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For other uses, see Jazz (disambiguation).
Jazz
Stylistic origins: Blues • Folk • March • Ragtime
Cultural origins: Early 1910s New Orleans
Typical instruments: Saxophone · Trumpet · Trombone · Bass Guitar · Clarinet · Flute · Piano · Guitar · Double bass · Tuba · Drums · Vocals  · Vibraphone · Banjo
Mainstream popularity: 1920s–1960s
derivatives: Rock'n'roll, Rhythm and blues, ska, reggae, krautrock, drum and bass
Subgenres
Asian American jazz • Avant-garde jazz • Bebop • Big band • Chamber jazz • Continental jazz • Cool jazz • Free jazz • Gypsy jazz • Latin jazz • Mainstream jazz • Mini-jazz • Modal jazz • M-Base • Neo-bop • Orchestral jazz • Post-bop • Stride • Swing • Third stream • Traditional jazz • Traditional pop • Vocal jazz
Fusion genres
Acid jazz • Afrobeat • Bluegrass • Bossa nova • Calypso jazz • Crossover jazz • Dansband • Deep house • Free funk • Funk • Hard bop • Humppa • Jam band • Jazz blues • Jazzcore • Jazz funk • Jazz fusion • Jazz rap • Jump blues • Kwela • Livetronica • Mambo • Manila Sound • Math rock • Mod revival • Modern Creative • No Wave • Novelty piano • Nu jazz • Nu soul • Post-metal • Progressive rock • Punk jazz • Reggae • Rhythm and blues • Shibuya-kei • Ska • Ska jazz • Smooth jazz • Soul jazz • Swing revival • World fusion • Yé-yé
Regional scenes
Australia • Brazil • Cuba • France • Germany • India • Italy • Japan • Malawi • Netherlands • Poland • South Africa • Spain • United Kingdom
Local scenes
Cape Town • Kansas City • New Orleans • West Coast
Jazz musicians
Bassists • Clarinetists • Drummers • Guitarists • Organists • Pianists • Saxophonists • Trombonists • Trumpeters
Other topics
Jazz standard • Jazz royalty • Jazz (word) • Jazz clubs • Jazz drumming
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.Jazz is a music genre that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in New Orleans from a confluence of Blues and European music traditions.^ An academic definition of Jazz would be: A genre of American music that originated in New Orleans ca.
  • jazz@Everything2.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC everything2.com [Source type: General]

 ^ This is the new jazz, real music.
  • jazz@Everything2.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC everything2.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Django Reinhardt was melding the traditions of Gypsy music with French impressionist concert music and jazz improvisation during the 1930s in France.

 .From its early development until the present, jazz has incorporated music from 19th and 20th century American popular music.^ New musical fads and trends have come and gone during his lifetime but this man and his music have remained at the forefront of American culture for nearly half a century.
  • Frank Sinatra-Through The Lens Of Jazz 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.jazzsingers.com [Source type: General]

 ^ A man who has enriched American music with countless superior recordings of many classic standards and provided the soundtrack for much of this century.
  • Frank Sinatra-Through The Lens Of Jazz 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.jazzsingers.com [Source type: General]

 ^ The previous two song selections are from popular sources; the first, a traditional, representing the very roots of jazz in the African-American diaspora.
  • jazz@Everything2.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC everything2.com [Source type: General]

 [1] Its West African pedigree is evident in its use of blue notes, improvisation, polyrhythms, syncopation, and the swung note.[2] However, Art Blakey has been quoted as saying, "No America, no jazz. I’ve seen people try to connect it to other countries, for instance to Africa, but it doesn’t have a damn thing to do with Africa".[3]
.The word "jazz" began as a West Coast slang term of uncertain derivation and was first used to refer to music in Chicago in about 1915. From its beginnings in the early 20th century, Jazz has spawned a variety of subgenres, from New Orleans Dixieland dating from the early 1910s, big band-style swing from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s, a variety of Latin jazz fusions such as Afro-Cuban and Brazilian jazz, and free jazz from the 1950s and 1960s, jazz fusion from the 1970s and late 1980s developments such as acid jazz, which blended funk and hip-hop influences into jazz.^ In the late 1940s and 1950s cool jazz evolved directly from bop.

 ^ Another story is of a time (1916 or 1915) when a New Orleans band was playing that music in Chicago.
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 ^ Not all jazz from the 1920s can be described as "New Orleans Jazz" or "Dixieland."

 .As the music has spread around the world it has drawn on local national and regional musical cultures, its aesthetics being adapted to its varied environments and giving rise to many distinctive styles.^ Lending some credence to those is that many of the former slaves and their descendants from whom the music derived came from West African nations.
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Contents

Definition

Double bassist Reggie Workman, tenor saxophone player Pharoah Sanders, and drummer Idris Muhammad performing in 1978
Jazz can be very hard to define because it spans from Ragtime waltzes to 2000s-era fusion. .While many attempts have been made to define jazz from points of view outside jazz, such as using European music history or African music, jazz critic Joachim Berendt argues that all such attempts are unsatisfactory.^ Lending some credence to those is that many of the former slaves and their descendants from whom the music derived came from West African nations.
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 ^ In a way, music has gone far from the starting point, but because of the pretty standard number of notes capable on an instrument, music -- in it's contemporary -- thinks of new ways to use notes.
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 ^ While all forms of music share this dynamic, Jazz, with its unique characteristic of collective improvisation, exemplifies it.
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 [4] .One way to get around the definitional problems is to define the term “jazz” more broadly.^ The sound is always rich and full and no one interprets a tune that is more believable than the way he has with both the music and the lyrics.
  • Frank Sinatra-Through The Lens Of Jazz 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.jazzsingers.com [Source type: General]

 ^ But like the difficulty there is in finding a single comprehensive way to define just what jazz is, the question of the derivation of the word is, at best, speculative, in all probability : unknown.
  • jazz@Everything2.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC everything2.com [Source type: General]

 Berendt defines jazz as a "form of art music which originated in the United States through the confrontation of blacks with European music"; he argues that jazz differs from European music in that jazz has a "special relationship to time, defined as 'swing'", "a spontaneity and vitality of musical production in which improvisation plays a role"; and "sonority and manner of phrasing which mirror the individuality of the performing jazz musician".[4]
.Travis Jackson has also proposed a broader definition of jazz which is able to encompass all of the radically different eras: he states that it is music that includes qualities such as "swinging', improvising, group interaction, developing an 'individual voice', and being 'open' to different musical possibilities".[5] Krin Gabbard claims that “jazz is a construct” or category that, while artificial, still is useful to designate “a number of musics with enough in common to be understood as part of a coherent tradition”.^ The more adventurous would include the 80s/90s mainstream: music derived from Miles Davis ' pre- fusion groups, music championed by the likes of the latter-day alumni of Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers , such as Wynton Marsalis .
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 ^ Although virtually all jazz groups prior to the rise of bebop in the early to mid-'40s played for dancers, the term "dance bands" is used to describe orchestras of the 1920s and '30s whose primary function was to play background music for dancers rather than to serve as vehicles for jazz improvisations.

 ^ Connected musically to swing, jive featured its singers making up nonsense syllables and humorous words, some of which are adopted by the youth of the swing era.

 [6]
.While jazz may be difficult to define, improvisation is clearly one of its key elements.^ In Traditional pop, the song is the key, and although the singer is the focal point, this style of singing doesn't rely on vocal improvisations like jazz singing does.

 ^ Unfortunately, no one may ever learn the exact source for the word jazz and how it became associated with the music so beloved today.
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 ^ I don't think jazz singing is defined by scat singing or improvising.
  • Frank Sinatra-Through The Lens Of Jazz 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.jazzsingers.com [Source type: General]

 .Early blues was commonly structured around a repetitive call-and-response pattern, a common element in the African American oral tradition.^ The previous two song selections are from popular sources; the first, a traditional, representing the very roots of jazz in the African-American diaspora.
  • jazz@Everything2.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC everything2.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Piedmont blues refers to a regional substyle characteristic of African-American musicians of the south-eastern United States.

 .A form of folk music which rose in part from work songs and field hollers of rural Blacks, early blues was also highly improvisational.^ Although not really jazz (ragtime does not have improvisation or the feeling of the blues), this early style (which was at its prime during 1899-1915) was a strong influence on the earlier forms of jazz.

 ^ R&B kept the tempo and the drive of jump blues, but its instrumentation was more sparse and the emphasis was on the song, not improvisation.

 ^ The guitar style is highly syncopated and is closely related to an earlier string-band tradition integrating ragtime, blues, and country dance songs.

 These features are fundamental to the nature of jazz. .While in European classical music elements of interpretation, ornamentation and accompaniment are sometimes left to the performer's discretion, the performer's primary goal is to play a composition as it was written.^ Best-known as a piano music, ragtime (which is totally written-out) was also performed by orchestras.

 ^ In the best Avant-Garde performances it is difficult to tell when compositions end and impro- visations begin; the goal is to have the solos be an outgrowth of the arrangement.
.In jazz, however, the skilled performer will interpret a tune in very individual ways, never playing the same composition exactly the same way twice.^ He was very overpowering in his presence; he really had a charisma that I've never seen anybody have and that also came across on the stage when he performed.
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 ^ When you listen to different records, you can hear the same tune done sometimes with a similar orchestration but his interpretation would always be really free.
  • Frank Sinatra-Through The Lens Of Jazz 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.jazzsingers.com [Source type: General]

 ^ The sound is always rich and full and no one interprets a tune that is more believable than the way he has with both the music and the lyrics.
  • Frank Sinatra-Through The Lens Of Jazz 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.jazzsingers.com [Source type: General]

 .Depending upon the performer's mood and personal experience, interactions with fellow musicians, or even members of the audience, a jazz musician/performer may alter melodies, harmonies or time signature at will.^ Jazz musicians and those who follow the genre closely can indeed be thought of as an artistic community complete with its leaders, spokesmen, innovators, aficionados, members and fans.
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 ^ There was a remarkable familiarity that Sinatra had with those kinds of musicians that made me see him as a jazz person.
  • Frank Sinatra-Through The Lens Of Jazz 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.jazzsingers.com [Source type: General]

 ^ The "night clubs" were initially opened to provide a place for painters, writers, musicians and  other artists to gather, talk, perform and experiment.

 European classical music has been said to be a composer's medium. Jazz, however, is often characterized as the product of egalitarian creativity, interaction and collaboration, placing equal value on the contributions of composer and performer, 'adroitly weigh[ing] the respective claims of the composer and the improviser'.[7]
.In New Orleans and Dixieland jazz, performers took turns playing the melody, while others improvised countermelodies.^ Not all jazz from the 1920s can be described as "New Orleans Jazz" or "Dixieland."

 ^ Its syncopations and structure (blending together aspects of classical music and marches) hinted strongly at jazz and many of its melodies (most notably "Maple Leaf Rag") would be played in later years by jazz musicians in a Dixieland context.

 ^ It's jazz flavor comes from rhythmically and melodically playful phrases improvised by the pianist's right hand.

 .By the swing era, big bands were coming to rely more on arranged music: arrangements were either written or learned by ear and memorized – many early jazz performers could not read music.^ In the big band era.
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 ^ Big band jazz, the orchestra s of the likes of Fletcher Henderson, Paul Whiteman, Duke Ellington , and many others, introduced detailed, written-out arrangements of instrumental parts, but it still included improvisation, and was, musically, thoroughly in the then-young jazz tradition .
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 ^ Best-known as a piano music, ragtime (which is totally written-out) was also performed by orchestras.

 Individual soloists would improvise within these arrangements. .Later, in bebop the focus shifted back towards small groups and minimal arrangements; the melody (known as the "head") would be stated briefly at the start and end of a piece but the core of the performance would be the series of improvisations in the middle.^ Usually, it is either a variation on classic, small group hard-bop or slick fusion that concentrates on rhythms instead of improvisation.

 ^ The swing musicians who continued performing in the style after the end of the big band era (along with later generations who adopted this approach) can also be said to be playing "mainstream."

 ^ In the best Avant-Garde performances it is difficult to tell when compositions end and impro- visations begin; the goal is to have the solos be an outgrowth of the arrangement.

 .Later styles of jazz such as modal jazz abandoned the strict notion of a chord progression, allowing the individual musicians to improvise even more freely within the context of a given scale or mode.^ Its syncopations and structure (blending together aspects of classical music and marches) hinted strongly at jazz and many of its melodies (most notably "Maple Leaf Rag") would be played in later years by jazz musicians in a Dixieland context.

 ^ Although not really jazz (ragtime does not have improvisation or the feeling of the blues), this early style (which was at its prime during 1899-1915) was a strong influence on the earlier forms of jazz.

 ^ When the style is actually pop music with only an insignificant amount of improvisation (meaning that it is largely outside of jazz), the term "instrumental pop" applies best of all.

 [8] .The avant-garde and free jazz idioms permit, even call for, abandoning chords, scales, and rhythmic meters.^ Free Funk is a mixture of avant-garde jazz with funky rhythms.

 ^ Avant-Garde Jazz differs from Free Jazz in that it has more structure in the ensembles (more of a "game plan") although the individual impro- visations are generally just as free of conventional rules.

 ^ Obviously there is a lot of overlap between Free Jazz and Avant-Garde; most players in one idiom often play in the other "style," too.

Debates

There have long been debates in the jazz community over the definition and the boundaries of “jazz”. .Although alteration or transformation of jazz by new influences has often been initially criticized as a “debasement,” Andrew Gilbert argues that jazz has the “ability to absorb and transform influences” from diverse musical styles.^ This is the new jazz, real music.
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 ^ Although not really jazz (ragtime does not have improvisation or the feeling of the blues), this early style (which was at its prime during 1899-1915) was a strong influence on the earlier forms of jazz.

 ^ The 1920s were a rich decade musically with jazz-influenced dance bands and a gradual emphasis on solo (as opposed to collective) improvisations.

 [9] .While some enthusiasts of certain types of jazz have argued for narrower definitions which exclude many other types of music also commonly known as "jazz", jazz musicians themselves are often reluctant to define the music they play.^ Its syncopations and structure (blending together aspects of classical music and marches) hinted strongly at jazz and many of its melodies (most notably "Maple Leaf Rag") would be played in later years by jazz musicians in a Dixieland context.

 ^ Stan Kenton , in a 1950s radio broadcast said, "Jazz is a distinct music that depends and thrives on individuality and yet the individual is not oblivious to others nor is he immune to their feelings.
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 ^ The term "mainstream" was coined by critic Stanley Dance to describe the type of music that trumpeter Buck Clayton and his contemporaries (veterans of the swing era) were playing in the 1950s.

 Duke Ellington summed it up by saying, "It's all music."[10] Some critics have even stated that Ellington's music was not jazz because it was arranged and orchestrated.[11] On the other hand Ellington's friend Earl Hines's twenty solo "transformative versions" of Ellington compositions (on Earl Hines Plays Duke Ellington recorded in the 1970s) were described by Ben Ratliff, the New York Times jazz critic, as "as good an example of the jazz process as anything out there."[12]
.Commercially-oriented or popular music-influenced forms of jazz have both long been criticized, at least since the emergence of Bop.^ Although not really jazz (ragtime does not have improvisation or the feeling of the blues), this early style (which was at its prime during 1899-1915) was a strong influence on the earlier forms of jazz.

 ^ The 1920s were a rich decade musically with jazz-influenced dance bands and a gradual emphasis on solo (as opposed to collective) improvisations.

 ^ Often, Contemporary jazz exhibits more rock and pop influences than traditional hard-bop, but its bop origins are still quite evident.

 .Traditional jazz enthusiasts have dismissed Bop, the 1970s jazz fusion era [and much else] as a period of commercial debasement of the music.^ But the added harmonic and melodic complexity, plus the change from making-music-to-dance-to to an art for art's sake aesthetic, alienated much of the jazz audience of the day.
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 ^ The most commercially popular form of jazz over the years is Not Jazz, that is, watered-down jazz-like musics that are user-friendly enough to be hyped by the retailers and portals of the day.
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 .According to Bruce Johnson, jazz music has always had a "tension between jazz as a commercial music and an art form".[5] Gilbert notes that as the notion of a canon of jazz is developing, the “achievements of the past” may become "…privileged over the idiosyncratic creativity...” and innovation of current artists.^ The thing i love about jazz , or good music in general is the ability to play with notes and tone .
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 ^ While Classical music may strive to conform the musical tones to orchestral sonorities, Jazz music thrives on instrumental diversities; the player's individual "sound" becoming the desired proficiency.
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 ^ Jazz music draws from life experience and human emotion as the inspiration of the creative force, and through this discourse is chronicled the story of its people.
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 Village Voice jazz critic Gary Giddins argues that as the creation and dissemination of jazz is becoming increasingly institutionalized and dominated by major entertainment firms, jazz is facing a "...perilous future of respectability and disinterested acceptance." David Ake warns that the creation of “norms” in jazz and the establishment of a “jazz tradition” may exclude or sideline other newer, avant-garde forms of jazz.[5] .Controversy has also arisen over new forms of contemporary jazz created outside the United States and departing significantly from American styles.^ Although not really jazz (ragtime does not have improvisation or the feeling of the blues), this early style (which was at its prime during 1899-1915) was a strong influence on the earlier forms of jazz.

 ^ The earliest style of jazz, the music played in New Orleans from about the time that Buddy Bolden formed his first band in 1895 until Storyville was closed in 1917 unfortunately went totally unrecorded.

 ^ Although the term "traditional jazz" has been used for everything from Dixieland to the current straightahead jazz scene, "trad" was the name for the form of New Orleans jazz that flourished in the United Kingdom during the 1950s and '60s.

 On one view they represent a vital part of jazz's current development; on another they are sometimes criticised as a rejection of vital jazz traditions.

Etymology of "Jazz"

Main article: Jazz (word)
.The origin of the word jazz is one of the most sought-after word origins in modern American English.^ Obviously there is a lot of overlap between Free Jazz and Avant-Garde; most players in one idiom often play in the other "style," too.

 ^ Soul-jazz, which was the most popular jazz style of the 1960s, differs from bebop and hard bop (from which it originally developed) in that the emphasis is on  the rhythmic groove.

 ^ Jazz harmony , for most of the 20th Century , has been based on seventh chords: a root note, with three other notes, successively a third higher than the previous one.
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 [citation needed] The word's intrinsic interest — the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century — has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well-documented. .As discussed in more detail below, jazz began as a West Coast slang term around 1912, the meaning of which varied but did not refer to music or sex.^ World fusion refers to a fusion of Third World music, or just :world music" with jazz, specifically: 1) Ethnic music that has incorporated jazz improvisations (for example, Latin-jazz).

 ^ Other similar musical terms reportedly had origins in sexual slang (or association with it).
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 ^ Its current practitioners work almost exclusively in the standard small West Coast Jazz.

 .Jazz came to mean jazz music in Chicago around 1915. Jazz was played in New Orleans prior to that time but was not called jazz.^ The earliest style of jazz, the music played in New Orleans from about the time that Buddy Bolden formed his first band in 1895 until Storyville was closed in 1917 unfortunately went totally unrecorded.

 ^ Called standards (which means that they caught on as a permanent part of the jazz and pop music repertoire), the songs differ from less flexible "originals" that are often put together for a record date and then quickly forgotten.

 ^ When the style is actually pop music with only an insignificant amount of improvisation (meaning that it is largely outside of jazz), the term "instrumental pop" applies best of all.
.The word jazz makes one of its earliest appearances in San Francisco baseball writing in 1913.[13]"Jazz was introduced to San Francisco in 1913 by William (Spike) Slattery, sports editor of the Call, and propagated by a band-leader named Art Hickman.^ The Jazz Crusaders (Wilton Felder, Joe Sample) achieved wide popularity when they changed their repertory to this approach during the 1970s and dropped "Jazz" from their band name.

 ^ (CBS 37780 LP) $13 SS 1982 97050 Preservation Hall Jazz Band: New Orleans Vol.
  • Jazz Records at Vinyl Revival - Toll Free Order Line: 1-866-ON-VINYL (1-866-668-4695) / Phone: 773-283-3200 / Fax: 773-283-3905 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.vinylrevival.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Paul Whiteman in the 1920s, tried to (in his own words) "make a lady out of jazz" and alternated between symphonic string sections and classic jazz solos.

 It reached Chicago by 1915 but was not heard of in New York until a year later.[14]" One of the first known uses of the word jazz appears in a March 3, 1913, baseball article in the San Francisco Bulletin by E. T. “Scoop” Gleeson[15][16]

Origins

In the late 18th-century painting The Old Plantation, African-Americans dance to banjo and percussion.
By 1808 the Atlantic slave trade had brought almost half a million Africans to the United States. The slaves largely came from West Africa and brought strong tribal musical traditions with them.[17] Lavish festivals featuring African dances to drums were organized on Sundays at Place Congo, or Congo Square, in New Orleans until 1843, as were similar gatherings in New England and New York. African music was largely functional, for work or ritual, and included work songs and field hollers. The African tradition made use of a single-line melody and call-and-response pattern, but without the European concept of harmony. Rhythms reflected African speech patterns, and the African use of pentatonic scales led to blue notes in blues and jazz.[18]
The blackface Virginia Minstrels in 1843, featuring tambourine, fiddle, banjo and bones.
.In the early 19th century an increasing number of black musicians learned to play European instruments, particularly the violin, which they used to parody European dance music in their own cakewalk dances.^ One of the places the music was often played (early on) was in brothels which offered dancing and partying in addition to their primary purpose.
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 In turn, European-American minstrel show performers in blackface popularized such music internationally, combining syncopation with European harmonic accompaniment. .Louis Moreau Gottschalk adapted African-American cakewalk music, South American, Caribbean and other slave melodies as piano salon music.^ Lending some credence to those is that many of the former slaves and their descendants from whom the music derived came from West African nations.
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 Another influence came from black slaves who had learned the harmonic style of hymns and incorporated it into their own music as spirituals.[19] The origins of the blues are undocumented, though they can be seen as the secular counterpart of the spirituals. .Paul Oliver has drawn attention to similarities in instruments, music and social function to the griots of the West African savannah.^ Lending some credence to those is that many of the former slaves and their descendants from whom the music derived came from West African nations.
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 [20]

1890s–1910s

Ragtime

Main article: Ragtime
Scott Joplin in 1907.
The abolition of slavery led to new opportunities for the education of freed African-Americans. Although strict segregation limited employment opportunities for most blacks, many were able to find work in entertainment. Black musicians were able to provide "low-class" entertainment in dances, minstrel shows, and in vaudeville, by which many marching bands formed. Black pianists played in bars, clubs, and brothels, as ragtime developed.[21][22]
.Ragtime appeared as sheet music, popularized by African American musicians such as the entertainer Ernest Hogan, whose hit songs appeared in 1895; two years later Vess Ossman recorded a medley of these songs as a banjo solo "Rag Time Medley".[23][24] Also in 1897, the white composer William H. Krell published his "Mississippi Rag" as the first written piano instrumental ragtime piece, and Tom Turpin published his Harlem Rag, that was the first rag published by an African-American.^ Sound-on-sound, at that time, heavily diminished the quality of the underlying signal, and would have to be done by recording the orchestra very loudly, then solos, and finally, the vocalist.
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 ^ The previous two song selections are from popular sources; the first, a traditional, representing the very roots of jazz in the African-American diaspora.
  • jazz@Everything2.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC everything2.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Ella Fitzgerald , who, in jazz terms "owned" the song "It Don't Mean A Thing If It Ain't Got That Swing," said on the record many times over the years that nobody could swing like Basie.
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 The classically-trained pianist Scott Joplin produced his "Original Rags" in the following year, then in 1899 had an international hit with "Maple Leaf Rag." He wrote numerous popular rags, including, "The Entertainer", combining syncopation, banjo figurations and sometimes call-and-response, which led to the ragtime idiom being taken up by classical composers including Claude Debussy and Igor Stravinsky. Blues music was published and popularized by W. C. Handy, whose "Memphis Blues" of 1912 and "St. Louis Blues" of 1914 both became jazz standards.[20]

New Orleans music

Main article: Dixieland
.The music of New Orleans had a profound effect on the creation of early jazz.^ (CBS 37780 LP) $13 SS 1982 97050 Preservation Hall Jazz Band: New Orleans Vol.
  • Jazz Records at Vinyl Revival - Toll Free Order Line: 1-866-ON-VINYL (1-866-668-4695) / Phone: 773-283-3200 / Fax: 773-283-3905 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.vinylrevival.com [Source type: General]

 Many early jazz performers played in the brothels and bars of the red-light district around Basin Street, called "Storyville."[25] In addition, numerous marching bands played at lavish funerals arranged by the African American community. .The instruments used in marching bands and dance bands became the basic instruments of jazz: brass and reeds tuned in the European 12-tone scale and drums.^ (Trip Jazz TLP-5504(M) LP) $12 VG+/VG+ 1955,197?,re,osw 134785 VA-Master Jazz Piano Vol.
  • Jazz Records at Vinyl Revival - Toll Free Order Line: 1-866-ON-VINYL (1-866-668-4695) / Phone: 773-283-3200 / Fax: 773-283-3905 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.vinylrevival.com [Source type: General]

 .Small bands of primarily self-taught African American musicians, many of whom came from the funeral-procession tradition of New Orleans, played a seminal role in the development and dissemination of early jazz, traveling throughout Black communities in the Deep South and, from around 1914 on, Afro-Creole and African American musicians playing in vaudeville shows took jazz to western and northern US cities.^ (CBS 37780 LP) $13 SS 1982 97050 Preservation Hall Jazz Band: New Orleans Vol.
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 [26]
The Bolden Band around 1905.
The cornetist Buddy Bolden is often mentioned as "the first man of jazz." He played in New Orleans around the year 1900. No recordings remain of Bolden, but his song "Buddy Bolden Blues" has been recorded by many other musicians. Bolden became mentally ill in 1907 and spent the rest of his life in a mental institution.
Morton published "Jelly Roll Blues" in 1915, the first jazz work in print.
.Afro-Creole pianist Jelly Roll Morton began his career in Storyville.^ Piano: Jelly Roll Morton, Dixie Four, Earl Hines, Joe Sullivan....
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 From 1904, he toured with vaudeville shows around southern cities, also playing in Chicago and New York. .His "Jelly Roll Blues," which he composed around 1905, was published in 1915 as the first jazz arrangement in print, introducing more musicians to the New Orleans style.^ (CBS 37780 LP) $13 SS 1982 97050 Preservation Hall Jazz Band: New Orleans Vol.
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 [27] In the northeastern United States, a "hot" style of playing ragtime had developed, notably James Reese Europe's symphonic Clef Club orchestra in New York which played a benefit concert at Carnegie Hall in 1912.[28][29] The Baltimore rag style of Eubie Blake influenced James P. Johnson's development of "Stride" piano playing, in which the right hand plays the melody, while the left hand provides the rhythm and bassline.[30]
The Original Dixieland Jass Band made the first Jazz recordings early in 1917, their "Livery Stable Blues" became the earliest Jazz recording.[31][32][33][34][35][36][37] That year numerous other bands made recordings featuring "jazz" in the title or band name, mostly ragtime or novelty records rather than jazz. In September 1917 W.C. Handy's Orchestra of Memphis recorded a cover version of "Livery Stable Blues."[38] In February 1918 James Reese Europe's "Hellfighters" infantry band took ragtime to Europe during World War I,[39] then on return recorded Dixieland standards including "Darktown Strutters' Ball."[29]hisanna

1920s and 1930s

The Jazz Age

Prohibition in the United States (from 1920 to 1933) banned the sale of alcoholic drinks, resulting in illicit speakeasies becoming lively venues of the "Jazz Age", an era when popular music included current dance songs, novelty songs, and show tunes. Jazz started to get a reputation as being immoral and many members of the older generations saw it as threatening the old values in culture and promoting the new decadent values of the Roaring 20s. Professor Henry Van Dyck of Princeton University wrote “…it is not music at all. It’s merely an irritation of the nerves of hearing, a sensual teasing of the strings of physical passion.” [40]
Even the media began to degrade jazz. The New York Times took stories and altered headlines to pick at Jazz. For instance, villagers used pots and pans in Siberia to scare off bears, and the newspaper stated that it was Jazz that scared the bears away. Another story claims that Jazz caused the death of a celebrated conductor. The actual cause of death was a fatal heart attack (natural cause).[41] .From 1919 Kid Ory's Original Creole Jazz Band of musicians from New Orleans played in San Francisco and Los Angeles where in 1922 they became the first black jazz band of New Orleans origin to make recordings.^ (CBS 37780 LP) $13 SS 1982 97050 Preservation Hall Jazz Band: New Orleans Vol.
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 ^ Thomas, Kid & Algiers Stompers: On Stage (GHBS-53 LP) $13 VG/VG 196?,New Orleans,woc 122615 Thomas, Leon: Facets: The Legend of...
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 ^ Celestin, Papa: And His New Orleans Ragtime Band (Southland S-LP 225(M) LP) $23 M-/M- 196?-197?,osw 127546 Centano, Bob: First Time Out (Stepheny MF4006(M) LP) $30 VG+/EX 195?
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 [42][43] However, the main centre developing the new "Hot Jazz" was Chicago, where King Oliver joined Bill Johnson. That year also saw the first recording by Bessie Smith, the most famous of the 1920s blues singers.[44]
The King & Carter Jazzing Orchestra photographed in Houston, Texas, January 1921.
.Bix Beiderbecke formed The Wolverines in 1924. Also in 1924 Louis Armstrong joined the Fletcher Henderson dance band as featured soloist for a year, then formed his virtuosic Hot Five band, also popularizing scat singing.^ Armstrong, Louis: Young Louis "The Side Man" (1924-1927) (Decca DL 79233(E) LP) $12 VG+/EX 196?
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 [45] .Jelly Roll Morton recorded with the New Orleans Rhythm Kings in an early mixed-race collaboration, then in 1926 formed his Red Hot Peppers.^ Piano: Jelly Roll Morton, Dixie Four, Earl Hines, Joe Sullivan....
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 There was a larger market for jazzy dance music played by white orchestras, such as Jean Goldkette's orchestra and Paul Whiteman's orchestra. In 1924 Whiteman commissioned Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue, which was premièred by Whiteman's Orchestra. .Other influential large ensembles included Fletcher Henderson's band, Duke Ellington's band (which opened an influential residency at the Cotton Club in 1927) in New York, and Earl Hines's Band in Chicago (who opened in The Grand Terrace Cafe there in 1928).^ (Folkways FJ 2809(M) LP) $28 EX/EX 1953,insert 78551 VA-Jazzmakers: Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Earl Hines...
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 ^ The Era of Big Bands!: Artie Shaw,Duke Ellington,Les Elgart,Jack Teagarden (Design DLP-258 LP) $23 SS 197?
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 ^ VA-Chicago The Living Legends: Earl Hines, Lil Hardin Armstrong, Al Wynn, Darnell Howard...
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 All significantly influenced the development of big band-style swing jazz.[46]

Swing

Main article: Swing music
The 1930s belonged to popular swing big bands, in which some virtuoso soloists became as famous as the band leaders. .Key figures in developing the "big" jazz band included bandleaders and arrangers Count Basie, Cab Calloway, Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey, Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, Fletcher Henderson, Earl Hines, Glenn Miller, and Artie Shaw.^ VA-Benny Goodman,Harry James,Gene Krupa,Duke Ellington,Woody Herman,Chick Webb,Glenn Miller,Jimmie Lunceford,Artie Shaw,Cab Calloway: Big Band Bash (CSP P6 14954 LP) $55 SS 1979,6lp box set 72849 VA-Benny's Live: Mainstream, Aurora, Breeze, Moment's Notice (???
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 ^ (Folkways FJ 2809(M) LP) $28 EX/EX 1953,insert 78551 VA-Jazzmakers: Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Earl Hines...
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 ^ A-26 LP) $13 VG+/EX 196?,ABC re,gfld,swobc,with Johnny Hodges,Lawrence Brown 133720 Ellington, Duke & Count Basie: First Time!
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Trumpeter, bandleader and singer Louis Armstrong was a much-imitated innovator of early jazz.
Swing was also dance music. .It was broadcast on the radio 'live' nightly across America for many years especially by Hines and his Grand Terrace Cafe Orchestra broadcasting coast-to-coast from Chicago, well placed for 'live' time-zones.^ VA-Chicago The Living Legends: Earl Hines, Lil Hardin Armstrong, Al Wynn, Darnell Howard...
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 Although it was a collective sound, swing also offered individual musicians a chance to 'solo' and improvise melodic, thematic solos which could at times be very complex and 'important' music. Over time, social strictures regarding racial segregation began to relax in America: white bandleaders began to recruit black musicians and black bandleaders white ones. In the mid-1930s, Benny Goodman hired pianist Teddy Wilson, vibraphonist Lionel Hampton, and guitarist Charlie Christian to join small groups. An early 1940s style known as "jumping the blues" or jump blues used small combos, up-tempo music, and blues chord progressions. Jump blues drew on boogie-woogie from the 1930s. .Kansas City Jazz in the 1930s as exemplified by tenor saxophonist Lester Young marked the transition from big bands to the bebop influence of the 1940s.^ (AJ 501 LP) $10 VG+/VG+ 1972 32301 Young, Lester: Archives Of Jazz Vol.
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 ^ Again (AJ LP) $10 M-/M- osw,co 114093 Young, Lester: Archives Of Jazz Vol.
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Beginnings of European jazz

Outside of the United States the beginnings of a distinct European style of jazz emerged in France with the Quintette du Hot Club de France which began in 1934. Belgian guitar virtuoso Django Reinhardt popularized gypsy jazz, a mix of 1930s American swing, French dance hall "musette" and Eastern European folk with a languid, seductive feel. The main instruments are steel stringed guitar, violin, and double bass. Solos pass from one player to another as the guitar and bass play the role of the rhythm section. .Some music researchers hold that it was Philadelphia's Eddie Lang (guitar) and Joe Venuti (violin) who pioneered the gypsy jazz form,[47] which was brought to France after they had been heard live or on Okeh Records in the late 1920s.^ (First Heard FH56 LP) $19 M-/M- 1984,UK,osw,swobc,1970 recording 115555 James, Harry: Live from Clearwater, Florida Vol.
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 [48]

1940s and 1950s

Dixieland revival

Louis Armstrong in 1953
In the late 1940s there was a revival of "Dixieland" music, harkening back to the original contrapuntal New Orleans style. This was driven in large part by record company reissues of early jazz classics by the Oliver, Morton, and Armstrong bands of the 1930s. There were two populations of musicians involved in the revival. One group consisted of players who had begun their careers playing in the traditional style, and were either returning to it, or continuing what they had been playing all along, such as Bob Crosby's Bobcats, Max Kaminsky, Eddie Condon, and Wild Bill Davison. Most of this group were originally Midwesterners, although there were a small number of New Orleans musicians involved. The second population of revivalists consisted of young musicians such as the Lu Watters band. By the late 1940s, Louis Armstrong's Allstars band became a leading ensemble. Through the 1950s and 1960s, Dixieland was one of the most commercially popular jazz styles in the US, Europe, and Japan, although critics paid little attention to it.[49]

Bebop

See also: List of bebop musicians
Thelonious Monk at Expo 67, 1967, Montreal, Quebec. Bassist Larry Gales seen in background.
In the early 1940s bebop performers helped to shift jazz from danceable popular music towards a more challenging "musician's music." Differing greatly from swing, early bebop divorced itself from dance music, establishing itself more as an art form but lessening its potential popular and commercial value. Since bebop was meant to be listened to, not danced to, it used faster tempos. Beboppers introduced new forms of chromaticism and dissonance into jazz; the dissonant tritone (or "flatted fifth") interval became the "most important interval of bebop"[50] and players engaged in a more abstracted form of chord-based improvisation which used "passing" chords, substitute chords, and altered chords. The style of drumming shifted as well to a more elusive and explosive style, in which the ride cymbal was used to keep time, while the snare and bass drum were used for accents.
These divergences from the jazz mainstream of the time initially met with a divided, sometimes hostile response among fans and fellow musicians, especially established swing players, who bristled at the new harmonic sounds. To hostile critics, bebop seemed to be filled with "racing, nervous phrases".[51] Despite the initial friction, by the 1950s bebop had become an accepted part of the jazz vocabulary. The most influential bebop musicians included saxophonist Charlie Parker, pianists Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk, trumpeters Dizzy Gillespie and Clifford Brown, and drummer Max Roach.

Cool jazz

By the end of the 1940s, the nervous energy and tension of bebop was replaced with a tendency towards calm and smoothness, with the sounds of cool jazz, which favoured long, linear melodic lines. It emerged in New York City, as a result of the mixture of the styles of predominantly white jazz musicians and black bebop musicians, and it dominated jazz in the first half of the 1950s. .Cool jazz recordings by Chet Baker, Dave Brubeck, Bill Evans, Gil Evans, Stan Getz and the Modern Jazz Quartet usually have a "lighter" sound which avoided the aggressive tempos and harmonic abstraction of bebop.^ (Pablo 2405-423 LP) $11 SS 1988 92663 Modern Jazz Quartet: Best of...
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 ^ Getz, Stan: The Lyrical (Columbia Jazz Masterpieces CJ 44047 LP) $9 VG+/M- 1988,re,djs,soc 86349 Getz, Stan: The Modern World Of Stan Getz (Royal Roost LP 2255(M) LP) $18 VG+/M- 196?
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 .An important recording was trumpeter Miles Davis's Birth of the Cool (tracks originally recorded in 1949 and 1950 and collected as an LP in 1957).^ V (Verve V6-8830 LP) $13 VG/VG+ 1973,re,slrw,recorded 1957 114321 Gillespie, Dizzy: The Newport Years Vol.
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 Cool jazz styles had a particular resonance in Europe, especially Scandinavia, with emergence of such major figures as baritone saxophonist Lars Gullin and pianist Bengt Hallberg. Players such as pianist Bill Evans later began searching for new ways to structure their improvisations by exploring modal music. The theoretical underpinnings of cool jazz were set out by the blind Chicago pianist Lennie Tristano. .Cool jazz later became strongly identified with the West Coast jazz scene.^ (Jazztone J1274(M) LP) $18 VG+/VG+ 1957 83894 VA-West Coast Jazz Vol.
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 .Its influence stretches into such later developments as Bossa nova, modal jazz (especially in the form of Davis's Kind of Blue 1959), and even free jazz (see also the List of Cool jazz and West Coast jazz musicians).^ (Jazztone J1274(M) LP) $18 VG+/VG+ 1957 83894 VA-West Coast Jazz Vol.
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Hard bop

Hard bop is an extension of bebop (or "bop") music that incorporates influences from rhythm and blues, gospel music, and blues, especially in the saxophone and piano playing. Hard bop was developed in the mid-1950s, partly in response to the vogue for cool jazz in the early 1950s. The hard bop style coalesced in 1953 and 1954, paralleling the rise of rhythm and blues. Miles Davis' performance of "Walkin'" the title track of his album of the same year, at the very first Newport Jazz Festival in 1954, announced the style to the jazz world. .The quintet Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers, fronted by Blakey and featuring pianist Horace Silver and trumpeter Clifford Brown, were leaders in the hard bop movement along with Davis.^ (Mercury EMC 2 407 LP) $17 VG/EX 1977,2lp,co,toc 111044 Brown, Clifford: The Quintet Vol.
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 (See also List of Hard bop musicians)

Modal jazz

Modal jazz is a development beginning in the later 1950s which takes the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Previously, the goal of the soloist was to play a solo that fit into a given chord progression. However, with modal jazz, the soloist creates a melody using one or a small number of modes. The emphasis in this approach shifts from harmony to melody. Miles Davis recorded the best selling jazz album of all time in the modal framework: Kind of Blue, an exploration of the possibilities of modal jazz. Other innovators in this style include John Coltrane and Herbie Hancock.

Free jazz

A shot from a 2006 performance by Peter Brötzmann, a key figure in European free jazz
Free jazz and the related form of avant-garde jazz broke through into an open space of "free tonality" in which meter, beat, and formal symmetry all disappeared, and a range of World music from India, Africa, and Arabia were melded into an intense, even religiously ecstatic or orgiastic style of playing[52]. While rooted in bebop, free jazz tunes gave players much more latitude; the loose harmony and tempo was deemed controversial when this approach was first developed. The bassist Charles Mingus is also frequently associated with the avant-garde in jazz, although his compositions draw from myriad styles and genres. The first major stirrings came in the 1950s, with the early work of Ornette Coleman and Cecil Taylor. In the 1960s, performers included John Coltrane (A Love Supreme), Archie Shepp, Sun Ra, Albert Ayler, Pharoah Sanders, and others. Free jazz quickly found a foothold in Europe – in part because musicians such as Ayler, Taylor, Steve Lacy and Eric Dolphy spent extended periods in Europe. A distinctive European contemporary jazz (often incorporating elements of free jazz but not limited to it) flourished also because of the emergence of musicians (such as John Surman, Zbigniew Namyslowski, Albert Mangelsdorff, Kenny Wheeler and Mike Westbrook) anxious to develop new approaches reflecting their national and regional musical cultures and contexts. Keith Jarrett has been prominent in defending free jazz from criticism by traditionalists in the 1990s and 2000s.

1960s and 1970s

Latin jazz

Latin jazz combines rhythms from African and Latin American countries, often played on instruments such as conga, timbale, güiro, and claves, with jazz and classical harmonies played on typical jazz instruments (piano, double bass, etc.). There are two main varieties: Afro-Cuban jazz was played in the US right after the bebop period, while Brazilian jazz became more popular in the 1960s. .Afro-Cuban jazz began as a movement in the mid-1950s as bebop musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie and Billy Taylor started Afro-Cuban bands influenced by such Cuban and Puerto Rican musicians as Xavier Cugat, Tito Puente, and Arturo Sandoval.^ (Concord Jazz CJ-145 LP) $9 VG+/EX 1981,co,swobc 111245 Taylor, Billy: Where've You Been?
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 ^ Dizzy Gillespie (Pacific Jazz 93(M) LP) $10 VG+/VG 1965 124958 Fuller, Gil: And the Monterey Jazz Festival Orchestra feat.
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 Brazilian jazz such as bossa nova is derived from samba, with influences from jazz and other 20th century classical and popular music styles. Bossa is generally moderately paced, with melodies sung in Portuguese or English. The style was pioneered by Brazilians João Gilberto and Antônio Carlos Jobim. The related term jazz-samba describes an adaptation of bossa nova compositions to the jazz idiom by American performers such as Stan Getz and Charlie Byrd.
Bossa nova was made popular by Elizete Cardoso's recording of Chega de Saudade on the Canção do Amor Demais LP, composed by Vinícius de Moraes (lyrics) and Antonio Carlos Jobim (music). The initial releases by Gilberto and the 1959 film Black Orpheus brought significant popularity in Brazil and elsewhere in Latin America, which spread to North America via visiting American jazz musicians. .The resulting recordings by Charlie Byrd and Stan Getz cemented its popularity and led to a worldwide boom with 1963's Getz/Gilberto, numerous recordings by famous jazz performers such as Ella Fitzgerald (Ella Abraça Jobim) and Frank Sinatra (Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim), and the entrenchment of the bossa nova style as a lasting influence in world music for several decades and even up to the present.^ Kenton, Stan: Adventures In Jazz (Creative World ST 1010 LP) $11 VG+/EX 197?,early 1960's recordings 113416 Kenton, Stan: Adventures In Jazz (Capitol ST-1796 LP) $13 VG+/VG+/EX 196?,osw 101685 Kenton, Stan: Adventures In Jazz (Capitol T1796(M) LP) $14 VG+/M- 196?
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 ^ (Verve ST-90028 LP) $20 VG+/VG+ 1963,capitol record club pressing,Quincy Jones 112361 Fitzgerald, Ella & Count Basie: Ella and Basie!
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 ^ (Bluebird 9987-1-RB(M) LP) $9 EX/EX 1990,co,1939-45 recordings 149052 Dorsey, Tommy & Frank Sinatra: What'll I Do?
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Post bop

Post-bop jazz is a form of small-combo jazz derived from earlier bop styles. The genre's origins lie in seminal work by John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Bill Evans, Charles Mingus, Wayne Shorter and Herbie Hancock. Generally, the term post-bop is taken to mean jazz from the mid-sixties onward that assimilates influence from hard bop, modal jazz, the avant-garde, and free jazz, without necessarily being immediately identifiable as any of the above.
.Much "post-bop" was recorded on Blue Note Records.^ (Blue Note BST 81202(E) LP) $18 EX/EX 1939-51 recordings,197?
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 Key albums include Speak No Evil by Wayne Shorter; The Real McCoy by McCoy Tyner; Maiden Voyage by Herbie Hancock; and Search for the New Land by Lee Morgan (an artist not typically associated with the post-bop genre). Most post-bop artists worked in other genres as well, with a particularly strong overlap with later hard bop.

Soul jazz

Soul jazz was a development of hard bop which incorporated strong influences from blues, gospel and rhythm and blues in music for small groups, often the organ trio, which partnered a Hammond organ player with a drummer and a tenor saxophonist. Unlike hard bop, soul jazz generally emphasized repetitive grooves and melodic hooks, and improvisations were often less complex than in other jazz styles. Horace Silver had a large influence on the soul jazz style, with songs that used funky and often gospel-based piano vamps. It often had a steadier "funk" style groove, different from the swing rhythms typical of much hard bop. .Important soul jazz organists included Jimmy McGriff and Jimmy Smith and Johnny Hammond Smith, and influential tenor saxophone players included Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis and Stanley Turrentine.^ Smith, Jimmy: Stay Loose (Verve V6 8745 LP) $28 VG+/VG+ 1968,gfld,orig,"Chain of Fools",upchurch,turrentine,richardson...
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 (See also List of soul-jazz musicians.)

Jazz fusion

Fusion trumpeter Miles Davis in 1989
In the late 1960s and early 1970s the hybrid form of jazz-rock fusion was developed by combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments, and the highly amplified stage sound of rock musicians such as Jimi Hendrix. All Music Guide states that "..until around 1967, the worlds of jazz and rock were nearly completely separate." However, "...as rock became more creative and its musicianship improved, and as some in the jazz world became bored with hard bop and did not want to play strictly avant-garde music, the two different idioms began to trade ideas and occasionally combine forces." [53] Miles Davis made the breakthrough into fusion in 1970s with his album Bitches Brew. Musicians who worked with Davis formed the four most influential fusion groups: Weather Report and Mahavishnu Orchestra emerged in 1971 and were soon followed by Return to Forever and The Headhunters. Although jazz purists protested the blend of jazz and rock, some of jazz's significant innovators crossed over from the contemporary hard bop scene into fusion. Jazz fusion music often uses mixed meters, odd time signatures, syncopation, and complex chords and harmonies. In addition to using the electric instruments of rock, such as the electric guitar, electric bass, electric piano, and synthesizer keyboards, fusion also used the powerful amplification, "fuzz" pedals, wah-wah pedals, and other effects used by 1970s-era rock bands. .Notable performers of jazz fusion included Miles Davis, keyboardists Joe Zawinul, Chick Corea, Herbie Hancock, vibraphonist Gary Burton, drummer Tony Williams, violinist Jean-Luc Ponty, guitarists Larry Coryell, Al Di Meola, John McLaughlin and Frank Zappa, saxophonist Wayne Shorter, and bassists Jaco Pastorius and Stanley Clarke.^ Davis, Miles: Basic MIles (Columbia PC 32025 LP) $10 VG/EX 1973,rw,classic performances of miles davis 152637 Davis, Miles: Big Fun (Columbia PG 32866 LP) $27 VG/EX 1974,2lp,slrw,breaks,Chick Corea,John McLaughlin,Mtume,Bennie Maupin,Joe Zawinul 164551 Davis, Miles: Cookin' at the Plugged Nickel (Columbia CJ 40645 LP) $13 VG+/M- 1987,1965 recording,prst obc 140524 Davis, Miles: Early Miles (Prestige PRST 7674(E) LP) $23 VG/VG 1969,co 159776 Davis, Miles: Greatest Hits (Columbia CS 9808 LP) $11 VG/VG+ 197?,re,rw 147236 Davis, Miles: Greatest Hits (Columbia PC 9808 LP) $13 VG+/EX 197?,re 143182 Davis, Miles: Jazz at the Plaza Vol.
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 ^ Larry Coryell: Aspects (Arista AL 4077 LP) $8 VG+/EX 1975 102049 Eleventh House ft.
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 Jazz fusion was also popular in Japan where the band Casiopea released over thirty albums praising Jazz Fusion.

Jazz funk

Developed by the mid-1970s, jazz-funk is characterized by a strong back beat (groove), electrified sounds[54], and often, the presence of the first electronic analog synthesizers. The integration of Funk, Soul, and R&B music and styles into jazz resulted in the creation of a genre whose spectrum is indeed quite wide and ranges from strong jazz improvisation to soul, funk or disco with jazz arrangements, jazz riffs, and jazz solos, and sometimes soul vocals[55].
At the jazz end of the spectrum, jazz-funk characteristics include a departure from ternary rhythm (near-triplet), i.e. the "swing", to the more danceable and unfamiliar binary rhythm, known as the "groove". Jazz-funk also draws influences from traditional African music, Latin American rhythms, and Jamaican reggae, most notably Kingston band leader Sonny Bradshaw. A second characteristic of Jazz-funk music is the use of electric instruments, and the first use of analogue electronic instruments notably by Herbie Hancock, whose jazz-funk period saw him surrounded on stage or in the studio by several Moog synthesizers. The ARP Odyssey, ARP String Ensemble, and Hohner D6 Clavinet also became popular at the time. A third feature is the shift of proportions between composition and improvisation. Arrangements, melody, and overall writing were heavily emphasized.

Other trends

There was a resurgence of interest in jazz and other forms of African American cultural expression during the Black Arts Movement and Black nationalist period of the early 1970s. Musicians such as Pharoah Sanders, Hubert Laws and Wayne Shorter began using African instruments such as kalimbas, cowbells, beaded gourds and other instruments not traditional to jazz. Musicians began improvising jazz tunes on unusual instruments, such as the jazz harp (Alice Coltrane), electrically-amplified and wah-wah pedaled jazz violin (Jean-Luc Ponty), and even bagpipes (Rufus Harley). Jazz continued to expand and change, influenced by other types of music, such as world music, avant garde classical music, and rock and pop music. Guitarist John McLaughlin's Mahavishnu Orchestra played a mix of rock and jazz infused with East Indian influences. The ECM record label began in Germany in the 1970s with artists including Keith Jarrett, Paul Bley, the Pat Metheny Group, Jan Garbarek, Ralph Towner, Kenny Wheeler, John Taylor, John Surman and Eberhard Weber, establishing a new chamber music aesthetic, featuring mainly acoustic instruments, and sometimes incorporating elements of world music and folk music.

1980s–2010s

In 1987, the US House of Representatives and Senate passed a bill proposed by Democratic Representative John Conyers, Jr. to define jazz as a unique form of American music stating, among other things, "...that jazz is hereby designated as a rare and valuable national American treasure to which we should devote our attention, support and resources to make certain it is preserved, understood and promulgated." [56]

Traditionalist and Experimental divide

In the 1980s, the jazz community shrank dramatically and split. A mainly older audience retained an interest in traditional and straight-ahead jazz styles. .Wynton Marsalis strove to create music within what he believed was the tradition, creating extensions of small and large forms initially pioneered by such artists as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington.^ (MCA MCA2-4174 LP) $15 M-/EX/M- 1983,osw,re,2lp 112971 Armstrong, Louis: Satchmo: A Musical Autobiography of Louis Armstrong Vol.
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 ^ (Folkways FJ 2809(M) LP) $28 EX/EX 1953,insert 78551 VA-Jazzmakers: Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Earl Hines...
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 In the 2000s, straight-ahead jazz continues to appeal to a core group of listeners. Well-established jazz musicians, such as Dave Brubeck, Wynton Marsalis, Sonny Rollins, Wayne Shorter and Jessica Williams, continue to perform and record. In the 1990s and 2000s, a number of young musicians emerged, including US pianists Brad Mehldau, Jason Moran and Vijay Iyer, guitarist Kurt Rosenwinkel, vibraphonist Stefon Harris, trumpeters Roy Hargrove and Terence Blanchard, saxophonists Chris Potter and Joshua Redman, and bassist Christian McBride.
In the United States, several musicians and groups explored the more experimental end of the spectrum, including trumpeters Rob Mazurek and Cuong Vu, saxophonist Ken Vandermark, guitarist Nels Cline, bassist Todd Sickafoose, keyboardist Craig Taborn, drummer/percussionist John Hollenbeck, guitarist John Scofield, and the groups Medeski Martin & Wood and The Bad Plus. Outside of the US, the Swedish group E.S.T. and British groups Acoustic Ladyland, Led Bib, and Polar Bear gained popularity with their progressive takes on jazz. A number of new vocalists have achieved popularity with a mix of traditional jazz and pop/rock forms, such as Diana Krall, Norah Jones, Cassandra Wilson, Kurt Elling, and Jamie Cullum.

Smooth jazz

In the early 1980s, a lighter commercial form of jazz fusion called pop fusion or "smooth jazz" became successful and garnered significant radio airplay. Smooth jazz saxophonists include Grover Washington, Jr., Kenny G, and Najee. Smooth jazz received frequent airplay with more straight-ahead jazz in "quiet storm" time slots at radio stations in urban markets across the U.S., helping to establish or bolster the careers of vocalists including Al Jarreau, Anita Baker, Chaka Khan, and Sade. In general, smooth jazz is downtempo (the most widely played tracks are in the 90–105 BPM range), layering a lead, melody-playing instrument (saxophones – especially soprano and tenor – are the most popular, with legato electric guitar playing a close second) over a backdrop that typically consists of programmed electronic drum rhythms, synth pads and samples. Music reviewer George Graham argues that the “so-called ‘smooth jazz’ sound of people like Kenny G has none of the fire and creativity that marked the best of the fusion scene during its heyday in the 1970s”.[57]

Acid jazz, nu jazz & jazz rap

Acid jazz developed in the UK over the 1980s and 1990s and influenced by jazz-funk and electronic dance music. Jazz-funk musicians such as Roy Ayers and Donald Byrd are often credited as forerunners of acid jazz.[58] While acid jazz often contains various types of electronic composition (sometimes including sampling or live DJ cutting and scratching), it is just as likely to be played live by musicians, who often showcase jazz interpretation as part of their performance. Nu jazz is influenced by jazz harmony and melodies, there are usually no improvisational aspects. It ranges from combining live instrumentation with beats of jazz house, exemplified by St Germain, Jazzanova and Fila Brazillia, to more band-based improvised jazz with electronic elements such as that of the The Cinematic Orchestra, Kobol, and the Norwegian "future jazz" style pioneered by Bugge Wesseltoft, Jaga Jazzist, Nils Petter Molvær, and others. Nu jazz can be very experimental in nature and can vary widely in sound and concept.
Jazz rap developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and incorporates jazz influence into hip hop. .In 1988, Gang Starr released the debut single "Words I Manifest", sampling Charlie Parker's 1962 "Night in Tunisia", and Stetsasonic released "Talkin' All That Jazz", sampling Lonnie Liston Smith.^ This is Kevin Gavin (Charlie Parker PLP 810(M) LP) $13 VG+/VG+ 1962,toc 89212 Gavin, Kevin: Hey!
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 ^ This Is Kevin Gavin (Charlie Parker PLP 810 S LP) $15 VG+/VG+ 1962,osw 59672 Gavin, Kevin: Hey!
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 Gang Starr's debut LP, No More Mr. Nice Guy (Wild Pitch, 1989), and their track "Jazz Thing" (CBS, 1990) for the soundtrack of Mo' Better Blues, sampling Charlie Parker and Ramsey Lewis. Gang Starr also collaborated with Branford Marsalis and Terence Blanchard.Groups making up the collective known as the Native Tongues Posse tended towards jazzy releases; these include the Jungle Brothers' debut Straight Out the Jungle (Warlock, 1988) and A Tribe Called Quest's People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm (Jive, 1990) and The Low End Theory (Jive, 1991). .The Low End Theory has become one of hip hop's most acclaimed albums, and earned praise too from jazz bassist Ron Carter, who played double bass on one track.^ (JA 1215 LP) $15 VG+/M- 1978,Ron Carter,Kenny Barron 136181 Aebersold, Jamey: For You to Play Vol.
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 ^ John Coltrane (JA 1244 LP) $31 SS 1983,Ron Carter 91974 Aebersold, Jamey: For You To Play...
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 Beginning in 1993, rapper Guru's Jazzmatazz series used jazz musicians during the studio recordings. Though jazz rap had achieved little mainstream success, jazz legend Miles Davis' final album (released posthumously in 1992), Doo-Bop, was based around hip hop beats and collaborations with producer Easy Mo Bee. Davis' ex-bandmate Herbie Hancock returned to hip hop influences in the mid-nineties, releasing the album Dis Is Da Drum in 1994.
John Zorn performing in 2006.

Punk jazz & jazzcore

The relaxation of orthodoxy concurrent with post-punk in London and New York City led to a new appreciation for jazz. In London, the Pop Group began to mix free jazz, along with dub reggae, into their brand of punk rock.[59] In NYC, No Wave took direct inspiration from both free jazz and punk. Examples of this style include Lydia Lunch's Queen of Siam,[60] the work of James Chance and the Contortions, who mixed Soul with free jazz and punk[60], Gray, and the Lounge Lizards,[60] who were the first group to call themselves "punk jazz".
John Zorn began to make note of the emphasis on speed and dissonance that was becoming prevalent in punk rock and incorporated this into free jazz. This began in 1986 with the album Spy vs. Spy, a collection of Ornette Coleman tunes done in the contemporary thrashcore style.[61] The same year, Sonny Sharrock, Peter Brötzmann, Bill Laswell, and Ronald Shannon Jackson recorded the first album under the name Last Exit, a similarly aggressive blend of thrash and free jazz.[62] These developments are the origins of jazzcore, the fusion of free jazz with hardcore punk.
In the 1990s, punk jazz and jazzcore began to reflect the increasing awareness of elements of extreme metal (particularly thrash metal and death metal) in hardcore punk. A new style of "metallic jazzcore" was developed by Iceburn, from Salt Lake City, and Candiria, from New York City, though anticipated by Naked City and Pain Killer. This tendency also takes inspiration from jazz inflections in technical death metal, such as the work of Cynic and Atheist.

Modern Creative

In the 1980s, a large jazz scene formed in New York City around a new genre called Modern Creative, a combination of older genres like bop, free, and fusion, with more contemporary musical styles such as funk, pop, and rock.[63] Allmusic has the following definition: "Continuing the tradition of the '50s to '60s free-jazz mode, Modern Creative musicians may incorporate free playing into structured modes—or play just about anything."[55] Musicians working in and around this scene include saxophonists John Zorn, Tim Berne, David Murray, and Chris Speed; trumpeters Butch Morris and Dave Douglas; clarinetist Don Byron; guitarists Bill Frisell and Marc Ribot, pianists Wayne Horvitz, Uri Caine, and Marilyn Crispell; bassists Michael Formanek, William Parker, Mark Dresser, and Drew Gress; cellist Hank Roberts; and drummers Joey Baron, Bobby Previte, and Jim Black.[64] Other modern creative musicians include German jazz clarinetist Theo Jörgensmann, tenor saxophonist Gerd Dudek, Brooklyn violinist Jenny Scheinman, and Bay Area bass innovator Edo Castro.
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See also

Jazz portal
Music portal

Notes

  1. ^ Bill Kirchner, The Oxford Companion to Jazz, Oxford University Press, 2005, Chapter Two.
  2. ^ Alyn Shipton, A New History of Jazz, 2nd. ed., Continuum, 2007, pp. 4–5
  3. ^ Arthur Taylor, Notes and Tones, 1971 & 1993 Da Capo Press ISBN 0-306-80526-X
  4. ^ a b Joachim E. Berendt. The Jazz Book: From Ragtime to Fusion and Beyond. Translated by H. and B. Bredigkeit with Dan Morgenstern. 1981. Lawrence Hill Books. Page 371
  5. ^ a b c In Review of The Cambridge Companion to Jazz by Peter Elsdon, FZMw (Frankfurt Journal of Musicology) No. 6, 2003
  6. ^ Cooke, Mervyn; Horn, David G. (2002). The Cambridge companion to jazz. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1, 6. ISBN 0521663881. 
  7. ^ Giddins 1998 70.
  8. ^ (e.g., "So What" on the Miles Davis album Kind of Blue)
  9. ^ In "Jazz Inc." by Andrew Gilbert, Metro Times, December 23, 1998
  10. ^ Luebbers, Johannes (2008-09-08). "It's All Music". Resonate (Australian Music Centre). 
  11. ^ Schuller, Gunther (1991). The swing era. Oxford University Press. 
  12. ^ Ratliff 2002, 19.
  13. ^ Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends, David Wilton, ISBN 0-19-517284-1 (2004)
  14. ^ H. L. Mencken, The American Language, Supplement II, Knopf, 1948, p. 709.
  15. ^ ‘McCarl has been heralded all along the line as a “busher,” but now it develops that this dope is very much to the “jazz.” Three days later, Gleeson writes: Everybody has come back to the old town full of the old “jazz” and [the San Francisco Seals] promise to knock the fans off their feet with their playing. What is the “jazz”? Why, it’s a little of that “old life,” the “gin-i-ker,” the “pep,” otherwise known as the enthusiasalum [sic]. A grain of “jazz” and you feel like going out and eating your way through Twin Peaks. [. . .] The team which speeded into town this morning comes pretty close to representing the pick of the army. Its members have trained on ragtime and “jazz” and manager Dell Howard says there’s no stopping them’. E. T. “Scoop” Gleeson, March 3, 1913, San Francisco Bulletin.
  16. ^ Decades later, in 1938, Gleeson recalls the origin of jazz: ‘Similarly the very word “jazz” itself, came into general usage at the same time. We were all seated around the dinner table at Boyes [Springs, Sonoma County, the Seals spring training site,] and William (“Spike”) Slattery, then sports editor of The Call, spoke about something being the “jazz,” or the old “gin-iker fizz.” “Spike” had picked up the expression in a crap game. Whenever one of the players rolled the dice he would shout, “Come on, the old jazz.” For the next week we gave “jazz” a great play in all our stories. And when Hickman’s orchestra swung into action for the evening’s dances, it was natural to find it included as “the jazziest tune tooters in all the Valley of the Moon.”’ in E. T. Gleeson, “I Remember the Birth of Jazz,” The Call-Bulletin, 3 Sep. 1938, p. 3, col. 1, reprinted in Cohen, “Jazz Revisited.”
  17. ^ Cooke 1999, pp. 7–9
  18. ^ Cooke 1999, pp. 11–14
  19. ^ Cooke 1999, pp. 14–17, 27–28
  20. ^ a b Cooke 1999, p. 18
  21. ^ Cooke 1999, pp. 28, 47
  22. ^ Catherine Schmidt-Jones (2006). "Ragtime". Connexions. http://cnx.org/content/m10878/latest/. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
  23. ^ Cooke 1999, pp. 28–29
  24. ^ "The First Ragtime Records (1897-1903)". http://www.redhotjazz.com/firstragtimerecords.html. Retrieved 2007-10-18. 
  25. ^ Cooke 1999, pp. 47, 50
  26. ^ "Original Creole Orchestra". The Red Hot Archive. http://www.redhotjazz.com/creole.html. Retrieved 2007-10-23. 
  27. ^ Cooke 1999, pp. 38, 56
  28. ^ Cooke 1999, p. 78
  29. ^ a b Floyd Levin (1911). "Jim Europe's 369th Infantry "Hellfighters" Band". The Red Hot Archive. http://www.redhotjazz.com/hellfighters.html. Retrieved 2007-10-24. 
  30. ^ Cooke 1999, pp. 41–42
  31. ^ Schoenherr, Steven. "Recording Technology History". history.sandiego.edu. http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/notes.html. Retrieved 2008-12-24. 
  32. ^ Thomas, Bob (1994). "The Origins of Big Band Music". redhotjazz.com. http://www.redhotjazz.com/bigband.html. Retrieved 2008-12-24. 
  33. ^ Alexander, Scott. "The First Jazz Records". redhotjazz.com. http://www.redhotjazz.com/jazz1917.html. Retrieved 2008-12-24. 
  34. ^ "Jazz Milestones". apassion4jazz.net. http://www.apassion4jazz.net/milestones.html. Retrieved 2008-12-24. 
  35. ^ "Original Dixieland Jazz Band Biography". pbs.org. http://www.pbs.org/jazz/biography/artist_id_original_dixieland_jazz_band.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-24. 
  36. ^ Martin, Henry; Waters, Keith (2005). Jazz: The First 100 Years. Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 55. ISBN 0534628044. http://books.google.com/books?id=kuz4EHH05I4C&pg=PT84&lpg=PT84&dq=first+jazz+recording&source=web&ots=7pkcilEi8F&sig=5HFX7eraiDMUCDjVqabjVq8jRUo&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPT84,M1. 
  37. ^ "Tim Gracyk's Phonographs, Singers, and Old Records – Jass in 1916-1917 and Tin Pan Alley". http://www.gracyk.com/jasband.shtml. Retrieved 2007-10-27. 
  38. ^ "The First Jazz Records". The Red Hot Archive. http://www.redhotjazz.com/jazz1917.html. Retrieved 2007-10-27. 
  39. ^ Cooke 1999, p. 44
  40. ^ Template:Jazz: A History of America's Music
  41. ^ Template:Jazz: A History of America's Music
  42. ^ Cooke 1999, p. 54
  43. ^ "Kid Ory". The Red Hot Archive. http://www.redhotjazz.com/ory.html. Retrieved 2007-10-29. 
  44. ^ "Bessie Smith". The Red Hot Archive. http://www.redhotjazz.com/bessie.html. Retrieved 2007-10-29. 
  45. ^ Cooke 1999, pp. 56–59, 78–79, 66–70
  46. ^ Cooke 1999, pp. 82–83, 100–103
  47. ^ "Ed Lang and his Orchestra". www.redhotjazz.com. http://www.redhotjazz.com/edlango.html. Retrieved 2008-03-28. 
  48. ^ Crow, Bill (1990). Jazz Anecdotes. New York: Oxford University Press. 
  49. ^ Collier, 1978
  50. ^ Joachim Berendt. "The Jazz Book". 1981. Page 15.
  51. ^ Joachim Berendt. "The Jazz Book". 1981. Page 16.
  52. ^ Joachim Berendt. "The Jazz Book". 1981. Page 21.
  53. ^ http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=77:299
  54. ^ Free Jazz-Funk Music: Album, Track and Artist Charts - Rhapsody Online
  55. ^ a b allmusic
  56. ^ It passed in the House of Representatives on September 23rd, 1987 and it passed the Senate on November 4th, 1987. The entire six point mandate can be found on the HR-57 Center for the Preservation of Jazz and Blues website. HR-57 Center for the Preservation of Jazz and Blues – http://www.hr57.org/hconres57.html
  57. ^ George Graham review - Available online at: http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:5Z0ukGXTz54J:georgegraham.com/reviews/methgrp.html
  58. ^ allmusic on Roy Ayers
  59. ^ Dave Lang, Perfect Sound Forever, February 1999. [1] Access date: November 15, 2008.
  60. ^ a b c Bangs, Lester. "Free Jazz / Punk Rock". Musician Magazine, 1979. [2] Access date: July 20, 2008.
  61. ^ "House Of Zorn," Goblin Archives, at sonic.net
  62. ^ [3]
  63. ^ Small Jazz - Modern Creative
  64. ^ Yanow, Scott, Jazz of the 1980's and 90's: Beyond Fusion, Allmusic.com

References

  • Adorno, Theodor. "Prisms." The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA. 1967.
  • Allen, William Francis, Charles Pickard Ware, and Lucy McLim Garrison, eds. 1867. Slave Songs of the United States. New York: A Simpson & Co. Electronic edition, Chapel Hill, N. C.: Academic Affairs Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2000.
  • Joachim Ernst Berendt, Günther Huesmann (Bearb.): Das Jazzbuch. 7. Auflage. S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-10-003802-9
  • Burns, Ken, and Geoffrey C. Ward. 2000. Jazz—A History of America's Music. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Also: The Jazz Film Project, Inc.
  • Cooke, Mervyn (1999). Jazz. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20318-0. .
  • Carr, Ian. Music Outside: Contemporary Jazz in Britain. 2nd edition. London: Northway. ISBN 978-0-9550908-6-8
  • Collier, James Lincoln. The Making of Jazz: A Comprehensive History (Dell Publishing Co., 1978)
  • Davis, Miles. Boplicity. 2005. ISBN 4-006408-264637. 
  • Elsdon, Peter. 2003. "The Cambridge Companion to Jazz, Edited by Mervyn Cooke and David Horn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Review." Frankfürter Zeitschrift für Musikwissenschaft 6:159–75.
  • Gang Starr. 2006. Mass Appeal: The Best of Gang Starr. CD recording 72435-96708-2-9. New York: Virgin Records.
  • Giddins, Gary. 1998. Visions of Jazz: The First Century New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195076753
  • Godbolt, Jim. 2005. A History of Jazz in Britain 1919-50 London: Northway. ISBN 0-9537040-5-X
  • Gridley, Mark C. 2004. Concise Guide to Jazz, fourth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. ISBN 0131826573
  • Hersch, Charles (2009). .Subversive Sounds: Race and the Birth of Jazz in New Orleans.^ (CBS 37780 LP) $13 SS 1982 97050 Preservation Hall Jazz Band: New Orleans Vol.
    • Jazz Records at Vinyl Revival - Toll Free Order Line: 1-866-ON-VINYL (1-866-668-4695) / Phone: 773-283-3200 / Fax: 773-283-3905 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.vinylrevival.com [Source type: General]

     University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226328683.     
  • Kenney, William Howland. 1993. Chicago Jazz: A Cultural History, 1904-1930. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195064534 (cloth); paperback reprint 1994 ISBN 0195092600
  • Oliver, Paul (1970). Savannah Syncopators: African Retentions in the Blues. London: Studio Vista. ISBN 0-289-79827-2. .
  • Mandel, Howard. 2007. Miles, Ornette, Cecil: Jazz Beyond Jazz. Routledge. ISBN 0415967147.
  • Porter, Eric. 2002. What Is This Thing Called Jazz? African American Musicians as Artists, Critics and Activists. University of California Press, Ltd. London, England.
  • Ratliffe, Ben. 2002. Jazz: A Critic's Guide to the 100 Most Important Recordings. The New York Times Essential Library. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0805070680
  • Scaruffi, Piero: A History of Jazz Music 1900-2000. 2007. Omniware. ISBN 978-0-9765531-3-7
  • Schuller, Gunther. 1968. Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development. Oxford University Press. New printing 1986.
  • Schuller, Gunther. 1991. The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 1930-1945. Oxford University Press.
  • Searle, Chris. 2008. Forward Groove: Jazz and the Real World from Louis Armstrong to Gilad Atzmon. London: Northway. ISBN 978-0-9550908-7-5
  • Szwed, John Francis. 2000. Jazz 101: A Complete Guide to Learning and Loving Jazz. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0786884967
  • Vacher, Peter. 2004. Soloists and Sidemen: American Jazz Stories. London: Northway. ISBN 978-0-9537040-4-1
  • Yanow, Scott. 2004. Jazz on Film: The Complete Story of the Musicians and Music Onscreen. (Backbeat Books) ISBN 0879307838

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From Wikiquote

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  • "By and large, jazz has always been like the kind of a man you wouldn't want your daughter to associate with."^ You'd meet chicks, do whatever you want, and just get your craft going.
    • Frank Sinatra-Through The Lens Of Jazz 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.jazzsingers.com [Source type: General]

     ^ Unlike critical theory, in jazz you have to know your field better.
    • jazz@Everything2.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC everything2.com [Source type: General]

     ^ Just like food , or wine , or books – Jazz is what you like.
    • jazz@Everything2.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC everything2.com [Source type: General]
  • "Jazz is the false liquidation of art—instead of utopia becoming reality it disappears from the picture."
    • Theodor Adorno, quoted in The Sociology of Rock by Simon Frith, 1978. ISBN 0094602204.
  • "Jazz is something Negroes invented, and it said the most profound things—not only about us and the way we look at things, but about what modern democratic life is really about. It is the nobility of the race put into sound ... jazz has all the elements, from the spare and penetrating to the complex and enveloping. It is the hardest music to play that I know of, and it is the highest rendition of individual emotion in the history of Western music."
  • "What makes the performance is the dialogue created between you and everybody around you spontaneously. And you have to interact with everybody up there, interacting and reacting, throwing out ideas. Jazz is a purely democratic music. It's collective creativity where somebody introduces something and we all get a chance to say something about it. It always amazes me, the whole of it is just a great spirit. It grabs you to the point where it never lets you go until the very last breath."
    • Max Roach
  • "There is nothing but jazz." .
    • Konrad Stragier in a poem
  • "Jazz is not a 'form' but a collection of tags and tricks."^ While all forms of music share this dynamic, Jazz, with its unique characteristic of collective improvisation, exemplifies it.
    • jazz@Everything2.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC everything2.com [Source type: General]
    • Ernest Newman. .The Sunday Times, "The World of Music", 4 September 1927.
  • "If you have to ask, you'll never know."^ Man, if ya gotta ask, you'll never know.
    • jazz@Everything2.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC everything2.com [Source type: General]

     ^ But you never know.
    • jazz@Everything2.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC everything2.com [Source type: General]

     ^ Daily schedule also includes all manner of music and you can keep up by asking to get on their email list.
    • Jazz Clubs in New York City 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.ny.com [Source type: General]
    • Louis Armstrong when asked to define the rhythmic concept of "swing", quoted in Jazz 101: A Complete Guide to Learning and Loving Jazz by John F. Szwed, 2000. ISBN 0786884967.
  • "Jazz is not dead, it just smells funny."
  • "Music is a journey. Jazz is getting lost." .
    • John O'Farrell 'The Best a Man Can Get' (1999)
  • "Jazz is sex."^ Hampton, Lionel: Sweet Georgia Brown (Jazz Man JAZ-5011 LP) $14 EX/M- 1981,osw 114123 Hampton, Lionel: The Best of...
    • Jazz Records at Vinyl Revival - Toll Free Order Line: 1-866-ON-VINYL (1-866-668-4695) / Phone: 773-283-3200 / Fax: 773-283-3905 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.vinylrevival.com [Source type: General]

     .
    • Katherine Boeyen (2007 Midnight Jazz Project)
  • “When they study our civilization two thousand years from now, there will only be three things that Americans will be known for: the Constitution, baseball and jazz music.^ The thing i love about jazz , or good music in general is the ability to play with notes and tone .
    • jazz@Everything2.com 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC everything2.com [Source type: General]

     ^ Self-made videos by this year's seniors in the jazz studies program *** Wind Ensemble Invitational Concert Recorded: March 18, 2005 Duration: 1 hr.
    • New Trier High School Jazz 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC www.ntjazz.com [Source type: General]

     ^ There’s some nice Blue Note jazz vinyl on eBay now, including: .
    • Jazz Collector | For Those Who Love Jazz 28 January 2010 0:00 UTC jazzcollector.com [Source type: General]

     They're the three most beautiful things Americans have ever created.”
    • Gerald Early
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Look up jazz in Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Wiktionary

Up to date as of January 15, 2010

Definition from Wiktionary, a free dictionary

See also jazz

German

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Jazz
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Noun

Jazz m.
  1. jazz (musical art form)

Simple English

Jazz is a type of music which was invented in the United States. Jazz music combines African-American music with European music.

Some common jazz instruments include the saxophone, trumpet, piano, double bass, and drums.

History

Jazz started in the United States in the early 20th century. Jazz music has musical influences from the African slaves who were taken from Africa to work in the plantations of the southern United States, such as "call and response" songs and blue notes. As well, Jazz music has musical styles from European music.


To remember the different periods in jazz, we divide into decades and their main directions. In the 1920s, there was New Orleans-style Jazz and Dixieland jazz. In the 1930s, there was swing jazz, which was also called big band jazz. In the 1940s, there was Bebop jazz. Large jazz bands, which are called big bands, were also popular in the 1940s. Big bands usually have 5 saxophone players, 4 or 5 trumpet players, 4 trombone players, a piano player or guitar player, an acoustic bass player, a drummer, and sometimes a singer. In the 1950s, there was hard bop jazz. In the 1960s, there was modern jazz and free jazz. In the 1970s, there was jazz fusion, which blended jazz music with rock music. Now, there are many styles at the same time, like Nu-Jazz, electro-jazz and impro-jazz.

Important Jazz musicians are

Trumpet Players:

Saxophone Players:

Trombone Players:

  • Glenn Miller
  • J.J. Johnson
  • Curtis Fuller

Clarinet Players:

Piano Players:

Guitar Players:

Drummers

Singers

pcd:Djazz

Retrieved from "http://yak.rapint.com/wiki/Jazz"

Citable sentences

Up to date as of December 14, 2010

Here are sentences from other pages on Jazz, which are similar to those in the above article.








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