| Latin | |
| Intro: | 1 • 2 |
| Chapter 1 | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 |
| Chapter 2 | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 |
| Chapter 3 | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 |
| Chapter 4 | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 |
| Chapter 5 | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 |
Contents |
A particle is a Greek idea denoting contrast and minutia.
Participles are verbs which function grammatically like adjectives. English, aided by auxiliary participles, is able have participle phrases in many tenses. Latin has participles that do not have auxilary supplementary participles. This limits the usage of the participle in Latin, according to some wiki-scholars of Classical Studies.
| Example 1 | ||
| English | (the) walking | man |
| Latin | ambulans | vir |
| Present Participle | Substantive | |
Present participles are formed by adding -ns to the stem of the verb.
| Forming the Present Imperfect Participle | |
| 1st Conjugation | Infinitive: amare Stem: ama Present Imperfect Participle: amans |
| 2nd Conjugation | Infitive: monere Stem: mone Present Imperfect Participle: monens |
| 3rd Conjugation | Infinitive: regere Stem: rege Present Imperfect Participle: regens |
| 4th Conjugation | Infinitive: audire Stem:audi Present Imperfect Participle:audiens |
Present Participles are declined like 3rd declension adjectives. In cases besides the nominative, the -s becomes -t.
Examples:
1. ferens, ferentis 2. capiens, capientis 3. ens, entis
Form the Present Participle and translate of the following Latin verbs:
1. meto, messui, messus, ere 2. metuo, metus, ui, ere 3. milito, avi, atum, are 4. postulo, avi, atus, are 5. sulco, avi, sulcus, are 6. iacio, ieci, iactus, ere
The examples will show participles of the verb ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatus (to walk).
present active: base + 'ns.' This forms a two-termination 3rd declension adjective. In the case of ambulare, the participle is ambulans, ambulantis (walking).
future active: fourth principle part, minus 's,' add 'rus.' This forms a 1st-2nd declension adjective: ambulaturus (about to walk).
perfect passive: fourth principle part: ambulatus (Since ambulare is intransitive, technically it doesn't make sense to have passive forms, but it would normally be translated as "having been walked.")
In deponent verbs, the perfect passive participle is formed in the same way as in regular verbs. However, since the nature of the deponent verb is passive in form and active in meaning, the participle is translated actively.
Remember that participles are adjectives, and therefore must be declined to agree with the noun which they modify in case, number and gender.
Gerunds will come soon.
('nd-Form')
English : I am good at speaking English
Latin: Fur rapiendi peritus erat. (The thief was experienced in stealing)
Functions of the Gerund
The gerund can be declined in the a / o - Singular Declination
-can be extendended-
Meanings of the gerund
Genitive:
ars legendi - The art of reading / to read
Accusative: (final meaning- question: what for?)
ad puniendum - to punish, for punishing
Ablative: (modal-how?// instrumental-by what?//
temporally-when?)
saepe canendo - through frequently singing // thus, (he) sang frequently
in legendo- while reading // when reading
special form : 'causa'
puniendi causa - (in order to) to punish
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