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History of Western Sahara
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Western Sahara
Historical background

Western Sahara War · History of Morocco · Spanish Sahara · Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic · Spanish Morocco · Colonial wars in Morocco · Moroccan Army of Liberation · Ifni War · ICJ Advisory Opinion · UN in Spanish Sahara · Madrid Accords · Green March · Berm (Western Sahara) · Human rights in Western Sahara
Disputed regions

Saguia el-Hamra · Río de Oro · Southern Provinces · Free Zone
Politics

Legal status of Western Sahara · Politics of Morocco · Politics of the SADR · Polisario Front · Former members of the Polisario Front · CORCAS · Moroccan Initiative for Western Sahara
Rebellions

Moroccan Army of Liberation · Harakat Tahrir · Polisario Front · Zemla Intifada · Independence Intifada
UN involvement

Resolution 1495 · Resolution 1754 · UN visiting mission · MINURSO · Settlement Plan · Houston Agreement · Baker Plan · Manhasset negotiations

  
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Western Sahara, formerly the Spanish colony of Spanish Sahara, is a disputed territory claimed by the Kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front. Its legal status remains unresolved.

The territory is mostly administered as the Southern Provinces by Morocco since Spain handed over the territory to Morocco and Mauritania after the Madrid Accords in 1975-76. Part of the territory, the Free Zone, is controlled by the Polisario Front as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. A UN-administered cease-fire has been in effect since September, 1991.

In order to resolve the sovereignty issue, the United Nations (UN) has attempted to hold a referendum through the mission United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), and is holding direct talks between the kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front.

Contents

Positions of the parties

Kingdom of Morocco

The position of the Kingdom of Morocco is that all of Western Sahara is an integral part of the Kingdom. The Moroccan government refers to Western Sahara only as the "Sahara", "Moroccan Sahara", "Saharan provinces", or the "Southern Provinces"[citation needed]. Western Sahara is the historical birthplace of one of the most successful Arab ruling dynasties, the Almoravids. In 1958, the Moroccan Army of Liberation fought Spanish colonizers and almost liberated what was then Spanish Sahara[citation needed]. Among the veterans of the Moroccan Southern Army are fathers of many of the Polisario leaders, like the father of Mohammed Abdelaziz, the Polisario leader. Morocco is supported in this view by a number of former Polisario founders and leaders. The Polisario Front is considered by Morocco to be a Moroccan separatist movement, referring to the Moroccan origins of most of its founding members, and its self-proclaimed SADR to be a puppet state used by Algeria to fight a proxy war against Morocco.

Polisario Front

The Polisario Front is a national liberation movement that opposes Moroccan occupation over the Western Sahara. The Polisario Front began as a movement of disaffected students who felt torn between the divergent Spanish and Moroccan influences on the country. The original goal of the Polisario Front, which was to end Spanish colonialism in the region, was achieved, but their neighbours (Morocco & Mauritania) invaded the territory after the Spanish withdrew. The Polisario take a guerrilla warfare on them, while evacuate the Sahrawi population to the Tindouf refugee camps, because of the Royal Moroccan Air Force bombing with Napalm & White phosphorus the refugee camps on Sahrawi land. The Polisario Front calls for the right of self-determination of the people of Western Sahara to be decided through a referendum. Although the SADR is not recognised as a state by the UN, Polisario is considered as a direct part in the conflict. The Polisario Front argues that Morocco's position is due to economical interests (Fishing, Phosphatus mining...) & political reasons (stability of the king's status & the Makhzen). The Polisario Front proclaimed the SADR in Bir Lehlou (Western Sahara), on 27 February 1976.

Mauritania

Before signing the Madrid Accords and after the withdrawal of the last Spanish forces, in late 1975 Mauritanian army forces invaded the south part of the Western Sahara, while Moroccan army forces do the same from the north. Claims on Western Sahara have been increased since the 1960s, fueled by Mokhtar Ould Daddah. In April 1976, Mauritania and Morocco partitioned the country in three parts, with Mauritania getting the southern one, renamed Tiris al-Gharbiya. After 4 years of war against Polisario guerrillas, with raids on Nouakchott, attacks on Zouerate mine train and a coup d'état that deposed Ould Daddah, Mauritania finally withdrew in the summer of 1979, & sign the Argel Accord with the Polisario Front, recognizing the right of self-determination of the Sahrawi people, and renouncing to any claims on Western Sahara. Morocco immediately occupied military the Mauritanian part. Mauritania recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic on 27 February 1984.

Algeria

Algeria has been supporting the independence of Western Sahara diplomatically since 1975, because of the remind of their own national liberation war. In 1976, Algeria got involved directly in the conflict, but after a military confrontation at Amgala against the Moroccan Army, the Algerian role became that of an indirectly involved party through political and military support to the Polisario front. Morocco argues that the Algerian position is due to the Sand War of 1963. Algeria recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic on 6 March 1976.

United Nations

Western Sahara was first placed, by Moroccan demand[citation needed], on the UN list of territories to be decolonized in the 1960s when it was still a Spanish colony. It has retained that status since then due to the persistence of the conflict.[1] The UN has been involved since 1988 to find a solution to the conflict through self-determination. In 1988, the kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front agreed to settle the dispute through a referendum under the auspices of the UN, that would allow the people of Western Sahara to choose between independence or integration with Morocco. In 1991, a ceasefire was agreed between the parties, contingent on the referendum being held the following year. Due to disputes over voter qualification, the vote has still not been held, and Morocco has made it clear in 2000 that henceforth it will not consider any option leading to the independence of the territory,[citation needed] and instead, is now proposing autonomy within Morocco. Lately, the UN has argued for negotiations between the parties to overcome the deadlock, culminating in the Manhasset negotiations.

African Union

The African Union (formerly the Organisation of African Unity) has given the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic full recognition,[2] and accepted it as a member state (which has led Morocco to leave the union.[3])

Recognition

The SADR is recognized by 81 states. States that don't recognize the Sahrawi republic may, however, recognize the Polisario Front as a legitimate representative of the Sahrawi people, but not its exile government as a state (for example, the majority of European countries).[citation needed] Several states have withdrawn their recognition of the SADR (close to 20 countries), mostly because of Moroccan pressures and negotiations. If we adhere to international law regarding recognition of states, contained in art. 6 of the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States:

"Recognition of a state simply means that the state recognizes it accepts the personality of the other with all the rights and duties determined by international law. Recognition is unconditional and irrevocable".

Therefore, once one or more states recognize the SADR as a sovereign state, these states can not then revoke its recognition, except that the SADR as a State ceases to exist or the state that extends its recognition of SADR ceases to exist. One can only revoke the recognition of a government, not the state itself.

Although Morocco claims that no recognition is required, Moroccan sovereignty over the territory is supported by the Arab League[4][5] and by some other states as a policy of deliberate ambiguity.

States recognizing the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

The following is a list of state governments that have formally recognized Western Sahara as a sovereign nation, with the exiled Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its legitimate government. The vast majority of recognitions took place during the Cold War. Since the 1990s, many states have retracted their recognitions, or suspended recognition pending the outcome of the referendum on self-determination. That came from economical & political pressions that Morocco made on that countries. Although the Spanish Government has vacillated on the issue, King Juan Carlos I of Spain has expressed support for the right to self-determintation in Western Sahara.[6]

  • Twenty have Sahrawi embassies.
Foreign Relations of SADR
Number State Date of recognition AU OIC AL &
AMU		 Embassy Relations
1  Algeria 1976-03-06 AU Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC Arab League
AL
Flag of Maghreb.svg
AMU		 Embassy[7]
2  Angola 1976-03-11 AU Embassy
3  Antigua and Barbuda 1987-02-27
4  Barbados 1988-02-27
5  Belize 1986-11-18[8]
6  Bolivia 1982-12-14
7  Botswana 1980-05-14 AU
8  Cambodia 1979-04-10
9  Costa Rica 1980-10-30 Embassy
10  Cuba 1980-01-20 Embassy[9]
11  Dominica 1979-09-01
12  Dominican Republic 1986-06-24
13  Ecuador 1983-11-14 Embassy[10][11][12] Withdrawn 19 June 2004[13]; Relations resumed 8 February 2006.
14  Ethiopia 1979-02-24 AU Embassy[14]
15  Ghana 1979-08-24 AU
16  Grenada 1979-08-20
17  Guatemala 1986-04-10
18  Guinea-Bissau 1976-03-15 AU Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC Embassy re-opened 26 September 2000 Relations suspended 2 April 1997; Relations resumed.
19  Guyana 1979-09-01
20  Haiti 2006-11-23 Embassy[15][16]
21  Honduras 1989-11-11
22  Iran 1980-02-27[17][18] Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC Embassy
23  Jamaica 1979-09-04
24  Laos 1979-05-07
25  Lesotho 1979-10-09[19][20] AU
26  Libya 1980-04-15[21] AU Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC Arab League
AL
Flag of Maghreb.svg
AMU		 Embassy
27  Madagascar 1976-02-28 AU Madagascar was the first country on recognizing the SADR, hours before the proclamation.
28  Mali 1980-07-04 AU Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC
29  Mauritania 1984-02-27[22] AU Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC Arab League
AL
Flag of Maghreb.svg
AMU
30  Mauritius 1982-07-01 AU
31  Mexico 1979-09-08[23] Embassy
32  Mozambique 1976-03-13 AU Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC Embassy
33  Namibia 1990-06-02[24] AU Embassy
34  Nicaragua 1979-09-06 Embassy established January, 2010[25] Suspended 21 July 2000,[14] but re-established 12 January 2007[15].
35  Nigeria 1984-11-12 AU Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC Embassy[26][27][28]
36  North Korea 1976-03-16
37  Panama 1978-06-23 Embassy[29]
38  Papua New Guinea 1981-08-12
39  Paraguay 2000-02-09
40  Rwanda 1976-04-01 AU
41  Saint Lucia 1979-09-01
42  Saint Kitts and Nevis 1987-02-25
43  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2002-02-14[30]
44  Sierra Leone 1980-03-27 AU Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC
45  South Africa 2004-09-15 AU Embassy[31][32]
46  Suriname 1982-08-11
47  Tanzania 1978-11-09 AU Embassy established June, 2005.[33]
48  Timor-Leste 2002-05-20[34] The Sahrawi Republic was the first country to establish relations with Timor-Leste or East Timor.
49  Trinidad and Tobago 1986-11-01
50  Uganda 1979-09-06 AU Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC
51  Uruguay 2005-12-28[35][36]
52  Vanuatu[37] 1980-11-27 Vanuatu later recognized the SADR.[38]
53  Venezuela 1982-08-03 Embassy[39]
54  Vietnam 1979-03-02
55  Zambia 1979-10-12 AU
56  Zimbabwe 1980-07-03[40] AU Embassy

States suspending relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

The recognitions of the SADR are subject to continuous fluctuation, depending on different factors and the diplomatic activity of Morocco, Algeria and Polisario.

A number of states that once recognized the SADR have either suspended or definitely cancelled their recognition. For example, the government of the Seychelles withdrew its diplomatic recognition of the SADR on 17 March 2008.[41] The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which recognized SADR on 28 November 1984, ceased to exist in April 1992. "Cancellation" of recognition by Serbia and Montenegro on October 28, 2004, is due to international law inadmissible.[42] For an overview on the list of these states click here: Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

The following is a list of state governments that have, at one point, formally recognized Western Sahara as a sovereign nation. For various reasons the relations with the SADR were either suspended, frozen or permanently canceled.

  • 25 nations have recognized the SADR, then suspended relations or withdrew recognition.
Number State Date of recognition AU OIC AL &
AMU		 Embassy Date of suspension of relations
1  Albania[43] 1987-12-29 Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC Relations suspended November 11 2004; Last European country to recognize the SADR
2  Afghanistan 1979-05-26 Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC Relations suspended 12 July 2002
3  Benin 1976-03-11 AU Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC Relations suspended 21 March 1997
4  Burkina Faso 1984-03-04 AU Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC Relations suspended 5 June 1996
5  Burundi 1976-03-01 AU Froze recognition 5 May 2006 33 and reinstated them 2008-06-17 [44]
6  Cape Verde 1979-07-04 AU Froze recognition 30 July 2007 [16]
7  Chad 1980-07-04 AU Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC Relations suspended 9 May 1997; Relations resumed 17 July 2007 [17].
8  Colombia[45] 1985-02-27
9  El Salvador 1989-07-31 Relations suspended April 1997
10  Equatorial Guinea 1978-11-03 AU Relations suspended May 1980
11  India 1985-10-01 Relations canceled 26 June 2000.
12  Kenya 1985-10-01 AU Relations suspended 22 October 2006
13  Kiribati 1981-08-12 Relations suspended 15 September 2000
14  Liberia 1985-07-31 AU Relations suspended 5 September 1997
15  Malawi 1994-11-16 AU Relations suspended 16 September 2008
16  Nauru 1981-08-12 Relations suspended 15 September 2000
17  Peru 1984-08-16 Relations canceled October 1996
18  Republic of the Congo 1978-06-03 AU Relations suspended 13 September 1996
19  São Tomé and Príncipe 1978-06-22 AU Relations suspended 23 October 1996
20  Seychelles 1977-10-25 AU Relations suspended 17 April 2008
21  Solomon Islands 1981-08-12 Relations suspended January 1989
22  Swaziland 1980-04-28 AU Relations suspended 4 August 1997
23  Syria[46] 1980-04-15 Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC Arab League
AL
24  Togo 1976-03-17 AU Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC Relations suspended 18 June 1997
25  Tuvalu 1981-08-12 Relations suspended 15 September 2000

List of states supporting Moroccan claims on Western Sahara

No state has recognized the sovereignty of Morocco over Western Sahara, which the United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan also stressed in his last report on Western Sahara to the Security Council:

"The Security Council would not be able to invite parties to negotiate about Western Saharan autonomy under Moroccan sovereignty, for such wording would imply recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara, which was out of the question as long as no States Member of the United Nations had recognized that sovereignty".[47] Spain is still considered as the administrative power, but Morocco however is the de facto administrating power since it controls most of the territory"[48].

Some UN member states have expressed explicit support of "Morocco's territorial integrity", in reference to Western Sahara as Moroccan provinces, but only Morocco has made a public declaration of sovereignty over the region.

State Date of support African Union Arab League Islamic Conf. Notes
 Gambia[49] AU
 Cameroon[50] AU
 Central African Republic[51][52] AU
 Côte d'Ivoire[53] AU
 Egypt[54] AU Arab League AL Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC
 Equatorial Guinea[55][56] AU
 Gabon[57] AU
 Guinea[58] AU
 Senegal[59] AU
 Serbia[60]
 Swaziland[18] AU
 Sudan[61] AU Arab League AL Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC
 Argentina[62]
 PRC[63] United Nationspermanent member of UNSC
 Indonesia[64]
 Pakistan[65] Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC
 Poland[66]
 Iraq[67] Arab League AL Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC
 Kuwait 25 May 2002[68] Arab League AL Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC
 Yemen 11 July 2000 [69] Arab League AL Organisation of the Islamic Conference OIC

Status of SADR according to various international organizations

Organization Membership Notes
Arab League Arab League Not a member. Currently considered a part of Morocco.[5]
Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) Not a member. Morocco is a founding member of GAFTA.
AU (Formerly OAU) 22 February 1982 SADR is a fully recognised AU founding member.[2]
 OIC Not a member. Currently considered as part of Morocco. Mohammed VI of Morocco is currently chairman of the OIC's Al-Qods committee.
 UN Not a member. The UN does not recognize Moroccan claims. Has argued for negotiations between Morocco and SADR.

The SADR is also a member of the Asian-African Strategic Partnership formed at the 2005 Asian-African Conference, over Moroccan objections to SADR participation.

List of states supporting right of self-determination in Western Sahara

Some states, although not recognizing the SADR for economical, estrategical or political reasons, have expressed explicit support to "the right of self-determination of the Sahrawi people", wich is the position of the Polisario Front.

The table listed below only includes countries who don't have recognized the RASD.

State Date of support Notes
 Australia[70]
 Austria[71]
 Chile[72]
 Denmark[73]
 Finland[74]
 Ireland[75]
 Norway[76]
 Russia[77] United Nations permanent member of the UNSC
 Slovakia[78]
 Spain[79]
 Sweden[80]
 United Kingdom[81] United Nations permanent member of the UNSC

Other states

  •  Canada does not recognise the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic, the POLISARIO Front, or Moroccan sovereignty over the territory. Canada no longer participates in the Western Sahara peacekeeping force (MINURSO) but supports its presence. It also supports efforts made by the UN and the involved parties in achieving a peaceful settlement of the conflict[82].
  •  United States - Commenting on a 2004 free trade agreement with Morocco, US Trade Representative Robert Zoellick stated in a letter to Congressman Joe Pitts, in response to his questioning, "the United States and many other countries do not recognize Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara and have consistently urged the parties to work with the United Nations to resolve the conflict by peaceful means. The Free Trade Agreement will not include Western Sahara."[83][84].

See also

References

  • Hodges, Tony. Western Sahara: Roots of a Desert War, Lawrence Hill & Company, 1983, ISBN 0882081527, p. 308
  • Hodges, Tony, and Pazzanita, Anthony. Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara, 2 ed., Scarecrow Press, 1994, ISBN 0810826615, pp. 378–379.
  1. ^ United Nations Fourth Committee (2002). "Non-Self-Governing Territories listed by GA in 2002". United Nations. http://un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust3.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-20. 
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  3. ^ "Political Alliances Within the UN". Eye on the UN. http://www.eyeontheun.org/view.asp?l=11&p=55. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
  4. ^ Arabicnews.com (1998-12-17). "Arab League withdraws inaccurate Moroccan maps". Arabicnews.com. http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/981217/1998121758.html. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
  5. ^ a b Arabicnews.com (1999-01-08). "Arab League supports Morocco's territorial integrity". Arabicnews.com. http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/990108/1999010849.html. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
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  8. ^ [1]
  9. ^ Pazzanita, p. 376
  10. ^ [2]
  11. ^ "Ecuador and the Saharawi Republic declare the re-establishment of diplomatic relations". Sahara Presse Service. 2006-02-08. http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e080206.html#4. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
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  13. ^ http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/041119/2004111917.html
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  16. ^ [5]
  17. ^ [6]
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  19. ^ "Statement by the Honourable Motsoahae Thomas Thabane Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Lesotho at the 56th Session of the United Nations General Assembly". 2001-11-15. http://www.un.org/webcast/ga/56/statements/011115lesothoE.htm. Retrieved 2005-07-15. 
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  21. ^ "Maghrib Relations". Country-data.com. 1987. http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8231.html. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
  22. ^ "The Haidalla Regime". http://countrystudies.us/mauritania/22.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
  23. ^ United Mexican States. "Conflicto en el Sahara Occidental" (in Spanish) (PDF). United Mexican States. http://www.senado.gob.mx/internacionales/assets/docs/relaciones_parlamentarias/africa/reuniones/marruecos7.pdf. Retrieved 2006-08-20. 
  24. ^ [7]
  25. ^ [8].
  26. ^ "Arrival of the President of the Republic to Abuja to take part to the African Union's Summit". Sahara Presse Service. 2005-01-30. http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e300105.html. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
  27. ^ [9]
  28. ^ [10]
  29. ^ Haddi Larosi. "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic embassy in Panama". Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Spanish. http://es.oocities.com/websahocc/index.html. Retrieved 2006-08-20. 
  30. ^ "Western Sahara - Sahara Occidental Joint Statement". 2002-02-15. http://www.arso.org/SvGren.140202.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
  31. ^ "The Guardian : South Africa's recognition of 'SADR' harms own interests". Arabicnews.com. 2004-09-24. http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/040929/2004092915.html. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
  32. ^ [11]
  33. ^ Sahara Press Service (2005-06-28). "Tanzania satisfied about the future establishment of the Saharawi Republic's Embassy in Dar Es Salam". Press release. http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e280605.html. Retrieved 2006-08-20. 
  34. ^ [12]
  35. ^ "The Oriental Republic of Uruguay announces its official recognition of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic". Sahara Presse Service. 2005-12-26. http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e261205.html#2. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
  36. ^ "Uruguay recognises Western Sahara". Al Jazeera. 2005-12-29. http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/912B0A5C-4383-44DB-B878-FFD7D8D6C7B7.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
  37. ^ "Morocco and Vanuatu to start diplomatic relations". Arabicnews.com. 2000-12-15. http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/001215/2000121519.html. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
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  39. ^ Haddi Larosi. "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic embassy in Venezuela" (in Spanish). Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. http://es.oocities.com/embrasdven/index.html. Retrieved 2006-08-20. 
  40. ^ [13]
  41. ^ "Seychelles withdraws recognition for SADR". Panapress (Afrik.com). 2008-03-18. http://en.afrik.com/news11537.html. Retrieved 2008-04-10. 
  42. ^ Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on the former Yugoslavia Opinion No. 10 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia — Serbia and Montenegro) In this decision, the Commission ruled that the FRY (Serbia and Montenegro) could not legally be considered a continuation of the former SFRY, but was rather a new state. Thus the European Community (and the UN) should not automatically recognize the FRY, but apply to it the same criteria to applied to the recognition of the other post-SFRY states.
  43. ^ http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/041111/2004111120.html
  44. ^ Burundi recognizes the SADR
  45. ^ http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/041231/2004123120.html
  46. ^ http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/020522/2002052205.html
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  48. ^ "Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara" (PDF). 2002-02-19. http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/255/42/IMG/N0225542.pdf?OpenElement. 
  49. ^ http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/politics/sahara_issue__gambia/view
  50. ^ "King Visit to Cameroon, a major event, ambassador". Arabicnews.com. 2004-06-17. http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/040617/2004061714.html. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
  51. ^ "Central Africa backs Morocco's sovereignty over Sahara". Arabicnews.com. 2000-02-29. http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/000229/2000022948.html. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
  52. ^ CAR and Morocco
  53. ^ "Ivory Coast reiterates firm support to political solution to Sahara dispute, Minister". Arabicnews.com. 2004-03-16. http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/040316/2004031631.html. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
  54. ^ "Egypt renews backing to Morocco's territorial integrity". Arabicnews.com. 1999-03-15. http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/990315/1999031549.html. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
  55. ^ "Equatorial Guinea renews backing to Morocco's territorial integrity". Arabicnews.com. 2002-05-14. http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/020514/2002051437.html. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
  56. ^ http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/box2/equatoguinean_presid1562/view
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  58. ^ "Bilateral cooperation: Guinea reaffirms support to Moroccan territorial integrity". MoroccoTimes.com. 2005-07-21. http://www.moroccotimes.com/news/article.asp?idr=2&id=8322. Retrieved 2006-07-15. 
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  84. ^ Letter from the trade office to Congressman Joe Pitts

External links

Tables of states recognizing the SADR

Others

Morocco Foreign relations of Morocco
Africa Coat of arms of Morocco
Americas
Asia
Europe
Western Sahara
Missions







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