From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Wild lions currently exist in
Sub-Saharan Africa and in
Asia with a
critically endangered remnant population in
Gir Forest National Park in
India, having disappeared from
North Africa, and
Southwest Asia in historic times. Until the late
Pleistocene, which was about 10,000 years ago, the lion was the most widespread large land mammal after humans. They were found in most of Africa, much of Eurasia from western Europe to India, and in the Americas from the
Yukon to
Peru.
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.^ He has changed a lot from the six month old wild kitty that came to live with me two years ago.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
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[5] They typically inhabit
savanna and
grassland, although they may take to bush and
forest. Lions are unusually
social compared to other cats. A pride of lions consists of related females and offspring and a small number of adult males. Groups of female lions typically hunt together, preying mostly on large
ungulates. Lions are
apex and
keystone predators, although they will scavenge if the opportunity arises. While lions do not typically hunt humans selectively, some have been known to become man-eaters and seek human prey.
The lion is a
vulnerable species, having seen a possibly irreversible population decline of 30 to 50 percent over the past two decades in its African range.
[6] Lion populations are untenable outside of designated reserves and national parks. Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood, habitat loss and conflicts with humans are currently the greatest causes of concern. Lions have been kept in
menageries since
Roman times and have been a key species sought for exhibition in
zoos the world over since the late eighteenth century. Zoos are cooperating worldwide in breeding programs for the endangered
Asiatic subspecies.
Visually, the male lion is highly distinctive and is easily recognized by its
mane. The lion, particularly the face of the male, is one of the most widely recognized animal symbols in human
culture. Depictions have existed from the
Upper Paleolithic period, with carvings and paintings from the
Lascaux and
Chauvet Caves, through virtually all ancient and medieval cultures where they historically occurred. It has been extensively depicted in literature, in
sculptures, in
paintings, on national
flags, and in contemporary
films and
literature.
Etymology
The lion's name, similar in many
Romance languages, derives from the
Latin leo;
[7] cf. the
Ancient Greek λέων (
leon).
[8] The
Hebrew word
לָבִיא (
lavi) may also be related,
[9] as well as the
Ancient Egyptian rw.
[10] It was one of the many species originally described, as
Felis leo, by
Linnaeus in his eighteenth century work,
Systema Naturae.
[3] The generic component of its scientific designation,
Panthera leo, often is presumed to derive from Greek
pan- ("all") and
ther ("beast"), but this may be a
folk etymology. Although it came into English through the classical languages, it shows a striking resemblance to
Sanskrit pundarikam "tiger," which in turn may come from
pandarah "whitish-yellow".
[11]Taxonomy and evolution
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These records are not well-substantiated, and all that can be said is that they pertain to a
Panthera-like felid. The oldest confirmed records of
Panthera leo in
Africa are about 2 million years younger.
[12] The closest relatives of the lion are the other
Panthera species: the
tiger, the
jaguar, and the
leopard. Morphological and genetic studies reveal that the tiger was the first of these recent species to diverge. About 1.9 million years ago the jaguar branched off the remaining group, which contained ancestors of the
leopard and lion. The lion and leopard subsequently separated about 1 to 1.25 million years ago from each other.
[13]
Panthera leo itself evolved in
Africa between 1 million and 800,000 years ago, before spreading throughout the
Holarctic region.
[14] It appeared in Europe for the first time 700,000 years ago with the subspecies
Panthera leo fossilis at
Isernia in
Italy. From this lion derived the later
Cave Lion (
Panthera leo spelaea), which appeared about 300,000 years ago. During the upper
Pleistocene the lion spread to North and South America, and developed into
Panthera leo atrox, the
American Lion.
[15] .^ By http://www.engaged.tv/xigvrh/423.php?p=201 on November 16, 2009 at 10:11 am for children about food groups… .- Stay Dougie » Mos Def In Your Neighborhood Boneyard With Stussy 11 January 2010 15:14 UTC blogs.okayplayer.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[17]
Subspecies
African (above) and Asiatic (below) lions, as illustrated in
Johnsons Book of Nature
Traditionally, twelve recent
subspecies of lion were recognized, the largest of which has been recognized as the
Barbary Lion.
[18] The major differences separating these subspecies are location, mane appearance, size, and distribution.
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^ They look oriental and are often very friendly and trustful, even if they live in the streets.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[19] Today only eight subspecies usually are accepted,
[16][20] but one of these (the Cape Lion formerly described as
Panthera leo melanochaita) probably is invalid.
[20] Even the remaining seven subspecies might be too many;
mitochondrial variation in recent African lions is modest, which suggests that all sub-Saharan lions could be considered a single subspecies, possibly divided in two main clades: one to the west of the
Great Rift Valley and the other to the east. Lions from
Tsavo in Eastern Kenya are much closer genetically to lions in
Transvaal (South Africa), than to those in the
Aberdare Range in Western Kenya.
[21][22]Recent
Eight recent subspecies are recognized today:
- P. l. persica, known as the Asiatic Lion or South Asian, Persian, or Indian Lion, once was widespread from Turkey, across Southwest Asia, to Pakistan, India, and even to Bangladesh. However, large prides and daylight activity made them easier to poach than tigers or leopards; now around 300 exist in and near the Gir Forest of India.[23]
- P. l. leo, known as the Barbary Lion, is extinct in the wild due to excessive hunting, although captive individuals may still exist. .^ Multiple Animal Pics published by karmafotos More Than One of the dogs, cats, etc...
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They ranged from Morocco to Egypt. The last wild Barbary lion was killed in Morocco in 1922.[24]
- P. l. senegalensis, known as the West African Lion, is found in western Africa, from Senegal to Nigeria.
- P. l. azandica, known as the Northeast Congo Lion, is found in the northeastern parts of the Congo.
- P. l. nubica, known as the East African or Massai Lion, is found in east Africa, from Ethiopia and Kenya to Tanzania and Mozambique.
- P. l. bleyenberghi, known as the Southwest African or Katanga Lion, is found in southwestern Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Angola, Katanga (Zaire), Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
- P. l. krugeri, known as the Southeast African Lion or Transvaal Lion, is found in the Transvaal region of southeastern Africa, including Kruger National Park.
- P. l. melanochaita, known as the Cape Lion, became extinct in the wild around 1860. Results of mitochondrial DNA research do not support the status as a distinct subspecies. It seems probable that the Cape lion was only the southernmost population of the extant P. l. krugeri.[20]
Prehistoric
Several additional subspecies of lion existed in prehistoric times:
- P. l. atrox, known as the American Lion or American cave lion, was abundant in the Americas from Alaska to Peru in the Pleistocene Epoch until about 10,000 years ago. This form as well as the cave lion sometimes are considered to represent separate species, but recent phylogenetic studies suggest that they are in fact, subspecies of the lion (Panthera leo).[16] One of the largest lion subspecies to have existed, its body length is estimated to have been 1.6–2.5 m (5–8 ft).[25]
- P. l. fossilis, known as the Early Middle Pleistocene European cave lion, flourished about 500,000 years ago; fossils have been recovered from Germany and Italy. It was larger than today's African lions, reaching the American cave lion in size[16][26]
- P. l. spelaea, known as the European cave lion, Eurasian cave lion, or Upper Pleistocene European cave lion, occurred in Eurasia 300,000 to 10,000 years ago.[16] .^ My 80 LB Malamute was carrying one of the little girls (Gracie) around the yard by the neck!
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[28] With this example being a hunting scene it is likely that it depicts females hunting for the pride using the same strategy as their contemporary relatives and males may not be part of the subject.
- P. l. vereshchagini, known as the East Siberian- or Beringian cave lion, was found in Yakutia (Russia), Alaska (USA), and the Yukon Territory (Canada). Analysis of skulls and mandibles of this lion demonstrate that it is distinctly—larger than the European cave lion and smaller than the American cave lion with differing skull proportions.[16][29]
Dubious
- P. l. sinhaleyus, known as the Sri Lanka Lion, appears to have become extinct approximately 39,000 years ago. It is only known from two teeth found in deposits at Kuruwita. Based on these teeth, P. Deraniyagala erected this subspecies in 1939.[30]
- P. l. europaea, known as the European Lion, probably was identical with Panthera leo persica or Panthera leo spelea; its status as a subspecies is unconfirmed. It became extinct around 100 AD due to persecution and over-exploitation. It inhabited the Balkans, the Italian Peninsula, southern France, and the Iberian Peninsula. It was a very popular object of hunting among Romans, Greeks, and Macedonians.
- P. l. youngi or Panthera youngi, flourished 350,000 years ago.[31] Its relationship to the extant lion subspecies is obscure, and it probably represents a distinct species.
- P. l. maculatus, known as the Marozi or Spotted lion, sometimes is believed to be a distinct subspecies, but may be an adult lion that has retained its juvenile spotted pattern. If it was a subspecies in its own right, rather than a small number of aberrantly colored individuals, it has been extinct since 1931. A less likely identity is a natural leopard-lion hybrid commonly known as a leopon.[32]
Hybrids
Lions have been known to
breed with
tigers (most often the
Siberian and
Bengal subspecies) to create hybrids called
ligers and
tigons.
[33] They also have been crossed with
leopards to produce
leopons,
[34] and
jaguars to produce
jaglions. The
marozi is reputedly a spotted lion or a naturally occurring leopon, while the
Congolese Spotted Lion is a complex lion-jaguar-leopard hybrid called a
lijagulep. Such hybrids once commonly were bred in zoos, but this is now discouraged due to the emphasis on conserving species and subspecies. Hybrids are still bred in private menageries and in zoos in
China.
The liger is a cross between a male lion and a tigress.
[35] Because the growth-inhibiting gene from the female tiger is absent, a growth-promoting gene is passed on by the male lion, the resulting ligers grow far larger than either parent.
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Male ligers are sterile, but female ligers are often fertile. Males have about a 50 percent chance of having a mane, but if they grow one, their manes will be modest: around 50 percent of a pure lion mane. Ligers are typically between 3.0 and 3.7 m (10 to 12 feet) in length, and can be between 360 and 450 kg (800 to 1,000 pounds) or more.
[35] The less common tigon is a cross between the lioness and the male tiger.
[36]Physical characteristics
The lion is the tallest (at the shoulder) of the felines, and also is the second-heaviest feline after the
tiger. With powerful legs, a strong
jaw, and 8 cm (3.1 in) long canine
teeth, the lion can bring down and kill large prey.
[37] The skull of the lion is very similar to that of the tiger, though the frontal region is usually more depressed and flattened, with a slightly shorter postorbital region. The lion's skull has broader nasal openings than the tiger. However, due to the amount of skull variation in the two species, usually, only the structure of the lower jaw can be used as a reliable indicator of species.
[38] Lion coloration varies from light buff to yellowish, reddish, or dark ochraceous brown. The underparts are generally lighter and the tail tuft is black. Lion cubs are born with brown rosettes (spots) on their body, rather like those of a leopard. Although these fade as lions reach adulthood, faint spots often may still be seen on the legs and underparts, particularly on lionesses.
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They also have specialized roles that each gender plays in the pride. For instance, the lioness, the hunter, lacks the male's thick cumbersome mane. It seems to impede the male's ability to be camouflaged when stalking the prey and create overheating in chases. The color of the male's mane varies from blond to black, generally becoming darker as the lion grows older.
During confrontations with others, the mane makes the lion look larger
Weights for adult lions range between 150–250 kg (330–550 lb) for males and 120–182 kg (264–400 lb) for females.
[4] Nowell and Jackson report average weights of 181 kg for males and 126 kg for females; one male shot near
Mount Kenya was weighed at 272 kg (600 lb).
[24] Lions tend to vary in size depending on their environment and area, resulting in a wide spread in recorded weights. For instance, lions in
southern Africa tend to be about 5 percent heavier than those in
East Africa, in general.
[39]Head and body length is 170–250 cm (5 ft 7 in – 8 ft 2 in) in males and 140–175 cm (4 ft 7 in – 5 ft 9 in) in females; shoulder height is about 123 cm (4 ft) in males and 107 cm (3 ft 6 in) in females. The tail length is 90–105 cm (2 ft 11 in - 3 ft 5 in) in males and 70–100 cm in females (2 ft 4 in – 3 ft 3 in).
[4] The longest known lion was a black-maned male shot near Mucsso, southern
Angola in October 1973; the heaviest known lion was a man-eater shot in 1936 just outside Hectorspruit in eastern
Transvaal,
South Africa and weighed 313 kg (690 lb).
[40] Lions in captivity tend to be larger than lions in the wild—the heaviest lion on record is a male at Colchester Zoo in England named Simba in 1970, which weighed 375 kg (826 lb).
[41]The most distinctive characteristic shared by both females and males is that the tail ends in a hairy tuft. In some lions, the tuft conceals a hard "spine" or "spur", approximately 5 mm long, formed of the final sections of tail bone fused together. The lion is the only felid to have a tufted tail—the function of the tuft and spine are unknown. Absent at birth, the tuft develops around 5½ months of age and is readily identifiable at 7 months.
[42]Mane
.^ Normagikatt Normagikatt published by Normagikatt Norwegian Forest Cats My Gorgeous Male Cat Dotty Donatello published by amberwayne52 I have several cats, but Dotty is the most photogenic and also I am very close to him.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
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It makes the lion appear larger, providing an excellent intimidation display; this aids the lion during confrontations with other lions and with the species' chief competitor in Africa, the
spotted hyena.
[43] The presence, absence, color, and size of the mane is associated with genetic precondition, sexual maturity, climate, and
testosterone production; the rule of thumb is the darker and fuller the mane, the healthier the lion. Sexual selection of mates by lionesses favors males with the densest, darkest mane.
[44] Research in
Tanzania also suggests mane length signals fighting success in male-male relationships.
.^ He has changed a lot from the six month old wild kitty that came to live with me two years ago.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ An Angora of about 2 years and a half old, abandoned with a brother when they were about 2 months old.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[45] In prides including a coalition of two or three males, it is possible that lionesses solicit mating more actively with the males who are more heavily maned.
[44]
A colour plate displaying mane variations of lions in East Africa
Scientists once believed that the distinct status of some subspecies could be justified by
morphology, including the size of the mane. Morphology was used to identify subspecies such as the
Barbary Lion and
Cape Lion. Research has suggested, however, that environmental factors influence the color and size of a lion's mane, such as the
ambient temperature.
[45] The cooler ambient temperature in European and North American
zoos, for example, may result in a heavier mane. Thus the mane is not an appropriate marker for identifying subspecies.
[20][46] The males of the Asiatic subspecies, however, are characterized by sparser manes than average African lions.
[47]Maneless male lions have been reported in
Senegal and
Tsavo East National Park in Kenya, and the original male white lion from Timbavati also was maneless.
Castrated lions have minimal manes. The lack of a mane sometimes is found in inbred lion populations; inbreeding also results in poor fertility.
[48]
Lioness showing the ruff that sometimes leads to misidentification as a male
Many lionesses have a
ruff that may be apparent in certain poses. Sometimes it is indicated in sculptures and drawings, especially ancient artwork, and is misinterpreted as a male mane. It differs from a mane, however, in being at the jaw line below the ears, of much less hair length, and frequently not noticeable, whereas a mane extends above the ears of males, often obscuring their outline entirely.
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White lions
White lions owe their coloring to a recessive gene; they are rare forms of the subspecies
Panthera leo krugeri
The
white lion is not a distinct subspecies, but a special
morph with a genetic condition,
leucism,
[19] that causes paler colouration akin to that of the
white tiger; the condition is similar to
melanism, which causes
black panthers. They are not albinos, having normal pigmentation in the eyes and skin. White Transvaal lion
(Panthera leo krugeri) individuals occasionally have been encountered in and around
Kruger National Park and the adjacent
Timbavati Private Game Reserve in eastern South Africa, but are more commonly found in
captivity, where breeders deliberately select them. The unusual cream color of their coats is due to a
recessive gene.
[49] Reportedly, they have been bred in camps in South Africa for use as trophies to be killed during
canned hunts.
[50]Confirmation of the existence of white lions only came in the late twentieth century. For hundreds of years prior, the white lion had been thought to be a figment of legend circulating in South Africa, the white
pelage of the animal said to represent the goodness in all creatures. Sightings were first reported in the early 1900s, and continued, infrequently, for almost fifty years until, in 1975, a litter of white lion cubs was found at Timbavati Game Reserve.
[51]Biology and behavior
Lions spend much of their time resting and are inactive for about 20 hours per day.
[52] Although lions can be active at any time, their activity generally peaks after dusk with a period of socializing, grooming, and defecating. Intermittent bursts of activity follow through the night hours until dawn, when hunting most often takes place. They spend an average of two hours a day walking and 50 minutes eating.
[53]Group organization
Mature male pride leader With two lionesses, northern Serengeti.
A pride spotted along the road in the Masai Mara National Park in Kenya.
Lions are predatory
carnivores who manifest two types of social organization. Some are
residents, living in groups, called
prides.
[54] .^ One red head male and 2 black and white females.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
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The number of adult males in a coalition is usually two, but may increase to four and decrease again over time. Male cubs are excluded from their maternal pride when they reach maturity.
The second organizational behaviour is labeled
nomads, who range widely and move about sporadically, either singularly or in pairs.
[54] Pairs are more frequent among related males who have been excluded from their birth pride. Note that a lion may switch lifestyles; nomads may become residents and vice versa. Males have to go through this lifestyle and some never are able to join another pride.
.^ He claimes that he really is a little tiger, and I believe him...Now a new member joined the family, Tip-Tip, a mini Panda-bear, he's a very fanny little thing.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
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The area a pride occupies is called a
pride area, whereas that by a nomad is a
range.
[54] The males associated with a pride tend to stay on the fringes, patrolling their territory. Why
sociality—the most pronounced in any cat species—has developed in lionesses is the subject of much debate. Increased hunting success appears an obvious reason, but this is less than sure upon examination: coordinated hunting does allow for more successful predation, but also ensures that non-hunting members reduce per capita caloric intake, however, some take a role raising cubs, who may be left alone for extended periods of time. Members of the pride regularly tend to play the same role in hunts. The health of the hunters is the primary need for the survival of the pride and they are the first to consume the prey at the site it is taken. Other benefits include possible
kin selection (better to share food with a related lion than with a stranger), protection of the young, maintenance of territory, and individual insurance against injury and hunger.
[24]
Lioness in a burst of speed while hunting in the Serengeti
Lionesses do the majority of the hunting for their pride, being smaller, swifter and more agile than the males, and unencumbered by the heavy and conspicuous mane, which causes overheating during exertion. They act as a co-ordinated group in order to stalk and bring down the prey successfully. However, if nearby the hunt, males have a tendency to dominate the kill once the lionesses have succeeded and eaten.
.^ She is a stubby Manx and more like a dog than a cat.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ They don't get any more affectionate than Baby Girl!- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
Smaller prey is eaten at the location of the hunt, thereby being shared among the hunters; when the kill is larger it often is dragged to the pride area. There is more sharing of larger kills,
[55] although pride members often behave aggressively toward each other as each tries to consume as much food as possible.
Both males and females defend the pride against intruders. Some individual lions consistently lead the defense against intruders, while others lag behind.
[56] Lions tend to assume specific roles in the pride. Those lagging behind may provide other valuable services to the group.
[57] An alternative hypothesis is that there is some reward associated with being a leader who fends off intruders and the rank of lionesses in the pride is reflected in these responses.
[58] The male or males associated with the pride must defend their relationship to the pride from outside males who attempt to take over their relationship with the pride. Females form the stable
social unit in a pride and do not tolerate outside females;
[59] membership only changes with the births and deaths of lionesses,
[60] although some females do leave and become nomadic.
[61] Subadult males on the other hand, must leave the pride when they reach maturity at around 2–3 years of age.
[61]Hunting and diet
While a lioness such as this one has very sharp teeth, prey is usually killed by strangulation
Lions are powerful animals that usually hunt in coordinated groups and stalk their chosen prey. However, they are not particularly known for their stamina - for instance, a lioness' heart makes up only 0.57 percent of her body weight (a male's is about 0.45 percent of his body weight), whereas a hyena's heart is close to 1 percent of its body weight.
[60] Thus, although lionesses can reach speeds of 81 km/h (50 mph),
[62] they only can do so for short bursts
[63] so they have to be close to their prey before starting the attack. They take advantage of factors that reduce visibility; many kills take place near some form of cover or at night.
[64] They sneak up to the victim until they reach a distance of approximately 30 metres (98 ft) or less. Typically, several lionesses work together and encircle the herd from different points. Once they have closed with a herd, they usually target the closest prey. The attack is short and powerful; they attempt to catch the victim with a fast rush and final leap. The prey usually is killed by
strangulation,
[65] which can cause
cerebral ischemia or
asphyxia (which results in
hypoxemic, or "general,"
hypoxia). The prey also may be killed by the lion enclosing the animal's mouth and nostrils in its jaws
[4] (which would also result in asphyxia). Smaller prey, though, may simply be killed by a swipe of a lion's paw.
[4]
A pride of lions working together to bring down a buffalo in the Okavango Delta, Botswana
Four lions take down a cape buffalo in the central Serengeti, Tanzania
Lions at the Savuti river are well known for their relatively frequent predation on elephants
The
prey consists mainly of large mammals, with a preference for
wildebeest,
impalas,
zebras,
buffalo, and
warthogs in Africa and
nilgai,
wild boar, and several
deer species in India. Many other species are hunted, based on availability. Mainly this will include
ungulates weighing between 50 and 300 kg (110–660 lb) such as
kudu,
hartebeest,
gemsbok, and
eland.
[4] Occasionally, they take relatively small species such as
Thomson's Gazelle or
springbok.
.^ They look oriental and are often very friendly and trustful, even if they live in the streets.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
Extensive statistics collected over various studies show that lions normally feed on mammals in the range 190–550 kg (420–1210 lb). In Africa, wildebeest rank at the top of preferred prey (making nearly half of the lion prey in the
Serengeti) followed by zebra.
[66] Most adult
hippopotamuses,
rhinoceroses,
elephants, and smaller
gazelles,
impala, and other agile antelopes are generally excluded. However giraffes and buffalos are often taken in certain regions. For instance, in Kruger National Park, giraffes are regularly hunted.
[67] In Manyara Park, Cape buffaloes constitute as much as 62% of the lion's diet,
[68] due to the high number density of buffaloes. Occasionally hippopotamus is also taken, but adult rhinoceroses are generally avoided. Even though smaller than 190 kg (420 lb), warthogs are often taken depending on availability.
[69] In some areas, they specialise in hunting atypical prey species; this is the case at the
Savuti river, where they prey on elephants.
[70] Park guides in the area reported that the lions, driven by extreme hunger, started taking down baby elephants, and then moved on to adolescents and, occasionally, fully grown adults during the night when elephants' vision is poor.
[71] Lions also attack domestic livestock; in India cattle contribute significantly to their diet.
[47] They are capable of killing other predators such as
leopards,
cheetahs,
hyenas, and
wild dogs, though (unlike most felids) they seldom devour the competitors after killing them. They also scavenge animals either dead from
natural causes (disease) or killed by other predators, and keep a constant lookout for circling vultures, being keenly aware that they indicate an animal dead or in distress.
[72] .^ Actually Vladimir is trying to save the world and kill all the invaders before they spread all over the world.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
On a hot day, the pride may retreat to shade leaving a male or two to stand guard.
[74] An adult lioness requires an average of about 5 kg (11 lb) of meat per day, a male about 7 kg (15.4 lb).
[75]
The hunters of a pride sharing a zebra where the kill occurred
Because lionesses hunt in open spaces where they are easily seen by their prey, cooperative hunting increases the likelihood of a successful hunt; this is especially true with larger species. Teamwork also enables them to defend their kills more easily against other large predators such as hyenas, which may be attracted by
vultures from kilometers away in open savannas. Lionesses do most of the hunting; males attached to prides do not usually participate in hunting, except in the case of larger quarry such as giraffe and buffalo. In typical hunts, each lioness has a favored position in the group, either stalking prey on the "wing" then attacking, or moving a smaller distance in the centre of the group and capturing prey in flight from other lionesses.
[76].^ They are 4 years old.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ He has changed a lot from the six month old wild kitty that came to live with me two years ago.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ My friend took this photo album of him on the New Year day of 2004 when he's only 3 months old.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
They begin to hunt effectively when nearing the age of two.
[77]
Reproduction and life cycle
Most lionesses will have reproduced by the time they are four years of age.
[78] Lions do not
mate at any specific time of year, and the females are
polyestrous.
[79] As with other cats, the male lion's penis has spines which point backwards. Upon withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which may cause ovulation.
[80] .^ She is a stubby Manx and more like a dog than a cat.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ Multiple Animal Pics published by karmafotos More Than One of the dogs, cats, etc...- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ Penelope Princess Pumpkin published by ferretocious One day last August I was perusing craigslist.com pet listings.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
Lions reproduce very well in captivity.
[citation needed]
During a mating bout, a couple may copulate 20 to 40 times a day for several days
.^ We were at PetSmart buying cat food for our other 2 cats when Putnam Animal Shelter had a one pound bundle of attitude in a cage by himself.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
She will often hunt by herself whilst the cubs are still helpless, staying relatively close to the thicket or den where the cubs are kept.
[82] The cubs themselves are born blind—their eyes do not open until roughly a week after birth.
.^ Found them strolling around when I took my dog out for a walk and they followed me home.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[83] .^ Cuddles published by notquitexena Ariel tripod published by notquitexena arielthepaw_sm published by notquitexena moonlightwalk_sm published by notquitexena sierra_sm published by notquitexena The effects of alcohol after 1 bottle of tequila published by WandaTant OLIVE 11 months published by bel2000a57 Put that nose up here one more time!!!- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ My 80 LB Malamute was carrying one of the little girls (Gracie) around the yard by the neck!- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[82]
.^ Six five week old Mau kittens.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ These are photographs that I took of her when we first had her at six weeks old.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ Foster Kitties - OMG! published by evelynblack SIX darling kittens - Four are 7 weeks old, and two are 6 weeks old.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[84] However, sometimes this introduction to pride life occurs earlier, particularly if other lionesses have given birth at about the same time. For instance, lionesses in a pride often synchronize their reproductive cycles so that they cooperate in the raising and suckling of the young (once the cubs are past the initial stage of isolation with their mother), who suckle indiscriminately from any or all of the nursing females in the pride. In addition to greater protection, the synchronization of births also has an advantage in that the cubs end up being roughly the same size, and thus have an equal chance of survival. If one lioness gives birth to a litter of cubs a couple of months after another lioness, for instance, then the younger cubs, being much smaller than their older brethren, are usually dominated by larger cubs at mealtimes—consequently, death by starvation is more common amongst the younger cubs.
A pregnant lioness (right)
In addition to starvation, cubs also face many other dangers, such as predation by jackals, hyenas, leopards, martial eagles and snakes.
.^ They look oriental and are often very friendly and trustful, even if they live in the streets.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
.^ These are the new male and females from our cattery.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ One red head male and 2 black and white females.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ Blessings, Judy (Christina's Mom) New Puppies & Young Adults Of ShihTzu Litters From Benji and Keisha published by PeekabooPekingeseShihtzus Beautiful quality males.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
All in all, as many as 80 percent of the cubs will die before the age of two.
[86]When first introduced to the rest of the pride, the cubs initially lack confidence when confronted with adult lions other than their mother. However, they soon begin to immerse themselves in the pride life, playing amongst themselves or attempting to initiate play with the adults.
.^ She is a stubby Manx and more like a dog than a cat.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
.^ Tonyaalex3 The cats like to play hide and seek, published by Tonyaalex3 they hide the ornaments in another room, published by Tonyaalex3 and we may even find them in our bathroom sink.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[87]
The tolerance of male lions towards the cubs varies. They are, however, generally more likely to share food with the cubs than with the lionesses.
Weaning occurs after six to seven months. Male lions reach maturity at about 3 years of age and, at 4–5 years of age, are capable of challenging and displacing the adult male(s) associated with another pride. They begin to age and weaken between 10 and 15 years of age at the latest,
[88] if they have not already been critically injured whilst defending the pride (once ousted from a pride by rival males, male lions rarely manage a second take-over). This leaves a short window for their own offspring to be born and mature. If they are able to procreate as soon as they take over a pride, potentially, they may have more offspring reaching maturity before they also are displaced. A lioness often will attempt to defend her cubs fiercely from a usurping male, but such actions are rarely successful.
.^ She is two years old and lives in Izmir.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ Pictured at just two years old, and still growing!- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ He has changed a lot from the six month old wild kitty that came to live with me two years ago.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
.^ She is a stubby Manx and more like a dog than a cat.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ Multiple Animal Pics published by karmafotos More Than One of the dogs, cats, etc...- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[85]Contrary to popular belief, it is not only males that are ousted from their pride to become nomads, although the majority of females certainly do remain with their birth pride.
.^ The first one has already moved out, the others will leave next week.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
.^ These are the new male and females from our cattery.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[89] Life is harsh for a female nomad. Nomadic lionesses rarely manage to raise their cubs to maturity, without the protection of other pride members.
.^ One red head male and 2 black and white females.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[90][91] Male lions pair-bond for a number of days and initiate homosexual activity with affectionate nuzzling and caressing, leading to mounting and thrusting. A study found that about 8 percent of mountings have been observed to occur with other males.
[citation needed] Female pairings are held to be fairly common in captivity, but have not been observed in the wild.
Health
Though adult lions have no natural predators, evidence suggests that the majority die violently from humans or other lions.
[92] .^ The foster cats who come into our home stay in a big cage until everyone is done hissing and sniffing.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
.^ Here she is more then 8 years old.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ She is two years old and lives in Izmir.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ Our Pets mamoosh published by aramnaaram Mitzi The Matriarch published by Barbsview Mitzi at 15 plus years old, is the matriarch of the Glisson household.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
This is why the average lifespan of a male lion tends to be significantly less than that of a lioness in the wild. However, members of both sexes can be injured or even killed by other lions when two prides with overlapping territories come into conflict.
One of the tree climbing Lions of the Serengeti, Tanzania
Various species of
tick commonly infest the ears, neck and groin regions of most lions.
[93][94] Adult forms of several species of the tapeworm genus
Taenia have been isolated from intestines, the lions having ingested larval forms from antelope meat.
[95] Lions in the
Ngorongoro Crater were afflicted by an outbreak of stable fly (
Stomoxys calcitrans) in 1962; this resulted in lions becoming covered in bloody bare patches and emaciated. Lions sought unsuccessfully to evade the biting flies by climbing trees or crawling into hyena burrows; many perished or emigrated as the population dropped from 70 to 15 individuals.
[96] A more recent outbreak in 2001 killed six lions.
[97] Lions, especially in captivity, are vulnerable to the
Canine distemper virus (CDV),
feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and
feline infectious peritonitis (FIP).
[19] CDV is spread through domestic dogs and other
carnivores; a 1994 outbreak in
Serengeti National Park resulted in many lions developing neurological symptoms such as seizures. During the outbreak, several lions died from pneumonia and
encephalitis.
[98] FIV, which is similar to
HIV while not known to adversely affect lions, is worrisome enough in its effect in domestic cats that the Species Survival Plan recommends systematic testing in captive lions. It occurs with high to endemic frequency in several wild lion populations, but is mostly absent from Asiatic and Namibian lions.
[19]Communication
Head rubbing and licking are common social behaviors within a pride
When resting, lion socialization occurs through a number of behaviors, and the animal's expressive movements are highly developed. The most common peaceful tactile gestures are head rubbing and social licking,
[99] which have been compared with grooming in primates.
[100] Head rubbing—nuzzling one's forehead, face and neck against another lion—appears to be a form of greeting,
[101] as it is seen often after an animal has been apart from others, or after a fight or confrontation. Males tend to rub other males, while cubs and females rub females.
[102] Social licking often occurs in tandem with head rubbing; it is generally mutual and the recipient appears to express pleasure. The head and neck are the most common parts of the body licked, which may have arisen out of utility, as a lion cannot lick these areas individually.
[103]Lions have an array of facial expressions and body postures that serve as visual gestures.
[104] Their repertoire of vocalizations is also large; variations in intensity and pitch, rather than discrete signals, appear central to communication. Lion sounds include snarling, purring, hissing, coughing, miaowing, woofing and roaring. Lions tend to
roar in a very characteristic manner, starting with a few deep, long roars that trail off into a series of shorter ones. They most often roar at night; the sound, which can be heard from a distance of 8 kilometres (5.0 mi), is used to advertise the animal's presence.
[105] Lions have the loudest roar of any big cat.
Interspecific predatory relationships
In areas where lions and
spotted hyenas are sympatric, the two species occupy the same ecological niche, and are thus in direct competition with one another. In some cases, the extent of dietary overlap can be as high as 68.8%.
[106] Lions typically ignore spotted hyenas, unless they are on a kill or are being harassed by them. Spotted hyenas themselves tend to visibly react to the presence of lions, whether there is food or not. Lions will readily appropriate the kills of spotted hyenas: in the Ngorongoro crater, it is common for lions to subsist largely on kills stolen from hyenas, causing the hyenas to increase their kill rate. Lions are quick to follow the calls of hyenas feeding, a fact which was proven by Dr. Hans Kruuk, who found that lions repeatedly approached him whenever he played the tape-recorded calls of hyenas feeding.
[107] When confronted on a kill by lions, spotted hyenas will either leave or wait patiently at a distance of 30–100 metres until the lions have finished.
[108] In some cases, spotted hyenas are bold enough to feed alongside lions, and may occasionally force the lions off a kill.
.^ Tonyaalex3 The cats like to play hide and seek, published by Tonyaalex3 they hide the ornaments in another room, published by Tonyaalex3 and we may even find them in our bathroom sink.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ Our Animals published by motherlori Cats & Dogs May 2004 Kittens published by rbundy1 Another set of Foster Kittens One Spoiled Cat published by davejohnsoncnn That cat.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ You may get in one, maybe two pets.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
Lions may charge at hyenas and maul them for no apparent reason: one male lion was filmed killing two matriarch hyenas on separate occasions without eating them,
[109] and lion predation can account for up to 71% of hyena deaths in
Etosha. Spotted hyenas have adapted to this pressure by frequently mobbing lions which enter their territories.
[110] Experiments on captive spotted hyenas revealed that specimens with no prior experience with lions act indifferently to the sight of them, but will react fearfully to the scent.
[107]Lions tend to dominate smaller felines such as
cheetahs and
leopards in areas where they are sympatric. They will steal their kills and will kill their cubs and even adults when given the chance. The cheetah has a 50 percent chance of losing its kill to lions or other predators.
[111] .^ The first one has already moved out, the others will leave next week.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
Cheetahs avoid competition by hunting at different times of the day and hide their cubs in thick brush. Leopards also use such tactics, but have the advantage of being able to subsist much better on small prey than either lions or cheetahs. Also, unlike cheetahs, leopards can climb trees and use them to keep their cubs and kills away from lions. However, lionesses will occasionally be successful in climbing to retrieve leopard kills.
[112] Similarly, lions dominate
African wild dogs, not only taking their kills but also preying on both young and adult dogs (although the latter are rarely caught).
[113]The
Nile crocodile is the only sympatric predator (besides humans) that can singly threaten the lion. Depending on the size of the crocodile and the lion, either can lose kills or carrion to the other. Lions have been known to kill crocodiles venturing onto land,
[114] while the reverse is true for lions entering waterways containing crocodiles, as evidenced by the fact that lion claws have on occasion been found in crocodile stomachs.
[115]Distribution and habitat
In Africa, lions can be found in savanna grasslands with scattered
Acacia trees which serve as shade;
[117] their habitat in India is a mixture of dry savanna forest and very dry deciduous scrub forest.
[118] In relatively recent times the habitat of lions spanned the southern parts of
Eurasia, ranging from
Greece to
India, and most of
Africa except the central
rainforest-zone and the
Sahara desert.
Herodotus reported that lions had been common in Greece around 480 BC; they attacked the baggage camels of the Persian king
Xerxes on his march through the country.
Aristotle considered them rare by 300 BC. By 100 AD they were extirpated.
[119] A population of the
Asiatic Lion survived until the tenth century in the
Caucasus, their last
European outpost.
[120]The species was eradicated from
Palestine by the
Middle Ages and from most of the rest of Asia after the arrival of readily available firearms in the eighteenth century. Between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century they became extinct in
North Africa and
Southwest Asia. By the late nineteenth century the lion had disappeared from
Turkey and most of northern India,
[19][121] while the last sighting of a live Asiatic lion in
Iran was in 1941 (between
Shiraz and Jahrom,
Fars Province), though the corpse of a lioness was found on the banks of
Karun river,
Khūzestān Province in 1944. There are no subsequent reliable reports from
Iran.
[73] The subspecies now survives only in and around the
Gir Forest of northwestern India.
[23] About 300 lions live in a 1,412 km² (558 square miles) sanctuary in the state of
Gujarat, which covers most of the forest. Their numbers are slowly increasing.
[122]They were found in most of Africa, much of Eurasia from western Europe to India and the
Bering land bridge, and in the Americas from
Yukon to Peru.
[31] Parts of this range were occupied by subspecies that are extinct today.
Population and conservation status
Main article:
Lion hunting
The Asiatic Lion, whose habitat once ranged from the Mediterranean to north-west Indian subcontinent, is today found only in the
Gir Forest of
Gujarat, India. Only about 320 Asiatic Lions survive in the wild.
[123]
Most lions now live in eastern and southern Africa, and their numbers there are rapidly decreasing, with an estimated 30–50 percent decline over the last two decades.
[6] Currently, estimates of the African lion population range between 16,500 and 47,000 living in the wild in 2002–2004,
[124][125] down from early 1990s estimates that ranged as high as 100,000 and perhaps 400,000 in 1950. The cause of the decline is not well-understood, and may not be reversible.
[6] Currently, habitat loss and conflicts with humans are considered the most significant threats to the species.
[126][127] The remaining populations are often geographically isolated from each other, which can lead to
inbreeding, and consequently, a lack of
genetic diversity. Therefore the lion is considered a
vulnerable species by the
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, while the Asiatic subspecies is
critically endangered. The lion population in the region of West Africa is isolated from lion populations of Central Africa, with little or no exchange of breeding individuals. The number of mature individuals in West Africa is estimated by two separate recent surveys at 850–1,160 (2002/2004). There is disagreement over the size of the largest individual population in West Africa: the estimates range from 100 to 400 lions in
Burkina Faso's
Arly-Singou ecosystem.
[6]
Lion cub playing with a piece of bark.
Following the discovery of the decline of lion population in Africa, several coordinated efforts involving lion
conservation have been organised in an attempt to stem this decline. Lions are one species included in the
Species Survival Plan, a coordinated attempt by the
Association of Zoos and Aquariums to increase its chances of survival. The plan was originally started in 1982 for the Asiatic lion, but was suspended when it was found that most Asiatic lions in North American zoos were not
genetically pure, having been hybridized with African lions. The African lion plan started in 1993, focusing especially on the South African subspecies, although there are difficulties in assessing the genetic diversity of captive lions, since most individuals are of unknown origin, making maintenance of genetic diversity a problem.
[19]Man-eaters
.^ All about my cats Enjoy this pictures ^_^ Animals published by raiadj Some pictures taken in the park - dogs, cats, people...- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[132] In both, the hunters who killed the lions wrote books detailing the animals' predatory behavior. The Mfuwe and Tsavo incidents bear similarities: the lions in both incidents were larger than normal, lacked manes, and seemed to suffer from
tooth decay.
.^ She moved them when we found her and them to the Ryder truck area More Butters published by lauracox Butters is growin' like a weed!- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[133] .^ Ki Ki and Emma published by eddy707 Eat meat B published by eddy707 animals published by feifel85 house zoo and random south africa B&G in May 2007 published by eddy707 Bally and Gucci the Ragdolls!- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
The authors note that the relationship is well-attested amongst other pantherines and primates in the paleontological record.
[134] The lion's proclivity for man-eating has been systematically examined. American and Tanzanian scientists report that man-eating behavior in rural areas of Tanzania increased greatly from 1990 to 2005. At least 563 villagers were attacked and many eaten over this period—a number far exceeding the more famed "Tsavo" incidents of a century earlier. The incidents occurred near
Selous National Park in
Rufiji District and in
Lindi Province near the
Mozambican border. While the expansion of villagers into bush country is one concern, the authors argue that conservation policy must mitigate the danger because, in this case, conservation contributes directly to human deaths. Cases in Lindi have been documented where lions seize humans from the center of substantial villages.
[135]
.^ Ki Ki and Emma published by eddy707 Eat meat B published by eddy707 animals published by feifel85 house zoo and random south africa B&G in May 2007 published by eddy707 Bally and Gucci the Ragdolls!- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ I love this pic of her published by mist152 man, there must be something in here to eat published by mist152 look at that face!!- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
Frump believes thousands may have been killed in the decades after
apartheid sealed the park and forced the refugees to cross the park at night. For nearly a century before the border was sealed, Mozambicans had regularly walked across the park in daytime with little harm.
[136]
.^ Now she has 14 years old and she's a son for me, I love her more than words can express.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
.^ JossoRose She just comes and goes during the evening so I can't take her face because of the flash in her eyes !!- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ Cats published by colinccy Adopted these 3 cats when they were just about 2 months old.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ Wee Heather Ilish published by Millard1111 These are some of my favorite that I took of our family cat who passed away in 2008 after a long life.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[135]
A man-eating lion was killed by game scouts in Southern Tanzania in April 2004. It is believed to have killed and eaten at least 35 people in a series of incidents covering several villages in the Rufiji Delta coastal region.
[137][138] Dr Rolf D. Baldus, the GTZ wildlife programme coordinator, commented that it was likely that the lion preyed on humans because it had a large
abscess underneath a
molar which was cracked in several places. He further commented that "This lion probably experienced a lot of pain, particularly when it was chewing."
[139] GTZ is the German development cooperation agency and has been working with the Tanzanian government on wildlife conservation for nearly two decades. As in other cases this lion was large, lacked a mane, and had a tooth problem.
The "All-Africa" record of man-eating generally is considered to be not Tsavo, but the lesser-known incidents in the late 1930s through the late 1940s in what was then
Tanganyika (now Tanzania). George Rushby, game warden and professional hunter, eventually dispatched the pride, which over three generations is thought to have killed and eaten 1,500 to 2,000 in what is now
Njombe district.
[140]In captivity
.^ Vores Katte published by fieolsen cat published by dutchyseven Kissat published by flyingteam Frank Sinatra published by lovelyreta This is my cat, Frank Sinatra, called so because of his blue eyes (Old Blue Eyes) Carsten's Pets published by wishb These are pictures of my pets and other animals.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ Mousse & Catnip published by catalysttx my prefered animals published by canar my cat, my rabbits and others...- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ The Loves of My Life published by vxice Photos of my Horse, Cat, Dog, and other Animals.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[142] Though many modern zoos are more selective about their exhibits,
[143] there are over 1000 African and 100 Asiatic lions in zoos and wildlife parks around the world. They are considered an ambassador species and are kept for tourism, education and conservation purposes.
[144] .^ Four of them -- born January 20, 2007!- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ December 13, 2006 Memorial In 16 wonderful years, not one solitary friend has remained with me other than my beloved companion and best fri Grimalkin - Grey Cat published by ladysail Grimalkin was born on August 9, 2006, and came to live with us at the age of seven weeks.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ We still grieve the passing of Cindy Ann (August 6, 2007) and Angel (December 31, 2007).- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[145] .^ My Animals published by androidprincesst Here are pictures of my kitties, Missy and Boots and any other animals I felt like taking pictures of.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[146]
Male African lion of the Transvaal subspecies (
P. l. krugeri)
Lions were kept and bred by Assyrian kings as early as 850 BC,
[119] and
Alexander the Great was said to have been presented with tame lions by the
Malhi of northern India.
[147] Later in
Roman times, lions were kept by emperors to take part in the gladiator arenas. Roman notables, including
Sulla,
Pompey, and
Julius Caesar, often ordered the mass slaughter of hundreds of lions at a time.
[148] In the East, lions were tamed by Indian princes, and
Marco Polo reported that
Kublai Khan kept lions inside.
[149] The first European "zoos" spread amongst noble and royal families in the thirteenth century, and until the seventeenth century were called
seraglios; at that time, they came to be called
menageries, an extension of the
cabinet of curiosities. They spread from France and Italy during the
Renaissance to the rest of Europe.
[150] In England, although the seraglio tradition was less developed, Lions were
kept at the Tower of London in a seraglio established by
King John in the thirteenth century,
[151][152] probably stocked with animals from an earlier menagerie started in 1125 by
Henry I at his palace in
Woodstock, near
Oxford; where lions had been reported stocked by
William of Malmesbury.
[153]Seraglios served as expressions of the nobility's power and wealth.
.^ Mousse & Catnip published by catalysttx my prefered animals published by canar my cat, my rabbits and others...- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ It's a hybrid cat that comes from breeding an African Serval (one of the big cats) to a domestic shorthair cat.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ The Loves of My Life published by vxice Photos of my Horse, Cat, Dog, and other Animals.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
By extension, menageries and seraglios served as demonstrations of the dominance of humanity over nature. Consequently, the defeat of such natural "lords" by a cow in 1682 astonished the spectators, and the flight of an elephant before a rhinoceros drew jeers. Such fights would slowly fade out in the seventeenth century with the spread of the menagerie and their appropriation by the commoners.
.^ Scampi-The Big Cat published by cruisesh Pets published by costiflorea My kids published by irshwlf Piewackit & Co.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ The foster cats who come into our home stay in a big cage until everyone is done hissing and sniffing.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ My Pets published by sabine54 Goldfish Cat Capers published by lgoester1 Summer time with my cats, Professor and Red Buttons.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[154]The presence of lions at the Tower of London was intermittent, being restocked when a monarch or his consort, such as
Margaret of Anjou the wife of
Henry VI, either sought or were given animals. Records indicate they were kept in poor conditions there in the seventeenth century, in contrast to more open conditions in
Florence at the time.
[155] .^ Cat published by bubbleooooo2007 Cat My Public Shoebox published by towhook1 The family dogs.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ My dogs which are a german shepard and a beagle, and my three cats.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ These are pics of Kansas (the dog), and my three cats, Smokey, Curiosity, and Twister!!!- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[156] A rival menagerie at the
Exeter Exchange also exhibited lions until the early nineteenth century.
[157] The Tower menagerie was closed down by
William IV,
[156] and animals transferred to the
London Zoo which opened its gates to the public on 27 April 1828.
[158]
Animal species disappear when they cannot peacefully orbit the center of gravity that is man.
Pierre-Amédée Pichot, 1891
[159]
The wild animals trade flourished alongside improved colonial trade of the nineteenth century. Lions were considered fairly common and inexpensive.
.^ They don't get any more affectionate than Baby Girl!- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ We had no idea they would give us so much joy!- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ Multiple Animal Pics published by karmafotos More Than One of the dogs, cats, etc...- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[160] .^ She is a stubby Manx and more like a dog than a cat.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ Multiple Animal Pics published by karmafotos More Than One of the dogs, cats, etc...- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ My Animals published by androidprincesst Here are pictures of my kitties, Missy and Boots and any other animals I felt like taking pictures of.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[161] The widely reproduced imagery of the heroic hunter chasing lions would dominate a large part of the century.
[162] Explorers and hunters exploited a popular
Manichean division of animals into "good" and "evil" to add thrilling value to their adventures, casting themselves as heroic figures. This resulted in big cats, always suspected of being man-eaters, representing "both the fear of nature and the satisfaction of having overcome it."
[163]
Lion at
Melbourne Zoo enjoying an elevated grassy area with some tree shelter
Lions were kept in cramped and squalid conditions at London Zoo until a larger lion house with roomier cages was built in the 1870s.
[164] Further changes took place in the early twentieth century, when
Carl Hagenbeck designed enclosures more closely resembling a natural habitat, with concrete 'rocks', more open space and a moat instead of bars. He designed lion enclosures for both
Melbourne Zoo and Sydney's
Taronga Zoo, among others, in the early twentieth century. Though his designs were popular, the old bars and cage enclosures prevailed until the 1960s in many zoos.
[165] .^ She is a stubby Manx and more like a dog than a cat.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ The Cats published by indyvdc Pics of our kitties - some of them rescued animals.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ All about my cats Enjoy this pictures ^_^ Animals published by raiadj Some pictures taken in the park - dogs, cats, people...- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[19] Lions are now housed in much larger naturalistic areas; modern recommended guidelines more closely approximate conditions in the wild with closer attention to the lions' needs, highlighting the need for dens in separate areas, elevated positions in both sun and shade where lions can sit and adequate ground cover and drainage as well as sufficient space to roam.
[144]There have also been instances where a lion was kept by a private individual, such as the lioness
Elsa, who was raised by
George Adamson and his wife
Joy Adamson and came to develop a strong bond with them, particularly the latter. The lioness later achieved fame, her life being documented in a series of books and films.
Baiting and taming
Nineteenth century
etching of a lion tamer in a cage of lions
.^ Dogs and Other Animals (Including humans!- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ The Loves of My Life published by vxice Photos of my Horse, Cat, Dog, and other Animals.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
Records of it exist in ancient times through until the seventeenth century. It was finally banned in
Vienna by 1800 and England in 1825.
[166][167]
Lion taming refers to the practice of taming lions for entertainment, either as part of an established
circus or as an individual act, such as
Siegfried & Roy.
.^ Fan She (sweet potato) published by tsuichung My Lovely little Cat Diego Tailchaser published by lissylou214 Photos of my big kitty tiger published by kenix619 Cat My Kittens!- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
The practice was pioneered in the first half of the nineteenth century by Frenchman Henri Martin and American Isaac Van Amburgh who both toured widely, and whose techniques were copied by a number of followers.
[168] Van Amburgh performed before Queen
Victoria of the United Kingdom in 1838 when he toured
Great Britain. Martin composed a
pantomime titled
Les Lions de Mysore ("the lions of Mysore"), an idea that Amburgh quickly borrowed. These acts eclipsed
equestrianism acts as the central display of circus shows, but truly entered public consciousness in the early twentieth century with cinema. In demonstrating the superiority of human over animal, lion taming served a purpose similar to animal fights of previous centuries.
[168] The now iconic lion tamer's chair was possibly first used by American
Clyde Beatty (1903–1965).
[169]Cultural depictions
The lion is a popular symbol and mascot of high schools, colleges and universities throughout the United States. This statue is on the campus of the
University of North Alabama.
The Lion Gate of
Mycenae (detail)—two lionesses
flank the central column, c. 1300 BC
Carter of Castle Martin coat of arms showing "rampant combatant" lions.
The lion has been an icon for humanity for thousands of years, appearing in cultures across Europe, Asia, and Africa. Despite incidents of attacks on humans, lions have enjoyed a positive depiction in culture as strong but noble. A common depiction is their representation as "
king of the jungle" or "king of the beasts"; hence, the lion has been a popular symbol of royalty and stateliness,
[170] as well as a symbol of bravery; it is featured in several
fables of the
sixth century BC Greek storyteller
Aesop.
[171].^ He is about a year old.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ An Angora of about 2 years and a half old, abandoned with a brother when they were about 2 months old.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ She is about a year old, very loveable and loves having her picture taken...- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[16] Two lions were depicted mating in the Chamber of Felines in 15,000-year-old
Paleolithic cave paintings in the
Lascaux caves. Cave lions are also depicted in the
Chauvet Cave, discovered in 1994; this has been dated at 32,000 years of age,
[27] though it may be of similar or younger age to Lascaux.
[172]
.^ Ancient Egyptian Cat - Fantasy Wallpaper published by Nehebet Wallpaper based off the cover of Per-Bast: A Tale of Cats in Ancient Egypt.- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[173][174]
Careful examination of the lion deities noted in many ancient cultures reveal that many are lioness also. Admiration for the co-operative hunting strategies of lionesses was evident in very ancient times. Most of the
lion gates depict lionesses. The
Nemean lion was symbolic in Ancient Greece and Rome, represented as the constellation and zodiac sign
Leo, and described in mythology, where its skin was borne by the hero
Heracles.
[175]The lion is the biblical emblem of the
tribe of Judah and later the
Kingdom of Judah. It is contained within Jacob's blessing to his fourth son in the penultimate chapter of the
Book of Genesis, "Judah is a lion's whelp; On prey, my son have you grown. He crouches, lies down like a lion, like the king of beasts—who dare rouse him?" (Genesis 49:9
[176]). In the modern state of
Israel, the lion remains the symbol of the capital city of
Jerusalem, emblazoned on both the
flag and
coat of arms of the city.
The lion was a prominent symbol in ancient
Mesopotamia (from
Sumer up to
Assyrian and
Babylonian times), where it was strongly associated with kingship.
[177] The classic Babylonian lion motif, found as a statue, carved or painted on walls, is often referred to as the
striding lion of Babylon. It is in Babylon that the biblical
Daniel is said to have been delivered from the lion's den.
[178] Such symbolism was appropriated by Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq for their
Lion of Babylon tank, with the technology adapted from a Russian model.
In the
Puranic texts of
Hinduism,
Narasimha ("man-lion") a half-lion, half-man incarnation or (
avatara) of
Vishnu, is worshipped by his devotees and saved the child devotee
Prahlada from his father, the evil demon king
Hiranyakashipu;
[179] Vishnu takes the form of half-man/half-
lion, in Narasimha, having a human torso and lower body, but with a lion-like face and claws.
[180] Narasimha is worshiped as "Lion God."
The Asiatic lion is a common motif in
Chinese art. They were first used in art during the late
Spring and Autumn Period (fifth or sixth century BC), and became much more popular during the
Han Dynasty (206 BC – AD 220), when
imperial guardian lions started to be placed in front of imperial palaces for protection. Because lions have never been native to China, early depictions were somewhat unrealistic; after the introduction of
Buddhist art to China in the
Tang Dynasty (after the sixth century AD), lions were usually depicted without wings, their bodies became thicker and shorter, and their manes became curly.
[186] The
lion dance is a form of traditional dance in
Chinese culture in which performers mimic a lion's movements in a lion costume, often with musical accompaniment from cymbals, drums and gongs.
.^ Pets from June 19th - August 5th published by heatherwanderer Pics of my new kitten as well as any other pets that will sit still long enough for me to photograph...lol Stinker the Cat published by ritae22 Stinker enjoying his years !- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
^ Khorshidi she was born in 14 may 2003 new album published by DominoBlkCat This cat is good luck, yo!- cat pictures, videos and albums 11 September 2009 10:29 UTC www.webshots.com [Source type: General]
[187]The
island nation of
Singapore (
Singapura) derives its name from the
Malay words
singa (lion) and
pura (city), which in turn is from the
Tamil-
Sanskrit சிங்க
singa सिंह siṃha and
पुर புர
pura, which is cognate to the
Greek πόλις,
pólis.
[188] According to the
Malay Annals, this name was given by a fourteenth century
Sumatran Malay prince named
Sang Nila Utama, who, on alighting the island after a thunderstorm, spotted an auspicious beast on shore that his chief minister identified as a lion (Asiatic lion).
[189]"Lion" was the nickname of medieval warrior rulers with a reputation for bravery, such as
Richard I of England, known as Richard the Lionheart,
[170],
Henry the Lion (
German:
Heinrich der Löwe),
Duke of Saxony and
Robert III of Flanders nicknamed "The Lion of Flanders"—a major
Flemish national icon up to the present. Lions are frequently depicted on
coats of arms, either as a device on shields themselves, or as
supporters. (The lioness
[190] is much more infrequent.) The formal language of
heraldry, called
blazon, employs French terms to describe the images precisely. Such descriptions specified whether lions or other creatures were "rampant" or "passant", that is whether they were rearing or crouching.
[191] "Rampant" lions are common charges in heraldry. For example, the arms of the Carter of Castle Martin family,
Ireland (see
Carter-Campbell of Possil) include a pair of "rampant" combatant lions. The lion is used as a symbol of sporting teams, from national association football teams such as
England,
Scotland and
Singapore to famous clubs such as the
Detroit Lions[192] of the NFL,
Chelsea[193] and
Aston Villa of the
English Premier League,
[194] (and the Premiership itself) to a
host of smaller clubs around the world. Villa sport a Scottish
Lion Rampant on their crest, as do
Rangers and
Dundee United of the
Scottish Premier League.
Lions continue to feature in modern literature, from the messianic
Aslan in
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and following books from
The Chronicles of Narnia series written by
C. S. Lewis,
[195] to the comedic
Cowardly Lion in
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
[196] The advent of moving pictures saw the continued presence of lion symbolism; one of the most iconic and widely recognised lions is
Leo the Lion, the mascot for
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) studios, which has been in use since the 1920s.
[197] The 1960s saw the appearance of what is possibly the most famous lioness, the Kenyan animal
Elsa in the movie
Born Free,
[198] based on the true-life international bestselling book of the same title.
[199] The lion's role as King of the Beasts has been used in cartoons, from the 1950s manga which gave rise to the first Japanese colour TV animation series,
Kimba the White Lion, Leonardo Lion of
King Leonardo and his Short Subjects, both from the 1960s, up to the 1994
Disney animated feature film
The Lion King,
[200][201] which also featured the popular song "
The Lion Sleeps Tonight" in its soundtrack. A lion appears on the
South African 50-Rand banknotes (see
South African rand).
Notes
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- ^ Bauer, H., Nowell, K. & Packer, C. (2008). Panthera leo. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 9 October 2008.
- ^ a b Linnaeus, Carolus (1758) (in Latin). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis.. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii). pp. 41. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726936. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
- ^ a b c d e f Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.
- ^ Smuts, G.L. (1982). Lion. Johannesburg: Macmillian South Africa (Publishers)(Pty.) Ltd.. pp. 231. ISBN 0-86954-122-6.
- ^ a b c d Nowell & Bauer (2004). Panthera leo. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a lengthy justification of why this species is vulnerable.
- ^ Simpson DP (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5th ed.). London: Cassell Ltd.. pp. 883. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
- ^ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
- ^ Simpson, J., Weiner, E. (eds), ed (1989). "Lion". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edition ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-861186-2.
- ^ "yourdictionary.com". Archived from the original on 2007-08-26. http://web.archive.org/web/20070826092840/http://www.yourdictionary.com/ahd/l/l0190400.html. . As in other ancient scripts, in Ancient Egyptian only the consonants are written. No distinction was made between 'l' and 'r'.
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References
- Baratay, Eric; Elisabeth Hardouin-Fugier (2002). Zoo : a history of zoological gardens in the West. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 1861891113.
- Blunt, Wilfred (1975). The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0241893313.
- de Courcy, Catherine (1995). The Zoo Story. Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140239197.
- Schaller, George B. (1972). The Serengeti lion: A study of predator-prey relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226736393.
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