Module, a part of the International Space Station.

.Japan is one of the leading nations in the fields of scientific research, particularly technology, machinery and biomedical research.^ The government hopes that this technology will lead to the development of phaser weapons and photon torpedoes to launch a new industry in Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ But Japan, neglecting their hope, designated one national holiday, related to the imperial family, after another.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) suspended its national TV programs more than one hour and people in other areas didn't know what had happened.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Nearly 700,000 researchers share a US$130 billion research and development budget, the third largest in the world.^ Kumamoto; for, though the highest of its five peaks has an altitude of only 5545 ft., it boasts the largest crater in the world, with walls nearly 2000 ft.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[93] .Japan is a world leader in fundamental scientific research, having produced thirteen Nobel laureates in either physics, chemistry or medicine,^[94] three Fields medalists^[95] and one Gauss Prize laureate.^ At the Nobel Prize award ceremony, laureates have to wear tailcoat.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ CeramicsAll research proves that up to the 12th century of the Christian era the ceramic ware produced in Japan was of a very rude character.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The art was one of imperfect evolution, but for thirteen centuries it was the only living pictorial art in the world, and the Chinese deserve the honor of having created landscape painting.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[96]

.Some of Japan's more prominent technological contributions are found in the fields of electronics, automobiles, machinery, earthquake engineering, industrial robotics, optics, chemicals, semiconductors and metals.^ Virtually every literary magnate of the Occident has found one or more interpreters in modern Japan.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ In Japan, some earthquakes took place on Sundays, recently, too.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Kobe earthquake as it is more commonly known overseas, was an earthquake in Japan that measured 6.9[1] to 7.3[2] on the Richter magnitude scale.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Japan leads the world in robotics production and use, possessing more than half (402,200 of 742,500) of the world's industrial robots used for manufacturing.^ The government hopes that this technology will lead to the development of phaser weapons and photon torpedoes to launch a new industry in Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There is no more polite nation in the world than the Japanese.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Besides, Japanese people put family names first and use them far more than their given names, which are often forgotten by many.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[97] It also produced QRIO, ASIMO and AIBO. .Japan is the world's largest producer of automobiles^[98] and home to four of the world's fifteen largest automobile manufacturers and seven of the world's twenty largest semiconductor sales leaders as of today.^ Japan was very busy on that day for the selection of world's seven new wonders.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is Japan's space agency that conducts space and planetary research, aviation research, and development of rockets and satellites.^ The Kyoto Protocol was used to establish a public image of Japan as a developed nation on the environmental affairs before conducting weather terrorism.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

It is a participant in the International Space Station and the Japanese Experiment Module (Kibo) was added to the International Space Station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2008.^[99] It has plans in space exploration, such as launching the Venus Climate Orbiter (PLANET-C) in 2010,^[100]^[101] developing the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter to be launched in 2013,^[102]^[103] and building a moonbase by 2030.^[104]

On September 14, 2007, it launched lunar orbit explorer "SELENE" (Selenological and Engineering Explorer) on an H-IIA (Model H2A2022) carrier rocket from Tanegashima Space Center. SELENE is also known as Kaguya, the lunar princess of the ancient folktale The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter.^[105] Kaguya is the largest lunar probe mission since the Apollo program. Its mission is to gather data on the moon's origin and evolution. .It entered into a lunar orbit on October 4,^[106]^[107] flying in a lunar orbit at an altitude of about 100 km (62 mi).^ Malaya Vishera is located about 300 miles (500 km) northeast of Moscow, or about 100 miles (160 km) southwest of St. Petersburg.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Then, some bureaucrats recommended that the crash site should be within the electoral district of the then prime minister, Nakasone, about 100 km northwest of Tokyo.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[108]

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Japan, Japanese people, Aging of Japan, and Racial issues in Japan

A view of Shibuya crossing, an example of Tokyo's often crowded streets.

Greater Tokyo Area is the world's most populous metropolitan area with about 35 million people.

.Japan's population is estimated at around 127.3 million.^ Brazil is the Latin American country that has received the most ethnic Japanese immigrants, as well having the largest Japanese population outside of Japan, numbering an estimate of more than 1.5 million considerably bigger than that of the 1.2 million in the United States.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[109] .Japanese society is linguistically and culturally homogeneous with small populations of foreign workers.^ Japanese know that they will be bullied in their society if they say in favor of foreigners such as Koreans, Chinese, Americans and British.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ I thought that most Japanese and some pro-Japanese foreigners knew harakiri-related culture well.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[110] .Zainichi Koreans,^[111] Zainichi Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese Brazilians,^[112] Japanese Peruvians are amongst the small minorities resident in Japan.^ General Association of Korean Residents in Japan after the deal was revealed, the sources said.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Even nowadays, you hear that some rogue Chinese and Koreans are said to commit serious crimes in Japan, but most of the cases, their news are just exaggerations and such people were often masterminded by more rogue Japanese.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Physical Characteristics.The best authorities are agreed that the Japanese people do not differ physically from their Korean and Chinese neighbors as much as the inhabitants of northern Europe differ from those of southern Europe.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[113] .In 2003, there were about 136,000 Western expatriates in Japan.^ Thus, about the year 1865, there commenced an export of enamels which had no prototypes in Japan, being destined frankly for European and American collectors.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ For the past about 20 years, there was only one poisoning case in Japan: the mass poisoning of people celebrating a festival in the western town of Sonobe in July 25, 1998 (See Note 3).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Towns.There are in Japan 23 towns having a population of over 50,000, and there are 76 having a population of over 20,000.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[114] The most dominant native ethnic group is the Yamato people; the primary minority groups include the indigenous Ainu^[115] and Ryukyuan, as well as social minority groups like the burakumin.^[116]

.Japan has one of the highest life expectancy rates in the world, at 81.25 years of age as of 2006.^[117] The Japanese population is rapidly aging, the effect of a post-war baby boom followed by a decrease in births in the latter part of the twentieth century.^ The so-called dark age of Japanese literature was not entirely unproductive: it gave the drama (No) to Japan.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The period from the early part of the 14th century to the opening of the 17th is generally regarded as the dark age of Japanese literature.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Smokers in their 70s have higher rates of life expectancy than non-smokers in their 70s have.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

In 2004, about 19.5% of the population was over the age of 65.^[118]

.The changes in the demographic structure have created a number of social issues, particularly a potential decline in the workforce population and increases in the cost of social security benefits such as the public pension plan.^ Social Security Plan and Foreign Assistance Japanese companies organize charities such as donations, for sure, but they are part of benefit maximization.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In the same way, social security plan and foreign assistance are planned by the government in consideration of cost-effectiveness.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Public Security Intelligence Agency and Japan Federation of Bar Associations PSIA always tries to create spy networks within enemy organizations (nations) and to get intelligence.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Many Japanese youth are increasingly preferring not to marry or have families as adults.^ Besides, Japanese people put family names first and use them far more than their given names, which are often forgotten by many.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[119] Japan's population is expected to drop to 100 million by 2050 and to 64 million by 2100.^[118] Demographers and government planners are currently in a heated debate over how to cope with this problem.^[119] Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation's aging population.^[120]^[121]

.Japan suffers from a very high suicide rate.^ Japan was thus enriched with two works of very high merit, the Genji Mono galari (c.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[122]^[123] In 2009, the number of suicides exceeded 30,000 for the twelfth straight year.^[124] Suicide is the leading cause of death for people under 30.^[125]

Largest cities of Japan								view • talk • edit
	Core City	Prefecture	Population			Core City	Prefecture	Population
1	Tokyo	Tokyo	8,483,050	Sapporo Kyoto	8	Fukuoka	Fukuoka	1,450,149
2	Yokohama	Kanagawa	3,579,133		9	Kawasaki	Kanagawa	1,327,009
3	Osaka	Osaka	2,628,776		10	Saitama	Saitama	1,176,269
4	Nagoya	Aichi	2,215,031		11	Hiroshima	Hiroshima	1,159,391
5	Sapporo	Hokkaidō	1,880,875		12	Sendai	Miyagi	1,028,214
6	Kobe	Hyōgo	1,525,389		13	Kitakyushu	Fukuoka	993,483
7	Kyoto	Kyoto	1,465,917		14	Chiba	Chiba	924,353

Source: 2005 Census

Religion in Japan

Main article: Religion in Japan

Shinto Itsukushima Shrine UNESCO World Heritage Site.

.The highest estimates for the number of Buddhists and Shintoists in Japan is 84–96%, representing a large number of believers in a syncretism of both religions.^ We decided to publish this editorial about the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on July 7 because we believe this year has special significance for both Japan and China.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Jun 6, 2007, 17:01 ■Yasukuni Shrine and Religions in Japan (2) Buddhist temples From the early 17th century to the late 19th century, Japan was governed by the samurai administration.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[10]^[126] .However, these estimates are based on people with an association with a temple, rather than the number of people truly following the religion.^ This meant that sects were attached to temples, and the danka to those temples, removing the freedom for temples and common people from changing sects or religions.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ PURPOSE (1) to increase the number of people who blindly follow the government including the voting in the elections.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These people are, unfortunately, in the majority for now, but their numbers are decreasing and as long as it remains so we will keep getting what we have always gotten.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[127] Professor Robert Kisala (Nanzan University) suggests that only 30 percent of the population identify themselves as belonging to a religion.^[127]

Sōtō monk in Arashiyama, Kyoto

.Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs.^ There were two epochs in Japani study of the Chinese language first, the epoch when she received Confucianism through Korea; and, secondly, the epoch when sh began to study Buddhism direct from China.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.Religion in Japan tends to be syncretic in nature, and this results in a variety of practices, such as parents and children celebrating Shinto rituals, students praying before exams, couples holding a wedding at a Christian church and funerals being held at Buddhist temples.^ They also banned the creation of new religions to keep the existing sects under control, and by forcing the people to belong to a Buddhist temple they could begin to control the "Christian" problem that they perceived as a threat to their control.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ From 1868 to 1945, when Japan surrendered to the Allied Forces, Buddhist temples ardently supported Yasukuni Shrine and Japan's fascism.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In the feudal period, Buddhist temples often held many warriors and fought samurai warriors and each other for non-religious reasons.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

A minority (2,595,397, or 2.04%) profess to Christianity.^[128] .In addition, since the mid-19th century, numerous religious sects (Shinshūkyō) have emerged in Japan, such as Tenrikyo and Aum Shinrikyo (or Aleph).^ Jun 6, 2007, 17:01 ■Yasukuni Shrine and Religions in Japan (2) Buddhist temples From the early 17th century to the late 19th century, Japan was governed by the samurai administration.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Aum Shinrikyo and Bank of Japan March 20th in 1995 is a critical day for both organizations.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The same thing happening in Japan, with temples not being attached to one sect and open to all (such as Shitennoji).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

Languages in Japan

Main article: Japanese language

.More than 99% of the population speaks Japanese as their first language.^ Thus it results that Japanese poems are, for the most part, impressionist; they suggest a great deal more than they actually express.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Asian providers take the side of the Japanese government much more than Japanese providers do.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ There is no more polite nation in the world than the Japanese.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[109] It is an agglutinative language distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary which indicate the relative status of speaker and listener. .According to a Japanese dictionary Shinsen-kokugojiten, Chinese-based words make up 49.1% of the total vocabulary, indigenous words are 33.8% and other loanwords are 8.8%.^ In 1947, the Japanese word that was frequently used to mean "family origin" was "monchi" or "門地" in the Chinese character.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thus, in fine, each word cam to have three soundstwo Chinese, known as the ken and the go and one Japanese, known as the kun.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ In other words, a suitable design is chiselled in the metal base so as to be visible through Translucid the diaphanous enamel.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[129]

.The writing system uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets of kana (syllabaries based on simplified Chinese characters), as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals.^ Now most Japanese use "kazoku" or "家族" in Chinese character as the alternative Japanese word.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1947, the Japanese word that was frequently used to mean "family origin" was "monchi" or "門地" in the Chinese character.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.The Ryukyuan languages, also part of the Japonic language family to which Japanese belongs, are spoken in Okinawa, but few children learn these languages.^ The history of Kito warewhich, being for the most part faience , belongs to an entirely different category from the Hizen porcelains K -~ spoken of aboveis the history of individual ceramists 10 0.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Large amount of financial assets of Japanese major companies, wealthy families and celebrities can be regarded as part of backdoor money of the Japanese government.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[130] The Ainu language is moribund, with only a few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaidō.^[131] .Most public and private schools require students to take courses in both Japanese and English.^ I have been really surprised that WIKIPEDIA offers different contents both in English and Japanese.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ These students, confronted by i strong reaction in favor of pure Japanese art, have fought manfully to win public sympathy, and though their success is not yet crowned, it is not impossible that an Occidental school may ultimately be established.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[132]

Education and health

Main articles: Education in Japan and Health care in Japan

The Yasuda Auditorium of University of Tokyo, one of Japan's most prestigious universities.

.Primary, secondary schools and universities were introduced into Japan in 1872 as a result of the Meiji Restoration.^ Kagoshima and the underground community in Japan Samurais in Kagoshima (See Note 1) and Yamaguchi (See Note 2) pushed ahead modernization and westernization of Japan through Meiji Restoration in 1868 (See Note 3).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After graduating from a senior high school in Tokyo, Shigenobu entered Kikkoman Corporation but she studied in the evening session of Meiji University as well.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ After graduating from a senior high school in Tokyo, Shigenobu entered Kikkoman Corporation (See Note 3) but she studied in the evening session of Meiji University (See Note 4) as well.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[133] .Since 1947, compulsory education in Japan consists of elementary school and middle school, which lasts for nine years (from age 6 to age 15).^ In her nine years at Education Week, Catherine Gewertz has written primarily about urban education.

Bloglines | New Blogs 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC my.bloglines.com [Source type: General]

Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior high school, and, according to the MEXT, about 75.9% of high school graduates attend a university, junior college, trade school, or other post-secondary institution in 2005.^[134]

Japan's education is very competitive,^[135] especially for entrance to institutions of higher education. .The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University.^ Ware manufactured by his direction at the Tokyo school of technique (shokk gakk), under the name of asahi-yaki, ranks among the interesting productions of modern Japan.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[136]^[137] The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Japanese knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds as the 6th best in the world.^[138]

.In Japan, healthcare services are provided by national and local governments.^ According to the Fourth Comprehensive National Development Plan, adopted by the Government in 1987, comprehensive seashore-utilization plans are prepared at the initiative of the local authorities with the assistance of the Government.

Country Profile - Japan 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.un.org [Source type: Academic]

^ Among Asian countries, Japan has built Internet network systems in which providers affiliated with the Japanese government censor internet content on behalf of the Japanese government.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Adoption service providers in Japan are prohibited from receiving donations before the completion of the adoption process, and a donation may not be a condition for providing services.

Country Specific Information for japan.htm 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC adoption.state.gov [Source type: Original source]

.Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health care insurance system that provides relative equality of access, with fees set by a government committee.^ The government provides universal health care for all citizens, including children.

Japan 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ All covered medical procedures are ranked by complexity, and neither geographic location, the institutional setting (e.g., type of hospital or ambulatory care), the qualification of the provider, nor the actual cost of the service are considered in this rating system.

Japan's Universal and Affordable Health Care: Lessons for the United States? 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.nyu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ The Visa Information Service, operated by TeleTech Government Solutions, LLC in partnership with Computer Science Corporation (CSC), provides an operator-assisted service between 8:00 and 18:00, Monday through Friday (except on American and Japanese holidays).

Japan 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.travel.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments.^ Major Groups: The Government, local authorities and private organizations cooperate to contribute to the stabilization of peoples's living standards and the enhancement of social welfare.

Country Profile - Japan 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.un.org [Source type: Academic]

^ When the elderly were first covered under national health insurance in 1961, their copayments were set at 50 percent of the allowed fees.

Japan's Universal and Affordable Health Care: Lessons for the United States? 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.nyu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ According to the Fourth Comprehensive National Development Plan, adopted by the Government in 1987, comprehensive seashore-utilization plans are prepared at the initiative of the local authorities with the assistance of the Government.

Country Profile - Japan 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.un.org [Source type: Academic]

.Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored insurance.^ When the elderly were first covered under national health insurance in 1961, their copayments were set at 50 percent of the allowed fees.

Japan's Universal and Affordable Health Care: Lessons for the United States? 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.nyu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ After the Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905), The Japanese government ordered all the life insurance companies to pay the life insurance to injured and dead soldiers.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ With the exception of mutual aid associations for government employees, all insurance plans receive some form of government subsidy.

Japan's Universal and Affordable Health Care: Lessons for the United States? 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.nyu.edu [Source type: Academic]

^[139] Patients are free to select physicians or facilities of their choice.^[140]

Culture and recreation

Main articles: Culture of Japan and Music of Japan

Himeji Castle in Himeji, Hyōgo Prefecture.

.Japanese culture has evolved greatly over the years, from the country's original Jōmon culture to its contemporary culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America.^ Commentary on Politics & Culture in New York's North Country region http://mayorgraham.blogspot.com/ .

Bloglines | New Blogs 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC my.bloglines.com [Source type: General]

.Traditional Japanese arts include crafts (ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e, dolls, lacquerware, pottery), performances (bunraku, dance, kabuki, noh, rakugo), traditions (games, tea ceremony, Budō, architecture, gardens, swords) and cuisine.^ There is another remarkable feature of the Japanese gardeners art.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.The fusion of traditional woodblock printing and Western art led to the creation of manga, a typically Japanese comic book format that is now popular within and outside Japan.^ Most Japanese victims were killed for other reasons, including torture and mass suicide within Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ His greatest production in book-illustration was the Mangwa, a collection of sketches which cover the whole ground of Japanese life and legend, art and handicraft.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Public Security Intelligence Agency and Japan Federation of Bar Associations PSIA always tries to create spy networks within enemy organizations (nations) and to get intelligence.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[141] Manga-influenced animation for television and film is called anime. Japanese-made video game consoles have prospered since the 1980s.^[142]

The number of Shinto shrines in Japan is estimated to be around 100,000

.Japanese music is eclectic, having borrowed instruments, scales and styles from neighboring cultures.^ Kano Motonobu (1477-1559) was one of the greatest Japanese painters, an eclectic of genius, who excelled in every style and every branch of his art.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the ninth and tenth centuries. .The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the fourteenth century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth.^ This difference is probably explained by the fact that the idea of thus modifying the Kagura had its origin in musical recitations from the semi-romantic semi-historical narratives of the 14th century.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[143] .Western classical music, introduced in the late nineteenth century, now forms an integral part of the culture.^ To women, indeed, from the 8th century onwards may be said to have been entrusted the guardianship of the pure Japanese language, the classical, or Chinese, form being adopted by men.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The number of such modern ninjas has increased and now they form part of stalker organizations.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ As far as we can know now, a variety of money laundering has being made in the form of fraud, corruption, embezzlement and bribery since the fourteenth century.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European modern music, which has led to the evolution of popular band music called J-pop.^ Then, Japan attempted to weaken American influence.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At the first post-war gathering of Japan's bishops in May 1946, the bishops decreed that Catholics henceforth were not allowed to go to shrines in either a private or a public capacity.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ All the related nations including Japan and the US stop calling typhoons by the American names and agree to introduce the unified name table for the typhoon.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[144]

Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity. .A November 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional cultural pursuits such as flower arranging or tea ceremonies.^ Sometimes, such conspiracies have been prepared for more than a year.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Thus it results that Japanese poems are, for the most part, impressionist; they suggest a great deal more than they actually express.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Asian providers take the side of the Japanese government much more than Japanese providers do.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[145]

.The earliest works of Japanese literature include two history books the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki and the eighth century poetry book Man'yōshū, all written in Chinese characters.^ Nothing is written in Japanese history books about what happened on that day.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ For over a century, the Japanese Government has been working on a gargantuan seismic weapon with Nippon Heavy Industries.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At all events, the earliest book now extant dates from 712.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^[146] In the early days of the Heian period, the system of transcription known as kana (Hiragana and Katakana) was created as phonograms. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative.^[147] .An account of Heian court life is given by The Pillow Book written by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki is often described as the world's first novel.^ Besides, Japanese people put family names first and use them far more than their given names, which are often forgotten by many.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Murasaki no Shikibuprobably a pseudonymwas the first novel composed in Japan.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.During the Edo period, literature became not so much the field of the samurai aristocracy as that of the chōnin, the ordinary people.^ They believe that Okinawans hate people in Kagoshima because of their exploitation of Okinawa's agricultural product during the feudal period.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

Yomihon, for example, became popular and reveals this profound change in the readership and authorship.^[147] .The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms, during which Japanese literature integrated Western influences.^ Traditional forms - - Western forms .

Japan -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]

^ Confucianism has deeply affected Japanese thought and was part of the generally significant influence that Chinese culture wielded on the formation of Japanese civilization (see Japanese architecture; Japanese art; Japanese literature).

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/japan.html?nav=el 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.washingtonpost.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Although traditional East Asian medicine is still widely practiced, since the late nineteenth century, the dominant form of medicine has been Western-oriented biomedicine.

Culture of Japan - traditional, history, people, traditions, women, beliefs, food, family, social, marriage, men, life, immigrants, wedding, population, religion, rituals, History and ethnic relations 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.everyculture.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Yasunari Kawabata, Yukio Mishima and, more recently, Haruki Murakami.^ Recently, there are more bizarre events and news in Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Virtually every literary magnate of the Occident has found one or more interpreters in modern Japan.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Somewhat more successful has been an attemptinaugurated by Hashimoto GahO and Kawabata Gyokushoto combine the art of the West with that of Japan by adding to the latter the chiaroscuro and the linear perspective of the former.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors—Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburo Oe (1994).^ When I read the next morning's newspaper at a newspaper stack in a library, I found that the Nobel Prize was given to Mr. Kawabata on the same day.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ His books were written before and during WWII. When he made a speech at the Nobel Prize award ceremony in 1968, the title of his speech was "Beautiful Japan".

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[147]

.The Great Wave off Kanagawa (1832), an ukiyo-e from Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji by Hokusai.^ His most famous series of broadsheets is the Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (1823-1829), which, in spite of the conventional title, includes at least forty-six.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

Geisha performing in traditional kimono.

A Japanese garden created in a traditional style.

Kaiseki cuisine

Sports

Main article: Sport in Japan

A sumo tournament at the Grand Tournament in Osaka.

Traditionally, sumo is considered Japan's national sport^[148] and it is a popular spectator sport in Japan. Martial arts such as judo, karate and modern kendō are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country. .After the Meiji Restoration, many Western sports were introduced in Japan and began to spread through the education system.^ Kagoshima and the underground community in Japan Samurais in Kagoshima (See Note 1) and Yamaguchi (See Note 2) pushed ahead modernization and westernization of Japan through Meiji Restoration in 1868 (See Note 3).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ The Meiji Restoration was successful thanks to the support of Western countries.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Do a search on "whale" and "cosmetics" and you'll find that through the 20th century, whale parts were used in many cosmetics I live in Japan for many years.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[149]

.The professional baseball league in Japan was established in 1936.^[150] Today baseball is the most popular spectator sport in the country.^ Geology.It is a popular belief that the islands of Japan consist for the most part of volcanic rocks.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.One of the most famous Japanese baseball players is Ichiro Suzuki, who, having won Japan's Most Valuable Player award in 1994, 1995 and 1996, now plays for the Seattle Mariners of North American Major League Baseball.^ Hideki Matsui He is a Japanese major-league player (See Note 3).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At that time, most Japanese diplomats were government agents who expanded the networks of spies and sympathisers for Japan (See Note 7,8).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Most Japanese think that even autocratic states in Africa have the same political system we have in Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Prior to that, Sadaharu Oh was well-known outside Japan, having hit more home runs during his career in Japan than his contemporary, Hank Aaron, did in the United States.^ Textile Fabrics and Embroider yIn no branch of applied art does the decorative genius of Japan show more attractive results than in that of textile fabrics, and in none has there been more conspicuous progress during recent years.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The architect of private dwellings attached more importance to satin-surfaced boards and careful joinery than to any appearance of strength or solidity.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Corridors joined the principal hall to the subordinate edifices, for as yet the idea had not been conceived of having more than one chamber under the same roof.

Japan - LoveToKnow 1911 9 February 2010 14:52 UTC www.1911encyclopedia.org [Source type: Original source]

.Since the establishment of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992, association football (soccer) has also gained a wide following.^ It was the only official visit by the prime minister since the end of WWII. After his official visit, there has been severe criticism in and around Japan and no prime ministers have dared to follow him.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^[151] .Japan was a venue of the Intercontinental Cup from 1981 to 2004 and co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea.^ The world would finally allow the Japanese government to equip itself with nuclear arms, as North Korea has nuclear arms and threaten Japan with the weapons.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Japan made up Tama-chan seal hoopla after the death of the only white-finned dolphin in captivity in the world died in China in 2002.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ On January 17, 1992, Miyazawa visited South Korea and made a formal apology about Japan's atrocity against comfort women during World War II though he was not demanded by South Korea.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

.Japan is one of the most successful soccer teams in Asia, winning the Asian Cup three times.^ It was a matter of time before other Asian countries caught up with Japan.

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ At that time, most Japanese diplomats were government agents who expanded the networks of spies and sympathisers for Japan (See Note 7,8).

Japan's Conspiracy (1) [Archive] - Japan Forum 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC www.jref.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Three of the most powerful web trends to create one of the biggest opportunities of this decade.

Bloglines | New Blogs 24 September 2009 23:47 UTC my.bloglines.com [Source type: General]

Golf is also popular in Japan,^[152] as are forms of auto racing, such as the Super GT sports car series and Formula Nippon formula racing.^[153] Twin Ring Motegi was completed in 1997 by Honda in order to bring IndyCar racing to Japan.

Japan hosted the Summer Olympics in Tokyo in 1964. Japan has hosted the Winter Olympics twice, in Nagano in 1998 and Sapporo in 1972.

References

^ "法制執務コラム集「法律と国語・日本語」". Legislative Bureau of the House of Councillors. http://houseikyoku.sangiin.go.jp/column/column068.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-19.
^ CIA Factbook: Japan
^ According to legend, Japan was founded on this date by the Emperor Jimmu, first emperor of Japan; it is seen as largely symbolic.
^ "JAPAN STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2010". Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Japan. as of October 1, 2008. p. 17. http://www.stat.go.jp/data/nenkan/pdf/yhyou01.pdf.
^ Official Japan Statistics Bureau estimate
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Japan". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=158&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=55&pr.y=16. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
^ CIA World Factbook[Gini rankings]
^ Human Development Report 2009. The United Nations. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
^ "Facts and Figures of Japan 2007 01: Land". Foreign Press Center Japan. http://fpcj.jp/old/e/mres/publication/ff/pdf_07/01_land.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
^ ^a ^b ^c "World Factbook; Japan". CIA. 2007-03-15. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
^ WHO: Life expectancy in Israel among highest in the world Haaretz, May, 2009
^ United Nations World Population Propsects: 2006 revision – Table A.17 for 2005–2010
^ Joan, R. Piggott (1997). The emergence of Japanese kingship. Stanford University Press. pp. 143–144. ISBN 0-804-72832-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=BruaJSZmjHcC&pg=PA143&dq=nihon+wa+wagoku#v=onepage&q=nihon%20wa%20wagoku&f=false.
^ Luīs Fróis, "Of the Ilande of Giapan" (February 19, 1565), published in Richard Willes, "The History of Travayle in the West and East Indies" (London 1577), cited in "Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery", by Peter C. Mancall, pp. 156–57.
^ University of Pittsburgh, Jomon Genes - Using DNA, researchers probe the genetic origins of modern Japanese by John Travis
^ National Science Museum of Japan "Road of rice plant" [1] "The research of DNA of the rice plant has proven wet-rice cultivation of Japan was introduced directly from Yangtze River Delta."
^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art [2] "Although the roots of Sueki reach back to ancient China, its direct precursor is the grayware of the Three Kingdoms period in Korea."
^ National Museum of Japanese History [3] "弥生時代には種々の鉄製工具が使われ出したが、いずれも日本で作られた鉄ではなく、大陸から持ち込まれた物と見られている。" (Ironware was introduced to by China in Yayoi Period. )
^ Metropolitan Museum of Art [4] "Metallurgy was also introduced from the Asian mainland during this time. Bronze and iron were used to make weapons, armor, tools, and ritual implements such as bells (dotaku)"
^ Delmer M. Brown (ed.), ed (1993). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–149.
^ William Gerald Beasley (1999). The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan. University of California Press. p. 42. ISBN 0520225600. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0520225600&id=9AivK7yMICgC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=Soga+Buddhism+intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:Japan&sig=V65JQ4OzTFCopEoFVb8DWh5BD4Q#PPA42,M1. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
^ Conrad Totman (2002). A History of Japan. Blackwell. pp. 64–79. ISBN 978-1405123594.
^ Conrad Totman (2002). A History of Japan. Blackwell. pp. 79–87. ISBN 978-1405123594.
^ Conrad Totman (2002). A History of Japan. Blackwell. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-1405123594.
^ George Sansom (1961). A History of Japan: 1334–1615. Stanford. p. 42. ISBN 0-8047-0525-9.
^ George Sansom (1961). A History of Japan: 1334–1615. Stanford. p. 217. ISBN 0-8047-0525-9.
^ Stephen Turnbull (2002). Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War. Cassel. p. 227. ISBN 978-0304359486.
^ "Tokugawa Japan: An Introductory Essay". Marcia Yonemoto, University of Colorado at Boulder.
^ Hooker, Richard (1999-07-14). "Japan Glossary; Kokugaku". Washington State University. http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/KOKUGAKU.HTM. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
^ "Local agrarian societies in colonial India: Japanese perspectives.". Kaoru Sugihara, Peter Robb, Haruka Yanagisawa (1996). p 312.
^ Jesse Arnold. "Japan: The Making of a World Superpower (Imperial Japan)". vt.edu/users/jearnol2. http://filebox.vt.edu/users/jearnol2/MeijiRestoration/imperial_japan.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
^ "戦間期台湾地方選挙に関する考察". 古市利雄. 台湾研究フォーラム【台湾研究論壇】. http://www.nittaikyo-ei.join-us.jp/koichi.html. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
^ Kelley L. Ross. "The Pearl Harbor Strike Force". friesian.com. http://www.friesian.com/pearl.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
^ Roland H. Worth, Jr. (1995). No Choice But War: the United States Embargo Against Japan and the Eruption of War in the Pacific. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0141-9.
^ "インドネシア独立運動と日本とスカルノ（２）". 馬樹禮. 産経新聞社. 2005-04. http://www.sankei.co.jp/seiron/koukoku/2005/0504/ronbun3-2.html. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
^ "THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS DECLARES WAR WITH JAPAN". ibiblio. http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208c.html. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
^ "Japanese Instrument of Surrender". educationworld.net. http://library.educationworld.net/txt15/surrend1.html. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
^ When Empire Comes Home : Repatriation and Reintegration in Postwar Japan by Lori Watt, Harvard University Press
^ Joseph Coleman (2006-03-06). "'52 coup plot bid to rearm Japan: CIA". The Japan Times. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20070306f3.html. Retrieved 2007-04-03.
^ "Japan scraps zero interest rates". BBC News Online. 2006-07-14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5178822.stm. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Constitution of Japan". House of Councillors of the National Diet of Japan. 1946-11-03. http://www.sangiin.go.jp/eng/law/index.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
^ "Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet". Office of the Prime Minister of Japan. http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/index-e.html. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
^ ^a ^b ""Japanese Civil Code"". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043364?hook=6804. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
^ "The Japanese Judicial System". Office of the Prime Minister of Japan. http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/judiciary/0620system.html. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
^ Michael Green. "Japan Is Back: Why Tokyo's New Assertiveness Is Good for Washington". Real Clear Politics. http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/03/japan_is_back_why_tokyos_new_a.html. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
^ "UK backs Japan for UNSC bid". Cenral Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2007-02-21. http://web.archive.org/web/20070221044357/http://www.centralchronicle.com/20070111/1101194.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
^ Japan-Australia Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation
^ Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation between Japan and India
^ Table: Net Official Development Assistance In 2004 (PDF).PDF (32.9 KB) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005-04-11). Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
^ ^a ^b "Tokyo says it will bring troops home from Iraq". International Herald Tribune. 2006-06-20. http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/20/news/japan.php. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
^ CIA - The World Factbook - Russia
^ Mabuchi, Masaru (May 2001). "Municipal Amalgamation in Japan (PDF)" (PDF). World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/WBI/Resources/wbi37175.pdf. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
^ ""Japan"". "Japan". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2006. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566679/Japan.html. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
^ "Japan Information—Page 1". WorldInfoZone.com. http://www.worldinfozone.com/country.php?country=Japan. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
^ "World Population Prospects". UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. http://esa.un.org/unpp/. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
^ "Tectonics and Volcanoes of Japan". Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 2007-02-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20070204064754/http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/north_asia/japan_tec.html. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
^ Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake of 1923. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
^ "Attractions: Hot Springs". JNTO. http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/arrange/attractions/hotSprings.html. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
^ ^a ^b "Essential Info: Climate". JNTO. http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/arrange/essential/climate.html. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
^ "Gifu Prefecture sees highest temperature ever recorded in Japan - 40.9". Japan News Review Society. 2007-08-16. http://www.japannewsreview.com/society/national/20070816page_id=1553. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
^ "Flora and Fauna: Diversity and regional uniqueness". Embassy of Japan in the USA. Archived from the original on 2007-02-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20070213035135/http://www.us.emb-japan.go.jp/jicc/spotflora.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
^ 日本の大気汚染の歴史, Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency
^ Japan' international cooperation for energy efficiency & conservation in Asian region., Takeshi Sekiyama, Energy Conservation Center, 2008
^ OECD Environmental Performance Review of Japan, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
^ Automaker Rankings 2007: The Environmental Performance of Car Companies, Union of Concerned Scientists, 10/15/07.
^ WBCSD. "World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)". WBCSD. http://www.wbcsd.org/plugins/DocSearch/details.asp?type=DocDet&ObjectId=MzAyNzQ. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
^ 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index Benchmarking National Environmental Stewardship, Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, Yale University and Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University, 2005.
^ "Japan: Patterns of Development". country-data.com. January 1994. http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-7176.html. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "World Factbook; Japan—Economy". CIA. 2006-12-19. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html#Econ. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
^ Masake, Hisane. A farewell to zero. Asia Times Online (2006-03-02). Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
^ ^a ^b "World Economic Outlook Database; country comparisons". IMF. 2006-09-01. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/weorept.aspx?sy=2005&ey=2005&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C446%2C914%2C666%2C612%2C668%2C614%2C672%2C311%2C946%2C213%2C137%2C911%2C962%2C193%2C674%2C122%2C676%2C912%2C548%2C313%2C556%2C419%2C678%2C513%2C181%2C316%2C682%2C913%2C684%2C124%2C273%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C686%2C218%2C688%2C963%2C518%2C616%2C728%2C223%2C558%2C516%2C138%2C918%2C353%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C283%2C228%2C853%2C924%2C288%2C233%2C293%2C632%2C566%2C636%2C964%2C634%2C182%2C238%2C453%2C662%2C968%2C960%2C922%2C423%2C714%2C935%2C862%2C128%2C716%2C611%2C456%2C321%2C722%2C243%2C965%2C248%2C718%2C469%2C724%2C253%2C576%2C642%2C936%2C643%2C961%2C939%2C813%2C644%2C199%2C819%2C184%2C172%2C524%2C132%2C361%2C646%2C362%2C648%2C364%2C915%2C732%2C134%2C366%2C652%2C734%2C174%2C144%2C328%2C146%2C258%2C463%2C656%2C528%2C654%2C923%2C336%2C738%2C263%2C578%2C268%2C537%2C532%2C742%2C944%2C866%2C176%2C369%2C534%2C744%2C536%2C186%2C429%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698%2C941&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=64&pr1.y=9. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
^ "NationMaster; Economy Statistics". NationMaster. http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_gdp_ppp-economy-gdp-ppp. Retrieved 2007-03-26.
^ er 6 Manufacturing and Construction, Statistical Handbook of Japan, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
^ "Executive Summary: Population Trends in Japan". Population Resource Center. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927032804/http://www.prcdc.org/summaries/japan/japan.html. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
^ "Groningen Growth and Development Centre (GGDC)". GGDC. 2009-01-26. http://www.ggdc.net/. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
^ Japan 500 2007, Financial Times
^ Market data. New York Stock Exchange (2006-01-31). Retrieved on 2007-08-11.
^ "Japan's Economy: Free at last". The Economist. 2006-07-20. http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?story_id=7193984. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
^ ^a ^b OECD: Economic survey of Japan 2008
^ Activist shareholders swarm in Japan, The Economist
^ "Why Germany's economy will outshine Japan". MoneyWeek. 2007-02-28. http://www.moneyweek.com/file/26181/why-germanys-economy-will-outshine-japan.html. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
^ The Economist: Going hybrid
^ Japan, Index of Economic Freedom
^ Blustein, Paul. "China Passes U.S. In Trade With Japan: 2004 Figures Show Asian Giant's Muscle". The Washington Post (2005-01-27). Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
^ Foreign investment in Japan soar. BBC. 29th June, 2005
^ Has Japanese agricultural protection had its day? Policies for the new millennium. Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation.
^ Chapter 7 Energy, Statistical Handbook of Japan 2007
^ "Japan taps into ocean winds for power". ABC News. 2008-01-21. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/21/2142636.htm. Retrieved 2009-0%-11.
^ Japan's Road to Deep Deficit Is Paved With Public Works, New York Times in 1997
^ Chapter 9 Transport, Statistical Handbook of Japan
^ "Transport in Japan". International Transport Statistics Database. iRAP. http://www.iraptranstats.net/jp. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
^ "Corporate Culture as Strong Diving Force for Punctuality- Another "Just in Time"". Hitachi-Rail.com. http://www.hitachi-rail.com/rail_now/column/just_in_time/index.html. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
^ McDonald, Joe. "China to spend $136 billion on R&D." BusinessWeek (2006-12-04).
^ "Japanese Nobel Laureates". Kyoto University. 2009. http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/profile/intro/honor/nobel.htm/. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
^ "Japanese Fields Medalists". Kyoto University. 2009. http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/profile/intro/honor/fields.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
^ "Dr. Kiyoshi Ito receives Gauss Prize". Kyoto University. 2009. http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/profile/intro/honor/gauss.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
^ The Boom in Robot Investment Continues—900,000 Industrial Robots by 2003. and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Press release 2000-10-17. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
^ "World Motor Vehicle Production by Country" (PDF). oica.net. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20070807213925/http://www.oica.net/htdocs/statistics/tableaux2006/worldprod_country-2.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
^ "Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Homepage". Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. 2006-08-03. http://www.jaxa.jp/index_e.html. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
^ JAXA, Venus Climate Orbiter "PLANET-C"
^ ISAS, Venus Meteorology PLANET-C
^ JAXA, Mercury Exploration Mission "BepiColombo"
^ ISAS, Mercury Exploration MMO (BepiColombo)
^ "Japan Plans Moon Base by 2030". MoonDaily. 2006-08-03. http://www.moondaily.com/reports/Japan_Plans_Moon_Base_By_2030_999.html. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
^ ""KAGUYA" selected as SELENE's nickname". http://www.jaxa.jp/countdown/f13/special/nickname_e.html. Retrieved 2007-10-13.
^ Japancorp.net, Japan Successfully Launches Lunar Explorer "Kaguya"
^ BBC NEWS, Japan launches first lunar probe
^ JAXA, KAGUYA (SELENE) Image Taking of "Full Earth-Rise" by HDTV
^ ^a ^b "World Factbook; Japan—People". CIA. June 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ja.html#People. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
^ "'Multicultural Japan' remains a pipe dream". Japan Times. March 27, 2007.
^ "Japan-born Koreans live in limbo". The New York Times. April 2, 2005.
^ "An Enclave of Brazilians Is Testing Insular Japan". The New York Times. November 1, 2008.
^ 'Home' is where the heartbreak is for Japanese-Peruvians. Asia Times. October 16, 1999.
^ Registered Foreigners in Japan by Nationality. Stat.go.jp.
^ Fogarty, Philippa (2008-06-06). "Recognition at last for Japan's Ainu". BBC News (BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7437244.stm. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
^ The Invisible Race. Time. January 8, 1973.
^ "The World Factbook: Rank order—Life expectancy at birth". CIA. 2006-12-19. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
^ ^a ^b "Statistical Handbook of Japan: Chapter 2—Population". Japan Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. http://www.stat.go.jp/English/data/handbook/c02cont.htm. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
^ ^a ^b Ogawa, Naohiro."Demographic Trends and Their Implications for Japan's Future" The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Transcript of speech delivered on (7 March 1997). Retrieved on 14 May 2006.
^ Hidenori Sakanaka (2005-10-05). "Japan Immigration Policy Institute: Director's message". Japan Immigration Policy Institute. http://jipi.gr.jp/english/message.html. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
^ French, Howard."Insular Japan Needs, but Resists, Immigration". "The New York Times" (2003-07-24). Retrieved on 2007-02-21.
^ Strom, Stephanie (15 July 1999). "In Japan, Mired in Recession, Suicides Soar". Health (The New York Times). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E1DB173FF936A25754C0A96F958260&sec=health&spon=&scp=29&sq=suicide%20japan&st=cse. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
^ Lewis, Leo (19 June 2008). "Japan gripped by suicide epidemic". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4170649.ece. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
^ "Suicides in Japan top 30,000 for 12th straight year, may surpass 2008 numbers". The Mainichi Daily News. Dec. 26, 2009. http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20091226p2a00m0na008000c.html.
^ Ozawa-de Silva, Chikako (December 2008), "Too Lonely to Die Alone: Internet Suicide Pacts and Existential Suffering in Japan", Cult Med Psychiatry 32 (4): 516–551, doi:10.1007/s11013-008-9108-0 p. 519
^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2006-09-15). "International Religious Freedom Report 2006". U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71342.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
^ ^a ^b Kisala, Robert (2005). Robert Wargo. ed. The Logic Of Nothingness: A Study of Nishida Kitarō. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0824822846.
^ Religious Juridical Persons and Administration of Religious Affairs, Agency for Cultural Affairs Retrieved August 25, 2008
^ Shinsen-kokugojiten (新選国語辞典), Kyōsuke Kindaichi, Shogakukan, 2001, ISBN 4095014075
^ 言語学大辞典セレクション：日本列島の言語 (Selection from the Encyclopædia of Linguistics: The Languages of the Japanese Archipelago). "琉球列島の言語" (The Languages of the Ryukyu Islands). 三省堂 1997
^ "15 families keep ancient language alive in Japan". UN. Archived from the original on 2008-01-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20080106062419/http://www.un.org/works/culture/japan_story.html. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
^ Lucien Ellington (2005-09-01). "Japan Digest: Japanese Education". Indiana University. Archived from the original on 2006-04-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20060427225148/http://www.indiana.edu/~japan/digest5.html. Retrieved 2006-04-27.
^ Lucien Ellington (2003-12-01). "Beyond the Rhetoric: Essential Questions About Japanese Education". Foreign Policy Research Institute. http://www.fpri.org/footnotes/087.200312.ellington.japaneseeducation.html. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
^ "School Education" (PDF). MEXT. http://www.mext.go.jp/english/statist/05101901/005.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
^ Kate Rossmanith (2007-02-05). "Rethinking Japanese education". The University of Sydney. http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/international/226.html?newsstoryid=1568. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
^ "TOP - 100 (Global universities ranking)". Global Universities Ranking. 2009. http://www.globaluniversitiesranking.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94&Itemid=131.
^ "THE - QS World University Rankings 2009 - top universities". QS TopUniversities. 2009. http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2009/results.
^ OECD’s PISA survey shows some countries making significant gains in learning outcomes, OECD, 04/12/2007. Range of rank on the PISA 2006 science scale
^ Victor Rodwin. "Health Care in Japan". New York University. http://www.nyu.edu/projects/rodwin/lessons.html. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
^ "Health Insurance: General Characteristics". National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. http://www.ipss.go.jp/s-info/e/Jasos/Health.html. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
^ "A History of Manga". NMP International. http://www.dnp.co.jp/museum/nmp/nmp_i/articles/manga/manga1.html. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
^ Leonard Herman, Jer Horwitz, Steve Kent, and Skyler Miller. "The History of Video Games". Gamespot. http://uk.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/video/hov/index.html. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
^ "J-Pop History". The Observer. http://observer.guardian.co.uk/omm/story/0,,1550807,00.html. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
^ Kelly, Bill. (1998). "Japan's Empty Orchestras: Echoes of Japanese culture in the performance of karaoke", The Worlds of Japanese Popular Culture: Gender, Shifting Boundaries and Global Cultures, p. 76. Cambridge University Press.
^ "Asian Studies Conference, Japan (2000)". Meiji Gakuin University. http://www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/~ascj/2000/200015.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Windows on Asia—Literature : Antiquity to Middle Ages: Recent Past". Michigan State University, Office of International Studies and Programs. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011065654/http://isp.msu.edu/AsianStudies/wbwoa/eastasia/Japan/literature.html. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
^ "Sumo: East and West". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/sumoeastandwest/sumo.html. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
^ "Culture and Daily Life". Embassy of Japan in the UK. Archived from the original on 2007-03-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20070317192109/http://www.uk.emb-japan.go.jp/en/facts/culture_dailylife.html#sports. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
^ Nagata, Yoichi and Holway, John B. (1995). "Japanese Baseball". in Pete Palmer. Total Baseball (fourth ed.). New York: Viking Press. p. 547.
^ "Soccer as a Popular Sport: Putting Down Roots in Japan" (PDF). The Japan Forum. http://www.tjf.or.jp/takarabako/PDF/TB09_JCN.pdf. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
^ Fred Varcoe. "Japanese Golf Gets Friendly". Metropolis. http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/604/sports.asp. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
^ Len Clarke. "Japanese Omnibus: Sports". Metropolis. http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/623/sports.asp. Retrieved 2007-04-01.

External links

All links are to sites in English unless otherwise specified.

Government

Kantei.go.jp, official prime ministerial and cabinet site
Kunaicho.go.jp, official site of the Imperial family.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, papers on Japan's foreign policy, education programs, culture and life.
National Diet Library
Shugi-in.go.jp, official site of the House of Representatives
Chief of State and Cabinet Members

News media

Tourism

General information

Japan entry at The World Factbook
Japan from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Japan at the Open Directory Project
Japan from Encyclopaedia Britannica
Special Report: Japan from The Guardian
Wikimedia Atlas of Japan
Energy Profile for Japan from the U.S. Energy Information Administration
Works by Government of Japan at Project Gutenberg containing the 1889 and 1946 Constitutions

Articles Related to Japan

Japan topics

Basic topics · Alphabetical index of topics

History	Paleolithic · Jōmon · Yayoi · Kofun · Nara · Heian · Kamakura · Muromachi · Azuchi–Momoyama · Edo · Meiji · Taishō · Shōwa · Heisei · Economic history · Military history (Imperial Army · Imperial Navy · Naval history)

Government and politics	Emperor (list) · Prime Minister (list) · Cabinet · Ministries · Diet · House of Councillors · House of Representatives · Elections · Political parties · Judiciary · Fiscal policy · Foreign policy · Foreign relations · Human rights (LGBT rights) · Self-Defense Force (Air · Ground · Maritime)

Geography	Environment · Regions · Prefectures · Cities · Districts · Towns · Villages · Addresses · Islands · Lakes · Rivers · Extreme points

Economy	Primary sector · Manufacturing · Labor · Communications · Transport · Currency · Central bank · Solar power · International rankings

Culture	Anime / Manga · Architecture · Art · Bonsai · Cinema · Cuisine · Festivals · Gardens · Geisha · Games · Ikebana · Literature · Martial arts · Music · Onsen / Sentō · Tea ceremony · Television · Theatre

Society	Aesthetics · Demographics · Crime · Education · Etiquette · Housing · Language · Law · Mythology · Names · Religion · Sport

Portal

Geographic locale

Regions and administrative divisions of

Japan

Regions

Hokkaidō · Tōhoku · Kantō · Chūbu (Hokuriku · Kōshin'etsu · Shin'etsu · Tōkai) · Kansai · Chūgoku (San'in • San'yō) · Shikoku · Kyūshū (Ryūkyū · Northern Kyushu)

Prefectures

Hokkaidō	Hokkaidō

Tōhoku	Akita · Aomori · Fukushima · Iwate · Miyagi · Yamagata

Kantō	Chiba · Gunma · Ibaraki · Kanagawa · Saitama · Tochigi · Tokyo

Chūbu	Aichi · Fukui · Gifu · Ishikawa · Nagano · Niigata · Shizuoka · Toyama · Yamanashi

Kansai	Hyōgo · Kyoto · Mie · Nara · Osaka · Shiga · Wakayama

Chūgoku	Hiroshima · Okayama · Shimane · Tottori · Yamaguchi

Shikoku	Ehime · Kagawa · Kōchi · Tokushima

Kyūshū	Kyūshū (Mainland): Fukuoka · Kagoshima · Kumamoto · Miyazaki · Nagasaki · Ōita · Saga Ryūkyū Islands: Okinawa

Countries and territories of East Asia

People's Republic of China (S.A.R: Hong Kong · Macau) · Japan · Mongolia · South Korea · North Korea · Republic of China (Taiwan) Sometimes included: Vietnam · Russian Far East

Countries and territories of Oceania

Sovereign states

Australia · Fiji · Indonesia¹ · Kiribati · Federated States of Micronesia · Marshall Islands · Nauru · New Zealand · Palau · Papua New Guinea · Samoa · Solomon Islands · Tonga · Tuvalu · Vanuatu

Dependencies and
other territories

¹ Transcontinental country

International membership

Members of the United Nations Security Council

Permanent members	China · France · Russia · United Kingdom · United States

Term ends December 31, 2010	Austria · Japan · Mexico · Turkey · Uganda

Term ends December 31, 2011	Bosnia and Herzegovina · Brazil · Gabon · Lebanon · Nigeria

Major non-NATO allies of the United States

Argentina · Australia · Bahrain · Egypt · Japan · Jordan · Kuwait · Morocco · New Zealand · Philippines · South Korea · Thailand		Map showing the Major non-NATO allies

East Asia Summit (EAS)

First · Second · Third · Fourth · Fifth

Australia

Brunei

PR China

Cambodia

India

Indonesia

Japan

Laos

Malaysia

Myanmar

New Zealand

Philippines

Singapore

South Korea

Thailand

Vietnam

Potential future members

Timor-Leste

Papua New Guinea

Russia

Group of Eight (G8)

Members	Canada · France · Germany · Italy · Japan · Russia · United Kingdom · United States

Representative	European Union

Monarchies

List of current monarchs

Geography

Africa · Americas · Asia · Europe · Oceania

Absolute

Brunei · Saudi Arabia · Swaziland · Vatican City

Constitutional

Antigua and Barbuda · Australia · Andorra · The Bahamas · Bahrain · Barbados · Belize · Belgium · Bhutan · Cambodia · Canada · Denmark · Grenada · Jamaica · Japan · Jordan · Kuwait · Liechtenstein · Lesotho · Luxembourg · Malaysia · Monaco · Morocco · Netherlands · New Zealand · Norway · Oman¹ · Papua New Guinea · Qatar¹ · Spain · Saint Kitts and Nevis · Saint Lucia · Saint Vincent and the Grenadines · Solomon Islands · Sweden · Thailand · Tonga · Tuvalu · United Arab Emirates · United Kingdom

Elective

Andorra · Cambodia · Kuwait · Malaysia · Swaziland · United Arab Emirates · Vatican City

Subnational

Ghana	Ashanti · Dagbon

Malaysia	Johor · Kedah · Kelantan · Negeri Sembilan · Pahang · Perak · Perlis · Selangor · Terengganu

Nigeria	Ibadan · Nri · Kano · Sokoto Caliphate · Lagos

Uganda	Ankole · Buganda · Bunyoro · Busoga · Toro

United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi · Ajman · Dubai · Fujairah · Ras al-Khaimah · Sharjah · Umm al-Quwain

Wallis and Futuna	Alo · Sigave · Uvea

Others	Māori (New Zealand) · Yogyakarta (Indonesia) · Zulu Kingdom (South Africa) · Barotseland (Zambia)

Italics indicate Commonwealth realms, which each share the same person as head of state.
¹ Monarchy is constitutional by law, but remains absolute in practice.

Immigration to Japan

Americas	Americans · Brazilians · Peruvians

Asia	Bangladeshis · Chinese · Filipinos · Indians · Indonesians · Iranians · Koreans · Mongolians · Pakistanis · Thais · Vietnamese

Others	Jews · Russians · Turks

See also	Dekasegi · Ethnic issues in Japan · Gaijin · Japanese nationality law · Foreign-born Japanese

Demographics of Asia

Sovereign states	Afghanistan · Armenia¹ · Azerbaijan¹ · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Burma² · Cambodia · People's Republic of China · Cyprus¹ · East Timor³ · Egypt⁴ · Georgia⁴ · India · Indonesia · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan⁴ · North Korea · South Korea · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Malaysia · Maldives · Mongolia · Nepal · Oman · Pakistan · Philippines · Qatar · Russia⁴ · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Tajikistan · Republic of China⁵ · Thailand · Turkey⁴ · Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vietnam · Yemen

States with limited recognition	Abkhazia¹ · Nagorno-Karabakh · Northern Cyprus · Palestine · South Ossetia¹ ·

Dependencies, autonomies, other territories	Aceh · Adjara¹ · Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Altai · British Indian Ocean Territory · Buryatia · Christmas Island · Cocos (Keeling) Islands · Guangxi · Hong Kong · Inner Mongolia · Iraqi Kurdistan · Khakassia · Macau · Nakhchivan · Ningxia · Papua · Sakha Republic · Tibet · Tuva · West Papua · Xinjiang ·

¹ Sometimes included in Europe, depending on the border definitions. ² Officially known as Myanmar. ³ Sometimes included in Oceania, and also known as Timor-Leste. ⁴ Transcontinental country. ⁵ Commonly known as Taiwan.

National personifications

Armenia	Mother Armenia
Australia	Boxing kangaroo
Brazil	Efígie da República
Cambodia	Preah Thaong and Neang Neak
Canada	Johnny Canuck
Finland	Finnish Maiden (Suomi-neito)
France	Jacobin · Marianne
Georgia	Kartlis Deda
Germany	Deutscher Michel · Germania
Greece	Athena, "Greece" of Delacroix
Iceland	Lady of the mountain (Fjallkonan)
India	Bharat Mata
Indonesia	Ibu Pertiwi
Ireland	Erin · Ériu · Hibernia · Kathleen Ni Houlihan
Israel	Srulik

Italy	Italia Turrita
Japan	Amaterasu
Malaysia	Harimau Malaya · Ibu Pertiwi (East Malaysia)
Netherlands	de Nederlandse Maagd` (Netherlands Maiden)
Norway	Ola Nordmann
Philippines	Juan de la Cruz · Juan_Tamad
Poland	Polonia
Portugal	Efígie da República · Zé Povinho
Russia	Mother Russia · Russian Bear
Sweden	Mother Svea
Switzerland	Helvetia
United Kingdom	Britannia · Lion and Unicorn John Bull (England) · Dame Wales (Wales) ·
United States	Brother Jonathan · Columbia · Uncle Sam Billy Yank (northern states) Johnny Reb (southern states)

Hidden categories: Wikipedia semi-protected pages | Featured articles | Articles containing Japanese language text

Travel guide

Up to date as of January 14, 2010

�/x��{�Gv'�~��f�U�ޔ�"%J%��d�V��['�$P> ��au�؞�{��yl��̎۳~͌��>ڞ�sf��Ȩ%u�5_a��ވ� U )��q�>�{��A��i��(�Q��$H��Ѹ��q��X��͝�n��_��d�"��$y�F�5��7�ߋu筍��$P^��~k��4��;��v�$=��m�+��W��7w��ƛ;4��[�im�1mML��^��k'4*�出��T� ��8��ZM��o��I��]߮��4yh����x� ��}X$��G&��g4��v�v�� ?�}l��`�Z)ݕo�pW��&��L<��S�0��|��?�~3;�0U��V=(��nx��OԹJZq0Lo�� c�:M�`�~�s�7�7o4��+��H�da��z��ۥ��W>u&�j�̝;{��g�}��D*<�=��]�A�{��N�YK�:j�x�è��|�àKC��w�nOY�̘f��7��;Y��Y��t|k��G�f�mv�>Ԙ��oo/9Uw�4�s��Kv�!OK['i1A��[��˳��+��݅l�]��<�Bw� ��TvW�Tn�φ��油�c��/?u{W��SGcm��8�>nϟ��UO�=C�n��e�K�Hu�v��ey� Fj.��r�,a�g��t9Qde�W��h��y4� \@��=�F^�[^�-��"��Lܟ��?�m��z��C�೏��<�f>��h�$�?�A�ˢ��s��Я�� #��}%::{l��R��G�%v;��p��҅�$�|�Wz#��,��&ˮ��HJ��W}��ňyO��47��>��C3;-�m;ߵ[� ?6$��Q��p-��6N�8��JҘ �;%\R�9��\�Q��& Z ?�E}�j��J��9��^��U�N�E��E�g��;/��-'aH��d��x��h껦�Y�i��`o/+�fD(L� Hf̕}ѐ �6\�`�n6��͖��8C��wh2�gmҔ�ώm�/��}i��t�z��gI��=�Dgm��N�F��ks��o~�j�|��h &�8�(��2D��+Y�D��I�8�oij"�y%�Z�!�b��=��|�n.�Vg�v�;X'��psi[l� ]�4�/�� B�p��~U��:#v��bz�-�=�gR�U��ZX��&Y��z�q]ܴ��M��r��&W��v�PI��f��8� ]/��(�K��&Vg�r�ű�ϗk�� #�?Wp��g�Ӥ��<�liх~��6_�A��z�U��L��I@�ά�Ȓe��9{�邸��?1Yڣ}�,��ȷ��L&^��~�˙�,�k�{M��Q��ب��[$� ��B�`�ܬ�� "W�4�Ѳ1cC� �oc�[\sѮ �8�(��x��m|�f�ҭ<*�4��ӳ��}X��t��n�ϝl�#�h��|��e��PF��o.��Q��ۑ��m� ��$h�U��e;��R��ʇ�' ��B�W*�(��xi{A��g=�´77Jm|�� W *�/�*�Q'�3W��!��yU��4��ʭG�ti�((��{�d��.�e��_Hvu2ԭ��[��]��8C�4ż�\�z~t��~��k��U�9��|��mo/��\X�Jta}qx!��zfQP��c�踫��G�f[M�kq��׺�W�5=��q��I3��a8Tmdj��Q��4�� `M�u|˯ �� rm�oܽ��ߡ=��o�AR_��e�4vh�7��;�? �i��_��Md�'F�x�8�� . ��!��Q��ç4��둴��Fd:�hj�zk��[;;�)u[��(�[H�K��da�+�&��T�;{;��ݝ�݃�^m�vtP�=�O�O��p��|k�vp��|`��b;i�7��^ނ��&M�`b��ξ}q��qG�ؐ.ǴY@.<�WY�SL�-��j�q��è{��9��9�9��=>��k��Q�X:��:��ou�RV��г�� {�W��G��Z}�`�V߭U��Պ��{��dA��ߥ38y޺��"l!_��i�,6i�/�z4�[��VdF��Q�5R^x:�S��>6��S�[��2��9�qdS/��\�Q�?��VoL��|EO��@��*��RW/sʳ8��4k�c��I��?��RGu")[�@�!��}�w+G��~�f� u� �y�ӎ��x�01׸R=��o��w�W9�ۛj�rI�#3��S�W��j��o֫�c_'��]�T�͈�.ޮ.y8߱��m)��Б��J0��4��6��͊��I�ݬn~��z ��`��'�Թ$GO(n��V�]ұ�3��Z��~�7�P}yBj��0뾪��&��t�Zt|��}��j��.^�|��m+߶�-��i��ţ�K}��g-��h�#��A�Hr��g�?��/��N�B�*)z%��j��Z�T��j|��ʏ�|k��ݜ��9,[*j��̓+i�7��uxÏu��:j� p`!�}�|Xyq4m?!ް�5�4;:��l8��6ZK�o*KM� �:�Is��ߩ�ѥ��i="_%>΢Ả>y��ph/��_��ў {�JtӘ~>��to��V�n_�Ǡ/�S��s��y�+��]�vz�4P�R@+g��EV �+L,q�2�C�*x�/D�d�ƛ��i�x`b�8�/��KH��D4��I�W|�j��@?��P�z�L�[̯UY�H�Y4�,of�1�d&�!]�H|�� V��Y��\��oI��?�)�M�I�i��GzHܜ��C��{k�Ч݆�p��DK�[f��A�;J�Dm�t{��[��o��A��(��<2Y��l��H%�'|��ٜ��a�� ov��"��C��h��?��Qab�NhL��$�]��i~�>��{��-6i�?0��wo�)�u��E�>QI�Ϣ�Db]�m�m ��n�'�`�+D?ӝ��"��[*K��!23:�#��m}"�[�D��t��~9�G?��%�:X�ԋ"��,��S�� M� ��Np�l�U;��U60ݡE'Y�Ĕ$1��^@��< *��&�br�Uwj;�;�;�{ǇG4Q�G��vT2��6��c�5cZj(�ԉ[�(�7&��v�x�bJ�ݩ��4 z��^��_=�M��`�,��>O6��r��OY�v�ȥ��@�6&o��i�gq%�@�Ր4��0H �<ʢ �r=f$I�d�cj�u�x��ɀ{��_�k�գ�H��S��5z�X��5��¢(PL�L��X��jbtlr�f��M~��>�eH�#�#��I]G�d9R�9�8�7��Gs�Q�"c�~�¬M#0��!��R�&#="bN�D� �A�J5x�!QM �|SE�8�K�:��]'7.!��#��m��T8~&܎䣘vW2s��G�ڎ^^��91#3�i�*qm��h�R.�>M�#.�WDI��6:�^�|��A ��4��2�� }��IH䄴��|�v��_i�f�6��8��j{��O�ՋLh��ǅ�2�5��7�!��!I44�#��NJ�Lj"juۈ��>�)�v��ք59�r��ԃ N��F=�x�q�NW��u�� s��t��Vo�1D?��L�$Q4� s�H?M��]�߉��i�%M�숏� �vwW$-��ƇxC�XaLj1�&��bb�М�2}Z��ke)�+��ک)��$9�<0!h�D��tc5썉�� 4�:zb��qa!�$�QW��wK��b36�\��IP��0�9��Aң�,!��"�UU_+"�;�n�&�nW��!��Z�Vh"]2��F�Wz,\�HN`��=��@H_��mqVj�!��Q@�&��]�Q��2�@QJ��"LR�}h�rr�Tܤc�҄L��[i�ҁ��_ZS�kLM�b�!�0Kh�[-��@4mE�� [;b!3�E-F�$ #��I'RnO22QAImE?��o��&��c_��#e�k� �5��Ҡ��$[h�)j�}��e��&�&��؃� ?˺P�3�Q��SY�A�n��4�M�'-:�i �/yr��ނ�CF�'SDR�I��@�e'�� =xAX�&9�� bjiR�� 9�+b��o��40�x�psP[�7ApO��${��bh˴$��hH>�f��b�vL��y�=�ߒG��%��!ן�!>�#��/�^�m�)��y��Aj�4k�d�o@Sg�6��X5a�<щUֶgBn�hB��1�~��Ĉ%UI�qLci��!��L�I3�*��i�!=�� H��8k�H�,� ۏ":�Z�w-��؆�kfDR��i�TD^� �SD�ӷdh �t�u{h�6k��m�rM��-�7ٔ��6m�h�fs*jt]=��#5>�!ѭ��!K�Ԍ!��"�I6�%T�7ew(Q��v�E'��3�Gt��al:,>Q'�X�C/i��d~��x�3��\��&�u�Z�yXy�j3��^ߢ ��[o��Þ�+Q�`��T�M?"qԿ��0� 62�E;��=� dL�_�qOtI�ֻ��3��S��F+�L�#�p 0b� c��7��R��C��;~��>h2I�Ȉ�\%$��x�%�dsr8,0=RYD��B�G�PG@�Z��/3�/ 7.��7��0ړ~�]��`��G�6�C�N�K�ј�2�eR�G�A��.�[䕺��M�e] ��[�x`��Sd ��3�GV[wH��6��M收@Baę�;��e�L��޹}��כ~Nf��WX�20 Ҧ�R��/G5@J��)0��UfC��Z�P!�� ƷHm�+�|C'�2�h�)�1X|�Y�"/т�t�"�/��Nl� ��O�Z4�8�\.�D�q��:��{JR�<��"��l�&��0�(x��l�`h�(�&b�IC�F��*u��ȷOo�xo�?^��8źy��3��9��Q�WI9�#ȅ��N�<��N�<("�M�f!sD�V�5Q{��Z}wE�5u�x��DD�vAnjYι�魰ϳV�0�A�vJC4`�s�4��S�B� ��c��sS9��>\��`�aW%*h�S�`�7'��)~��A��x��l� ��x=3��W�m� '�I��!��g�k��N��P$�3��n�}C��O6��#dz��q�� K�ANk�V3��$��ɩdKj% �YR_>� ;m�xb):��T܅�.$�e}�zI�KΌ�nM�m{`-{�G��~��1"��dsX�1E��qb�0z2E��4-��X.�M5O#��s�dV�vT�!��T+�[[��ⰸIG��y��Y1��挈d.�A�/��`&6ķI~e�� %��We"��lZD�ӳ+��M�-�i�#�4�i�S핎��%��j��C��zH��Lz�j&&nj�RG��8�K�G[;��ig-G��UO�I�(`;К(��²�FL�L[߸�-��>r �Є� `�M�E,[�6��s��$��:��q\�$�v{)8L*0gN�f�8e_��Y�.:�uD�B:pb"�I$�fQ�pL��4^�=\�=�tP9lcI��\DL�]�.��M�i�lD��r]xk��-��E^��d5Be�lCm�!��K��"k��Cc' WmD��K��e �(��qǽ�zc�J�yMbZ��5i,2�ЪkVq�Ŏl�| IY]�ˆbW�nhF�x9��ǧ��$9��"&�̙ŦI1F\lÖ�5��"#��1�oMf��˻�mBq��>�8WC��wj��.��v\��jգ��Ǭ)/ 9�ɷ��Bl1�),%��`^1c|�J��/ �+�"��Kn(P��{��@E�,��ٴǁ�޴e~d]tp�I* �i�}P�T=�=h��6 l�"N�,�?i۱(��z�g:�G��4�t1��`|p�|^G�'j%��MZ˷��y9L?l�n��@��&<�3��:�'^I��>�eO��g��V� �U��D��xN��$ti��EZ��x|�/� f��OS �C�LJz8�e3o�=��&��.3��d0;¯E� ��O��2�� $�p�o��g+Y��~f)$�/{)��iӖ�wxç�� 36�;�\l��m��B°ϒ��":�HÝKEh��P�'H�A9x�� w �n��LŢ�%��Bv�P��HZ"�fH؞��@!5�u�YS%p�̒��r8f�x��uH�\��i��I��d�D��xi��I��6X��$r��.r~!��p�ym��`&pVU�|�� '=��~��d7C|?<�[~5ud¬!�T�U��@�x��},� �vP�r��r4��_A��V�X"�w�D�4��ԭ6��T\0�<��_($�g�� ާ��r�m$�}��cDC��} �H�b�Zw=/=xqۄZ?{��AKD�Z��r7�{�v�=<��b}T��|�J��X&�L�ۢ��Y ��,�2¶�I��f�8BO�!��gN#� P� 1�$c��٬d�1&m}��4�p/��e��7�j�:��j��wxX��;��'r�]d��^͙��ː��J#�Ȥ/�S�,��~_ӉS$�RzЫ�c7B@�+lD"K�s�8(��D�y�02j�ν�v�;A�6��Ns�`nq�9݄�"��2�#*�<��9�(>�[�% 5舸ct�\) a��eK��a��z��x�4��IQ��_h�OL 8��*lA�]ye��Ant\��m��X�XP�X�J��E�S��R�bo"��B<�;��C�(թ F��TDG�8CY�JG�jSUY�`c^�e �g�z��5C��ϗ#6Ke��S�ҍ�/�E�N9�%R��ܲ\u�{]cQL��<�M��J��V�� ^��O��Q�`�l��o��Q� D�T�Z�x��R��6�]��Z:I��g?�<�dCv��t��_�&�ם�50�A��ߥ��q�Z�b�`"Wf��C�B�Q:�ٕ��P[��w��:U��+7j��98!߱��g�p)8 ��+�X%�q�)��Cĝ�l��nٸ-)��B�e�"�[b�D5K�� nZ��Zbdm�a��1�"[X]��!@�,}H=C��S^;��Î�uĺ@�r� ��TS�96~#��M�˗��}o�+ y�_�{�*�9�X�兓^�2��_İa�W�J�Ү�H�j��D:�Bp��S�x�Oƹ2�3�%�D�)?3��W�i$7�E��Q��/�( %�鵙%c�x֜��Af�f�TLFm�!��5��9��Q1�4ޕ�a��4�δ��27��F�r��c�� ra��Z�֋��,ap�AV]�i�D� s��A!*P�R�GXt��s(+��X��kK6Bb��Z�+&�R�@�D@,R[Y��:�-�Ed��|0\ *��$��r�p��t$��H��Q�|��Hŷ��&�f��3��h�pI�9��g�^�rn�ҩ� �%\Àn��N��V~S3��R��i�"T_��iG��f�s�W�W�]>{U8��S�4j]`k'V.�$�G��>�cDY).m�]i�}��x��B�}��+P��:�EƉW�TJ\��Dm2[�Hf�<7s�Eܩh�+�-��=��v��lk� �D�@��͊��/��8S�@<��2�b}cӲ%��k �5\�$�u��Ć7��)\lf��0b�T�M�#E,8$Ch�A!�}�([We{�I�1Wb�LEr0�"�r�3 ڭ��e�(�0�MɁ'nS�4N��L��G�jζl��2 �Y��9JM��-��#9�h_��E9�5��Y0d��#�)��l�*8�SsśY��nuE54��IN$+��qd��]�0 �e0�ƺT��pȞ[C�PDS�r��T�R�1?/�Q��.�go��,?��%�Ω�=Abv*YML3LGA�g�Ʀ��X��T�&BgXK"eM�9U�-.�1��*R}��G�nd0A��mqj�4%�ƞ��p'2��:t�[��gɒ�G��-_�B^��l�7�[�xM��]o��MY�M��6��݀�%��l�&8�`�,�cwe�dY�$8t��ۤ�D��5ż�s�-�I�$"��Hlj��pA��aD9O��O\*O�rhJEυL�Cx�l^�9Y;\�"J5�6*�Dj<��`�W�3N� ��a�c�Cq�c��p�E�P�E�A��q,��/�aV6�9�I�8b��0�x-y��;Q��Kꮇs$�� 'D�i�6�/G[��#Za-Y=N��ی>i�k\{��Kyv9�(��!��M�i��^��rM�yd8�ă�_G��ǧ�N?z��ӓ �l=��pQ�cA"yk6Vј�3v��v��`o��kM*��%��2df",y�/��c�զI9��Z.vM/��PL�%�J܆�5KĨۦe�69�En~�'��'��'��ͼ,�!� �y@t~g-L}��E�D�WU��Z]��ب��ܰ-�bž�ߘ9Xw�<0�3Y �� ̕=3࠰Gl�Րh�f��Y�.��gt^¶��c]k��!��\� 58!�t�h��%�l0 �0$��2��*E6�^ƹ�د�K��4Y��4�v�ْV~�t�Po0;�h�d�Ӡ�l8�w�x_'�rԪ8R�W�%��Z9��%�r�~�MR� ��ۢ��:��ʈW#��^�y�xU�q�H�&�q6$��pn�C��뫪� ��5aG��~Z6 M��5m��b(u�sa_�ri)� �T��QV`��K�~��2�_�nvZW��zz{��Q�f��䭖�I~��ԀzMRx��.o��~Ie��z?��:�� L��6�6��A) ��\h�R��I6�^Io`/LQ|%�3:��Sá(��S�۲��j�I^ �� ˦��}�̺�Ǘ+�� ہ�q迟ED��aů�ߪ��le�c�rd�}��B��v7,Npf�찊ϗ]��zC�R�� Ef�m8SĒ,�êHE�!�J��z�_ㅟxa�)�S�Rv��P�b��k��)�_b�e��5��"�>f�y:z��I�>��>$��A��o{^��9 U�R)&��˅�H�0��Mห��9�j�xXD�Q{Z�xτA[�'^��bo�|��ºY�\�jm��9MG�h� �$c��I��*��8s,.պ�s�sX��=8�;ܫ��`��~�P��0%,,̎[�k�r�}��T�u��U��Ћ�ª� =1��9��'[*�� W��D�@��?��_g��a��H�L2q�x*XT�� &X[ ��\��cm3�ݭ��?�P�hw�� n�.� t�m��aXbF_F�#Γ� \� ��v�zP��>܍�;X��3��-u�v0}q��4J?�F�Z tӵ��+3� ��9�m�(��)��+]rZ�ο2ܵ��C0�B砑vG'ŖF2��G�y� �� 1�V�9��1��6 ��%�S��zS�d�Q��(�f��[�\��kԽ��tJb�^Z@�>��Co�B��d 7ib�&��a�h�q{��+ �AG� �ִH��M �3=�Y"!.�8��P�A�Q��\��Gg�G��l��\��ˌ�m�9f��ŦXWK|�,,Uk*� ��T(�K�ɔs��3%�T��ƋN"r�$��Oz��(M��Z�%�y[��k �p�Z�t��ЉV��G��:��8k�9�S�Eec?��_��O��A��"��F!��R{��Ҷ1q� �C��,곈MǆxQ��$� �6]B6?��qسJr��V%}z�$�|:��/��Rٚg혤Ƶ`0��gd��ހ�~'��ķ�N�x��J�+�-�x�mu/#&��c��g�F�$r� *C�\$�(%�z9�\�"E��U& ��h�?ֺ_�;&T��W�O?8�Y�;��N��ShL`f{��c�n�4(mfD��OS)�}�Z,�ը��6��x�� a��ʿ=��C'P��꣌��X�EXh#O��o 5$Z�o҆a�sIـ��i��'��NC�%�:��麥u[��M��^��-��$�YB}�^�H�Nne��:��O�� C��^渱�� t��o:�� 9�M^^�q��Q&3B1/+�|�E*.��`J'!��E橆%f��Jq��ґy�K��0�D �e��Apcgr�Z�n�.ZT�4�{Hhb��$��{:a�f� ��J x��M�6�EL�8\��o��A��i��z(r�K��̰��좰Yu-%D�si7�bli��aV��^�ķ�hT�]�~��'�Ib2�CC� ��z��6�@��#�-��H��\n��;�q��%��_��h�� }FT�LL$)lc �[��.�N��!��J��`��ta��.О��5�q��pH]�@�861�q.�,.Zv��l�}�� K2� MSb��;P�9��6��TAy��ua�Gk�T�j�a��Za��S��M��.��}��!ع��*��Ο�7yt��g�!�r��fi�FP�2��.�h�\��!.#��O~��?��4�YϽK��}�!��8s :��I6��78H��`#eq$]-R:��8�`�U ��t��^��ޅ�w�EPٚ�~�kEy{��a��`I< ѕI q5��؂Vr*I!�絉�a��Y�Hn\"qƸ ��a�C�Ѣ��.��M��f�b8��!]5��`2��k�1�'AT�[蕲�k��?�.cZJz�냾��$#�}��mU�"6k�%VKZq76ٰ�?2}快�}��(��`�؇�Ţ��E��:��*�5��ӛc��i#ۓ^̑��.�@��$��P�>J�2|�0Vc YAZlI�Xf�J�#��s!;6��M��"Aà�]�1��1D�*�L�pN$��%C��t��xh��̾F��&��qܝ>��k��|f|�-�*�u��f8��VY�b��8 I�~ 1��;�9d��;�� s5��rs��vu��AEz�I��-g5�ߑ'$q6dICƖ\��kM�Q��m�D,Ϋf�%#T��da��"Q"��kxA��=:,i��.w��M� ��il�}$�� '�逗�8��O��x��*P`@-��f��W�ġ��I�j�� :D8��M��["�A��{��F�>c:�֧�a+_�J��RwX�D�rPcc��J�#��X!��J+��I��l�^Ң�v@}%��X�K�,�X��]8Vcv�-%��Q�/�+��F��E.x�0_PYjZ,h��D"�I'��`Sp��哋�ɘ��%i�v��c � �=!,~|z��w�>=A�jWO�/ C�#�w�o��<^��`r��C��̀�,��?��ܸ�Ь��4��i� ��N�tw��Z-bYQ��]��,��IK m)_ &�.�k��\��2͏=bh-��"�"s��ֱb��ҪuB�J��,� ��O?�N=ꪘMa�C⛈�̍�m $0��z��f�գ��Q�ch�@��#�T�'A��!��?��7o%H/ ��T��_��?�i�>�#Fq+��2[��#ҙ��=��Km��K��jR��R ȴ�V��26� L��⸛��΅k߹�5�>~׻��y��W�$�~��o�m>�Cb�Ck�{��¼��$K��"13�f �h٨[�o끉ؼG�I�N�@(�L;M�Gt�!e�-4�f�Y/�X��|��b6F�vH��F��wc��Č��(�Cc��%�5��@�xR�5�uQ��kr�cM�{��J'�R��(#l��ڢbK�9�6NpC8��JV+:��Q�A@3�!��o9<�&m�c��'��s�&qoݩX�5�6�L�%��+E�� Ծr��f��U��x_��W_�՟��Mt�z��7�l�o<�y��G��>�}��gcn�s=a;a�1��-��}<�`��5��2�{uf�D'c��ą^U,��?��OI t[��pH�� j{6<��'�2?A��O�@zȐ��kbkp�)��)�~��.��&*�8��IjRBhKJK�(��~��n�H��V�!�m��7��}�[��O��?p��MH+A8�.��q��6��)R�!Zp��C�Qm�� `��T��t�E^��bi�6&L[,jxP�I� ��@HcP�hm�� .(UXĆȑs�eu;�d�-��k�9��s<�r�R2]n�_E��61N|��#��~i M�j�aW��P�� /n�H~��s��j��6�}�׶�ל�Ns�g3E��J�t�W�>�ɑ��uzc�#掤-֙�A��5�ȸ��=��8�oZ�l8��0�(@.��k7�8�;^l,zb�eA1�gu�)��'��p/�a�,2쒋�:��m��ĺ'j��Q�#Cf��@&�"VoQ�[$�l�c� ��<�1 ��cT, ��B�{��f.F\�%��n��:�F�l��0H��A�~��plu̹͠�� ݁��V��駩lڡ�C �d\��AQs��z��\L��H�J��~��ץ��*1z�:�V�l�^� ��DaIhb��.ִ�z��c�a�$͆A��4;��Q-t%�ح"�B�.��G�=g�m��L=KO��j�g��G3:�W��ɚ!3/A*�^6xb��0D\O�O�G2}�S��5�6�_ԛ#��E�dl��4ŀ��f��,Ha�b�.�}m$$�e��]A�6�Ϊ��p�_��P�-�5��F��4�$�:��My�@��=xf=rj��6 �i�L��M�PއC7U{;=� ==n� �qtV�R�4h��" Z&�'W�d�Jo�3�.Y�gx`�R��h��M0��ox��)��xl��6 �^+n�6;>{̝��(�t:��O]]p�+#��WM�&��Du�O� �@�aC%Mz�%��9��#��-��`��w��W��g�.��W,Q��;&9��0��r�(v�^[m��`\� �إ1��Ǒut$��߶N��t�� .� �`�k$��;y�1D7T��k!t!�m�n嶳U�P+C� �_�S�$�O��H�;�=?H�;ȫ�20�u�oߩ�28׶�!Gf��Iy��<��6�t��D�|^��?��%��<�]@�O�'�Hi��ё�Bl�;i��,=樶"�:j��x!P��2/Yͱ��CgYV��/��~��&ќW�TI�Z2��3�p��{��UԪFL��~�MˠG��f\��M��S�Qt�A�偒t��(*��I7��ݛbW��L�{AB+[��T|�.��:��<>A}�)p4.И ��u�͍E ��x�5O�WW#��U� d�͟��7��>{b�� Jڧ��4G��:yS�M��0"�@Rq�w��O�G�d��!¦�ʠ��Y�ڧ��h�/i$⩘��ɍK�V�$�CL�1��ʡ�E:n��Rm��D6FB1�ڀ5��y� ��F(��U<�"ӢC�'��Q�L<��O�$e#�� $GZI��Fmj�^:,T4�s��&�כ��B��a��t�v쿅��R>��oM��t"�pA�e�ѨW�= ��%�u�D~*��3QkE]r�M[/��$��8?� �`��%�׎U� p� t,�ކo:A�9��"�+�T�W$��|+@��-i��˺%��$򊃹@Ȋ-� �q��f�>�y:A��"�'�0��a5��K'3��5G�x�(��ab0��v�^7t��&��[�P�q(y ��Þ��P��'�ߺ��g��n�EA'�'�ރQ��5CxA�苻ooU��=�Ǹ�Ё�.�I�`b��8e��X�^d�E�e/� ��^�rH$~��J[��>q�[Q"~�T�m��9��%kƿG�T��D��XwN�x��U W�%T��םhU��گ�,n�2-W�L�$T�J�u�N޲|��B-�Z��d��$FX��z�C�r�)N�l��z�5]ݎճ t��> J*� LĂ�rmږέuX��^�J�� h�R\�.��%D�҅sx��FD�L�� P\$�=qt����r��]뙲�!��v=��L��59�� ?��q�&�p��k��,�Ys�=i� gM��C�J?/��j�D��pv6��Q�'XV@'�Y��Wކ�A"iq�d^�5��mq�j�A��r%Ԫ��J��!u�Q�yAUa�]��_��,6�'�?��_��Ͽ�W?��bo�|βy��/�ֈٺGR� �w�@��Yմ�C�E��D��>��h+�"��f�caNнd�D�,��ߞ�9S'�EV��9˫͛�.��GgK?��4��=��w&G�l�m)��]��^��gL�4�Y[ns��D~��-F�@�%8c3�r�<)Q��*^�bU5o�Q�1�p`�z��fl@ +�A 3�L�^~_��(�񰦲�Qِy�� s�xI̭9�O�/Y�Ժ��d�;κQ�R�e\~��@��^��0qb�� s��!M��Uw]H�ղ��R�]WL�2]�#��H�$��#-ɝ�]Zva[��$��?��#�t{t ��jx��x0:j�� u)�� t|nqp�9�O��s��n��Z�U�!�/F�� 0U�&f� �� N�I��|��a,�+��C�^�c��{�m��`��$� GxбZ��2�LJ�>@�fr�qq@~��m��d��!�g��k�1��N�3�0Ot�d��a��#�� X�][��M�(�r�N��: �%V��>Q44v��S��~��sz�{G��n��C݌��ÂiN��VE_��c�,�e�&�A��(��[�Q�N{�jG��7h��A�2om�di6@��;��u2��*RI/��hd��E�`�� )�[|oӆ�da�+�&��T�wj;�;{;��j�p�x�`��hw��d��|m��5x��6ꇵ �� om�}y�� ."��/a��<��مM%��l�1}�{A��gM=/��J��{�~`�v@1��ݞ2��C�Ւ��K�+��-�3��(G�ʥ�� t<.��A\�;� �?��|�,ޝ}+k��^g��t,��6B��ZXFj��i�E�n�ӏT+��U��P/�7ח��(��Z�A�tn��Cl@�V��,�A��bM� ~��B?��polh�J��2j�&k�}�S�sP�h� �0�s��8��,��JPM_n䅨v��rT�+�<\;AG��p�,��,A� "�Gq��)a��\�$�*'�&B�N��\�U�X1��4v��s��k��;�5?ў��zN;01��=��8_t��H�פ��茵��R]^]�M�)�'|z��sQ6��؜�Fx��CH��,,z^z�S;>8g/�Kݲ]�ܸ�bP��o�I�w� �1��yj��Ѥ��E[|cvџUY�Ɖ�9��8M'��\�/v�5��?�RUt��g��\8�W*;+gyc��E�Ouk�4I�Lv��N7��+��i��S��<��'�;��V��_�T��ǻ�ýچ�/��}Chx��e籔��0��ܙ+�X=s(P�V�x�Zh��G��bT߬W�z\�}��ר�k*�}H��-0�sCƤ�� :^�Ӿ��w�LO ��0c��<��< 93��o��!n=�� -��D�l1'_�_�(� ]�R��X��.gx�ه+43'�+��k.3�`�m��2�X��WQa8qf�u?�a�1$�u�D�:��kK"b�%7�2l��[� �� $��j|hќ7O�~�W��G��1�c:^[HaV�I�i��{�Z�#ܦ��=%|�d�+,*��'��gA� �x8ْ��-t�Șj{�zu��pO�� H޿�x�?��O]\|�Q/v!v�'K\��#��4S��]S{oE6W��r��6�`/��y�^�9��^`�*h'��U��c��W�P�J�yf)��:G�cQ\�L�ˮ�7��H�8Z��%�J��\w�c xn��q��Yo�W�\~��g5_l.01b�?��f��1�L�%@$��T�Xab BQ�[�2��#F��$2��"�1��08�rl�8��@~��ee��"Y��:oO8��i�7�Q��Qt��A)�,�* ��A��?��8#��^ *}^��y�#��:\��r�t�T�)D��t��ND�Xr)X.��v�1��f�<�]�H��*�/*��`��j?3��Υ&��%��U��#˳*�M��+-ŭ9�L �ei�֪2��S��us9�j�G;��Ãj��~T;�֫��G��L�j�H��K ��4�ISg�M��]��ub�~��:ǻ-@A�mn��I��8;��l�4`�e�q��ذ1lsD�:��J&6oRN��iX훖 �uᏩ��7��+��ۭÃ9�<&pP[Q�uT��&��m�:1g߬ ��f�8_��owo��aNG�P��ķ�:�k��e��k��j��׆��n��Z�\�b��[ h?��N��c�d��:��i)��V >g�qf��a��u��-$*�"��1�V:+.ΚmT��@�%��$�� ~hm�&1`�ԓ�?��s�F��/a[��ȵ��J=��$�ǒ�� R3��9,tGT;�|h�=�B)��bα�$�"��|aH�:,��{{��邇��*xxX.�sO��[@��;6K�[SŪ_`�� a�x崻�h� ��:}>��E��T�5��t�G�^ѱcL=�^�~�;��/�=�_�8��6��Lе鷣5��vTLE~��>�O�;H" "gB��T��vq��<� �~��JC��%��`��J�_h�O��zM��7&��e��\��`i��*~��O��R��&)OD��:��֬�k�j��q�r�v�xE��X�b䟙��A,��m�)�a�^d=��P�_`>cu��X�/s��B�}�� ߞ!��TP, �s@�ʿz@1Z�w��<��i|��e��`�-�O{yzl'A��6��.~A'��Xܝz$.�� 6�A�n�κU>�qAp`lŻ3�9; �IN��~�R�� y��#M͕�n��W_�w�cr�}cbk_>��\^��K|�c�c�]��ug��\�T!J1�l!H�kC��5�n�I��.�_t��ay��9D��ڒ�9��2s��~��t?H��؍��be�0��:^|�S��ӳ��tK�R��?e&��E�F�w��a�Ur�H��ϊ'R��%�9��4��5Q:yH�e�bZ��l�ā/ �k9�u6�a��{�\�aHh�M��{�~��g�4]he� .� |��`��.o��?|5~8�?��E�C�b��f�d��,�nF��9�W4�e~ͬ��v�#��F��U��k?�{��P*B��/00�+�o5di簄!!�˓{M�m��6w/�z��[U�8zjL�d��5��0wk��8��.ߝ!K�C�\н|k�閤�>��7�hv�fR�=��B��Ye�)��Nr�=�5�� &h�L�$�7�n�JY�"��To��ꤒ��Tf�ޜ\i�q��I�_�˫��ߪ 겵�N�u��@�)MDſ7�e��Q�<8��\ҮP��]�AOe�)�$b�׆��q�]/Tcm�J��(0>"F5_`��v��Q 7�P��k1CSOf؞?��A�O��,�e5X,��\�^�<��k1ա�|�#��.�7��~Anp"�|�H��\�R�� ΃0x�d�FY��}��m�¦�^Z��Pw�^ťF�� œ{��)ňyzıX��Rh{�h��M��kq��H�C��҄T�+�j�aA'��R�D�LC�Y��b�ץ�Ň�r7.ďӻR'X�n�셀OX�@�#�T��m�C�7D�=ꩨ�SA��H�F4`��t�z��RE�ʌ� �$��I��X��vR#�;��EbFwC�q>8z�Iz]��Qnm7w��ڊ�Vt�(�c��+Y�N2у`�. >W�l�W��$F�/Cg�� CL��`*�� g��KBv(��Q�=g$_��YK�$�"�T|&6�8�kG��HkJ�4V��5keIj�?{o��H��}�_��Ugb��|��j5Y��=�U��Vk ��`;^2��=��-$hA��I:܍N��}9-��?��c��dV��Ι��JIg��<��`/Y�r�Ƥ��@��*|'��[��k~��5�^D�>!As�j-\�v{�V��}��Yp��n�+��ؠ�9sT��yV��,"�M��e��n��]k�_�8F+��0�<�}A4"�.[�OrL=Ypm�܂�"%A8F�*�� 7�Z��l��@�1��_C��CK}�m�Mf�d9�Γ4��6�kjد��k.�xr}I��LiQ[6`]rH�)=�e��@]��=!%,�/wo�u~��X�v�mz��wQ�j�z�݂}/�K�^��x[��C^D0�;��й>I��Z"�P$d�zp]C��ImoKL;��}�I��#�nMH_��L|B�6y}��IO��-��|�^躿��}��kI�i��0�G#�� ,!P� ��=�eɕg��h63�]ޖ�qF��pD��F�{u� ��^��7]��r�.��~�C�\�(é�*��m��%�H`k�ǥ�'��l�� os�n%U�.��x#'�"�32d�p\r��fa虚�d&�ԝ��?�?g�=��h�濮䔛q��i�Q��-�ھ�ʿ~��vHE�}�F��Z� ��O h��7D�B0Ɍ�+�I��DQ��\�1�>�@��lV�b�^��&�?�E�\3�?lf/�'��y40xt5�X�W^��e�Ö��"��)7�n��UP�%�!�u�v?w{��I��&��_��?{a��f�m��k��O��)O�B��V��gP�Y"�\9SY�11�O� #�V�V�앜}�9W3�yM�^r}If\ᬔ�Gr5��Z�'Im ݦy}�5��gb��o��F�D嶣C%e�F�ߌ��bVVI6��3�ĝ�Ϫ�l6�*��W�Ƹ��?lԽ��=�Xq�%t��ֳ�8|GjFZ9�}fخu��xT\��eiU�/u˿ź ��T�Γ�v�y�U�8+u4��5ժ<)��A8�Zh��x��'�d�{3GG��V��W�z3?$w��]�j�:�Mp0��9Sǁ�y��rx��v�\�x��А'��"󂃦�� +�Ͱ�xE5l��q]�ᅹ�,��*�@D8I��mg� >�iIM�]��q^�>rOuz�kׅm�Z�u�_`$FZJ��T�Q��ZH��İ�B�^��~�OќhaׯI2T;�d��t��7wy��_��jw�7��iXV�7�P�5��)?b�T�nѰ�e�h�AD�i?p}3"��8*,.�U�1E�*]Nˁ풕�8�R�bxG�a��l��摺�Ks'�MZ`|[d��[�F��83�I�4�Ne��F�mKxPs��h�0�Β"Hg�H�s� ��V�w?Ǣ�%o,�-�ĶS��,�"5E�g�Ara��ʳJ/>��M��` M%Kn��t� �� 6��{�� /�+��g��چ��p7�͓b�#��D�BioD�w��O@A��I?� (ͦ��봺A1�~��$(�rq�Os51�\�m��}��"�AK{�e%�Ű�/O*W�/۲�D"�� %�T�1�宻*��*1FH�P:�6A�?Ź�5L�j��Wd�=��F�U#,�l��j�]뀿��!�p��9�@�F�b�l!�=N�d��2M7��q�4M�z@��.J��y�Ӷ7��bn��RXW�1Ձ��A��@�0MP��LOh��3�8�@���V Iv�jm}��u�c$r%\Y�ɲB[?5Sv��(�8�=� �ى��6M�6G�i�A?��P��3-\��A��'��>+��-c�_ݲ\CM6��T~h��-̰|n��.�X��[��|��uh��%��m#\��3E�9�ٸ0-lnGyG�1�H�z2��B�j� ��1�\�5K�F��-sӘpf"oB7�A��0u=F(�\�#lM��֍��1��1�'�G�"�g��K��C>;��ϟ>��Hy�Ҳ%��&�gb�~T��:Y�)b��H�->?�d"��p=�O�i�d0�2��΁��TD�0��zԬ�ػU�!��&p��K��DS�4�G��c�6�¹R�I U��%-�s˄��ܟ�`K��]_ �yC)��Y�/�a:7��AJ�Su1� R�}��FJ��C��?�{� ��/4��w��e�દ�k�W��[Ңti^��K�b��o��A�_O��/N�� >D��Ё��j#ȢW��g��7�i��W��vĪ�aܨA�ɂ�G�ר��y��RUc�j��1t��F�u��Z~Zr��QN�:��1�ݣ�k��}z�,9k��4��~��X�aM�Ȯe��D��M5@"��2��d��G 189� ��| �1#�/y�b�S��{Ed@��l��gQJ�s�\�E��h"�� 8��ˏ��s%0�ZJ'H�r��>5��#��:0�� !*�#-Ƹ`�uZ�8�rTi��"��:�U��o ��|_U�NP�շ��/��g��5*��b�_|A�) �;�+]��/��$�kS��\os��T�jS��Pm*��H�z��u�]��ʜ��Kw�Ґ�<(�n��!��!hm�pHʩj{��Ǩ��=�P��0��\�qCY�M�Z�ޅ#5�/';�z�Y(j2ߊ�pR�ٰ�BP�L� ��L$>��_��u��PRn��&��>%��/�3V�U�$U޵-㛦��H�:��Z{k�m�Hݓ@X�S��9�҆��̵%� GB �1*�2�l�BDz q�Xy�x�J 0ب��NG��N:uc�e��ަ��g!!��r6�j��;:��~��C5�W��x ��s� ��ID��v.�DP�G��,�]Qk�[F��XfNَt�QZ��¨�A�}�hПds! d��j��!VȤ�,_��ڷ4T��]��Ѧҗ�YD:L.�y��뒸��#2u��v��T��I9�Y��d�(��ˁ�F:�b�Ԝk�M CqF�bȽ��r}�j� �]d�5��_��}z P3��y*��T��|�g�MW��Dy�|pr��3��"�`+t��Y�Ӧ�"�a�5��!IK��ᏎĂ��~U��%t�f��9�A�mM�v��9��Q��ݩ�qy��L��m�C��zj��n�+4�CE��h��b�2�Qzݐb�)�BIqn�?> O`@�@�D1�@4�|�/��f��ro �l"|gO�� ΢b8�ZK�Ȫqӗ_$t��L8�.b�S�RxmQ�K��켜z[hɊ��ݟ��Rܺ��O��j~/X4�$�o��[��O�<��z6��#��*��'R@��d�N��k��A��S1��̱�c_�E�b��/��7@�>D=�� p�GG��^�6 ��7��^��g�<�gEr&��$q��3�(��V�n~=մ��yb�N��h��d��<��q�� :O�zPD�� Q�u�7 LV��I�Ej��r'8�C��#^��}ὠɘ��a8��g�.�Gd��ɋr��ްr��r��@��4x�<�D^u�Ƣ��k��{ݵ��ϟ��t�'(�i��v��i�s' 5��om�o7��M�� v��l�&Ä� ��!(�lz��R�� cR��,�8��_�:@�s��B�ڈ��8~!ח1.�m��ǰwɬ�ʵɒ��w}��VyHn��ϫQ� �A�T)��1�Sn��e�j��hkņT'��ʣm&xH5�0=W��0�� V��x�B�Z4!�e��m�o�:�ȋ�N<�i<��d&��N�Qa�$`%�rF�)HV�>c��Ǎ��3O��Ól��ќ�ڻ��R��@��O��_��q�y�O��c��4Wl�l��;��U��,W�P��t\�NV�0�Q�ɡ�,O��T��)�V�;��=�' ��I�K��V)De��w2W��*��׺�b }��^i uh��;�h��n��-��r(f�*��ۢ�$��/h��mO��n��.�q��c1y�h~��H<��z>tٌX4v�,�&�z�'��N��l�*�G�mY7�� Tz橌�/կS��A�Y� ��_�Udo��]�UZ�P��]�ں�e� ��|�9�GK�o.��WiSEL��y�}�>lmu�WM��V�U p�� Ӡ#�,��򫝰e͡%dqx��%��r�bN�b��R��jLh�B��6��s�[�E��e�;^t�_<��m˦qF��v��?��9<7��>R3b�@G�M�S (l��v`�8��چ��o� ��$+1gh�H��P��˓ �It'6Oe󞴃��ެ�Y��d=OF�FM繸 5��v�e#l��{�C� hV��~ig��Z��}V��Mi�@��vjJ�[Q��k��5��/��wJu-/��M�{�<��;�j�V{{��::88:~�+[ ׻��+�\_.��i:U�ڿ�9�.��/1m�PA�g�5͸�� z��*V�Q{��4��$�o��r�7��B�օ�Z��B먨��]�� %�V�*'�i66#U9>��R��K5.�b��ia2��v{�}x�:>>8�p��;�{��~��7��R��l_�d�ڤ��׻?k�:�Mj��~�TE��*��oHdZeH(��l�<�m�[�E1T� |T�"fZ�+bЮA�,�t�hWn�!hU:�s3�>��lMN��\{ԏ̤gK��4��.�g:Rlf&��p�s��J�d}@%8�{K��tK�ܐ��-��+�F[�]�}��a+�cKʋ"� �8� E��:�=��L 5(��1��t��Z��1Ň5Ə��w�@��&'i�t��gz��|�m�"��p!��_��)'t�Q��%X{��wX{�m� �ǬR�:wP.��,/��'>��XE��u]�Vgg*��J��K�� [�gz'��iDu[bp. &��ĝ�#��<=i��`L:�sW��-��BZh��@�O#E˜dyr��z�[yqi��3�TR��u��!��'dh�3�u/��*˃gc3�"��$��;�ݻ��'�q�s�l�Y��F��=$$�bܙ�qQtP��a��eݖ��j��#��r4�~��^�%8��r3 I&�G�Ł��h;��V��<� �|8�ꔆx6N�/�gH� |�6cz�mI��Y:��K�.��!��d�dk�:h%(�W%ߕ��v�g�A�}�a�t[i��lyn��ѽ��Io�Ź0�||��מ��LF��r�Ή %��I�E&�F�E��}�@�\0��0;��+�e4��F��55��6�o��,�tXD��$�h��m��G{��qg��tDC��X�yi�l�=.��h�t��."��i��o�f8��5��߳s˳�6�ա�j�vv[��q��V{�y�ڙƕk�W��+ui��X��&r��HVW�� i��]��sS��5�y0��@�XyD�֙��t�:�1Ѫ#rg�8M� ��u�_T�K��N7��+�T��ȥH�s�i[o��[wI��py�&�ڃnY�jq��p�{�pS��\�ٚϘNCZLK�"��U�-��^ɕ��"�~��Z��"[��bd��ȿr��8�g�*�oT*t� �U��\-��]�A�byDfbr[��oU4�5�y�K��/��>'G�4��@��y�H��V�?�yS��O*��VC�?,�o(��ΖE��\��p׫y�6q�rRg�~L$N4)�[)��X{�hm�7��H6�!?Ȃ��St�X41c�&OΪ��/w��͒�� h�G��>'�-㣥L�#��5��S�OT4y�L�C��Td�Q�(Q�w��jDb��?2�Z�D��]\�AW��`��`g!��K��j׍@�Ϝ)��/=3��ᕛ�鯅D[��\>Ͻ8��33Qz��ӝXcH��힉w_��ԣœ��"��5"�[��ɹ��"� ��v��Q��7��]��g��ʼ4g�Y1��D�l��_��_��"��t�ĺ�$gۙ��m: ��ĵ��Z.mUp�Q��<��)?N��NmҁZ��l�`�?F�x�;�>��"�W{5��e��$�F�;A;�I�d�ǆM� I?* ��I��X5b�EZc�p��"BCb~�,��@zI�E�[�� 鬶�ҥ+�'��#匈�ź8Γ��Օ��Ӟ��W �X��Zn��L/�$i�8J��1}��t��@�❌�GĔ��O_��Ø&��C�yK�JO|�O��i��Y��%Q�%�o��2"= ��D�c��zjie�d�`��t��K��TمYѯ��[d@�K�頹��jΛ�O��:��_O3��3��*�k�ʻˈqgp^��_jzB�J3?ɜ�s�"�s�6K��}@�D��%��:�ABd�iϝ-��j�kg�H�T7L��W� ��an��2QS�G�m&Xf�g!�S��sGNL��jo�iAZ��OI`��AV��'Ҕr�� k-X��j5��v��l't��Ho��O2�� Ѭ:��,��v��}�4/P_ȣp��L�m�W��㆛�4��L��1o5y�y� c�f0�t�B�UuzS9�)�v=� ��i'S�)�J˖ h��Y��q䞤��}2��a�]K�]��d"�@��ahxiY�H�ئeY�^��.:E��(�1�A�Ha��:��s"��`�v��@;|��R�@�#n��Ó2�u��a�Br�= u��;�$�*�K�g��(w�BV�3��t+jC��YD�B,��xk��e�\b )��,Jc� � �(t� �v�:��`��p��3[V]��%T��}?u��& b��Ф��"-��qQLk��&�27��p�)G9$ -!�e��["M��б4%I��d� �]��a��sD��}�:�Hҳ�(~�4�Wۄ<;6�\_�-u�3� �ؒ�L�d��] QX(�m�W�i I��>�}�C�l2UPG��t.3�6�j��Vͬ��_��U��r[Մ2_WP��/�/:�"�n�]� \FnbF2e��.W��G��\�]�Gsڪrҳ}��j�}ǼFBv2LM_��.\8�sr�Ņm�^i�]�ɻ0�� y�$Ж.�S�=�&��+��o qc��w�,眄��Ȧ&�@�H�A2ܴu�,�s�v9�e�AKuݫ��w鵝�� |]��L��In�K�c�.�Y;s�S4s8H�4t-�i�,3$Q�R�ՙ8��S�+i�t�{�fx�%s��m�V�L��c��R�jNΎ�f�>[E�h�q�x)[| ѷ\�L!=��_�R�V��W�1�1��HG�h�nh4d��o�}=t��LT��\p�fp�28ܮC÷}�� ~Rn��.E�&�A7R��f_�Q��D�L��H�)M�:'�W�6��^�lb�Ѵo�r�޲{�N{] �0RW��G �ql�c=A�2�[H��'G�,�]�� a�V��S��'X��q%��}M�!y�w�7To��I�N ��G��P�۰h8�CYd G�L�¦_��r��U��@��.�{�D��e�Az�g��4ܬ��n��<��s%Z"�\�A��T=�yK��n�|�{��N��i6��/s�u:��׾1��㷽.��6�,�2��h��[��X,V:��0Q��d�z3��P_Tv��Z�Irn�ęf��}�3��o�ɳv�އB��8�7+�wBXyx�ZS� $�h^A�Un9�,��TJ"#�ϥԕS��f4��g6P��C��tC�gDEJ�'�pE�-Շ�V,��X��>^��'x$�h_��REYAvʬ�Ƥ�R�M�ۅ��p�O2P�@�m�'��e�:�j��b�T�ڞH��@29\]�h��j� ��_l-�dXDVsc�m9z.��j��U��lG �t��&V��E�>��(�"Ӯ?��Zn��L�E�zM]��dQ�s2��д~p��I��RC��8��"�qӛ2�+섧q�8#C��]��Q p�G(2�1�QL'�!mY,8�3H�rQoʞ�ohm��.�G�~�\�޸�Zw��%ґ��0R�*�Q��F�M�q} |�5i�[Rj�+S~8*_1H�w� �o,�?1��q�S]��T[p�>��\��1��C�f�x��U�:xV��)4��z��j��Ʋ��XX�! ��B��z|s��8�m;IK�킻qZ$�6 j�FQ�S��Gn;vuv�� h��t:��;._�;��3R'��=�+v��'�)3��,��1��/�,�y4wt)K�8}�ǖ��:czSq�GUj7��([დ/�Q�.#MXt/h�8ʕ,��Z6< :��a��m�>�A��P�B�F�^�E�&6@��ݴ�m�Ё��&�_�"�d��ƙ�}�I��T�Ԧ��*t�!ÁEi�X�zMi��H��K�]�D�t׵ξM�}��4�qvf�)��n��{�{��ń��ԡ]�o�q}:ɺ��Fn�t�bg%�*OR6FIx��Uk-?wY~.��Zn��\J��_<%��%��t�L��)!�3�o��V��_��4(9��My$G��VGC�u�H�X�t�{�t��6��n��o�e]��c�Eˎ�X��V��t�:��Y��E숖�ޑ�P;z�9��*�湔w�i:-�h�&ܥJa��v��+FGZ��h-�;��t<�TZ.��u�S.��{��ϭ��77�s��5i� ��rZH��0�!��*.��u2_��S?�W�}d��ܨ�;->��,�Bd�d��w�Rݳ�7��"9��p��~�+�� w��$ֳ9��B(��Zj�a�e�d]�T��:�2�.��!��o><�`��J�i��lҚ��#L��R)w{W,-|��r�"4 ��g;��}�F�~�;��x�G�*��LuakI��q��,!�l��%��fS2-��8<��>p��4�;<ɭ=|b��N�34��~��l��6�F�!\��|5M)Rސ��9GE��$�+S( M?$5;X�,L&da�"~�U��I1��j��B'&�\[� ��;Rl~~�2'�[��ʴϷئa�΀D�3:��\�k?x��Uǭ87��ϋ�6O��n�ry��e䐙+b�D�L�zǢ�Lqk�/fE6.j��B��T,�#/{��:��>�Q%T��܃@!�z��p;��7F��2��#BNC�Ԍ)w[nP#�5u�%�F��Ir�� 蜜�,��H�V��1ni�_婞�^>�8�tr��Qك�Ѿ��۞sr��6��j�j� 긿��*��9��CxQ">0s5�h��|G�k��V)jPGY�\NIpF�٬=�0y�_��=�+�d~�A"؛sd�F6B��}�Zh��Oη_�j��g�C��+>�Wɶ�XM��V��E��η��l��j�Y]eU*�xg�H�P��R�r P�>��C1ɉ��kaxgG��>b��= `��3�~��)3({��]��Ow!��`��!�'�䬨4�]��d�~�`��/�:̌�4Gi��?�`\��ߕW]�G~2/��F�{w��_6��dn�'��I��)�8�!��w�llΪ��^w��-��f:-��3e��3��W��ؗ]�W~B�� Ef��qA��ޚ�D Qi��z,"/i�Ĥ~6��5�I��&ܢg��<��x9ܺ�`0��Rv�{��,��x�$��f%�s,��r��j��#?��>��g�Do�ŰgMj@\��8FM�]�j��p��Ĉh�[�{�p��Ѝ��/��&�Q)��$(�a({2m��WXd@�)>$��~��di��K ��'^B /��e6�gڐ��h�x�?� q��]��~/l��>��V��+w�jT��Qݲ>v��ᗭ��m�th�[/�WcE��1Fom9�x�a��LX�j2�;�ۂ��f�0��$_/�C2|�W�l��(]��s��aQF�ʠZ`kL}/��L��l,��u��p��2^To�eRdnV��l1��D7�A��L�Eb۱pИ�<p!��oQ�۹�I~Y�c]��K��7�9��Z��j��譈��˄�i�e�(`m�Zi�͹ ��&� o�K�4��q��m��@G��Z�W ��3��X�D�yj�7��4��}��ڕӑ��NNR�8�� u��-�KG �� $;U��'�� Al�Vz�y�>��&j0D`ۯf#�X��mK\��Oʵ,��Ps"��l��=�n �eVE�^�to��:�_7��V��j��ԫ�#]��j��!ͨ[��{�z�s!:�^�[/��C��Ϣ��\jT�o��&h▜\�Nr6ҹbna�+Ca=É=`Xҩ6Vn�v�i��6S��yk˿��~� �k6(��"��xbW:%��X�Rn��gh6�W��@3�Hb��?mF��2��% ��1�>y+1ቊv3?��O*��"��\I��d�!�F[�b�Q�_��.SE�{�K��p��ҽv��n5��Eo�Η�˓��%G�;�"�zg � Ā��s�1��z��P7[��V�trT��#�=�.�NP�K@M��9��Ӝ�I�3�%U"��k]$��b�a� ��S�NŽ' �v� ��ꙺ�f�视ڢ�p#�wW�^Ӭ{I��gI�y�@gT&܍9"O�vτT��XK��#'{��]��{��Fb�8Y�.z��p=�M�7ж(�*�U�W�u��5��S�v�@��^( ��̦c�LY�ι )GAo��[k؋� l�W�y��O��ڤ��x��2%[z�u�|�q��A��v�Ȭ�iz�M _*�t�9$/�D�4nݺ֒�{"��Q��:�P/�9X��EG�[� 2r��f��jP��DV'�ݩ��"W9|��L4W�l�Ms�Vk�p�;�;<8��;G�6�V_N+��J��Q��M��N��U��§e��y��l��4c>h��Lq��B��킲�>sC5�O��4�*5��TS4y�B{�� 0�O3��=A�_�O�Z=+L_�g5I�Mqz��^3��=j��˫.�û��4��2��>1��~��J�@�ӗ�]��ɱ#2��3�rmk ɳ@�jp:('Gƀ!A�g��Ƌ��ug�xn��D.o��{��k��d)�4𔬠�s��t��4jRjJ� ]�f�ߨ��Ve4��,Q�� 2�J��r�Z :ow�y>!,a�sۙ*�",l�PV3��Ѻ�.��1iY~:˫�;N}��0�)�i�)�1:+�ij2A��1��r?Ý�u��y�7��oD�̃�m"�#}�KE��7Zd/OG�?4��YV-�zs��@I�7�@��Iq�'4R�fcoZ^�2�l ]N��CJ�i��G�<��j?��m�J��{E�_ɖ�� {��5��ђ��2��0�yOv��4��k5p�L�7\菑��l� Z�\E��~�A �3ym�j��\�:�G�I�ߧ=\�3�4�-��kn�ne� 7�iң��hA��9��Bn�Nv�0��)�;-g��L&�^I��㲙�i|�ș�� a��)r[q��s#�9wlR}��d3Z��u��#u��GOٓ1�H�t��b�ɑ8��)�5��x_\��*��g��2�ѐ�jo>��3<�>AP�E�8׃U��i"o,LԘ�8 e:J�"tk��$MQ�{,�S�I��}¥�2C��x��51�\sS�8��r:��ln�Uo0�TWr��Z�<'��&�e!ˋ�G��`]9T}��P#m��p6)�.��ZA��P�W+��@๕x��$5��#��;��Ǧ 2�g$�؁S=t��hٓ�#�ń�X8�6�$9��udrZ��Pb��@��Q�J�WtGF�X�>9E�q7��O� I dx�ɨ��|��߾��_��7��pC~�� X��pY�0�Q2(M}�m֐ho2�&��iq�\�BC ��Ќ�Հ�.z��U�M�Ye��QpSq:�=�D9x�X�B�P�j��&p�Ę��V��?�U�F�U�X��$��U66/�D�Ou:1�=�M��Ġf�t�@{��9x'=��:�hL@��7l�4J�?(H� ��^�pг �j ��)h~��g4�5_�;��z��}f`Tra��>]��5$�M�,�E�K��w��W'B;�-A؀�-x�� G4�݂]%�xW=΄��[wm�yo�(|@b��? ˺7sQR��.G5��q�O�tOO��Ǡ�o*+�إ�p��d��oG �I#SV�{6j�F=�K�ׂq��fB�e�Gkk@#u?u�{P��,�k��Y�/��&�hx��D�p]HJ��Ȫ�<�+�5�i�pX)�`fX��Z��::�%��vyoBS ��@��C��s؜�R3`l�l콐HL��Oha�3� �'�Z�Ur|� !�CM�QQ��w]|�C��#ҡ=w�8��tD�V*�u"*�g܇�U��`��|*nNV�}�q�A Oˍ�E2�� $�_��4w��4�`}�m��%��o��u�NG>�ET%j��)�9��h_{�M�)�R��C��SW�5�\s�}E��"s��YA��77�9ɍ�FEL�e��&��ru�8�%�iG}��qGUn�MG��om�� %�$�3�<7��[��۰ֳ�f}R�=�1��>=�䓁�� ML�P��[�q��m�Q�zf&�/o�,��VL,�\� OM��^X��% *�q��W-�ċ�� Nh�\%�4�'��F-NwY�j+�w@T|?/��%�r��{k �c$��EL��J%��W��瞢�� 7@� uښp`:�\VǙh�� q��g^�}��h�b��oyQ(M��x��竼��ޘ3�E��~�[?\�MD7$��l̚�hl9��o��D �� iW��a�&��Mr��*<1ix_e,)t4�"`Y��KZM$B�Bg��i3��a/#4�(��qH�d�L�۵��-:W�BHߣ҆cCC��Fa��BY�4J��U1�:U��| jiZ�l%��pT�Y|�Q�u��1�Un��:�q{�r��"8=s��A�s��F��Y��`!4eo9�iY�쓻� )6;W�� M$�Y% �j�9��=X��6yY� �0�}�g��(��p*��O�H ��H��U�5Z��G�N��T��m��^��^��mq0�(�*c��-�V��c��(�y�B)�Z_�n>�ʒW��;ҭ��E;��<��E�H7�,��;�9�$�Y^~�5��h�i�~��^��y�@R�E�P��I�t:Vӌ>JS�\�,hK8Fr)r��d�Lh�@��9��Vi��p� (�,��qcI��A�8�� $ D�ʇ�g��l�t�I�'�C�T�&��i�^�3��h��Ǜ�u��?��\��x�`ą�4PY�ے�ƜIh�ȗ\��9O�"�#o,�hpK��q��eF�܍��zʬ{��l�U�#qMt��4A� ��OIF#��vU��F�Բ��A��ոj��f]�M��.B��1 m|�20xV�n"E�LG��PǤL>A��»-��2g�ms�"��P��j�ʒ� Ҿ�,1��d�Q� Z\�xV��̬)�{9�5Ћ@��"T��qN��zr�`%e�z@J�AU��a}�-2\[k"�@�')7c��dF��V��; %SL�:�z�0#/�4_�(X��s��[K�/��$U*�ٜK�!�d�y��e�`W��F �:��)a��vi¸1�~��ku��H�$�+$B,ٕ%F�GL ��ͤ�Ȇ�`$6��ڥ�| պ��ו�yܿ&}.o,ńP��f��$0� X�9@�O<Ϙ�4e-��$��>�bn��bؔT�u\��*o*B�\��y/�t��q4BL+T��;҄߸��s>��az6N�M�̒=E��+�o|Uv2��̙��'�PI��̹��I�4E|'��8%}E��r7�� )4��K�i!��R��A��V��O��T,i'̺�Z&e�#Z��d �Y�YV$�q��rX�P'o%�y(,w�ϒd/-��e3�G��3�L"��@k�C(գX{G��iJL�'E�-3��9��b �pX�V�秣p�JnϺz�b��q�H،��66q��,W��v�Ȩ��EU��~(��O��U��mE"8��r|�ν�FM��{��ߗ�!�ͺY�,�,�-f�:Vb ��;x��j�I� ˼�5$��U6�)+l�b? 9�S�I�� m�J�O8nJ:.)"��`c�c�".,�,T2>��j��B��>�2.�=qx1G��ج��k6��̄��%�ABt�m�I��86J9ꫴ�� c`΄� ��ɱ�i7ޟ��9^W� #1ן�U0,��j�I�'�|��1 �|F�q.r��ă�:�;.��KLjS��O}��~�S�3��WϞ�>�� r� ܦ �!��G�Dx�jc9a@'�Y�FI��%�@��s��@~��"5��œM�ڪgF� .��@#�di|�H�k�tD8]%7��J�"��0թ��F�W-,j_C{�^\��{��H��@��1nU�a��;U�I��JER��2�!r7�()�E�{�ٚ�T�3��sI�HO��4�-�Z U]]y�%�4&��vȤ�-��pa��G��Ù��lL�AچL�"�ԚY1&��B�4��0�Ţy�FE�B5zj@ʛY��:��$�RﱗE{M-�iT��h��!r ��4�@��J��J��K�k�ɸP�H2��p��yΑP:D�L��\�[�q�⎮��qp�ק�o&e?5��gc2�*C��iN��,� ��|F;�ۂ��[�[s��e9y��o �M\�/k炳�&>g��m�;�5P,&&�Rk��;,�pb�a�r�� M�=�Bݪ0|�W��w��X0�#:2��Pџ��V��&)��;̆V��V��D�G��/�ɁF*m��&]-�?A�Xc"�=z�~n�ō�� h\!S�a��< Ӽ�ү�h_ӓV�X&d\�dr)fȤ�P��"�y��S��!�Ɣ�1�w��|p��#�[��}�� K�L�&a�(��v�L�0��z��D\{]�: �@�$��M�0Ry)� �I�b��}h��Uw��Tn �!=±7hn�s��ʎ\�߿��_��c��eL�p��m�L�*٘��u��t�P��~�'ߵ� �j �P,@{��[D8l�&˖kc"R�Τ'�>��p2�X흯�3K��u:Clcn��Y�]'W��ԫ��\��*ϻ�Za,�8] vt��مe&L��H��Me�t�^b��lr� � ��F��`�� w��l��~#�^��ٳѽ��c�n89�0�||o�՞��LF��6N�\��z�^�dad2�ؒ��Eb��;��0`��ݱ�4�m�av��4�~�ڲ�ĝ��l��3ۡ��N�pe'IG�̓��>��t��;/�#�o��Vs#k<0�):t�)�m47��L_��b�.M}#6Ù��a��\��y�=T{��j6��[�{��~�3�+�گ +^�7lOeׂ��g~�8��o~�7�w��/�$� ��t�ga\8��i6�3�7��)��4ó��Y\}3,�g��t�jel0�,��Q�[��+xM�k�:��Vb��H4`j"ԴС�n�=J��>��o�,1ґ�G4W'��]�'4��I�]��Uh,]s�ܪ�|SIz.T��&3=#��A�'��t�O;H�Z0��N��P�D��+�OV�ŬwZX�F3ahB9��_�1� �x�1`�V5BVNc:zA4�et 8�l$�7�sಒ� �f^��"�nI9�7�l��#iC�0|��Ֆs�d//k2�ϓ��:��_�� Ǚ:S�JLT�q��Ѻ��õu/��Ǒ��QŹ4��.�b��.��-`�n�Ѵ(C�Z5m�!$pG!��i��QC�\�ULG��Z��|@姿T�d��ˮ��/4*C�ry�T^u��X~�W�X^u�|x�,�׵=8\��(B��/`}҂�4D��4wu��o��-�3��R{$��L�E��{k��` �{��\L�h��Pn+]~c��]�~��3z�\yNC[�o�H�Ѐ�ߔE6.��/��`��d�!4zvC��́�{�'�C��]�Ge��OMRu�/�W��72�٘w,]��&!��e�a�=M��Vtj��ݖ��b��Z��6��G}>�M� ��252��pzk��Z�N�Y ��w$ro��f�άgS��b��g̍��t7�#�i�51�� \M�E��I$��=�,�n�L�/�Y��?��i��|Nj��Ц��F�'� �G��5�U�_��Q}��<�๛Q��q�f�� P��~%�?v���h�"3�0��>n�]�G�W]�`i�Ѫ��g �N�G{��B�o%�wL5��CՇ�<��Q��\�fc��%�P1��\0�04�e�@Xp��wt\�/��T�}�T�(|�j�q�v�Yl�oeC,P'U"6�G��&��2:ak��$�P�+�� &�w��}f�TZy�� c�� m��}��2V�g�� %��w�L��S.!i��v,e*��c��S�Lp�,�q�3+9��$��_1��A�}��FꞐ��eh��h�f��Iv��)6�»h+�s�qa��U��uQ�4��z:�LI�XI�n�øbP��lQPA�X�N�,��ts��$��/x�3��v�Z��v��7��ba��h��w�.�|��_��z��n��7@uֳ1��iBt I�e_��)Y��X� i x;hv/��퍦��X�>Á�f\��7fl��B��]�?�z�=��|/+�8�Nh0*B\5�l%�$��Ւ,�1W�K"⋤W%�iץw�*|��ͬQ/�뱞��2\q�2H.D ��f�{�H=c�,��TLbD��&�.NI� U��s��l��X1�*)\�;��~ҙ� o��-r�֦q�|�<Ώ$�ׯ^�K��v٠��z��z�Mu� ޮ�:�W�#��e�I� }�y�jx5f��@q��T�0� ��#'�g�HF�vu�Ö��l�v�M��R${��+rrs�c��F�!o��(ΰ�Tz�a �|��~��Y��E��_��׿��?��?�[�{��8.�8��.Y�5��/��<��z�HZ&�|�K�E}N�+�+%*��Vt�~P��h&,n$_"��-��T�N_;'��ur?ml�C��GN�q�-�8i��8ΟdyG|LF�{��E2��Ge��ߵ��@c��X�`.��r/��%I�$��|WQ��$N")ӯ<}��?�+^o��[��N�zl%�T@Tp�]f۩��8��Ei��}�'��z�n��j5�@-�t��b34�� @��c��%�b��@�9�t+ڀp_i�]��b��0�Z$��j��oe�֐�5��nʮ�+�e� $�R1J+��0��:h��d��6�wg *g��a�`�|)3��g�W��qq��{��Fx�`ɑ=�{�}��?k͌bo�{��4�O�i��>��6�/��o,�;>r��Y��<�]e!��&6e��˓��3�eq쭽�uu��H^��q�M�a�CV�� m {k��o��D�v�d�䌝Y!�)��ѯ��B!7�؂lX�/��OG�C,8_єw��ł]77Iu��wxOޤ�q�r��jK"�\$�b�ޮ�qo�h%�ǭ��q��l6�;��ՍG�ߟ��+�} ��g� J�W��V�7�fdn%`��0B�d�F�۳�W�=᳤� �i�D�4ؚ7�0R=U�4.4��6��_��?��_��y�뿲E��o��|�?��3uV��%S��O��>��h��!R�k.�Y��܆��A��ɒ��1%��D��6S��X+�_h��+ûE��?��~�g+��gU��t��_��_��ş��ſ��0)��o�͊�$\�阣�?��WCOɿ�'gx�7�l�~6��م��P8�� ':a��9`��f��C��]Y�r�},F�`ۯ�'�F�S�ޣ�*Y��-�o�!��+��t�|V�=�s�_��n�C�n�t]�� <��N��u��0 /R��˅�\�%��+��IBU �}��uB��͏[�qCa��5�Y��zY�"��d�^n\��PU ��>��_q�a� ��&u�p/�ތ�ek��S��JP��-��X�*��@x�e�K��r�I�{��9w�q:8�*�kD�� 85#yjA%�&<��E�x�h�Jg�@~Գ��[��>�o6��/w��Ly��9@ZXE��ȗ��I�q=��ݥx��p<-k}=��(8�V��[-1T#AxhJ�1}�D��e�go��rT/}��,O-/�+L�1��B�q.Γ帤f��}�R�k�)܌��O�s4k�ׅ��nѡ�w��R��Y��B��q�jJ��<��U�W�"��IJ��r��9O�Z��a��r��$��E��J��R*EC�'��}��&�ˮ�މI�\Z�h��o�i'חK�~i�SZ^��$bvσU�|yR��ev[-��n�"|@�78��e�K'�p��ME� P�o�\��A�57I�� "3�.�X�\��b�Xp�S��>�u�`s��R�=��ҍ��X�+��x��D)�U�?�Eg�h�$$�@��\��A��㗅`V��G��C��1/&��B(��e�!;��mK��2��Y91Ӝyk�N��?��%��b�ڏ��t�V+F��q��4�� J�t��!�R&��_��.흫�KX;��Kc�%� �X��-�(��r��Z��俕��M�؉[�ܙ�fuqY=��'�"�GM3��8��Ft��U�5��42��'��L��%R�کP�٠��z�Wu#�lނ� ��Q��SÎq��)#�H�H_��t�ܦX��@�#��^��Y��r!��O��:9�;x��K�Gs��HЏ�lٚ��/ӿ��L�M�K��[ݝ�d��1asg��V��p�Щ�53w��a�5��n��b��Wl��*�ʉ�#�;��&��T�'�JHJ´P�s�Wn��2�-I��<�ag�TjB*��[��g�S�j�r��М�' ��X�=��kűr��Q!��~IQ��ӊ��=�c�K�̑tL�� S�%�E=L�tQq��VV-�r8^g��}�Mu�� j��=��K��A�2u]��"��$�^�m+y2�@�4Bh4�I%��r�V%j8^��d��a��}�P��{{-�q�t�B�g�O<ؗI�E��M�=|�XC�&��'�m��K��G4<`�s��Z4�D�s��@��C(6�W"WW7Y��WA��²a��n�it��{�!�љy.�0:q�0�� W��,ܴu��x�� l>L?I�@̀�٨A��/�W��}��^}kel�5yㇷ�g6΄�m Ml̑��{�ε��#u�f]:��ϟ��CX�s섾&��AO�K��z��b��a?*R��}�m��X��-&|v�ˉ��{��ꡥ{��;Y��-��%{�~S� �}7IWML�q�L_��+H�1�!Y%[�O�x�m�N~�*�$R�S��&Ml>��1J��n��y�KŅ8a��ܐ��T L�Qh>�$,.�%��Y�9�3�R�=e�)�EJ��X=��0��w�٨��n��i8(FҮ�� {�,P�p�� >�C&�� Zr�AUOo#�y��H�s�[_�tt�*x�_$��I>��ౘܒLL�_`�Dy0G��͵�[Gk��a ��9�0�6��} ɘ�X-7J\�2o�� Pv@9*��j��8o\��s�[ͨ8Z�&��aZp.�I�lJ� l<��.}��[ȿ��c�XdhʰRH��9�S�?}Ci!�1��f�p�n�EB_d�#]��Z��E�ZE��F:�,��dEL�o�g@�M�c�%�gk,��a�@�b��G->�=�DP��f�޷@nMJ׸z�L�\F��&U��D�%��:!rΜ��3s��eK��+Gt��&5�ZLT+ח(�J��6.�*��w6�I6�4��&� ��n�݇~E��D ��0h��$��ЏnNӤG7<�7d��z�f��{�a�� [.$��պ��!"k6b˘-�"I��T�/UG��d:��9��W͍�"4�FOk^�Q��k۠Dɩ�,W�Pk9�{:��s��9N`-PU�P��:eܑ Ј?v��EP*� ��Y��9'2%�;^=��:�@+�v�)�fj�va�M�4 S�#�� "��I�}�G� �Qi��p�_�h��%�v�]��nW~vG��m r�X��_q� � ��kW��i5'�{@�qU��W��\%s �Om�گt!B#�3m��=��{�^�]�}�� W�5�1��Ƃ��[�A��V��>�Z�Q��S��v��P�&"��Iu��txEB��ⴰ\_�^a_�YyFZ��BZzjz��;�/l!v�مɿ�)� ��d҃:@̤�T ��@�j��*� m��TV6�jʌ�Xgu��q�{��=c�b��hy1��W��Z@F��a�?� �C�0�' V'W�|`��aD��;$�45�%�l��b��5��G�UB�2��2ʢd �˩�J��*�xcrUj��6��c�ЄY>:Ј+�Շ�猣RSZ�͝�mx�2��R��`�`ojun�ܔy�%0��i8��ko��c�~n��❂�LB��dJ�l* H٘�HW>��lk¥�p�8�j��1�4\�}� k[�z{1w��m�̀H�Evz_h��,��I�e��'Q�QOe�-]�$46��?s��E�F�l ��Һ�<�(�r�ED4�5Y4P��w˕p�U��޻.ю��l[Ƕ�=�}��9�/��|�y:�U�X��"4��b��v �D�C�X��~wɠ�X�b�}��>�y$$Sc�R��r�Y�F�,�/�4�Ӟ�E.j ��f�.�]z��QM�Q�|��2��_@�Þse�W�w}��J|��B��wo�ީĵ��m��i8:�� J�>�ݔ[L)Ĥ�R�$�ۂ�!C��j��u�z��Ա-��(z�Đ��0�bM�&=�X�A��p��1�_�U�{[��8��iU�C��]��U�rkչ��k��Y u��eU��~Ǻ�#��"j,Y�Ը�?{��#I��}�_*��*#�^՗Yl�=3;�skO��`� '3OfFWdDn\*;��; �$��%� %�0EYcI\є-��}�_��<�9��ٳ�S�]ݻ!��ȓ��=��y��^4�-2�mڝ�j��DX��%�Oш?1匸��y�}0)�s��{��n]:K4��V�_�l�4��ab �G�V��')ybgF� �èj�gא��wMZz�qVH��ٞ��z]��[hT �W:m�&5D`TY��"c��tcT�k��wY(h�� 1�3�<� u=�F� ��k�b$d"0^�!C�7�f�y�H��H�a�`_:��W�ϡd<�$%�6�L�.�7v5}y h�W˸(��^��{�(��N��C�mE�*�Y�\St�!u��z�Ѫ�GW9��Tݸ ��Uq��.ީ � lh��^��̡ս�W��x�},��]��g�'�h}��^��1�Vw��w}�wӳtl&��Յ��~ۊ&X�`�mro��ɷxݳbwy��|}]UɒS��(%1 ��O�a�s��U(�M: �ټ��Jeh_��d��_~nIHȗ_��?]\��ZM��K�Z�_ ��NU@��8X�GX��>ZޡavL��D�J�G�1%�1��Q��N�ad!=~�뇨t.��r��a��b��v׽*��a��A�7��b��@�[��)Pۦ[Ry�rDћ>�N��R3蛼��;!��/��K��7��ZY{�, ��ZS&�#�i"��Ax��#��k��Oj(�j��e�>��ʈ��X��.Y�)��ɔC��ρ�2(�1GAY8��_�)� �{�V�_ ��ܛ��E��*]�\�r��@р�s��Z �~?�L>�k�*�׸r��eɾ��?��_�&� @�Ɉ�l��2�W��b��t��݃��[ǷeS��<�}�b��Ȼ�[��5Vb x�RD"�Mr��bγ9��23�G��N��҃�v�[:�TR1'4ʅU K�.-د�A}k� <��B� hA;��O�Gx�p��%��5�2�l91w5�(�"F�zp ��#H�n�r�nlxah[n+�5'U��Lo�&�]��As�2wV��&��Y��"��{[ěXejc02&)^� nw�Q<�d]o��B�{�� QU A?��`׵g��Z��=�x��;��Zv�� ǪBn&�MT��Ϯ��bx��3�T�iE��O�5�E��3ֹv��ƕ�=� ��\K�ko�pUG�/O]ہ�zu|Q�Ăޒv�0��<��t�B��$�n\>*�l�2T� � ��Ҫ��u��`$9] B��7Ѡ�sVM;껰v��Ms��r�j��IZ�%�y��(|S42�lW쥍��/�n��+��E��Gg"q3S}��u�X�.W�jYPM?�\��q��$��]��Ù��5�t�M\��!w)n[ĩ�ODx�o5��뇾�&�L�}G7]�Lw��q�Nfd�,�%��kVd��Y?ބw��y�˱��e�wy�q9�Ǧ�*y_��h�w�Jzf8�_k#��>��G�Q� �� p��Q��8-��U�e�Vd��L�#/�ս�d�ΒqZT�~�R�"�x��ʠ/��<�" bv|��Nx��Q�4� ��p6�gd�'lC'A�ƅ$��ӹCD0��>�)q_�Q[��jW��\SGj��i�(|N9��am�j�g��b��Fw�o��1w��B�Ұ��ko�ߎ305R��a4e��qU��cEڍ�˫��^#l��#��t�ͳ��7��<��߻ɼ��#U��^�uϿ�0���*W'q~M�)E�%�N�n��7ÓOW"n�K ��e_�GBEM�,�H�7@��̈�� I4d�E:��Bt��O��\qd��;��|z��u�c��K-��y��0ԽM"�^2'[g�"��3紞Е��$�2��rq��O��Q��h#|*/�<��*� ��0\��b��Wt2��/� �� ipo�b��py?�^o-�v��R�@��!�Nj�&ǹ��#g�+��+BF��q��g��*�hV�S�ٯF��q �d=[^��Z�Zs�7X�<�,�;"��\�i�%�~I��(ܰl��K��Eb)!��s�G��-�$��u��^��oM�`D�X]��AxhO W�@��F,i2��V��U��3K��},;�%he��[�Aۏ#Р`1��Z��-�o��ՙp��f�!�6�y��x{�(7C�� 6�)� �� Ϙ�0�A��D��nZf��X� &��%а9��T�hNˌ��5��2��u�81R��Hx�+�`%��j��tj��FDܬn8y��g��?��o~��)�FcQ��Gg?�1e��2>�Ĳ�;��6٭޴B��PRB�.��?��o��B��sևn�݆3T��I�e~��+y�&�k�$:��0��d��{\�v�{{�E� t�;L�pI6�w� u�e)c�I�� }�٢̒��) ta��9�%��b��܎� �b�t��͙�fjG�g�X�A��4w�y��ra�03%tY$G?��I�C�\�Q(��L�J��zCr-E bL@��W�k�P��S%,�e��-��M�G��̼��*��^Y�ڐC+W/B�>]@矖=��(ֱ�w��4��ix'�#+��g�XJQt7+n�6�Ȟ[pnM�m��;��_�Z��=�R�V�^V��ͽk�`�@� 昛�,NO��f�:�5�L��Lo�<�L�u�gv��Sf�EW��T'鋬��[.��]��T�(��If�7��琱��ي��M\w��HMf��)i7��L�h�ŦU9�Y��+�|��5ʮ�sj͙��t� �e��kҐ-A�9Z�0��m��{7��}Y>j��ҩ��F �� Jh�!0G�/�K]��D|Z�0�Q�̌P4 �(^I95Q& DJ>vM�mO��;�_SK)�~��5�ۖ�^�` D�S�cW@�hї��{�l�״k� S��ǉ�. +T��U]5x��s��S¹/�)��Ԛ��=lND�rշ�9�,��#N�_:��}�y��Wg��}�#�k��ݕ��\u�� %R��j�!bbgb�B��2|��x5��t�3��Q>�0`� ��C4wr��_ }��9z��ܫϬ�G��bcU��(O�چ�W�x��Qme�v±��y�� ѳU�tP�(��8��~f��|diw�Cz��.��Z4�s��d��q�e1��()݆�Y4� �U��Q�0�)�f(_`�� u��tW��8 �PEn�'t/j�A��JoDɐ�sI��֚�x8r&�Z"�J�� a�f��_c8z�9�E��u��:�kK�$� � 3ܟ]�/�v�aU��ή�]�/J6~q��[˫��(H��¤ps4��x�Plx�RPl��Nƴy(6�~FyN�!L��V��l�9wL�� +��MY�P�T�$GC�i�bO�J�o��&�K�*j�$��09�)#�1��;�J��\�$*~�#��Y�g�Q��aP�?1E'P��j�䇒P 5��.�9� � Yp�c�Md)�M-G�Q87�/��o��EzV.<��M/JVti��_��4�1*��Ԣ%��?h�X�<�;��ٛ��pQ�^�|䬐t�j�Q9��&�q�Z��H�F�_6q�޺�Ce��w�r�O6��Y4y �[�2æ=��z�ׅ�H��/�Đ�`� �&6��fœ�Ši�lU�4��g=��$%nW?�q��e��~��7�˃�ő��`|Zl��F�P��$�{�!9ݻܑ~�xPyC��D��B��&[V�~� �Tm��A��M;��{I��2o��|��A�_H��j�ŋ�o|��N��,��h\0P��f��u�/<�/��Տ�ɯ~��O��ç��-��?��dz&/)q��>��~�/�~��?��_��b�lV��!�z�t-29�l��1�:X!ρf_Wq!��z��ǌ7��j��r��~Yx�"+m�R�Ԣ-�O�+��^W/�/}O�J��8��h[��"��p�bMT�Қc$��δ��bu�&䡜'�q�A��I.|3��{��a�� AЪ[�i+/��<<\S�2�]y5}�h��.��`R*Xr�V8)�\A��fm��+�ω��)�G�b�k��>�%ޞ�S�M�W�[�_~q�H�((m�*�˛��%v��r�K��alg��y�z�3�n��[��!�Z%EKpU��P��5�r ��C=�S6̧eE�i&2�]��jE��e��M�k�]6v�I�*l�9}�c�Lk@�5�n�X��7�I��o�>��'� s�dr�a>�"�(�4@��)�cHZ1h�K΃ #��+��;Z�*F�V7�d�xH�ݛ^b��툡u��u�N771w�$g�X��$pK��Ch*<��HG�!g�.��wfgfVŮ�"יx+s�X��:�>+��Q��p ��3��j��]��Z�?^S+0G��O)�%�}�3�y��͇p7zędlJ)�6��0d�l��fS�-��I��,� �9V��T��[��?�~��n^�\��x��ڣ2�=��(G�+L�&�k��>J�˿��_��& �,�}[�4�qE��Ⱥ�T�!/��w\S�Β�*N�Q�ϓ�8�Q� �g9�R��1.G��f��}|�r� ��$t~.�S`�јӊ&��%,cV��V!W��ߴ��:AU�(�n��x"�/+��#�>��|��JI"�:X�S�K�� K�>*`��~�/ ��>��Mxʍ��K��c�u��|1� ��K��[�z��z$P�L�4ay�6�1B�1�5��׮�2NmU��N9�;�%��eq�k;�� 1�(ѣ�i�*�qz6Ng>�;��$U�wd�m�f��&��. ��ZSq=G�~��lf`�r�p� t5��_�NQkV��_�P��Ң��z�/N��/��b� �Сi�Ё�{�i�u�>��A�P�j��~T��k��r��RÆ��4[Ѱ��,��e+n�A�� 7Ü; S�~��I��Z�/�`A��䨷WD��b�#��m��(jC��{,\]h�HΚ�*�mwV�1R=�� Y��f�?~��DkQV� y[�$�� aB:=��[|N�݈|��B��x�ɷ��YNu�Y=�2� Y��`F��7U�f� [Tv��TAt�을x��&� �� 'A�L`EN�:��Cx\��g�s�q�� -r11!��>RJO鍞5_o` @�~�#O�;,��\B�@��[�q�Z6G�kBI�Hu�K�n^d��;j��!�㟉��K�* �U�rvr9Ԁ��k�"��D��1�ꖣQfd�8�J�3��]T��k��==�8-��nm�k�;��_��\��,}]�"F�&}��JCL��&Y|��>�p�g%��т�ç[�m��b,;�%Q7�g @��6��U`�_��X��V':^X��t�[�}J�;��-��?Z9&��ZNP|I/�� tVvE�p�g� + ,<,|t9��i��:��4�0=N] 7@k�]�ο��۽�'�(��$�r��7�w��Ƕ*]�3��]�A��v�_T�y�sp�� ٓo�L�7��a�TfXc�<+{��##;p~ۣhRN��1D��/��qe��ֺ*�0+�.ƃ}H��=I�� l?͐Y=gK��i)v�չ8=OsFN��\��=J��tB� ��̱4��W�_��RF ��Y�ԍӲls��x��S�R'��#e/�FӶ�o�/#��u��8On�� vH=��o�#b>��W��d�T�ō7�o?#)�H��"�xW��Yq�.��>v��O��a��#WjWeʗ4f�2�z��ih&h�/��m�i��S��D��|@�2m��_^��5��/��B��W�:��Ql4�&]Z<��~��P�ہ�8(Df��u��rR��B��L+��ϩlhr֕��U��Sޞo��o�&��βf[�S�Z��ț��FN� ��F�%^�R!�vn�v/��Ӱ.y��}&؆��54P�?��IXΚ֪ɨ�+��TY�W-}��en��:+��*mMBVd��+�ӄ�?�#6[��Cף?W�9��&6"��f�m![Q��-�6�C��@6�r�an��(pĺ ��[��B5�v"�j�� ꫍~��G�s��53�ԝY,�;�g��%@�9 ��{��B5�8r1��cҘ��G��J?�� s&��*\\��5�ʛh��s��Ƚ��/��q��}��^��wxʚ#�+�~W�U�:TC�5��Ap�)��,$Xq�.T�� r�0�� NշZiR�R �1�/�H5<��s�/k��ӋFعS�+Q�ȉ��";�4N��E��~$;&-4 ��8�>��[�Z��{Z��]:�(o <��s28 ��sD�2�WS�E갊O1K��:�z��J��YvN� �m�w�;�E3�)?U�q��~��Q|x5g� �L�#��ҾE_��&�8�� D��P��(Yd��?��Z+l/�v��I��˲dvT*!�?f�gp��Խ'�q��7o��-5�Қ�.U��M]'��Y4�h��8ʸw��c%0�i�>��b�w��F��4T�b��>��-��ۺ��]��-��%��ޚ�-�N{ը.�o�~��m�t��U�BjL$-�?k��Q�!c�� IfF�E:�Տ��!q�l@X;�i� �eF[�vl��q��70�嫘��o��2��m�o#ޫv�z7�<��t��k�ƏE/_6pdlj��>��ЊO'�{��:U�Ue�ô��4��e��ȍ�T��;��y��zO 4V��B��tG1.'=$GG�b��G�6�*͢A1~��`��-��(0q�͍;�l�Ғa^=-��a'<9��g@]�ǻ�ٙ��F �\m�hbF6ߞ�ۛYtm��;�"61��hw�`w�x�p�7o��>>��wc��t��|�on��HLy5х��77j�"}I��F��3�7��09�$Ϋ�Ʃ)�t�ȉ�:/v�{ ��pwo��7o��ߙ&��?n��F�5��7�\k��LE1��w�.Zc,�g~�>��U�=��O�Z�p ��it��k.t��h��,�窑Σ�5%�0P�c��P�:�n��U�؞�� Hu�tA��q��NM�7�At��Sw�Q_l*��g�ک��@�_ ��BGwn�D��eڸG,8:�-��@�M�Š&1A�Rn��X��0��[@kW�w��%��}��Y"��t+k�Y7�UOȑ�o�:i��|j,4i�^18*7��c3*��~h&�[,��Z-��pc5��j��E6�� 1+A�B�;�z��WFY�;��Z�ɸ-�Je�`,��¬�J��<��|�%*�Ѥ4��h��ǭ�n�+��[�?U��`�3�S��b%��-�m�q�Klt*&�C+R ��<@��c��ш�6��mS#s��{m<�8ܡ)�"vIe��McD��}o�D�:��%(��2V�_-ğ5ξ��m�<�(1sY)>+NX�AF��m�ɰ�4��nźW9�Ǩƌ��̀I.hJ �:�eXr(ha��ͧV$@��s�M^tyN0�@H��"�cV W�L��1P�D㣉�h��Q��*V�.nyP� ��/#,��/@�tƠ]��^4`"��/# t��D�tvk��L[�_.1!�6W:|��kᢼ,��E��P�E��SZ:�W�0��`��h+k/O�D`*=�yR9 ��`��M�`S�b/�A~�P��SК԰�dȸ�~&Ϛc��A3�o@(��3|��f�D�] �p|��#URx7.{��n��J�烋S|�S��4�y8ݵ��ݭ�>��4T��+��G�~��~T]�'�Ez��,��9��Ep=�DR��Ȫ��k>$ʴ9�R��Fg�|K�EgE3�M��B��Ѕ�I��'X�v ��ӭZ��+.��!ȕƯĘ�|�/V��Tٹ��ȢW⬉B�r��(C��EZ.`��"t��7��I��sC�2J�R�o�,q�T��ef8�Y��I��82��i"V��}��@XA�ʄ��}�'��,��O��5��K�ׅӃ�`fC��"�#�+3� r�`�(�W;��cPwdel��J��\"mY��E��e��G&��Ъ�kfJ��lY��]��H��R,3�D rԎ��A8 ��˹E��`��̽�VC�� K��$je��6��["PKˣu0c��/�Bi�5�k /^R��8�s�"��݁�wf�C��1��a`-Ӥ��*̾�b�}g�={��#u?�O��y�5��x��v&�-=ќG#M�ln��-�2��J� .�0Qy]yH�2��s��~p��y�*�%U_Q��t�G��?K��'��w@�`}úY5�]��'�w��ꗘ@��zdL��6��`��zb\Yڀ��q�P\#8:V$5��0Q�{�'�G�׭j��&T�1�m[C��T(J5�$(K��=��+�JQ��l�Ʋ�NEEN�-vtA��t��*��}Z��u�q�)� ��[ 햏S��T�0X"�Q��^�1��|Q�ȳ6��ᚪ}0�� ˄��Dr�r��sW/��*p��<�]l+��Z/�xQeC�4(��+�|�%;D�_�7��A4��񕍗�hPT� ��Zz��T�W]m�k�� T��΅T.9\��Y"��I��{�#�H� c��1M��_l�4�*�� Ʈo��GY� ��N�C�h��Wx �|��s��u�H�J��0�x�q�i(Es8��.5��#g�F�X��6e�xGC�x4O\��{}�<��ޞV �D�-��J��kE�>y��9��T7d�u�j�ꂠL�V��h�$�WFq��i��08�$o0jW-9u�#�aT@�˪��aO3�Im��1��B]��V�^s��2S��d$y��7SzP��-�P-��K�l�:Z�I��X1��RP��1��|�".�u)�Oah��%��/�Y�G,��N��fx/��$*'��5��U.o�<�w�w�i��FT��o�_̓)*�:�+MY�V%'ka��y��"�=�뷻�:U�UE��1��%��'��VV^)Y ��B�Z��X�:m�M�G.�9?#q p$�rwA�^�4fX~p�j��̢��we�m�S��! ��+�t�ʖI��UH 9wE��v��c��{FK��U4~肐��M� �e^A�y�@��$�(�tn��w��G�CP�=g�V�F��UG�f��+u?�9�ȇ�ѐi��?��qk��i��;��(p�Zj=1D.�Z�W��r�F�S&{=�b��&(��@��=��U�Y�� +K}｛��H�B'N��^�ܶ$� T��X�j4�jϫq0��Q�u��wEϚ�� 7��;�^��qT4�i�e��6pa.�/�V��}��M1�<��њS1�kԆ��Z])�j��.��ڡ�D_ا<��f��e^��K��Hg"�6_��Kv�^��fX|3��7Y�A��&�^��K\wiS�!�}��c��߀�5ͥe��q4Q��>Qjyܦy��/��ƺL1�T�bi*�!�O�!�9��s31��>�`��Mx/KZ��djW�'/Ѣo��(�o 4t$`��.�7F��Z��sl5��t m�f��73�9�S��9h��8Y��>��(�y5[��]��Zr�L��4��N��U;Jf�L}Z��)��yinψ̮�L-�?o�B�%�u�?c��`%�D�T�맊��+'��-x,��B��̚�J�]u�HN��?G��Np2��T'�MRG2l��P ��n�U��5��"5i//L?f$�u��΅�Y4Z��Eun�ɒ�@ݏX=��&J��z¢�5s�� dڈJl�"�;d�TvYuq�.�嬳=�¢��n7�y��r�� r@�W��ߟ��T��z�i8��-Ϯ�p|�d�1��{^�F�q� ��C��h��6@��6�M��ބ��b�7�Zw��B�3��2P&��Vt��+I�~�N�E�&_+�2Ra��L�Bz�+��¬h��T:�-d�+q�^Uh6N�b�P7��8��2-e"�Cҳ��蕔�vy�&�l;��OYN/%�K�T|?�\ؐ��h%�5�,vb�,;nH�κ�ܕm8(9W%@et��計��~��A��(9G��H� '��@=Tf:|u��eV��ܡ9��G1C�2��ѧ��0��h�ӌ��G��{��e1��j�H]$v��r7ٙ�x�E�8#�H� L��d��'��R��JO.��S`0�Դ=�_ɻ� �1#@>��A}-�V$n�� ݿ��3ٛ�%��TVWd�_9��b3_��}UYr��Qi��V1+��c��d��E!:܃H-"�9�z+��m0�E�8{-8�;��Y5�Ĺ�XB^�75�"�y��q.MONMQ�i�WIU꒭Nx�u��W|��Eh3�7��Q��4Q}q�ő�� o��Aq�ĖTj� ��7�Q�M۩�川�חMWj��zd=�A7r�ۥ%7�.��+�$+E;��'D��(U��#��^8��T�s�X�x4g�� \��GЍ� ߸,��e��举T��8�⺶Q�]U��n�W\ ��eB,��gŸ��6�Y�͕ ��2�m�LI�;ؿr�?~v��5�tk+�Hݺ'��6��ۅ�YzQ��H+SM-S%��&��NzM�j�iO��v��t5��Y�"�"$ ��x�|�}��~��%-|K��̪2Ӷ��b�.�Ԫ�3]��E�g��s��nt�]�CQGa�AVˁO��9E&_�� $��K�qq9��=h�@��F�ُ�$�ن��Y4(�oL}C�#��.��QIxw��x�PV~��Ҏ�sV榣Un�Lg��0�mN�d��w��RWv�l��{�{cw�֭��[�{7o�>ޓ�<��6��͍�� P��K�F�%� ��F��n��4�.�{�L1��E��D�y5'�85śn9%_�w��8�}{�捣��;Ӥ�b�Ǎ��9�x~��[�ZJ��ne*�\��u��(>��lt�Z��D��1��.�6*N�l�_��83�E�R�u�u�Yw�E�y��]�%�v�� @]Z��\X��c��o� �KRtO��ڳ(�x��'��-��$�U��IDW`44��M_�-�i�*�{��_�&��(3��o`��V��¹UC\'�/�m��b��3ƾC+�w�/��E}AG��t��F��$��U��s�Z��^a�Z(��m�R�� u�"�|� ��xۉ��&�_�}y�{�+a� V��^��E��.'X�� }�D�PJ~��N�)X�s␣�M��M��=w�%�G�Wl^��>�u�dnU(1��r�{��{aomL�{��z�A�0$�-�L�D�n��usծ��]�LVK��ыF��T,�|"�bOz@J�=�C�X9.)YI@�~��]x�"=��(6�+M� ^�� cG�`�4��}�&��@�S%�c+��T$&�e�� n�Bn7@�d(� �b��Pt��́|h��R��&"�4w�3�bօ�d��KA�f��,��s�5� � ½�˥�8h��هC�4�g�z�v\��{U�8-\.Ry�%w��.��.�d�|��S�s��k�?��(��4�4f��F��1N+J��(��G�ۿ��]�¡@Jv��/.94E�&%�H��,��5��򦅷��2i��Pe� q55E�4�TJ&�ɨӷ"��6��针�$�pd�A�Ϣi��-zf��n�͟��t�ͻ�H��Œ3R�ґ��lh��G˖�ĸ��z��>��?x�ÿܢ�֟*�Y��䏶�|Ǧg�T*��@��}��f��-�#2��j��ع�Y^��%&<�P��o5�uY*?�<��@5q#}z?��: ��JÝ��4�*��+'.5��;(YeF�3 �� w�?T�Ce�0k� ># ��Ӗ7�T��<�kgɁ ��gO�Aʌ�&5�+g K�\�B��A-$.WC��JX/Xa�7;��2X�U\��kT��o��,�bh8��ɲ{<)��g�n��u"7�-��+�J�&��k١n��<��2.�r�cğ��Q~��)��:h�%CW��Y��r��4��c��fo3��U�-� � ��/Y&*�'S#��c6'0�#�31�Oc��v��N��ѭ8�{��H�0P�#G�5K;K��Pb��b�?C�"^�2��@�`�ĖW ��a^�.��/A��*+�=?�0��M:�:� {&/}��?|��v��|�̫ ��_nb�f��_<}�;U��>�߂[��t��w��'�?��O��q�'?i�#�|)6G=Ҋ�ڛ��r��W�m��g�k2�m<$A��8'�ݮ�v��xc�]U�N��A~6��B7%#�J��9��..��,��E�i��Y{k"��@u��h\�W4%��O��'��>d��3t��v`��V��ߖ{LVTߦϝ�9a��i��5�ӧO��>kgi��N�O��r��y��y��?��\��x��r�8��Zl��2#*�tm��v�sޗl^��7�� u��7�o�񑅖Z�R��ɛ��$��/:%� �^L��g$r� �*+��UD��u�11��MY�ż�>p��%Ę��.;C�L+^Z�ۗ�3�||cMm��^�Π��~ߍhи DI��@S��`�&G#��!��g �[ k'o�?��g��n~��Pqݏk��?��S�J�g?��\=<9C6 弄��8Y�67P)�slT�eo��`NѲ�`��&�-ې/Sl��,P<��%��x�Y$�B��4tE�a �:�j�t�XD�O��h,f��8±@��Q� �沴؉��a4��qL�^��UD"W��(�$�Q�q��be* "��#4+4/�y��|�Ө ,�+F@ -��D�xf��պl��(K�q4��+��U�B��Y]�]]��)ޝ�i f.��i�i+GdW��M��(�k�"vP�v�P'��/��Mg��j��1p��h,��I�l��Ƅ}` q��q�[��.�/�LL��6&�}��c�@W��m��Oм�m�Q�8��!mw��2�7o�Ip��1�읲1��R��%��}E3�VK5��5"��Y(f@�Qї� +`�O^��Bp��zQ�w��ʞ�}�0Y�'y=�>:�t�r_�� 2^��J6J�(��d#�P�ҁ�PmQ��w�XQ�M��8:�O1��F�R��1aoٙ�L��q��Bw��3��pg�-JHW��E��S7�{��\P �ԭ��)�w֎]��71�s�Z�x�� o��ݾq��-�߯�(�q�ۃQ�3�<��{4Yf�>qh)��$�ql�� u;��"�D>��w�/�kz�>�M2�!��֎��w��j��E�)�+��v{�SP��쬛Ozi��?��.�[�V��xR�9S��4� }�\�m<�y�2��r�^��e��G�<h��QWE}}��7��t�w��-�V7��8�+2�ӌ��Y*3�( �2<*�|��&�'F�̯Xr;�&f)�3%&�x\�g� ��O��2?b�m<�҇��Yn� ��jP�<ն��(q��zP�D��E��t�6�q��+։�PU��B\��bMŻd�T�^lY�P��O�(-T� ��A�t�[aόF8�A�ɉ9]�:8�N��1�lb��%�ÇJ�܊ڋ(� [��f��<`��T��t�l�F�ڵ��A��d�P]�eV�[��=�C1! ��.i�ǵ��}��,��\�#ɞqa`n�$SZ]��wv�ı�Ϡ��?��W�e�V��"[�j6��ײ-zF6G0��>pv}��*؅��8��&نH^ф�{/��]��s�V��q��5�&�Ӆ��n��s�'��&�8�Z 8�Ȥ�ӯ�#dR�!4g�e��$ż��p�a��"��D��Iڇ�vpL��~wbr�XM��dL�/��kL]UΊ�!�a�Y�ZB��&�P��('��Ť��e��n�)"��Ƈ`��w��P��_��X��T@��U�s�q��<�s� ��%�'�検�/|�b�Y�,)�C��kY5A�h��Ԣ�h�j��s@/�jx@�V�N��CM�H�oh��ӄ� ��z�V��q�(ʊ�EY<�t�D�]�c]�ޏ�r��p@0#�JT��P�0f �`��фIM�1Z��Y�Z��Wr�/��\��.�F��0�Bk�I��xk�DH��',��oM��{�*��H��i�9^�^,� �HLd�#-�@TO�"*9��n��k��"Z�⧍ oa��`��S��8A��)9�*��*�)�wWer�-��d�5.�[�%��2}:�xT�PȈ��\�RM��Me��+/��hm�(2�Ә��s,��Y�y��=��V��縃��sG<��=xL��u͈��f@"w��Tu�/x��!y��y]nSݱ `��~ĝ�q�r�_3��\9L��D>��W<ĭ��`�KD,XV��w��.�2-21b`v�<��W��c/�ܻ\�]NR��}Gtg��(��Q�=��Gm+�e!Y�0��R�cem�,*T^r��k�оf��#v#��LBfEs��<�Z��&��4��FN�c�hB��E8�aڷ��::�ot#�]��]�)��, ?JR��Tg�`ʚ\0^;�ѳоZ��`�c��EZ5A]^��ŏ�K��桟�|�F�9��V�^�A�1�.�*��6DUZG?��C��,��$G��3�<� z��#�)a�0ֲ~D�s�8��<�H��e��I�c;�I�R��w�a�v��Lt��x�i'<��x�&�g�۝��c�rr��Gгu�g&*E^�I�eT�� W�#u�vQ�q��&�ӫe��5Ibt��jN��l��5�C��+M�TK�RǗCI��NK�7� ��ˬ9u�n�͈|n]c�-�Ǭ��QE�]gF�K^�á�'*��ImԦ��o�<-��+��iUj��y��F� !u�f9�@��M��A��T�7��c��<>O|#��-aNc�e�a+�/H�i Mm��^ �y�[��.YV s{oM�02Pݵ�5�H[G?�< �-��Z��5z6�,}�� E�>�~I��ba�uY��n �(�e��S��̇�l�L��=pJ8.f�&�{�\\\� �R�m�~��Z��(.ծ��3�@�&�,�櫎�8�'3N�M��h�㵕�o��'bb��V4�LZ}��yt��7D��Ϟ}8W&�<�@��D.ƥ��jP�@�S�ځRr?�H�ס��5/��\3�8Q��-G��ݻ[�-�TM��L��&�լ�"C �p��L��&�#n�uؾ�՞�N,�4��I 4��anvF��.to�;N�D��9+�?��e��}�qh�"�*� &e��;��{X�UsM�鞽}��Yg��,�Þ�X�i�[U�b��M4�o�C��\�~&&",��5#S�d=Y^G�'��\F�n�N�i��5upEij�#^gA��o��BYu��STZXc��׀��`�Nߪ�M8 �0��Lrǁ��!�.��F�Ƀ䭵�!ҟ/�s�񞡺��%��O��O�<��o�I~��<}�G��f.??.ó��(q��rd.:��g��Usv��{Db�)�T�J��£�Z��=��6�?�A�<�)��re��/��u�8 (0�&s?k� r��S��Z�jʥ��3�D��j��^�C�r��8� �'��;�� N�5;kVIQV�[[�Q��t܆5_�k4�� }�� iQ!��@�ТWR�˩3��Il�~�M`~.3��ny+�6��SSL�4�՟1��$��`]�}82��4�L�Z�Lk�:�ƈܴţɟ��w��G��6��?�?@!��O��w6OϼV\�0�> ^�{R:�.u%��'�x.n`Ǘ��^�9GҦD�?уI��:~A��v2��gY ��r�U��n/g�v\��K�&��h�9 ��W��/��?�(3��8�X2�2�V/%߁�e8R��p^�l2��Y�ET�}a�w�nWW��@B~e�6��E�˸?D��q��Խ�b�ߍ��N��XԂ�Q'��X��дg��S��=@��h��db��oE��q�[Qy�zNf��mg�)��Ŝ�;�0��g�⠏�o"� �Iv��Z�r[~�!& �8m��̞��]c��U��~��=2��b�V��m�n�,#Nm`-{�w6��H\��s�˯~�K�)ox�o0��$B�C@��1�7��L̿��]��kPψ��h��!`U�|�$��2sU?��<�ļ��GP}F��ù�v5��/��@� ;��^�vo�la0T�6 �4��p��o��?��/��l��3�u��K�Z? ��2�� ;��>0��%��h�v�#N�,Aӯv�"��hs�� u��^W��mB��)a��i_�B��T��ĝ�\ L�Ԏr�G��3��/j�S��C#[P��I ��ʓP�,_�>�o��rD��S6]�B:4�մ {>GRv��3��J��s�w9y3��+��C�ww�Ak�]o��$��9Dѝ?{�EN��4;��A��d]6REA)O��J?��p׀��)>�)r��:K��*k�&�(��VV��j��g�Q��A4 ��I\(�ڢ��u��o�`/�°�*�V�^�I~�ԡS$Y�� SQ�<�f��I�w\s�� ~��3�_�� `��@�/t �M�I)QC��s�Д��3�rD-�E�e�p$�0�p�p�_~�_sEt��V��9�c��L�"�s�EK�= �7 ��a�ű��H�,�$25vu��}pI�O��nI��4�l�륙�9�2�R)��{f�tj�ý�c$|�:Ggi�]35!s� r��[!I�d��7�� -&��]��q��[�;en�G��$핍O��V]o�U��>�""�L]F�~��y��U��q'��Q�1��>}��Z�y��ۥ+)��~%�>�C�f�B�(�=zb�|��l��E(}��ZN2��?�Ҋ"U% ��G>2��=f��n��ּ8��1Tͺr��+;�� ㊞E1n�Ju��:W��o3!G'r"P�t�3H�^�F�B��^�9blF#QEa�}1W~+��O�4#�Wշ[8G��T�N�FՑ�@i�?�Q��DƱ(Y�x� ��og��6��r��%8�$=�ͣ\��ll�S��ց��R\��,O�]�y� \��%�|�%��<��b#��oz�U� 8L}��RW�K>��@T�`��ל��ɪ��+��g��7��0J|��T&&g��_�z_%�!��V�r�b�-r��S�W�%ZZD�OV��L��X�[su�=5K��wڬI��T=�4�e/��*D`'��<�ads��$�W;��Kv�^��$�Ω*�V��A��-��6)��I��mO�kU�W��*��r�$E;�qN(X��r@ � ��%pabM��}�wn��ncׯ�Ȝ�65C�C�K�Η��_��#DԻ1��"��a�E�z\^7JT��ԉ�̹|�hM`ȝ�}��D�4�yT��ᐛ��p��g�l�~I��3�{ϰ�>B/(��:��h��{l��:��Ţ�q��eQ��[k��H�V��L�(�ʞ��<҂RҊl�<�@N��ip� _D�Ԧ��E�L�+�r29;��Y2 {�R��[�d�߹GJ��@3��@�q�>rϥ��4��U��e��ry0�٩�hE��<��i�Q�"�;��>�ڌ~‵�=^��_97'Y>?�qL:QDFs%��h:��D��v�^k�k-B�[n��O�'Q%dd�AO�3��yzl��@��)�;N�:��}e�5`�̉U("4[b�n^��"��[if�D��N�%;��t�w��'ͻ�Y��u��@�HN8@\TqyXx� ��{�} v�I@�|��@n>0��waF�v��g8�?c("_n�D��w�t�J��d�k��|��.�.�݋-�o)ċ#��z��|��3L�P��=`�H��8��u��3�`�7b�!S�ݢ�x놝�a^N�l�`ͮ�QO��a��1D�o� �ħ��&��"�f&_�վJf�A4��苻�N��5Uc��,rb��.e��*g⸣pR�vd��5)��~J,�F��"Gv��w�_�XS�K�s?L{(�W/��0�䘏I9��=�J�� E)2�nb@��Xz�9Sfd��c%�BJ/4"|�S��(W��k~]}��J��/��@ȋzhܴ��i~t��>c1@i ��,D��Xtg�p�+�.d�tb{v��ij��y2qe�v�up# [��W뱪��:� /G#��U� ?��a%<�� [ݪb|�s?*2S��>�(��%��%O�Z��K��<=�v�*^=}̫�k]��ޏ��鐽��r;�Zs�ּ�Q qYw��њ�UI\��ᙼzh�qň��Rh��D��*&�ܐ��Y�PɒR'�{�xs%8Gi�^�fi�N��-�X\T�ͯ>2�v�2fəB��x��+��A��r��ʍ��\�Ր!X�1c��G�Ϝ��ϵ��̶�S��R�� o��쇭CDM@K�L��Q��j��f��e�?C�`�C��b��i��h#$\��UN2�9y�h��bi�m^�,��X��Ԣ #Q�Se�b��]�Ef�q'F�e�"W�`�ˬ�:�B��裙��4��X�*�J�O�R3��|��x�℣N�܋�%Ɓ��*�� *;a�4�rH��rw��9r[�;�E�b� ͷe[�e!r,@Lv@�ت ��t��QT��C�se��ͤ��̄��\$p%�r%�x��Ty3�H��xv�c\��2H��'�,`."E�wq{�A�8�QC�Lm5��E'�5�YҊ��+b�Ndi51SD$ب��(}`�]]��o@ő,�xm_LJ�N�j(�ȍ�t"F(p�U��t�I�,��P�C��J�w��=��Z��%D�L�"� g��P�.��X�$6��ן»r��mI��T�F%�Bg�D�C_��?V�"P9ک��0A>M�gAE4Jض�li_�@l#�B�I3�}3�Kɾn��Wfm�MmĠO�� Z��}�r�� h��6<'��Ϛ�"��ܱ�� s�"�\��,T�ъ��/>�v�̫�yS�5�qBHF��(� �1w�� - m\��O;�V��Gm��k,�,��5��Vs#��d��2��Ru��t�V��q(|�h��k�#[(�4%̵��[Zk�P��>zlf� v��*�=8^��ڣ�~��`�f�B��gkԮ��~��_~qDD�8"�i��#��n�AZ��C��6o8� ��2uXA��RZ� �'��Q�|��E__Z4�8/��ˇܯFy0��W=/�,z�-�xM��KY{+�g��a�:~�U��/8�?��P{�e')�Q_��@��H_L3�m��Z�iÄ��E";��3��Z�Ƽ/;c9��8�3t�:m̐R�,T�ޙ�P3j��ӈjl��K��/��S�6[��t� ��QWQ�_~q�s��ߘ_�9�'��в�ch�rnh�i`䮯`�p],M�[%r�9�C��l�!� ��c�һW�M�g�Qe�5#b�OX1#g�3I�dM�p��?��<�O�t+��$�]V��=��J5��!r�.Ճ`|#����np�7�i>o��o�"�7��5G��^1�OX��0�k��|SLM5n�Y�)gN�h��/t�M )1'��5�^UҪ�GٙG7͓c�۩�,�6��5��E��Q{Xe��T��3IN� Rwl��z�S�� W`�8�y�D� �*6�n��M2��A0{a��k��.7h�{��~c�7�EÊ@�S��t�+��4w,�;�G��E��o5��wO��Ͽ�� PbѸ��}��/�~��]Ц�/��n#��O?�뭥� �7��3Α(�lk`jn4f�B��X��~t��m~��}3Cy�}|[�ޞ~�|v�½W�Y��,�FdQr�,�s+V"^�V!v�*�L)�Nف>N@�qEs��Li��"Րz&��Ab#��&�ճ 7��!2��{�&9��Z�{��1��F��nP�}o|5I6$cb�q��TU��2K��f!��}-˴�¾��eY�uǖmَИ�mP��df5 d7�R�e�ǩ̓��k��*Ȯo�ٴ��ya#8�i�U�P��k�c֎� )��:��e*T�]��f#knO�Eϳ��h�) ��$I�D�9g9l��D��b�ok�6�14�.��>�� b��)K|]��#�_�P�� /]��$1�ՉQ � _��۳v�T�O�.�j�u�F�}�$7��m#��y]7� ]E.[�B�wx{(�ʷ�I��b�y2a�� @u@~0�+)�� h��P�!o�P,O��Ę��D�`D�50��Zt�͐�vm�-;��(I��y�Cy�^ګUVG�(��h��9�FZ~e�t@Lv�Clw>_��~��턛WK��g�7�M�w��)/$��-t�T�]�Pd�L��*�t��v�MyG~D��<�C�F#�n�x�Y�yv��v��F�rI��]M� Mi��0��ֳ2s�a|� c��{uckA��2˭H ��v�:"��vc9K��+��I[!��Ǌ��N\�,��?�m�A�`x��&r�I �*��;Ű��ş.��ŷM�5��^��l�K��'<�r;�WO�լhi��5`�� q�!��gߊ%o��[��t��y*�|�,җ`QE��m�첧��0��T�F�M�ĥP?<��e��C��<��{�O��n"��s+M��<ɤGt��ܸ��+ꍒ$��~�%��7d�G$��Gb��F�6�j��0W�{��q��@�� ɢ��teb��f��r�Rt<��#��3z��7��l�l�-��+�mQwk�t�H�#x��R`�^j�R�|��ޗeȧ%{�,@]u��n��ܷr�F��Ȯ1��o{d�!��!�V��B�*ϗ��}@rc�lɍ��4��NU@Xvn�n�4:0ZKs��7�3ߙSf��R"��ԧ�$kA�`gGQޘ��:@��^o�{�vP�`�PO!�|��2X��ǁ2��2��ׄ��vx�M�)OA�!��=��g&�.#G�*{�0��9�N_?C��y��;�$%�#��2�X��έ�υ�� M��˘60Oxc��'o[v�'s.)�!�_'��_L4C#�^a�`џfC(�=x�f��pYTr;�n��d,�$��8y$�G�_4��+[�ҷ�"")�SG_��HV�)��e*�de��s2��sR=Bh`4G}GY�j`;��X ȁT��41�-��s��uFM�&�EZn��h�Zoc Tck��2kN�'SR#>�R-N�\�V-��l1�� ˆ��uԧ�1X��.l.*�ϑ�nLl�K�+k%ŁkXW�*�m��__ݽyei:��2��uQ�JE��裨0UBc�[��"��^�@�c8�yKgȜ�7�Pv�p�O��$��8B|m%��U��z��ZS�}U]�j��d��6��I^� �k��з�� ?�Ub\��0�;>��H��{��!��u�{"�&��IcBO� %d�:И˪P2�[Â��)�g`:�(�ϩ[s�5�S�!.�dʔm��nhY��E�iky �kS=u5NmV�*��t6f�`�I%��i[��r�C��5��DT�:Q�@��r4�-|��#��ޝ3�w9oe��nt�ps�l�zvs�*H3B��l@�f�}s�%`�OA��U+uAƊ��@{TS"��H��f�=�M�¦Ԡ/{Z�=]7X]��(��f��!z��T��H~K�X��q�Hk�YD��R弐`<��i��=��gP��s� [V�"M��x)n'#�Tw�;-��x��L��K��zl1��L�-� o�5��o�i�7 =��O��9R�]]d��=�b��&�2�9�F��m�jb��7��{?&��7O�~�3;L�v��u�ﻳjG�0m�/"�;g.��Z�瞁�\�ҎM�^:,�a1�xc��1ґ��H��z��^�1��R�W��A�? ��k�k�_(�db[zNF8\�p��[םn��?��b�~4b��?��C� �[��F#��˽��Ֆ�(��0��e�jIЦF��t�T�y�O�ӯ=c+��d;pE>g�[�J/��B_Z�oFCS�{�M��P�s�w[��BNt��Q��>��F� [$�d��v\J8�ku��V��g@�ю��ŝQ�e��Q�H�HZ��64�Lڭm�KM��J�� {�l��E!�1��N�w&�(8�:C��9Y x=�2B��R��\��n�4{�D�Ց�� Y*�zdVm��.�j9�]�ވ�S�-�B�X�m�&i�5�'��_�^�nZLe��4��櫬%�<��e(�}��D��6)�ThM�B��F��"�$/��x}��pi��n��s�i�V'��BTT�`y�N�� :˧r2�ly�Mj�� FI!�>�6��U �qd�S>��J3B�Ż@K�98k�i)��U�\�M��e3^n�@� X_F%l,�{�;}r��d�ؘ�+Y%�ڏeS|[��m��\�_�;1��I�.@@<�6kQ�`�� i!�[�:`E܁��e��L�yw[|[L7�d ɤfr͓[GF�Yz�7��礯zru�l��WMTc��5��W�)��`��|h�Ej"F�՗+�Ȇ:&o��G3�˲?f��lWֻ��ͪrΉ�/�_��ຍމB��o��ؽ�[��*;��@{�ש��0馩P��K��Z ;1�(��(qc�% �iTݜ�S�%�$�!*��hk��S#U력��%��߰r��n�LЛv��u�LYY&r_9��|�}��&T%��O�ȏY;�ش3�@,d��ԩ��F�'K��B�{�)I��6��8�OV��s˱�@�q�Kڹ2�1k��Dl>f<k��Vsx��a��X7��g��7_x�`�v�>w�� }�fQ�5��x�S7�v��q|3��U��WGr"��|�IRJ��1yg�,��X\gG�@u&�'`��s�L�!��ݑ��ˬ��δyD�ı�yэ��A$!P��5`��/��W�++�ʠ��ʵ�O��I��~��+!��T��X�Ht�L"�:��Y7�_Ca��k�׉x&��o6��qD�,�eHx�mĥ�Jh�\DMH�l��Ѫ��Q��2�$|��#��V��r^�΃��;g�ɠ��V� �}PsO$i��0��q�ʎ�ļ�|��l4~��9��j×�\��(��o��m�̓T�} kU�xRPj��ȹ��)� ��er�cyF1�^#� ��5�~�k�uF7yR��,�a�3X��c��ӂ��E�?��J�JP��r�ȮQ��N@W��kjcᱲ�I�%]B�2�É�?7*Vߐ/��pu��e�R�/L��m\��3Y-��ր��}%��J�2$��?��L8bvr$W��Xv�� t�:0+�#�*��X��i��|Un*��H�}�D�X��Mǐ�WlH��U�g�<7��j&�6Ӕ{�c�� sȥ��\˯Vf�6�"q�4��˕�꧜Ne �s�7��g��s��6��y-��^�Gr�� E�6�* �� K�Xuk�}��õ'�G�w"&ȸ��V��~!��Qd\��n0p�=�<��Z��'�d9R�h��v�o��^wo|��w��s�F,D6��.�&+#�%�î�彍L�o�w/j oLc��C"ϊ�%�|�y�1� �{��L\tF��Oٹ��w�n��ډ�y�=��Z�W�1\��Ô�5m��S鵒��9M��9?��_�e�x�FWF?g%��_)�p��Ϯo�ό�$v��n6�/PN��Q�/��/<��1#�2 2��#�_U��޿16�p��8��*��F<�BF�PO�pU��BDl�R2p��U ��3��hK��87�R��,�E%��ۉ��dl�5#t��1�w�d�ֵȟy�'2�O��x�7oҚ�?��e<�p#E��p��:f��j{��?öɢ��rW77$i#�K3��\��z$�ElL�'�Z�<<�`)\�*��׵̆�a��n�i=�WϤ�S��|��[J[��}e悮3�h&N�-ؘSu&�Щ:+��0^��^ڻ!��j��X��i��Q��Q��Ȏ\�� N��ӓ��?��'w_�� *4� �� s�4��8�!� Ϫ�R�@h��,�L9(,fE[|��l��S��?8y�oN��4p�[ϚP6�0�r<��)|��o�6��Mù�<5��8J.��)y rЬe�8 _6S�J��'IK 4�Dj��D�_K<.��3\)��˷r_�~0�>v%�3>�m�aaA~>'A��$�0��c��h�X��mi�J@ck��(/@�I�B�Ɉ=��ΐ��i]�g!Sj�v�~{��+B�`��L.��tu�s�U� {�>4G��&�^Ib�YWes�|��L<�T�E�&�2��/ı��V?(L�c�>�_��a՘��ape~�X_?�/�¯;�@��Q�B?Zyuc��b��`}Ź�1ݪ�R��HnE[v��1��Den�4w��O��`�z��x2��6��lcgQ4�io�`a��@⤾M=�ౖ�T�BTl߲��叿��W��?ѴC�O�?fs��|#�$DX1��=�K��7��n�R�5K�C�EC�v��欰]�z��?S_ o�]�`�8��&z��)�$G^ԉ[��Ĥ�=@�k}sA| ��;�2�E�4;Zw��@��x��3h��@�+@�+w�v�]�E��x Df��I��~�Y��j�\��A�u�䋷��4��*��%�ri L[fk)�M��ʿbFιT9=s��6��{QيrYdtT�۱NxBqSH��i/�<��/6*�P;�pz:��O2��B��s��S��i�w��:��p��/H�z��9�%+��߷9zd/�/!�a꭪-��{׌'#;o�m^^Z�폲��*�b��98e�s�-L��sy��Q2'X��K��\*��L}�p�W�_F��NV��u�]��J�3�ۙ'V}�le:�E��N�;Dכ��0�LҤ�?��B�Lݔϟ�\l�1J�I

The Full Wiki

Search:

More info on Japan

Related topics

Japan: Wikis

Related top topics

Did you know ...

Encyclopedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents

Etymology

History

20th century

Government and politics

Foreign relations and military

Administrative divisions

Geography

Environment

Economy

Infrastructure

Science and technology

Demographics

Religion in Japan

Languages in Japan

Education and health

Culture and recreation

Sports

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Travel guide