| Bhutan |
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Bhutan was founded and unified as a country by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal in the mid-1600s. After his death the country nominally followed his recommended "dual system of government" which split control between a civil administrative leader (the Druk Desi, or "Deb Raja"; the original title is sde-srid phyag-mdzod), and a religious leader (the Je Khenpo), both under the nominal authority of the Shabdrung, a reincarnation of Ngawang Namgyal. In practice, the Shabdrung was often a child under the control of the Druk Desi, and regional penlops, or governors, often administered their districts in defiance of the power of the Druk Desis, until the rise of the unified monarchy at the beginning of the 20th century.
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The monarchy was established in 1907, unifying the country under the control of the Wangchuk family, the traditional penlops of Trongsa district. The king of Bhutan is formally known as the Druk Gyalpo, the "Dragon King".
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