.Kashmir (Balti: کشمیر; Dogri: कश्मीर, Gojri: کشمیر; Poonchi/Chibhali: کشمیر; Kashmiri: कॅशीर, کٔشِیر; Ladakhi: ཀཤམིར; Shina: کشمیر; Uyghur: كەشمىر) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent.^ To start the history of Kashmir in the nineteenth century is like beginning the history of the subcontinent after the war of independence of 1857 (The Great Indian Mutiny).

• Kashmir Matters by Moin Ansari 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.islamawareness.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Indian part of the state of Kashmir is divided into 3 main regions: Jammu, Kashmir Valley and Ladakh.

• Kashmir Matters by Moin Ansari 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.islamawareness.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The famous sapphires of Kashmir are mined from a remote region high in the Great Himalayan mountains of northwestern India.

• Kashmir Sapphire: Ruby & Sapphire from India 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.ruby-sapphire.com [Source type: Original source]

.Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range.^ Till the advent of Karkota dynasty (beginning of 8th Century) the Gonanda dynasty gave Kashmir only two notable rulers viz.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Recent archaeological finds in Kashmir have supported the theory that the Indus valley Civilisation indeed stretched right to the origins of the Indus beyond the Himalayas, into the Karakorums and into Kashmir.

• Kashmir Matters by Moin Ansari 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.islamawareness.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Writes P. N. Bamzai : " Mahraja Gulab Singh is the only Indian ruler to have carved out a state during the 19th century out of the wreckage of the great kingdom of Sikhs.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^{.January 2009" style="white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed]} Contemporarily, Kashmir denotes a larger area that includes the Indian administered state of Jammu and Kashmir (Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh), the Pakistani administered Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract.^ The Indian area is divided into the following divisions: Ladakh, Jammu and the Kashmir Valley.

• Kashmir Matters by Moin Ansari 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.islamawareness.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Indian part of the state of Kashmir is divided into 3 main regions: Jammu, Kashmir Valley and Ladakh.

• Kashmir Matters by Moin Ansari 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.islamawareness.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Indian held Kashmir at Aksai-chin and Demochok in Ladakh.

• The J&K conflict: A Chronological Introduction - India Together 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC indiatogether.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The United Nations,^[1] and other local entities, use the designation Jammu and Kashmir to geographically denote said area.^ The Indian area is divided into the following divisions: Ladakh, Jammu and the Kashmir Valley.

• Kashmir Matters by Moin Ansari 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.islamawareness.net [Source type: Original source]

^ The Kabul valley Proutonsa (Poonch), Pajapuri (Rajauri) Kangra, Jammu, Kisthwar and Ladhak, one after the other threw-off their allegiance to the rulers of Kashmir.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Indeed, the State of Jammu and Kashmir has a Muslim majority but is by no means a homogenous religious or ethnic entity.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

.According to the Mahabharata,^[2] the Kambojas ruled Kashmir during the epic period with a Republican system of government ^[3][4][5] In the first half of the first millennium, the Kashmir region became an important center of Buddhism and later of Hinduism; later still, in the ninth century, Kashmir Shaivism arose.^ It is strange that during this dark period a Hindu also became a Governor here.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ After the Hindu conflicts died down, around the 8th century B.C Buddhism took root in the subcontinent.

• Kashmir Matters by Moin Ansari 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.islamawareness.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Later in life he supported Buddhism (to the ire of the Hindu Brahmans).

• Kashmir Matters by Moin Ansari 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.islamawareness.net [Source type: Original source]

^[6] .In 1349, Shah Mir became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir and inaugurated the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Swati dynasty.^ Kashmiri rulers were Buddhist till it was conquered by the Muslims in 1339 AD. Even though Kashmir was inhabited by Muslims, it was still being ruled by Buddhist princes till 1349 when Shah Mirza, after the death of his royal patron, ascended the throne under the title of Samsuddin Shah.

• Kashmir Matters by Moin Ansari 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.islamawareness.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Rinchin for 3 years became the ruler of Kashmir, Shah Mir was the first rular of Shah Miri-dynasty, and the decendants of Lankar Chak established Chak rule in the Kashmir.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Sultan of Kashmir, Nazuk Shah, became almost a puppet in his hands.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^[7] .For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1526 until 1751, then the Afghan Durrani Empire that ruled from 1747 until 1820.^[7] That year, the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir.^ For seven hundred years Kashmir was under Buddhist rule.

• Kashmir Matters by Moin Ansari 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.islamawareness.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Jammu and Kashmir(J&K * ) State is created under the Treaty of Amritsar between the East India company and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu who buys Kashmir Valley from the East India Company for Rs.75,00,000 and adds it to Jammu and Ladakh already under his rule.

• The J&K conflict: A Chronological Introduction - India Together 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC indiatogether.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The ruling monarch Rinchen Shah converted to Islam and assumed the name of Sadruddin in 1327 AD. Thereafter, beginning with his former general Shahmir, a series of Muslim dynasties ruled the State with brief interludes of annexation into neighbouring States, to become a part of the Mughal Empire in the late 16th century, under its greatest ruler Akbar.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^[7] .In 1846, upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Dogras—under Gulab Singh—became the new rulers.^ Gulab Singh was a ruthless ruler.

• Kashmir Matters by Moin Ansari 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.islamawareness.net [Source type: Original source]

^ Jammu and Kashmir(J&K * ) State is created under the Treaty of Amritsar between the East India company and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu who buys Kashmir Valley from the East India Company for Rs.75,00,000 and adds it to Jammu and Ladakh already under his rule.

• The J&K conflict: A Chronological Introduction - India Together 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC indiatogether.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It was Gulab Singh who conquered one by one different places and regions of the state, Jammu,.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

.Dogra Rule, under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, lasted until 1947, when the former princely state became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.^ India and Pakistan think that the dispute is between them and ignore the people of Kashmir.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Pakistan's Relations with India, 1947 - 1966.

• Himalayan Research Bulletin 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.himalayan.pdx.edu [Source type: Academic]

^ Thus Jammu & Kashmir became a Princely State and remained so till 1947 until India occupied it.

• Kashmir Matters by Moin Ansari 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.islamawareness.net [Source type: Original source]

.The Nilamata Purana describes the Valley’s origin from the waters; का Ka (“water”) + शिमिरि Shimir (“to desiccate”), hence, Kaashmir denotes “a land desiccated from water”.^ The name Kashmir also implies land desicated from water: "ka" (the water ) and shimeera (to desicate).

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The mythological traditions supported fully by the research of geologists confirm that the valley originally was a huge lake called "Satisar", ( the land of goddess Sati, consort of Lord Shiva ) and its waters were blocked near Baramulla (ancient Varahmulla).

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

.An alternate nominal origin theory proposes that Kaashmir is a contraction of either Kashyap-mira or Kashyapmir or Kashyapmeru, denoting the “sea of Kashyapa” and the “mountain of Kashyapa”, eponyms of Kashyapa, the sage credited with having drained the primordial Satisar lake that occupied the Kaashmir valley before he reclaimed it from the water.^ The mythological traditions supported fully by the research of geologists confirm that the valley originally was a huge lake called "Satisar", ( the land of goddess Sati, consort of Lord Shiva ) and its waters were blocked near Baramulla (ancient Varahmulla).

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Recent archaeological finds in Kashmir have supported the theory that the Indus valley Civilisation indeed stretched right to the origins of the Indus beyond the Himalayas, into the Karakorums and into Kashmir.

• Kashmir Matters by Moin Ansari 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.islamawareness.net [Source type: Original source]

^ It is said that the Kashmir Valley was once the great lake Satisar (the Lake of the goddess Sati, also known as Durga), home to ferocious demons.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

.Considering the Valley an embodiment of the goddess Uma, the Nilamata Purana gives it the place-name Kaashmira, from which derives the contemporary Kashmir place-name.^ Kashmir dispute, whether you call it India and Pakistan problem or give it any other name, is essentially related to national identity and future of people of Jammu and Kashmir.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ It is said that the Kashmir Valley was once the great lake Satisar (the Lake of the goddess Sati, also known as Durga), home to ferocious demons.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Plebiscite Administrator shall derive from the State of Jammu and Kashmir the powers he considers necessary.."

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

Nonetheless, the Kaashmiris colloquially use the place-name Kashir, which is phonetically derived from Kaashmir, as noted in the Aurel Stein introduction to the Rajatarangini metrical chronicle.

.In the Rajatarangini, a history of Kashmir written by Kalhana in the 12th century, it is stated that the valley of Kaashmir was formerly a lake.^ GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY The terms "Kashmir" and "Muslim" are often loosely, and erroneously, used when referring to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ It is said that the Kashmir Valley was once the great lake Satisar (the Lake of the goddess Sati, also known as Durga), home to ferocious demons.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ "It is a dream come true," gushed the 45-year-old housewife from central India, standing on the banks of Srinagar's Dal lake in the Himalayan valley of Kashmir.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla (Varaha-mula).^ Responding to the penances of the great sage Kashyapa, the grandson of Brahma himself, the gods destroyed the demon of the lake, with a pebble divinely caste, which today stands as the hill upon which towers the fortress built by the Mughal Emperor Akbar, and known today as Hari Parbat.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

Cashmere is a variant spelling of Kaashmir.^[8]

.The Buddhist Mauryan emperor Ashoka is often credited with having founded the old capital of Kashmir, Shrinagari, now ruins on the outskirts of modern Srinagar.^ A bus service across the divide began last spring; there are now seven flights daily into the capital, Srinagar.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ He has made his name immortal by founding the city of Praverseinpura (modern city of Srinagar), the summer capital of the state at present.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Ashoka founded the old city of Srinagar called now as " Pandrethan ", ( Puranadhisthan ) and also build many vihars and temples and repaired the old shrine.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

Kashmir was long to be a stronghold of Buddhism.^[9]

.As a Buddhist seat of learning, it is possible that the Sarvāstivādan school dominated Kashmir.^ Kashmir was the most flourishing centre of Buddhist learning in this period.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Nearly 500 Buddhist and Hindu scholars attended this conference, and a learned Kashmir Brahmin Vasumitra presided over its session.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^[10] East and Central Asian Buddhist monks are recorded as having visited the kingdom. .In the late 4th century AD, the famous Kuchanese monk Kumārajīva, born to an Indian noble family, studied Dīrghāgama and Madhyāgama in Kashmir under Bandhudatta.^ The Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture.

• CIA - The World Factbook -- India 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.cia.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Thus the arts and crafts of Kashmir became famous in Europe and America and the shawls of Kashmir in particular became a fashionable item in England in seventeenth century.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Pursuant to the Accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India the Constitution of India made provision to accord to State of Jammu and Kashmir a special and protected place in the Indian polity, under Article of 370 of the Constitution.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

He later became a prolific translator who helped take Buddhism to China. His mother Jīva is thought to have retired to Kashmir. .Vimalākṣa, a Sarvāstivādan Buddhist monk, travelled from Kashmir to Kucha and there instructed Kumārajīva in the Vinayapiṭaka.^ There in black and white, with all the authority of the Foreign Office behind them, are the words, "We strongly advise against all travel to Jammu and Kashmir."

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.Adi Shankara visited the pre-existing Sarvajñapīṭha (Sharada Peeth) in Kashmir in late 8th century CE or early 9th Century CE. The Madhaviya Shankaravijayam states this temple had four doors for scholars from the four cardinal directions.^ Arab incursions starting in the 8th century and Turkic in the 12th were followed by those of European traders, beginning in the late 15th century.

• CIA - The World Factbook -- India 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.cia.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Till the advent of Karkota dynasty (beginning of 8th Century) the Gonanda dynasty gave Kashmir only two notable rulers viz.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The faith came to Kashmir through the Sufi saint Bulbul Shah in the early fourteenth century, finding wide acceptance.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

.The southern door (representing South India) had never been opened, indicating that no scholar from South India had entered the Sarvajna Pitha.^ There is no adult franchise, no assembly and the people have never participated in an election or sent representatives to the National Assembly.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

.Adi Shankara opened the southern door by defeating in debate all the scholars there in all the various scholastic disciplines such as Mimamsa, Vedanta and other branches of Hindu philosophy; he ascended the throne of Transcendent wisdom of that temple.^ Of these there is at least one large piece, bigger than a polo or croquet ball, and others smaller all of a rich blue colour.

• Kashmir Sapphire: Ruby & Sapphire from India 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.ruby-sapphire.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They were provided same opportunities that other Hindus had there.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Almost all the muslim chroniclers speak of the wholesale destruction of Hindu shrines including the 'Martand' Temple, and forcible conversion of Hindus to Islam.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^[11]

Abhinavagupta (approx. 950 - 1020 AD^[12][13]) was one of India's greatest philosophers, mystics and aestheticians. .He was also considered an important musician, poet, dramatist, exeget, theologian, and logician^[14][15] - a polymathic personality who exercised strong influences on Indian culture.^ Any person who represented the States authority, considered unfriendly to the militants cause, or held in esteem by the local people and thus able to influence their thinking towards peaceful resolution of conflict and opposed to militancy and Pakistans machinations, became a target.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^[16][17]

.He was born in the Valley of Kashmir^[18] in a family of scholars and mystics and studied all the schools of philosophy and art of his time under the guidance of as many as fifteen (or more) teachers and gurus.^ It may, however, be noted that the product of the Kashmir mines suffers more from flaws and blemishes than that of many other mines.

• Kashmir Sapphire: Ruby & Sapphire from India 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.ruby-sapphire.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Three years ago , when I last visited the Kashmir valley to report on the insurgency for the BBC , I would have answered no to all theses questions.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Although there are signs all over the valley information local and visitors alike that the police are with U. for U. ever and always ,the sight of so many police officers and solidiers in public places still makes srinagar look like a city under siege.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[19] .In his long life he completed over 35 works, the largest and most famous of which is Tantrāloka, an encyclopedic treatise on all the philosophical and practical aspects of Trika and Kaula (known today as Kashmir Shaivism).^ The trekkers all over the world often share their experiences in Kashmir throughout their life time, as it is said the climbing friendship lasts long.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Dhanwantri’s teaching of highest professional excellence are reflected mainly in monumental classic monograph Sushrata Samhita, which has dealt extensively with all the then known aspects of surgery.

• Jammu Kashmir Paradise Heaven On Earth 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC kashmirparadise.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Kashmir was an issue between these two nations long before the terrorist phenomenon was ever known about in the west.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

.Another one of his very important contributions was in the field of philosophy of aesthetics with his famous Abhinavabhāratī commentary of Nāṭyaśāstra of Bharata Muni.^ Chris Chisu Seattle, WA Very beautiful and moving pictures but, yeah, another proof that no one gives a damn about injustice in this world.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ In the field of Philosophy Kashmir's contribution is the "Shiva School of thought", which assumed a distinctive character in the valley.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Before switching over to the early Muslim period, it would be proper to point out, very briefly of course, the contribution of people here, in the field of Philosophy, Literature and Archaeology.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^[20]

.The Muslims and Hindus of Kashmir lived in relative harmony, since the Sufi-Islamic way of life that Muslims followed in Kashmir complemented the Rishi tradition of Kashmiri Pandits.^ Hindus and Muslims lived peacefully in Kashmir before !

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Muslims and Hindus can live in harmony.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Forget about Hindu and Muslim factors, all Kashmiries are first Indian.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^{.January 2009" style="white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed]} This led to a syncretic culture where Hindus and Muslims revered the same local saints and prayed at the same shrines^{[citation needed]}.^ Almost all the muslim chroniclers speak of the wholesale destruction of Hindu shrines including the 'Martand' Temple, and forcible conversion of Hindus to Islam.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ These are the same people who made the rule of majority (according to their democratic rules) of muslim or hindus areas would be muslim and then this (crupt writer) is writing that those rules were flawed.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

.Famous sufi saint Bulbul Shah was able to convert Rinchan Shah who was then prince of Kashgar Ladakh to an Islamic lifestyle, thus founding the Sufiana composite culture.^ The faith came to Kashmir through the Sufi saint Bulbul Shah in the early fourteenth century, finding wide acceptance.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

.Under this rule, Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist Kashmiris generally co-existed peacefully.^ The main portion of the inhabitants is Muslim, followed by Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists and Christians.

• Jammu Kashmir Paradise Heaven On Earth 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC kashmirparadise.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Hindus and Muslims lived peacefully in Kashmir before !

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Forget about Hindu and Muslim factors, all Kashmiries are first Indian.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

Over time, however, the Sufiana governance gave way to outright Muslim monarchs.

.In the beginning of 14th century a ferocious Mongol, Dulucha, invaded the valley through its northern side Zojila Pass, with an army of 60,000 men.^ In the beginning of 14th century a ferocious Mongol, Dulucha invaded the valley through its northern side Zojila Pass, with an army of 60,000 men.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

.Like Taimur in the Punjab and Delhi, Dulucha carried sword and fire, destroyed towns and villages and slaughtered thousands.^ Thousands of Indus valley or Harappan archaeological cultural sites discovered in India in the States of Punjab, Harayana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir.

• Jammu Kashmir Paradise Heaven On Earth 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC kashmirparadise.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]

.His savage attack practically ended the Hindu rule in Kashmir.^ His savage attack practically ended the Hindu rule in Kashmir.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ He was the direct descendant of Lankar Chak who had come to Kashmir towards the close of Hindu rule.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ After the eclipse of Utpala dynasty, Lohara dynasty ruled Kashmir till the end of the Hindu rule in Kashmir (1339).

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

.Raja Sahadev was the ruler then.^ A weak and worthless man Raja Sahadev was the ruler then.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

.It was during his reign that three men, Shah Mir from Swat (tribal) territory on the borders of Afghanistan, Rinchin from Ladhak, and Lankar Chak from Dard territory near Gilgit came to Kashmir, and played a notable role in subsequentive political history of the valley.^ It was during his reign that three adventurers, Shah Mir from Swat ( Tribal) territory on the borders of Afganistan, Rinchin from Ladhak, and Lankar Chak from Dard territory near Gilgit came to Kashmir, and played a notable role in subsequentive political history of the valley.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ These visitors have played a great role in highlighting Kashmir and its beauties to the world.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It treats Azad Kashmir territory and Gilgit-Balistan areas as its own domain which a Joint Secretary controls as Chief Advisor.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

.All the three men were granted Jagirs by the King.^ All the three men were granted Jagirs by the King.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

.Rinchin for 3 years became the ruler of Kashmir, Shah Mir was the first rular of Shah Miri-dynasty.^ Rinchin for 3 years became the ruler of Kashmir, Shah Mir was the first rular of Shah Miri-dynasty, and the decendants of Lankar Chak established Chak rule in the Kashmir.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Kashmir remained a dependency of Kabul rulers till 1819, roughly a period of 67 years.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Sultan of Kashmir, Nazuk Shah, became almost a puppet in his hands.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

.After his demise, his son Jamshed became the ruler who was later removed by his own brother Ali Sher Swati in the matter of just a couple of months.^ Now Ali Shah repented and instead of going on pilgrimage to Mecca, he returned along with the forces of the Ruler of Jammu and regained his kingdom from his brother.

• Jammu Kashmir Paradise Heaven On Earth 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC kashmirparadise.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Just to cite an example, I am an Urdu speaking "Bihari," former Pakistani, whose parents migrated to East Pakistan from India after the independence of East Pakistan from Pakistan, which became Bangladesh later.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ After his death, it is mostly the weak rulers except his grand son Jayatida, who ruled the valley.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

.Some Kashmiri rulers, such as Sultan Zain-ul-Abidinwho was popularly known as budshah(r.1423-1474), were tolerant of all religions in a manner comparable to Akbar.^ This is all due to Zain-ul-Abidin."

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ A Vakh uttered by Mirza Kak (popularly) known as Kak Ji) unnerved the pathan rulers of Kashmir in the early 19th Century.

• Jammu Kashmir Paradise Heaven On Earth 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC kashmirparadise.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]

^ One is Sultan Shihabud-din, and the second is the great Sultan Zain-ul-Abdin.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

.However, several Muslim rulers of Kashmir were intolerant of other religions.^ The Kabul valley Proutonsa (Poonch), Pajapuri (Rajauri) Kangra, Jammu, Kisthwar and Ladhak, one after the other threw-off their allegiance to the rulers of Kashmir.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ It may, however, be noted that the product of the Kashmir mines suffers more from flaws and blemishes than that of many other mines.

• Kashmir Sapphire: Ruby & Sapphire from India 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.ruby-sapphire.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Don`t get confused that i have mixed with other religion, I perform all my rilegious duties with more peacefully securely and spiritually even in this Non Muslim World.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

.Sultãn Sikandar Butshikan of Kashmir (AD 1389-1413) is often considered the worst of these.^ Quite often, Pakistan uses its logic of objections on these projects, under the ambit of Indus Water Treaty, to halt progress on Kashmir issue resolution .

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

Historians have recorded many of his atrocities. .The Tarikh-i-Firishta records that Sikandar persecuted the Hindus and issued orders proscribing the residence of any other than Muslims in Kashmir.^ It may, however, be noted that the product of the Kashmir mines suffers more from flaws and blemishes than that of many other mines.

• Kashmir Sapphire: Ruby & Sapphire from India 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.ruby-sapphire.com [Source type: Original source]

^ More than 10 per cent of India's population is Muslim, whereas few Hindus or Sikhs remain in Pakistan.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

^ Kashmir's Hindu's and Muslims had to bear the brunt of this game plan.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

.He also ordered the breaking of all "golden and silver images". The Tarikh-i-Firishta further states: "Many of the Brahmins, rather than abandon their religion or their country, poisoned themselves; some emigrated from their native homes, while a few escaped.^ Like the rest of India, it represents a mosaic of different religions, different ethnic groups and cultures as do many other States of India.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Can you tell how many prominent persons in Pakistan are of a religion other than Muslim.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

.After the emigration of the Brahmins, Sikandar ordered all the temples in Kashmir to be thrown down.^ Writes H. Gotezi " The temple of Martand set the model for Kashmir Hindu Art in all the following centuries....

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Hazrat-Bal Mosque; the most sanctified of all Muslim shrines, Avantipur temples, Amarnath Caves, Shankaracharya temple, Martand Temple all add to the scenic appeal of Kashmir.

• Jammu Kashmir Paradise Heaven On Earth 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC kashmirparadise.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]

Having broken all the images in Kashmir, (Sikandar) acquired the title of ‘Destroyer of Idols’."^[21]

.The metrical chronicle of the kings of Kashmir, called Rajatarangini, has been pronounced by Professor H.H.Wilson to be the only Sanskrit composition yet discovered to which the appellation "history" can with any propriety be applied.^ Pakistan has never claimed Kashmir to be a part of Pakistan and it only calls for the aspirations of the Kashmiri people to be realized by means of a UN chartered plebiscite as was done in the case of Hyderabad and Junagarh.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ And the other thing is: these so called "millitants" are Islamistic terrorists and NOTHING ELSE! When they attack the World Trade Center, they are Islamistic terrorists, when they attack India or Kashmir, then they are only "millitants" or what?

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ He won the loyality and affection of his subjects who called him Budshah or the great king, a name by which he is remembered even to day by the people of Kashmir.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

.It first became known to the Muslims when, on Akbar's invasion of Kashmir in 1588, a copy was presented to the emperor.^ Rinchin for 3 years became the ruler of Kashmir, Shah Mir was the first rular of Shah Miri-dynasty, and the decendants of Lankar Chak established Chak rule in the Kashmir.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ It was in 1579 that illuminated Moghul emperor Akbar visited Kashmir.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Things became different gradually when those who dared first, encouraged others to come to Kashmir independently.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.A translation into Persian was made at his order.^ The Sultan had also established a translation department where important works were translated from Sanskrit into Persian and Arabic.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

A summary of its contents, taken from this Persian translation, is given by Abul Fazl in the Ain-i-Akbari. The Rajatarangini was written by Kalhana about the middle of the 12th century. His work, in six books, makes use of earlier writings that are now lost.

The Rajatarangini is the first of a series of four histories that record the annals of Kashmir. Commencing with a rendition of traditional history of very early times, the Rajatarangini comes down to the reign of Sangrama Deva, (c.1006 AD). The second work, by Jonaraja, continues the history from where Kalhana left off, and, entering the Muslim period, gives an account of the reigns down to that of Zain-ul-ab-ad-din, 1412. P. Srivara carried on the record to the accession of Fah Shah in 1486. The fourth work, called Rajavalipataka, by Prajnia Bhatta, completes the history to the time of the incorporation of Kashmir in the dominions of the Mogul emperor Akbar, 1588.

.By the early 19th century, the Kashmir valley had passed from the control of the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan, and four centuries of Muslim rule under the Mughals and the Afghans, to the conquering Sikh armies.^ On the issue of Kashmir, UN Resolution 39, passed on 20 Jan 1948, offered to assist in peaceful conclusion to the conflict and resolution 47 on 21 April 1948 that invading Pakistani army retreat, so that a plebiscite can be conducted under UN supervision.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

^ The ruling monarch Rinchen Shah converted to Islam and assumed the name of Sadruddin in 1327 AD. Thereafter, beginning with his former general Shahmir, a series of Muslim dynasties ruled the State with brief interludes of annexation into neighbouring States, to become a part of the Mughal Empire in the late 16th century, under its greatest ruler Akbar.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Fittingly referred to as heaven, Kashmir has been ruled by King Ashoka, the Kushanas, Gonondas, Guptas, Karkotas, Mughals, Afghans, Sikhs, and at last by the Dogras in the 19th century.

• Jammu Kashmir Paradise Heaven On Earth 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC kashmirparadise.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]

.Earlier, in 1780, after the death of Ranjit Deo, the Raja of Jammu, the kingdom of Jammu (to the south of the Kashmir valley) was captured by the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh of Lahore and afterwards, until 1846, became a tributary to the Sikh power.^ The Kabul valley Proutonsa (Poonch), Pajapuri (Rajauri) Kangra, Jammu, Kisthwar and Ladhak, one after the other threw-off their allegiance to the rulers of Kashmir.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1819, 30,000 soliders of Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Kashmir, defeated the Pathans, and the state became a part of Ranjit Singh's empire.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The irrelevance of the Hurriyat to the people of Jammu and Kashmir and the situation in the state, became visibly apparent during the elections held in 1996.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^[22] .Ranjit Deo's grandnephew, Gulab Singh, subsequently sought service at the court of Ranjit Singh, distinguished himself in later campaigns, especially the annexation of the Kashmir valley by the Sikhs army in 1819, and, for his services, was appointed governor of Jammu in 1820. With the help of his officer, Zorawar Singh, Gulab Singh soon captured Ladakh and Baltistan, regions to the east and north-east of Jammu.^ It was Gulab Singh who conquered one by one different places and regions of the state, Jammu,.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Kabul valley Proutonsa (Poonch), Pajapuri (Rajauri) Kangra, Jammu, Kisthwar and Ladhak, one after the other threw-off their allegiance to the rulers of Kashmir.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ In 1819, 30,000 soliders of Maharaja Ranjit Singh attacked Kashmir, defeated the Pathans, and the state became a part of Ranjit Singh's empire.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^[22]

.In 1845, the First Anglo-Sikh War broke out, and Gulab Singh "contrived to hold himself aloof till the battle of Sobraon (1846), when he appeared as a useful mediator and the trusted advisor of Sir Henry Lawrence.^ However shawl industry in Kashmir received its death-blow when war broke out between Germany and France in 1870.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ On the defeat of the Sikhs by the British, the latter annexed and then sold Kashmir to the local feudatory Gulab Singh, who then assumed the title of Maharaja.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Writes P. N. Bamzai : " Mahraja Gulab Singh is the only Indian ruler to have carved out a state during the 19th century out of the wreckage of the great kingdom of Sikhs.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

Two treaties were concluded, of which the first gave the State of Lahore (i.e. West Punjab) to the British, whereas the second gave all the hilly or mountainous country situated to the east of Indus and west of Ravi" (i.e. the Vale of Kashmir) to Gulab Singh.^[22][23] .Soon after Gulab Singh's death in 1857, his son, Ranbir Singh, added the emirates of Hunza, Gilgit and Nagar to the kingdom.^ He was succeeded by Maharaja Ranbir Singh who ruled from 1857 to 1885.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Tibet, as well as part of Pamier, besides the genuinely kingdoms of Jammu and Kashmir came into Maharaja Gulab Singh's possession.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Writes P. N. Bamzai : " Mahraja Gulab Singh is the only Indian ruler to have carved out a state during the 19th century out of the wreckage of the great kingdom of Sikhs.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu (as it was then called) was constituted between 1820 and 1858 and was "somewhat artificial in composition and it did not develop a fully coherent identity, partly as a result of its disparate origins and partly as a result of the autocratic rule which it experienced on the fringes of Empire."^ Like politics of Pakistan it is difficult to predict future of the State of Jammu and Kashmir and the on going struggle.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The internal situation of Jammu and Kashmir is, by the will of its people, strictly Indias affair and there is no call for any international intervention.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Indeed, the State of Jammu and Kashmir has a Muslim majority but is by no means a homogenous religious or ethnic entity.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^[25] .It combined disparate regions, religions, and ethnicities: to the east, Ladakh was ethnically and culturally Tibetan and its inhabitants practised Buddhism; to the south, Jammu had a mixed population of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs; in the heavily populated central Kashmir valley, the population was overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim, however, there was also a small but influential Hindu minority, the Kashmiri brahmins or pandits; to the northeast, sparsely populated Baltistan had a population ethnically related to Ladakh, but which practised Shi'a Islam; to the north, also sparsely populated, Gilgit Agency, was an area of diverse, mostly Shi'a groups; and, to the west, Punch was Muslim, but of different ethnicity than the Kashmir valley.^ Jammu has a majority Hindu population(60%), but with substantial Muslim and Sikh minorities.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Kashmir Valley itself is predominantly Muslim, with small components of Hindus and Sikhs.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Kashmiri Muslim population is dominating the town.

• Jammu Kashmir Paradise Heaven On Earth 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC kashmirparadise.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]

^[25] .After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, in which Kashmir sided with the British, and the subsequent assumption of direct rule by Great Britain, the princely state of Kashmir came under the suzerainty of the British Crown.^ Army rules Kashmir: Indian HR activist , 16 Jun 2008 :.

• Kashmir Watch :: In-depth coverage on Kashmir conflict 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.kashmirwatch.com [Source type: News]

^ Subsequently, on 26 January 1957 at the 765th meeting of the Security Council the representative of the Soviet Union stated "The question of Kashmir has been settled by the people of Kashmir themselves.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ For support during the Indian Mutiny of 1857, the British wrote off that debt and awarded the Nizam the Order of the Star of India.

• Kashmir Sapphire: Ruby & Sapphire from India 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.ruby-sapphire.com [Source type: Original source]

.Ranbir Singh's grandson Hari Singh, who had ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1925, was the reigning monarch in 1947 at the conclusion of British rule of the subcontinent and the subsequent partition of the British Indian Empire into the newly independent Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan.^ He was succeeded by Maharaja Ranbir Singh who ruled from 1857 to 1885.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ After the death of Maharaja Pratap Singh his nephew Maharaja Sir Hari Singh ascended the throne in 1925.

• An Outline of the History of Kashmir 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.koausa.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Long live Kashmir, long live India and long live Pakistan.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

.As parties to the partition process, both countries had agreed that the rulers of princely states would be given the right to opt for either Pakistan or India or—in special cases—to remain independent.^ But Kashmiris want either freedom or autonomy from both Pakistan and India.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

^ This was sought to be undermined by the use of military force in 1947, which though successfully resisted by the Kashmiris with the support of Indias army, resulted in a portion of the State remaining under Pakistans occupation.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ These australians dont have any idea if india - pakistan go to war what would be the consequences.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

.Kashmir's population was overall 77 per cent Muslim but with internal areas of non-Muslim majority.^ Indeed, the State of Jammu and Kashmir has a Muslim majority but is by no means a homogenous religious or ethnic entity.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ More than 10 per cent of India's population is Muslim, whereas few Hindus or Sikhs remain in Pakistan.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

^ Everyone knows Kashmir is beautiful, that's why the Pakis want it plus the Muslim population in the region.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

.It shared a boundary with both India and Pakistan.^ Joint control of Kashmir by both India and Pakistan is one of the interesting suggestions that have been thrown up .

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Kashmiri people just want freedom from both India and Pakistan.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ "Kashmir" for nearly one and a half decades has become a Scapegoat for both India & Pakistan.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

Pakistan anticipated that the Maharaja would accede to Pakistan, when the British paramountcy ended on 14–15 August. When he hesitated to do this, Pakistan launched a guerilla infiteration meant to frighten its ruler into submission. Instead the Maharaja appealed to Mountbatten^[26] for assistance, and the Governor-General agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India."^[27] Once the Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession, "Indian soldiers entered Kashmir and drove the Pakistani-sponsored irregulars from all but a small section of the state. The United Nations was then invited to mediate the quarrel. .The UN mission insisted that the opinion of Kashmiris must be ascertained, while India insisted that no referendum could occur until all of the state had been cleared of irregulars."^ Since India claims to be an epitome of democracy she should hold a referendum but we all know that it seems highly unlikely.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Accession of the State to India had never been an issue for the Kashmiris.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ According to me, of all the 28 states of India, Kashmir is the most beautiful.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^[27]

.In the last days of 1948, a ceasefire was agreed under UN auspices; however, since the plebiscite demanded by the UN was never conducted, relations between India and Pakistan soured,^[27] and eventually led to two more wars over Kashmir in 1965 and 1999.^ India and Pakistan think that the dispute is between them and ignore the people of Kashmir.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Two wars have already been fought over Kashmir.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Re Kashmir; more an excuse than a reason for hositilities between India and Pakistan.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

.India has control of about half the area of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir; Pakistan controls a third of the region, the Northern Areas and Azad Kashmir.^ Indeed, the portion of the State now called the Northern Areas, has been declared a part of Pakistan, separate to the entity named "Azad Kashmir" It is very significant that during the debates in the UN Security Council and in the wording of the two resolutions the sovereignty of India over Jammu and Kashmir was taken as accepted.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The river runs a 3200 kilometer (2000 mile) course, through Ladakh district in Jammu & Kashmir and Northern Areas in India , then runs through the North in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan, and merges into the Arabian Sea near Pakistan’s port city of Karachi .

• Jammu Kashmir Paradise Heaven On Earth 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC kashmirparadise.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]

^ They also contended that even the Sino-Pakistan Agreement of 1963 conceded that the Northern Areas were a part of the State of J&K. The Government of Pakistan took the specious plea that the Government of Pakistan "was not functioning or operating within the territory of Azad Jammu & Kashmir (and) as such it was not amenable to the jurisdiction of this court".

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

.According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Although there was a clear Muslim majority in Kashmir before the 1947 partition and its economic, cultural, and geographic contiguity with the Muslim-majority area of the Punjab (in Pakistan) could be convincingly demonstrated, the political developments during and after the partition resulted in a division of the region.^ Kashmir was initially ceded to Pakistan due to the Muslim majority.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ When India was partitioned in 1947, there were disputes over which bits should go to Muslim majority Pakistan and which should go to Hindu majority India.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

^ Rohit Choudhary Kolkata, West BEngal When people talk about Kashmir being part of Pakistan, this being a Muslim majority state and religion being the basis of partition, they forget that going by that logic India should be an entirely Hindu nation.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

.Pakistan was left with territory that, although basically Muslim in character, was thinly populated, relatively inaccessible, and economically underdeveloped.^ More than 10 per cent of India's population is Muslim, whereas few Hindus or Sikhs remain in Pakistan.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

^ Even today India has a larger Muslim population than Pakistan, a clear indication that religion is not the sole basis for a separate nationhood.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ What you have written is at best idealist gunk that bears no relation to the actual treatment of non-muslims in Pakistan where they are basically second class citizens.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

.The largest Muslim group, situated in the Vale of Kashmir and estimated to number more than half the population of the entire region, lay in Indian-administered territory, with its former outlets via the Jhelum valley route blocked."^ Muslims are responsible for the situation in Kashmir.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Despite this, civil society groups in Kashmir, and in India as well, do have a crucial role to play in promoting a peaceful resolution of the ongoing conflict in the region .

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The data is more alarming more than 10,000 of innocent Kashmiris have disappeared in Indian Military custody.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^[28]

.The UN Security Council on 20 January 1948 passed Resolution 39, establishing a special commission to investigate the conflict.^ On the issue of Kashmir, UN Resolution 39, passed on 20 Jan 1948, offered to assist in peaceful conclusion to the conflict and resolution 47 on 21 April 1948 that invading Pakistani army retreat, so that a plebiscite can be conducted under UN supervision.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

^ Subsequently, on 26 January 1957 at the 765th meeting of the Security Council the representative of the Soviet Union stated "The question of Kashmir has been settled by the people of Kashmir themselves.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The UN has passed resolutions recognising terrorism as a major threat to human rights.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

Subsequent to the commission's recommendation, the Security Council ordered in its Resolution 47, passed on 21 April 1948, that the invading Pakistani army retreat from Jammu & Kashmir and that the accession of Kashmir to either India or Pakistan be determined in accordance with a plebiscite to be supervised by the UN.

.The eastern region of the erstwhile princely state of Kashmir has also been beset with a boundary dispute.^ The identity of Jammu and Kashmir as a State that refuses to share power with people or devolve authority to the grassroots democratic institutions of governance can be seen in the regional and sub-regional dissension.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ For democratic regions British said it will divide the country on the basis of will of people, but on the princely state it will be the choice of the ruler.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Aman islamabad Kashmir is one of the most intractable and thorniest disputes between India and Pakistan since their inception as independent states in 1947.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

.In the late 19th- and early 20th centuries, although some boundary agreements were signed between Great Britain, Afghanistan and Russia over the northern borders of Kashmir, China never accepted these agreements, and the official Chinese position did not change with the communist takeover in 1949. By the mid-1950s the Chinese army had entered the north-east portion of Ladakh.^ The border agreement which related to the alignment of the entire boundary line between Chinas Sinkiang and the contiguous areas under the actual control of Pakistan was ceded: "The two parties have agreed that after the settlement of the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan the sovereign authority concerned will reopen negotiations with the government of the Peoples Republic of China on the boundary as described in Article II of the present agreement of Kashmir so as to sign a boundary treaty to replace the present agreement ......"

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Pahalgam, which is also en route to the Hindu shrine at the caves of Amarnath , is triply protected-by Kashmirs border security force , the central reserve policy force and Indian army.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A Vakh uttered by Mirza Kak (popularly) known as Kak Ji) unnerved the pathan rulers of Kashmir in the early 19th Century.

• Jammu Kashmir Paradise Heaven On Earth 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC kashmirparadise.wordpress.com [Source type: Original source]

^[28]

China has occupied Aksai Chin since the early 1950s and, in addition, an adjoining region almost 8% of the territory, the Trans-Karakoram Tract was ceded by Pakistan to China in 1963.

.Meanwhile, elections were held in Indian Jammu & Kashmir, which brought up the popular Muslim leader Sheikh Abdullah, who with his party National Conference, by and large supported India.^ In these elections, the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India was not questioned.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Then peoples in Kashmir will support INDIA. .

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Jammu and Kashmir Elections first phase .

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

.The elected Constituent Assembly met for the first time in Srinagar on October 31, 1951.^[29] Then The State Constituent Assembly ratified the accession of the State to the Union of India on February 6, 1954 and the President of India subsequently issued the Constitution (Application to J&K) Order under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution extending the Union Constitution to the State with some exceptions and modifications.^ The Accession of the State to India had never been an issue for the Kashmiris.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Since the accession the people of Jammu and Kashmir have participated in elections while the Constitution of India, in terms of article 370, provides the framework that guarantees the special identity and status of Jammu and Kashmir within the Indian Union.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ It is an expression of their will, expressed through the ballot box, that the National Conference, a supporter of Jammu and Kashmirs accession to India, remains the dominant political party in the State, first under Sheikh Abdullahs leadereship and, following the latest Assembly and Parliamentary elections in 1996, and 1998 under his son Dr Farooq Abdullah.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

.The State’s own Constitution came into force on January 26, 1957 under which the elections to the State Legislative Assembly were held for the first time on the basis of adult franchise the same year.^ Along with this constitution, the Presidential Election Bill was also passed on August 25, 1974 providing for the direct election of the President through adult franchise, and of the PM by a majority in the Assembly.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The State was fully incorporated into the systems of administration and land settlement which long remained a legacy of that Empire in India, well after its own disintegration.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ There is no adult franchise, no assembly and the people have never participated in an election or sent representatives to the National Assembly.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

.This Constitution further reiterated the ratification of the State’s accession to Union of India.^ The Accession of the State to India had never been an issue for the Kashmiris.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ It adopted, in 1956, the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir which declared that the State of Jammu and Kashmir was an integral part of India, and that Accession to India was final and irrevocable.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Since the accession the people of Jammu and Kashmir have participated in elections while the Constitution of India, in terms of article 370, provides the framework that guarantees the special identity and status of Jammu and Kashmir within the Indian Union.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^[29] .However, these tidings were not recognized by Pakistan, which has continued to press for a plebiscite to ascertain the wishes of the people.^ Pakistan made no attempt to ascertain the will of the people of these states.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Democratic elections are a recognised means of ascertaining the wishes of the people and the people of the State of Jammu and Kashmir have repeatedly participated in such elections.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Pakistan has never claimed Kashmir to be a part of Pakistan and it only calls for the aspirations of the Kashmiri people to be realized by means of a UN chartered plebiscite as was done in the case of Hyderabad and Junagarh.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

.Pakistan set up its own Kashmir, called Azad Kashmir in a tiny Western chunk that it controls.^ They are neither a province of Pakistan nor a part of "Azad Kashmir".

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ It treats Azad Kashmir territory and Gilgit-Balistan areas as its own domain which a Joint Secretary controls as Chief Advisor.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Earlier several other members of the Organization of the Society of Jesus have come to Kashmir ever-since the Society started functioning in 1534 and they revealed to the Western world about existence of the Gods own land up in the Himalayas.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The much larger region of Pakistani Kashmir in the North-West, which was a province named Northern Areas in the erstwhile state, by and large bore no mention in Pakistani laws and Constitution as being of any status, until in 1982 the Pakistani President General Zia ul Haq proclaimed that the people of the Northern Areas were Pakistanis and had nothing to do with the State of Jammu and Kashmir.^ In 1982 General Zia ul Haq proclaimed that the people of the Northern Areas were Pakistanis and had nothing to do with the State of Jammu and Kashmir.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ It is well known in Kashmir that the political system in West Bengal always supported well being of Kashmir and Kashmiris in as much as they have always supported the provision of special status of Kashmir in the Indian constitution and West Bengal has been the only State where Kashmiris were not harmed or harassed post 1990.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Like politics of Pakistan it is difficult to predict future of the State of Jammu and Kashmir and the on going struggle.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^[30]

.The region is divided among three countries in a territorial dispute: Pakistan controls the northwest portion (Northern Areas and Azad Kashmir), India controls the central and southern portion (Jammu and Kashmir) and Ladakh, and China controls the northeastern portion (Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract).^ India and Pakistan think that the dispute is between them and ignore the people of Kashmir.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ India, Pakistan and China must stop claiming Kashmir as part of their respective countries.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Because of India and Pakistan LOC was created, which divided the Kashmir.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

.India controls the majority of the Siachen Glacier area including the Saltoro Ridge passes, whereas Pakistan controls the lower territory just southwest of the Saltoro Ridge.^ Joint control of Kashmir by both India and Pakistan is one of the interesting suggestions that have been thrown up .

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ It treats Azad Kashmir territory and Gilgit-Balistan areas as its own domain which a Joint Secretary controls as Chief Advisor.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ But first it has to be under U.N. control for at least a decade so that neither Pakistan nor India have undue influence over the local population.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

.India controls 141,338 km² (54,571 sq mi) of the disputed territory, Pakistan 85,846 km² (33,145 sq mi) and China, the remaining 37,555 km² (14,500 sq mi).^ Subject to the provisions of sub-sections (3) and (4) of this section, the territories of India shall be the territories under the sovereignty of His Majesty which, immediately before the appointed day, were included in British India except the territories which under sub-section (2) of this section are to be the territories of Pakistan.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Relations between India and Pakistan over Kashmir have been improving, even though the dispute threatened to take the countries to nuclear war as recently as 2002.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ India offered to settle the problem under pleblicite under UN, provided Pakistan agreed to return the territory and did not influence the events.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

.Jammu and Azad Kashmir lie outside Pir Panjal range, and are under Indian and Pakistani control respectively.^ We people of Jammu and Kashmir never had any control or say over it.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Outside the collection seen in the Jammu and Kashmir State Treasury, few cut stones of greater than 65 ct have been reported (Schwieger, 1990).

• Kashmir Sapphire: Ruby & Sapphire from India 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.ruby-sapphire.com [Source type: Original source]

^ It treats Azad Kashmir territory and Gilgit-Balistan areas as its own domain which a Joint Secretary controls as Chief Advisor.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

These are populous regions. Main cities are Jammu, Muzaffarabad and Rawalakot.

.The Gilgit-Baltistan, formerly called Northern Areas, are a group of territories in the extreme north, bordered by the Karakoram, the western Himalayas, the Pamir, and the Hindu Kush ranges.^ It treats Azad Kashmir territory and Gilgit-Balistan areas as its own domain which a Joint Secretary controls as Chief Advisor.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ None of the constitutions of Pakistan, adopted in 1956, 1962, 1972 and 1973 - recognised that Northern Areas are part of the Pakistan territories.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ PAKISTAN OCCUPIED KASHMIR (SO-CALLED "AZAD KASHMIR") In terms of territory, the area of the state of Jammu and Kashmir is 222,236 sq kilometers while the area illegally occupied by Pakistan is 78,114 sq.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

.With its administrative center at the town of Gilgit, the Northern Areas cover an area of 72,971 km² (28,174 mi²) and have an estimated population approaching 1,000,000. The other main city is Skardu.^ Its population of 1.5 million inhabits a vast area of 72,495 sq.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Pakistan also denied the well-known Karachi Agreement of April 28, 1949 "whereby the administrative control of Northern Areas was delivered to the Government of Pakistan".

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Pakistan does not trust the administration of POK to handle the Northern Areas which Islamabad considers strategically vital.

• A COMPREHENSIVE NOTE ON JAMMU & KASHMIR 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.asiapeace.org [Source type: Original source]

.Ladakh is a region in the east, between the Kunlun mountain range in the north and the main Great Himalayas to the south.^ But just by virtue of being in Kashmir you are already far up in the Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world, so this should not come as a surprise.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north .

• CIA - The World Factbook -- India 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.cia.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[32] Main cities are Leh and Kargil. .It is under Indian administration and is part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir.^ William H New Delhi Kashmir existed as an independednt entity much before the Indian or the Pakistani state even existed.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Outside the collection seen in the Jammu and Kashmir State Treasury, few cut stones of greater than 65 ct have been reported (Schwieger, 1990).

• Kashmir Sapphire: Ruby & Sapphire from India 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.ruby-sapphire.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Rohan Gaikar Nasik, Maharashtra Kashmir is an Indian State by the treaty signed by Kashmir's king during Pakistani invasion in 1947.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

.It is one of the most sparsely populated regions in the area and is mainly inhabited by people of Indo-Aryan and Tibetan descent.^ Most people come here through a Kashmiri travel agent, or hook up with the handful of Western agents based in the area.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[32]

Aksai Chin is a vast high-altitude desert of salt that reaches altitudes up to 5,000 metres (16,000 ft). Geographically part of the Tibetan Plateau, Aksai Chin is referred to as the Soda Plain. The region is almost uninhabited, and has no permanent settlements.

.Though these regions are in practice administered by their respective claimants, neither India nor Pakistan has formally recognised the accession of the areas claimed by the other.^ These australians dont have any idea if india - pakistan go to war what would be the consequences.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

^ Only an honourable settlement for Kashmir, amicable for India and Pakistan, has the potential to usher not only an era of peace and stability in the region but also a process of reconciliation between the people of Kashmir, India and Pakistan.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ I am not supporting HR violation but what I am saying is that it is not unique to Kashmir, it is happening at so many other places of India and Pakistan.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

.India claims those areas, including the area "ceded" to China by Pakistan in the Trans-Karakoram Tract in 1963, are a part of its territory, while Pakistan claims the entire region excluding Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.^ India, Pakistan and China must stop claiming Kashmir as part of their respective countries.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ India and Pakistan both claim Kashmir as a vital part of their territory and thus culture.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Only an honourable settlement for Kashmir, amicable for India and Pakistan, has the potential to usher not only an era of peace and stability in the region but also a process of reconciliation between the people of Kashmir, India and Pakistan.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

.The two countries have fought several declared wars over the territory.^ Two wars have already been fought over Kashmir.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The declaration of ceasefire by India and Pakistan, confidence building measures launched by the two countries and of course various militant organizations supporting tourism also helped in its revival.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ A third war between the two countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh.

• CIA - The World Factbook -- India 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.cia.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 established the rough boundaries of today, with Pakistan holding roughly one-third of Kashmir, and India one-half, with a dividing line of control established by the United Nations.^ "Kashmir" for nearly one and a half decades has become a Scapegoat for both India & Pakistan.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Because of India and Pakistan LOC was created, which divided the Kashmir.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Long live Kashmir, long live India and long live Pakistan.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 resulted in a stalemate and a UN-negotiated ceasefire.

.The Kashmir valley or Vale of Kashmir is a valley between Himalayas and the Pir Panjal Range.^ But just by virtue of being in Kashmir you are already far up in the Himalayas, the highest mountain range in the world, so this should not come as a surprise.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

It is around 135 km long and 32 km wide, formed by the Jhelum River.^[31] .It was called as "Paradise on Earth" by Jahangir.^ Showkat Rather Kashmir Kashmir, the so-called Paradise on earth.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ SHOWKAT RATHER BANGLORE, KARNATAKA There is lot to say about the miseries in Kashmir-the so called Paradise on earth, but whatever has happened has happened.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

Currently it has population of around 4 million, mostly Muslim.

.It lies completely within Indian administration in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.^ Like politics of Pakistan it is difficult to predict future of the State of Jammu and Kashmir and the on going struggle.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ William H New Delhi Kashmir existed as an independednt entity much before the Indian or the Pakistani state even existed.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Outside the collection seen in the Jammu and Kashmir State Treasury, few cut stones of greater than 65 ct have been reported (Schwieger, 1990).

• Kashmir Sapphire: Ruby & Sapphire from India 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.ruby-sapphire.com [Source type: Original source]

Srinagar is its main city and also the summer capital of the state. Other main cities are Anantnag and Baramulla. There has been armed insurgency since 1989 due to the conflict. It has access to the rest of India through Banihal Tunnel near Qazigund on NH 1A to Jammu, which is interrupted by snowfall in winter. .The popular tourist places in the valley are Gulmarg, Dal Lake, Pahalgam, Amarnath temple etc.^ Dal lake , neglect throughout the insurgency , may still be weed ridden in places , but a fervent attempt is being made that have grown as entangled as spaghetti.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ "It is a dream come true," gushed the 45-year-old housewife from central India, standing on the banks of Srinagar's Dal lake in the Himalayan valley of Kashmir.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ It is a romantic experience to travel to Kashmir in spring when snow over the slopes of Gulmarg, Pahalgam and Sonamarg still appears fresh while flowers appear in abundance in the Valley plains.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.In the 1901 Census of the British Indian Empire, Muslims constituted 74.16% of the total population of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, Hindus, 23.72%, and Buddhists, 1.21%.^ Like politics of Pakistan it is difficult to predict future of the State of Jammu and Kashmir and the on going struggle.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ William H New Delhi Kashmir existed as an independednt entity much before the Indian or the Pakistani state even existed.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Pahalgam, which is also en route to the Hindu shrine at the caves of Amarnath , is triply protected-by Kashmirs border security force , the central reserve policy force and Indian army.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The Hindus were found mainly in Jammu, where they constituted a little less than 70% of the population.^ More than 10 per cent of India's population is Muslim, whereas few Hindus or Sikhs remain in Pakistan.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

^ Kashmiri Hindus (Pandits as they are called locally) are forced to flee Kashmir and live in camps in Jammu uprooted from their ancestral homes.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^[33] .In the Kashmir Valley, Muslims constituted 95.6% of the population and Hindus 3.24%.^ More than 10 per cent of India's population is Muslim, whereas few Hindus or Sikhs remain in Pakistan.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

^ Everyone knows Kashmir is beautiful, that's why the Pakis want it plus the Muslim population in the region.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Kashmir's Hindu's and Muslims had to bear the brunt of this game plan.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^[33] .These percentages have remained fairly stable for the last 100 years.^ Three years ago , when I last visited the Kashmir valley to report on the insurgency for the BBC , I would have answered no to all theses questions.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Mehran Khan Srinagar, J&K These pictures are really expressing the trauma faced by the Kashmiri people over the last 19 years.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^[34] .Forty years later, in the 1941 Census of British India, Muslims accounted for 93.6% of the population of the Kashmir Valley and the Hindus for 4%.^ More than 10 per cent of India's population is Muslim, whereas few Hindus or Sikhs remain in Pakistan.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

^ Three years ago , when I last visited the Kashmir valley to report on the insurgency for the BBC , I would have answered no to all theses questions.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Everyone knows Kashmir is beautiful, that's why the Pakis want it plus the Muslim population in the region.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^[34] .In 2003, the percentage of Muslims in the Kashmir Valley was 95%^[35] and those of Hindus 4%; the same year, in Jammu, the percentage of Hindus was 66% and those of Muslims 30%.^ Three years ago , when I last visited the Kashmir valley to report on the insurgency for the BBC , I would have answered no to all theses questions.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Kashmir's Hindu's and Muslims had to bear the brunt of this game plan.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ This young patient of 45 years had a desire to have a glimpse of Kashmir valley in his life time, despite his fast deteriorating health condition.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^[35] .In the 1901 Census of the British Indian Empire, the population of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu was 2,905,578. Of these 2,154,695 were Muslims (74.16%), 689,073Hindus (23.72%), 25,828 Sikhs, and 35,047 Buddhists.^ Like politics of Pakistan it is difficult to predict future of the State of Jammu and Kashmir and the on going struggle.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ William H New Delhi Kashmir existed as an independednt entity much before the Indian or the Pakistani state even existed.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Outside the collection seen in the Jammu and Kashmir State Treasury, few cut stones of greater than 65 ct have been reported (Schwieger, 1990).

• Kashmir Sapphire: Ruby & Sapphire from India 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.ruby-sapphire.com [Source type: Original source]

Among the Muslims of the princely state, four divisions were recorded: "Shaikhs, Saiyids, Mughals, and Pathans. The Shaikhs, who are by far the most numerous, are the descendants of Hindus, but have retained none of the caste rules of their forefathers. They have clan names known as krams ..."^[33] It was recorded that these kram names included "Tantre," "Shaikh,", "Bhat", "Mantu," "Ganai," "Dar," "Damar," "Lon" etc. .The Saiyids, it was recorded "could be divided into those who follow the profession of religion and those who have taken to agriculture and other pursuits.^ It became a pride possession for an elegant wardrobe for all those who could afford, which today is true about modern citizen of India.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Things became different gradually when those who dared first, encouraged others to come to Kashmir independently.

• Kashmir Travel Press, Travel Kashmir information, Jammu & Kashmir Travel information, Kashmir Travel Guidelines, Travel to Kashmir precautions, Ladakh Travel, Travel Jammu, Kashmir Tourism, KashmirTravel Tourism,Travel Information Kashmir 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC induskashmir.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Their kram name is "Mir." While a Saiyid retains his saintly profession Mir is a prefix; if he has taken to agriculture, Mir is an affix to his name."^[33] The Mughals who were not numerous were recorded to have kram names like "Mir" (a corruption of "Mirza"), "Beg," "Bandi," "Bach," and "Ashaye." Finally, it was recorded that the Pathans "who are more numerous than the Mughals, ... are found chiefly in the south-west of the valley, where Pathan colonies have from time to time been founded. The most interesting of these colonies is that of Kuki-Khel Afridis at Dranghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak Pashtu."^[33]

.The Hindus were found mainly in Jammu, where they constituted a little less than 60% of the population.^ More than 10 per cent of India's population is Muslim, whereas few Hindus or Sikhs remain in Pakistan.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

^ Kashmiri Hindus (Pandits as they are called locally) are forced to flee Kashmir and live in camps in Jammu uprooted from their ancestral homes.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^[33] .In the Kashmir Valley, the Hindus represented "524 in every 10,000 of the population (i.e. 5.24%), and in the frontier wazarats of Ladhakh and Gilgit only 94 out of every 10,000 persons (0.94%)."^ Only 10 percent of Valley's orphans taken care of by orphanages , 24 May 2008 :.

• Kashmir Watch :: In-depth coverage on Kashmir conflict 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.kashmirwatch.com [Source type: News]

^ It can only see Kashmir valley to be free, independent nation, isn't it ?

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Kashmir consists of three sub provinces: Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladhakh.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^[33] In the same Census of 1901, in the Kashmir Valley, the total population was recorded to be 1,157,394, of which the Muslim population was 1,083,766, or 93.6% and the Hindu population 60,641.^[33] Among the Hindus of Jammu province, who numbered 626,177 (or 90.87% of the Hindu population of the princely state), the most important castes recorded in the census were "Brahmans (186,000), the Rajputs (167,000), the Khattris (48,000) and the Thakkars (93,000)."^[33]

.In the 1911 Census of the British Indian Empire, the total population of Kashmir and Jammu had increased to 3,158,126. Of these, 2,398,320 (75.94%) were Muslims, 696,830 (22.06%) Hindus, 31,658 (1%) Sikhs, and 36,512 (1.16%) Buddhists.^ Everyone knows Kashmir is beautiful, that's why the Pakis want it plus the Muslim population in the region.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ It's Hindu population had reduced to 1-2% of total.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Azad Kashmir has a populace which is absolutely happy and content in sharp contrast to IHK where the population is brutally crushed to maintain the ever hegemonic desirs of the Indian leadership.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

.In the last census of British India in 1941, the total population of Kashmir and Jammu (which as a result of the second world war, was estimated from the 1931 census) was 3,945,000. Of these, the total Muslim population was 2,997,000 (75.97%), the Hindu population was 808,000 (20.48%), and the Sikh 55,000 (1.39%).^ Because freedom means free from all these things and that is why i would love to live in Non Muslim World because they are really free from all these blessings.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Everyone knows Kashmir is beautiful, that's why the Pakis want it plus the Muslim population in the region.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Ron Girn Vancouver, British Columbia If Kashmir should become independent from India then logically Baluchistan and Sindh should separate from Pakistan.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^[36]

.According to political scientist Alexander Evans, approximately 95% of the total population of 160,000-170,000 of Kashmir Brahmins, also called Kashmiri Pandits, (i.e. approximately 120,000 to 150,000) left the Kashmir Valley in 1990 "as militant violence engulfed the state".^[37] According to the CIA Factbook chapter on India, approximately 150,000 Kashmiri Pandits from the state of Jammu and Kashmir are internally displaced.^ According to me, of all the 28 states of India, Kashmir is the most beautiful.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The violence that is rapidly engulfing large parts of Jammu and Kashmir, set off by a controversial government decision to grant a tract of land to a temple trust in Kashmir, threatens to totally disrupt the already tenuous inter-communal relations in the region.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Like politics of Pakistan it is difficult to predict future of the State of Jammu and Kashmir and the on going struggle.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^[38]

Kashmiri cuisine includes dum aloo (boiled potatoes with heavy amounts of spice), tzaman (a solid cottage cheese), rogan josh (lamb cooked in heavy spices), yakhiyn (lamb cooked in curd with mild spices), hakh (a spinach-like leaf), rista-gushtaba (minced meat balls in tomato and curd curry),danival korme and of course the signature rice which is particular to Asian cultures. The traditional wazwan feast involves cooking meat or vegetables, usually mutton, in several different ways.

Alcohol and Beef are not widely consumed in Kashmir. There are two styles of making tea in the region: nun chai, or salt tea, which is pink in colour (known as chinen posh rang or peach flower colour) and popular with locals; and kahwah, a tea for festive occasions, made with saffron and spices (cardamom, cinamon,sugar, noon chai leaves) , and lipton tea.

Kashmir's economy is centred around agriculture. .Traditionally the staple crop of the valley was rice, which formed the chief food of the people.^ Hope all these complexities and grievances of the people of Jammu, the people of Kashmir valley form the basis of peaceful and just solution to the present turmoil in the state .

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

In addition, Indian corn, wheat, barley and oats were also grown. Given its temperate climate, it is suited for crops like asparagus, artichoke, seakale, broad beans, scarletrunners, beetroot, cauliflower and cabbage. Fruit trees are common in the valley, and the cultivated orchards yield pears, apples, peaches, and cherries. The chief trees are deodar, firs and pines, chenar or plane, maple, birch and walnut, apple, cherry.

.Historically, Kashmir became known worldwide when Cashmere wool was exported to other regions and nations (exports have ceased due to decreased abundance of the cashmere goat and increased competition from China).^ Kashmir dispute, whether you call it India and Pakistan problem or give it any other name, is essentially related to national identity and future of people of Jammu and Kashmir.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ After working so hard and making so many sacrifices why on earth I left the JKLF and became part a of new and smaller party Kashmir National Party .

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Kashmir was an issue between these two nations long before the terrorist phenomenon was ever known about in the west.

• Asia's Islamism engine | The Australian 15 September 2009 17:31 UTC www.theaustralian.news.com.au [Source type: Original source]

Kashmiris are well adept at knitting and making Pashmina shawls, silk carpets, rugs, kurtas, and pottery. Saffron, too, is grown in Kashmir. Efforts are on to export the naturally grown fruits and vegetables as organic foods mainly to the Middle East. Srinagar is known for its silver-work, papier mache, wood-carving, and the weaving of silk.

.The economy was badly damaged by the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which, as of October 8, 2005, resulted in over 70,000 deaths in the Pakistan-controlled part of Kashmir and around 1,500 deaths in Indian controlled Kashmir.^ MULTAN , PAKISTAN Kashmir is a part of Pakistan.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Joint control of Kashmir by both India and Pakistan is one of the interesting suggestions that have been thrown up .

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Millants should fight pakistan for azad kashmir instead of causing trouble in indian kashmir.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

.The Indian-administered portion of Kashmir is believed to have potentially rich rocks containing hydrocarbon reserves.^ I understand their grief but I do believe that the Indian army has every right to be in Kashmir.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Has Kashmir become a blind spot for Indian human rights activists and the media?Kashmiri civil society activists certainly believe so.

• kashmir conflict home page 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.countercurrents.org [Source type: Original source]

^[39][40]

.During the 19th century rule, Kashmir was a popular tourist destination due to its climate.^ Aaron Coelho Toronto, Ontario Kashmir would beat Paris and Venice as the most popular destination for romance if it wasn't for war.

• FRONTLINE/WORLD . flashPOINT . Kashmir - A Troubled Paradise . PBS 15 January 2010 8:26 UTC www.pbs.org [Source type: Original source]

Only 200 passes a year were issued by the government. European sportsmen and travellers, in addition to residents of India, traveled there freely. The railway to Rawalpindi, and a road thence to Srinagar made access to the valley easier. When the temperature in Srinagar rose at the beginning of June, the residents migrated to Gulmarg, which was a fashionable hill station during British rule. This great influx of visitors resulted in a corresponding diminution of game for the sportsmen. Special game preservation rules were introduced, and nullahs were let out for stated periods with a restriction on the number of head to be shot. Rawalakot was another popular destination.

Kashmir can refer to multiple places:

Category: Disambiguation