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"Presidents of the United States" and "US Presidents" redirect here. For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation).

The White House, the president's official residence and center of the administration

.Under the U.S. Constitution, the President of the United States is the head of state and the head of government of the United States.^ Constitution of the United States, art.

• Democracy in America, Part I. by Alexis de Tocqueville 28 January 2010 1:18 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

^ President of the United States is elected.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

^ See also the analysis of all these charters given by Mr. Story, Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States, in the Introduction to his "Commentary on the Constitution of the United States."

• Democracy in America, Part I. by Alexis de Tocqueville 28 January 2010 1:18 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

.As chief of the executive branch and head of the federal government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the United States by influence and recognition.^ Dollar limits on expenditures by candidates for office of President of the United States.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

^ Mr President...welcome to the United States.

• Footage Farm: Ronald Reagan 25 January 2010 0:24 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

.The president is also the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. armed forces.^ Statement by Assistant to the President for Press Relations Fitzwater on the Deployment of United States Armed Forces to Honduras .

• Papers of Ronald Reagan 7 January 2010 5:44 UTC www.presidency.ucsb.edu [Source type: General]

^ He is the commander of the militia, and head of the armed force.

• Democracy in America, Part I. by Alexis de Tocqueville 28 January 2010 1:18 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

^ You are fucking ANTI-AMERICAN if you don't support OUR president...How could you possibly be so ANTI-AMERICAN as to complain about a duly elected commander in chief?

• The Superficial - Barack Obama is the President of the United States 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC thesuperficial.com [Source type: Original source]

.The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by an Electoral College (or by the House of Representatives should the Electoral College fail to award an absolute majority of votes to any person).^ Death of Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates Not Receiving a Majority of Electoral College Votes Before the House and Senate Meet to Select Them When the candidates for President and Vice President do not receive the required majority of 270 Electoral College votes out of a total 538 Electoral votes, the House of Representatives is to choose a President from among the three persons having the highest number of Electoral College votes, and the Senate is to choose a Vice President from the two persons having the highest numbers of votes.\32\ Thus, if one of the top three presidential candidates were to die, the House could do no more than make its decision among the survivors.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

^ If both the President-elect and the Vice President-elect were to die or fail to qualify, then the Speaker of the House would act as President in accordance with the provisions of the Presidential Succession Act of 1947, as amended.\31\ If a winning candidate were to die after the Electoral College met and cast the required majority of votes for him, and before the meeting of Congress to count the votes, the Congress would have no discretion and would be required to declare the actual votes at the time they were cast was valid and ergo declare that the deceased candidate had received a majority of the votes.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

^ Death of a President-Elect and Vice-President Elect Before Inauguration Once the Electoral College has met and the votes have been cast and transmitted sealed to the President of the Senate, the President-elect and Vice President-elect, if they have received a majority of the electoral votes, would be replaced due to any death in accordance with section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment which provides: If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President-elect shall have died, the Vice President-elect shall become President.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

.Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected to the office of the president more than twice.^ Dollar limits on expenditures by candidates for office of President of the United States.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

^ But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

^ Constitution of the United States, art.

• Democracy in America, Part I. by Alexis de Tocqueville 28 January 2010 1:18 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

^[1] .Upon death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent president, the Vice President assumes the office.^ Upon such determination, the Vice President is to assume the powers and duties of the office as acting-President.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

^ Vice President would become President in the case of the death, resignation or removal from office of the President.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

^ In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

.This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as president following the ratification of the United States Constitution, which took effect on March 4, 1789. For American leaders before this ratification, see President of the Continental Congress.^ Dollar limits on expenditures by candidates for office of President of the United States.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

^ Mr President...welcome to the United States.

• Footage Farm: Ronald Reagan 25 January 2010 0:24 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Constitution of the United States, art.

• Democracy in America, Part I. by Alexis de Tocqueville 28 January 2010 1:18 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

.The list does not include any Acting Presidents under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.^ Mr President...welcome to the United States.

• Footage Farm: Ronald Reagan 25 January 2010 0:24 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^ Constitution of the United States, art.

• Democracy in America, Part I. by Alexis de Tocqueville 28 January 2010 1:18 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

^ Constitution of the United States, sects.

• Democracy in America, Part I. by Alexis de Tocqueville 28 January 2010 1:18 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

.There have been forty-three people sworn into office, and forty-four presidencies, due to the fact that Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the twenty-second and the twenty-fourth president.^ The House of Representatives is named by the people, the Senate by the legislators of each State; the former is directly elected, the latter is elected by an elected body; the term for which the representatives are chosen is only two years, that of the senators is six.

• Democracy in America, Part I. by Alexis de Tocqueville 28 January 2010 1:18 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]

^ The Twenty-fifth Amendment, section one provides: ``In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.''

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

^ Any expenditure under this paragraph shall be in addition to any expenditure by a national committee of a political party serving as the principal campaign committee of a candidate for the office of President of the United States.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

.Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), one resigned (Richard Nixon), and four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy).^ The Twenty-fifth Amendment, section one provides: ``In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.''

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

^ The taking of the oath of office by an individual specified in the list in paragraph (1) of this subsection shall be held to constitute his resignation from the office by virtue of the holding of which he qualifies to act as President.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

^ The names of presidential electors, presented in one certificate of nomination, shall be arranged in a group enclosed in brackets under the designation of the office of President and Vice President.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

.The first president was George Washington, who was inaugurated in 1789 after a unanimous Electoral College vote.^ A vote for the candidates for President and Vice President are votes for the electors.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

^ If the Vice President-elect dies between the meeting of the Electoral College in December and Inauguration Day on January 20 the vacancy would likewise be filled after the inauguration of the President, in accordance with Section 2 of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

^ The presidential electors at large shall cast their ballots for the presidential and vice-presidential candidates who received the largest number of votes in the State.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

.William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office at 31 days in 1841. At over twelve years, Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest time in office, and is the only president to serve more than two terms; he died shortly into his fourth term in 1945. The current president is Barack Obama; he assumed the office on January 20, 2009, and is the first African American president and the first president born outside the Contiguous United States, being born in Hawaii.^ Obama is not president until January 20th.

• The Superficial - Barack Obama is the President of the United States 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC thesuperficial.com [Source type: Original source]

^ Dollar limits on expenditures by candidates for office of President of the United States.

• http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS5356 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC purl.access.gpo.gov [Source type: Original source]

^ Thank you for being the 44th President of the United States, Barack Obama, and the American public for making it so.

• The Superficial - Barack Obama is the President of the United States 28 January 2010 1:41 UTC thesuperficial.com [Source type: Original source]

Contents 1 Presidents 2 Notes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

Presidents

Parties

      Independent       Federalist       Democratic-Republican       Democratic       Whig       Republican

Presidency[n 1]	President		Took office	Left office	Party	Vice President	Term
1		George Washington [2][3][4][5]	April 30, 1789	March 4, 1797	Independent	John Adams	1
							2
2		John Adams [6][7][8][9]	March 4, 1797	March 4, 1801	Federalist	Thomas Jefferson	3
3		Thomas Jefferson [10][11][12][13]	March 4, 1801	March 4, 1809	Democratic-Republican	Aaron Burr	4
						George Clinton	5
4		James Madison [14][15][16][17]	March 4, 1809	March 4, 1817	Democratic-Republican	George Clinton[n 2] March 4, 1809 – April 20, 1812	6
						vacant[n 3] April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813
						Elbridge Gerry[n 2] March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814	7
						vacant [n 3] November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817
5		James Monroe [18][19][20][21]	March 4, 1817	March 4, 1825	Democratic-Republican	Daniel D. Tompkins	8
							9
6		John Quincy Adams [22][23][24][25]	March 4, 1825	March 4, 1829	Democratic-Republican National Republican	John C. Calhoun	10
7		Andrew Jackson [26][27][28][29]	March 4, 1829	March 4, 1837	Democratic	John C. Calhoun [n 4] March 4, 1829 – December 28, 1832	11
						vacant[n 3] December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833
						Martin Van Buren	12
8		Martin Van Buren [30][31][32][33]	March 4, 1837	March 4, 1841	Democratic	Richard Mentor Johnson	13
9		William Henry Harrison [34][35][36][37]	March 4, 1841	April 4, 1841[n 2]	Whig	John Tyler	14
10[n 5]		John Tyler [38][39][40][41]	April 4, 1841	March 4, 1845	Whig April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841	vacant [n 3]
					Independent[n 6] September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845
11		James K. Polk [42][43][44][45]	March 4, 1845	March 4, 1849	Democratic	George M. Dallas	15
12		Zachary Taylor [46][47][48][49]	March 4, 1849	July 9, 1850[n 2]	Whig	Millard Fillmore	16
13		Millard Fillmore [50][51][52][53]	July 9, 1850	March 4, 1853	Whig	vacant [n 3]
14		Franklin Pierce [54][55][56][57]	March 4, 1853	March 4, 1857	Democratic	William R. King[n 2] March 4, 1853 – April 18, 1853	17
						vacant [n 3] April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857
15		James Buchanan [58][59][60][61]	March 4, 1857	March 4, 1861	Democratic	John C. Breckinridge	18
16		Abraham Lincoln [62][63][64][65]	March 4, 1861	April 15, 1865[n 7]	Republican National Union[n 8]	Hannibal Hamlin	19
						Andrew Johnson	20
17		Andrew Johnson [66][67][68][69]	April 15, 1865	March 4, 1869	Democratic National Union[n 8]	vacant [n 3]
					National Union[n 8] Independent[n 9]
18		Ulysses S. Grant [70][71][72][73]	March 4, 1869	March 4, 1877	Republican	Schuyler Colfax	21
						Henry Wilson[n 2] March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875	22
						vacant [n 3] November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877
19		Rutherford B. Hayes [74][75][76][77]	March 4, 1877	March 4, 1881	Republican	William A. Wheeler	23
20		James A. Garfield [78][79][80][81]	March 4, 1881	September 19, 1881[n 7]	Republican	Chester A. Arthur	24
21		Chester A. Arthur [82][83][84][85]	September 19, 1881	March 4, 1885	Republican	vacant [n 3]
22		Grover Cleveland [86][87][88][89]	March 4, 1885	March 4, 1889	Democratic	Thomas A. Hendricks[n 2] March 4, 1885 – November 25, 1885	25
						vacant [n 3] November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889
23		Benjamin Harrison [90][91][92][93]	March 4, 1889	March 4, 1893	Republican	Levi P. Morton	26
24		Grover Cleveland (second term) [86][87][88][89]	March 4, 1893	March 4, 1897	Democratic	Adlai E. Stevenson I	27
25		William McKinley [94][95][96][97]	March 4, 1897	September 14, 1901[n 7]	Republican	Garret Hobart[n 2] March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899	28
						vacant [n 3] November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901
						Theodore Roosevelt	29
26		Theodore Roosevelt [98][99][100][101]	September 14, 1901	March 4, 1909	Republican	vacant [n 3]
						Charles W. Fairbanks	30
27		William Howard Taft [102][103][104][105]	March 4, 1909	March 4, 1913	Republican	James S. Sherman[n 2] March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912	31
						vacant [n 3] October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913
28		Woodrow Wilson [106][107][108][109]	March 4, 1913	March 4, 1921	Democratic	Thomas R. Marshall	32
							33
29		Warren G. Harding [110][111][112][113]	March 4, 1921	August 2, 1923[n 2]	Republican	Calvin Coolidge	34
30		Calvin Coolidge [114][115][116][117]	August 2, 1923	March 4, 1929	Republican	vacant [n 3]
						Charles G. Dawes	35
31		Herbert Hoover [118][119][120][121]	March 4, 1929	March 4, 1933	Republican	Charles Curtis	36
32		Franklin D. Roosevelt [122][123][124][125]	March 4, 1933	April 12, 1945[n 2]	Democratic	John Nance Garner	37[n 10]
							38
						Henry A. Wallace	39
						Harry S. Truman	40
33		Harry S. Truman [126][127][128][129]	April 12, 1945	January 20, 1953	Democratic	vacant [n 3]
						Alben W. Barkley	41
34		Dwight D. Eisenhower [130][131][132][133]	January 20, 1953	January 20, 1961	Republican	Richard Nixon	42
							43
35		John F. Kennedy [134][135][136][137]	January 20, 1961	November 22, 1963[n 7]	Democratic	Lyndon B. Johnson	44
36		Lyndon B. Johnson [138][139][140][141]	November 22, 1963	January 20, 1969	Democratic	vacant [n 3]
						Hubert Humphrey	45
37		Richard Nixon [142][143][144][145]	January 20, 1969	August 9, 1974[n 4]	Republican	Spiro Agnew[n 4] January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973	46
							47
						vacant [n 3] October 10, 1973 – December 6, 1973
						Gerald Ford December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
38		Gerald Ford [146][147][148][149]	August 9, 1974	January 20, 1977	Republican	vacant [n 3] August 9, 1974 – December 19, 1974
						Nelson Rockefeller December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977
39		Jimmy Carter [150][151][152][153]	January 20, 1977	January 20, 1981	Democratic	Walter Mondale	48
40		Ronald Reagan [154][155][156][157]	January 20, 1981	January 20, 1989	Republican	George H. W. Bush	49
							50
41		George H. W. Bush [158][159][160][161]	January 20, 1989	January 20, 1993	Republican	Dan Quayle	51
42		Bill Clinton [162][163][164][165]	January 20, 1993	January 20, 2001	Democratic	Al Gore	52
							53
43		George W. Bush [166][167][168][169]	January 20, 2001	January 20, 2009	Republican	Dick Cheney	54
							55
44		Barack Obama [170][171][172][173]	January 20, 2009	Incumbent	Democratic	Joe Biden	56

Notes

1. ^ A presidency is defined as consecutive time in office served by a single person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Gerald Ford assumed the presidency after the resignation of Richard Nixon, serving out the remainder of what would have been Nixon's second term. The fact that Ford was not voted into office does not affect the numbering, which makes him the 38th president. In addition, under this numbering, Grover Cleveland is counted as having two separate presidencies, having served two non-consecutive terms.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} Died in office of natural causes.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r} Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967, there was no provision for filling a vacancy in the Vice Presidency. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill such a vacancy under the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment when he appointed Gerald Ford. Ford later became the second president to fill a vice presidential vacancy when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him.
4. ^ ^{a b c} Resigned.
5. ^ Being the first vice president to assume the presidency, Tyler set a precedent that a vice president who assumes the office of president becomes a fully functioning president who has his own presidency, as opposed to just a caretaker president. His political opponents attempted to refer to him as "Acting President", but he refused to allow that. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution put Tyler's precedent into the Constitution.
6. ^ Former Democrat who ran for Vice President on Whig ticket. Clashed with Whig congressional leaders and was expelled from the Whig party in 1841.
7. ^ ^{a b c d} Assassinated.
8. ^ ^{a b c} Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson were, respectively, a Republican and a Democrat who ran on the National Union ticket in 1864.
9. ^ Andrew Johnson did not identify with the two main parties while president and tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union label. His failure to build a true National Union Party made Johnson without a party.
10. ^ This term was shortened by 43 days due to the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution going into effect, moving inauguration day from March 4 to January 20.

See also

• Historical rankings of United States Presidents
• List of educational institutions named after U.S. presidents
• Presidential $1 Coin Program

References

1. ^ "The Constitution: Amendments 11–27". U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html. Retrieved 2008-10-01. 
2. ^ The White House (March 12, 2007). "Biography of George Washington". Whitehouse.gov. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgewashington/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
3. ^ "The First President: 1789–1797 George Washington "Father of his Country"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/washington_george.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
4. ^ "George Washington – Independent Party – 1st President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/washington. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
5. ^ "George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/gwashington.asp. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
6. ^ "Biography of John Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnadams/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
7. ^ "The Second President: 1797–1801 John Adams "Following in the Footsteps"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/adams_john.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
8. ^ "John Adams – Federalist Party – 2nd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/adams. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
9. ^ "John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=2. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
10. ^ "Biography of Thomas Jefferson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/thomasjefferson/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
11. ^ "The Third President: 1801–1809 Thomas Jefferson "The Renaissance Leader"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/jefferson_thomas.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
12. ^ "Thomas Jefferson – Democratic-Republican Party – 3rd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/jefferson. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
13. ^ "Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=3. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
14. ^ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesmadison/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
15. ^ "The Fourth President: 1809–1817 James Madison "The Nation Builder"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/madison_james.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
16. ^ "James Madison – Democratic-Republican Party – 4th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/madison. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
17. ^ "James Madison (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=4. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
18. ^ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesmonroe/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
19. ^ "The Fifth President: 1817–1825 James Monroe "The Era of Good Feelings"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/monroe_james.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
20. ^ "James Monroe – Democratic-Republican Party – 5th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/monroe. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
21. ^ "James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=5. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
22. ^ "Biography of John Quincy Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnquincyadams/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
23. ^ "The Sixth President: 1825–1829 John Quincy Adams "Born to Lead"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/adams_johnquincy.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
24. ^ "John Quincy Adams – Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, WHIG Party – 6th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/johnqadams. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
25. ^ "John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=6. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
26. ^ "Biography of Andrew Jackson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/andrewjackson/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
27. ^ "The Seventh President: 1829–1837 Andrew Jackson "Old Hickory"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/jackson_andrew.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
28. ^ "Andrew Jackson – Democratic-Republican Party – 7th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/jackson. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
29. ^ "Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=7. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
30. ^ "Biography of Martin Van Buren". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/martinvanburen/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
31. ^ "The Eighth President: 1837–1841 Martin Van Buren "The Red Fox"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/vanburen_martin.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
32. ^ "Martin Van Buren – Democratic-Republican, Democratic, and Free Soil Party – 8th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/vanburen. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
33. ^ "Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=8. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
34. ^ "Biography of William Henry Harrison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhenryharrison/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
35. ^ "The Ninth President: 1841–1841 William Henry Harrison "Old Tippecanoe"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/harrison_william.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
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38. ^ "Biography of John Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johntyler/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
39. ^ "The Tenth President: 1841–1845 John Tyler "His Accidency"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/tyler_john.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
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41. ^ "John Tyler (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=10. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
42. ^ "Biography of James Polk". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamespolk/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
43. ^ "The Eleventh President: 1845–1849 James Knox Polk "The Dark Horse"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/polk_james.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
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46. ^ "Biography of Zachary Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/zacharytaylor/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
47. ^ "The Twelfth President: 1849–1850 Zachary Taylor "Old Rough-and-Ready"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/taylor_zachary.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
48. ^ "Zachary Taylor – WHIG Party – 12th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/taylor. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
49. ^ "Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=12. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
50. ^ "Biography of Millard Fillmore". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/millardfillmore/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
51. ^ "The Thirteenth President: 1850–1853 Millard Fillmore "Forgotten Leader"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/fillmore_millard.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
52. ^ "Millard Filmore – WHIG Party – 13th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/fillmore. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
53. ^ "Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=13. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
54. ^ "Biography of Franklin Pierce". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/franklinpierce/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
55. ^ "The Fourteenth President: 1853–1857 Franklin Pierce "Overwhelmed by Events"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/fillmore_millard.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
56. ^ "Franklin Pierce – Democratic Party – 14th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/pierce. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
57. ^ "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=14. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
58. ^ "Biography of James Buchanan". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesbuchanan/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
59. ^ "The Fifteenth President: 1857–1861 James Buchanan "An American Hero"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/buchanan_james.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
60. ^ "James Buchanan – Democratic Party – 15th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/buchanan. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
61. ^ "James Buchanan (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=15. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
62. ^ "Biography of Abraham Lincoln". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/abrahamlincoln/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
63. ^ "The Sixteenth President: 1861–1865 Abraham Lincoln "The Great Emancipator"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/lincoln_abraham.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
64. ^ "Abraham Lincoln – Republic, National Union Party – 16th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/lincoln. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
65. ^ "Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=16. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
66. ^ "Biography of Andrew Johnson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/andrewjohnson/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
67. ^ "The Seventeenth President: 1865–1869 Andrew Johnson "Between North and South"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/johnson_andrew.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
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69. ^ "Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=17. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
70. ^ "Biography of Ulysses S. Grant". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ulyssessgrant/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
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72. ^ "Ulysses S. Grant – National Union Party – 18th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/grant. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
73. ^ "Ulysses S. Grant (April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=18. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
74. ^ "Biography of Rutherford B. Hayes". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/rutherfordbhayes/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
75. ^ "The Nineteenth President: 1877–1881 Rutherford Birchard Hayes "Striving For A Fresh Start"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/hayes_rutherford.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
76. ^ "Rutherford B. Hayes – Republican Party – 19th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/hayes. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
77. ^ "Rutherford B. Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=19. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
78. ^ "Biography of James Garfield". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesgarfield/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
79. ^ "The Twentieth President: 1881–1881 James Abram Garfield "The Preacher"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/garfield_james.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
80. ^ "James Garfield – Republican Party – 20th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/garfield. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
81. ^ "James A. Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=20. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
82. ^ "Biography of Chester Arthur". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/chesterarthur/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
83. ^ "The Twenty-First President: 1881–1885 Chester Alan Arthur "The Self-Reformer"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/garfield_james.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
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85. ^ "Chester A. Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=21. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
86. ^ ^{a b} "Biography of Grover Cleveland". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/grovercleveland/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
87. ^ ^{a b} "The Twenty-Second President: 1885–1889 The Twenty-Fourth President: 1893–1897 Grover Cleveland "The Law Man"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/cleveland_grover.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
88. ^ ^{a b} "Grover Cleveland – Democratic Party – 22nd and 24th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/cleveland. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
89. ^ ^{a b} "Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=22. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
90. ^ "Biography of Benjamin Harrison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/benjaminharrison/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
91. ^ "The Twenty-Third President: 1889–1893 Benjamin Harrison "Presidential Grandson"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/cleveland_grover.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
92. ^ "William Henry Harrison – Whig Party – 23rd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/benjaminharrison. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
93. ^ "Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=23. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
94. ^ "Biography of William McKinley". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williammckinley/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
95. ^ "The Twenty-Fifth President: 1897–1901 William McKinley "Bridge to a New Century"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/mckinley_william.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
96. ^ "William McKinley – Republican Party – 25th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/mckinley. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
97. ^ "William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=24. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
98. ^ "Biography of Theodore Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/theodoreroosevelt/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
99. ^ "The Twenty-Sixth President: 1901–1909 Theodore Roosevelt "The Giant in the Bully Pulpit"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/roosevelt_theodore.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
100. ^ "Theodore Roosevelt – Republican, Bull Moose Party – 26th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/teddyroosevelt. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
101. ^ "Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=25. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
102. ^ "Biography of William Howard Taft". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhowardtaft/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
103. ^ "The Twenty-Seventh President: 1909–1913 William Howard Taft "Reluctant Leader"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/taft_william.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
104. ^ "William Howard Taft – Republican Party – 27th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/taft. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
105. ^ "William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=26. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
106. ^ "Biography of Woodrow Wilson". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/woodrowwilson/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
107. ^ "The Twenty-Eighth President: 1913–1921 Woodrow Wilson "Prophet Without Honor"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/wilson_woodrow.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
108. ^ "Woodrow Wilson – Democratic Party – 28th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
109. ^ "Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=27. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
110. ^ "Biography of Warren G. Harding". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/warrenharding/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
111. ^ "The Twenty-Ninth President: 1921–1923 Warren Gamaliel Harding "Prophet Without Honor"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/harding_warren.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
112. ^ "Warren Harding – Republican Party – 29th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
113. ^ "Warren G. Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=28. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
114. ^ "Biography of Calvin Coolidge". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/calvincoolidge/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
115. ^ "The Thirtieth President: 1923–1929 Calvin Coolidge "The New Englander"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/coolidge_calvin.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
116. ^ "Calvin Coolidge – Republican Party – 30th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
117. ^ "Calvin Coolidge (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=29. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
118. ^ "Biography of Herbert Hoover". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/herberthoover/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
119. ^ "The Thirty-First President: 1929–1933 Herbert Clark Hoover "The Great Engineer"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/hoover_herbert.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
120. ^ "Herbert Hoover – Republican Party – 31st President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
121. ^ "Herbert Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=30. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
122. ^ "Biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 20, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/franklindroosevelt/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
123. ^ "The Thirty-Second President: 1933–1945 Franklin Delano Roosevelt "New Dealer and Global Warrior"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/roosevelt_franklin.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
124. ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt – Democratic Party – 32nd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/fdr. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
125. ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=31. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
126. ^ "Biography of Harry S Truman". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/harrystruman/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
127. ^ "The Thirty-Third President: 1945–1953 Harry S. Truman "The Buck Stopped Here"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/truman_harry.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
128. ^ "Harry S. Truman – Democratic Party – 33rd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/fdr. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
129. ^ "Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=32. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
130. ^ "Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/dwightdeisenhower/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
131. ^ "The Thirty-Fourth President: 1953–1961 Dwight David Eisenhower "I Like Ike"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/eisenhower_dwight.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
132. ^ "Dwight D. Eisenhower – Democratic Party – 34th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/eisenhower. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
133. ^ "Dwight D. Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=33. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
134. ^ "Biography of John F. Kennedy". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnfkennedy/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
135. ^ "The Thirty-Five President: 1961–1963 John Fitzgerald Kennedy "Inspiring A Generation"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/kennedy_john.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
136. ^ "John F. Kennedy – Democratic Party – 35th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/kennedy. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
137. ^ "John F. Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=34. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
138. ^ "Biography of Lyndon B. Johnson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/lyndonjohnson/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
139. ^ "The Thirty-Sixth President: 1963–1969 Lyndon Baines Johnson "So Close To Greatness"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/johnson_lyndon.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
140. ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson – Democratic Party – 36th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/kennedy. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
141. ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=35. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
142. ^ "Richard M. Nixon". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/richardnixon/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
143. ^ "The Thirty-Seventh President: 1969–1974 Richard Milhous Nixon "The Road to Watergate"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/nixon_richard.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
144. ^ "Richard Nixon – Republican Party – 37th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/nixon. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
145. ^ "Richard M. Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=36. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
146. ^ "Biography of Gerald R. Ford". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/geraldford/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
147. ^ "The Thirty-Eighth President: 1974–1977 Gerald Rudolph Ford "A Time for Healing"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ford_gerald.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
148. ^ "Gerald Ford – Republican Party – 38th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/ford. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
149. ^ "Gerald R. Ford (July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=37. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
150. ^ "Biography of Jimmy Carter". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jimmycarter. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
151. ^ "The Thirty-Ninth President: 1977–1981 James Earl Carter "Not a Politician"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/carter_jimmy.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
152. ^ "Jimmy Carter – Democratic Party – 39th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/ford. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
153. ^ "Jimmy Carter (October 1, 1924 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=38. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
154. ^ "Biography of Ronald Reagan". Whitehouse.gov. June 25, 2008. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ronaldreagan/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
155. ^ "The Fortieth President: 1981–1989 Ronald Wilson Reagan "The Great Communicator"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/reagan_ronald.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
156. ^ "Ronald Reagan – Republican Party – 40th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/ford. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
157. ^ "Ronald Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=39. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
158. ^ "Biography of George Herbert Walker Bush". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgehwbush/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
159. ^ "The Forty-First President: 1989–1993 George Herbert Walker Bush "The Last Cold Warrior"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/bush_george_sr.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
160. ^ "George H. W. Bush – Republican Party – 41st President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/georgebush. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
161. ^ "George Bush (June 12, 1924 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=40. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
162. ^ "Biography of William J. Clinton". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamjclinton/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
163. ^ "The Forty-Second President: 1993–2001 William Jefferson Clinton "Prosperity And Turmoil"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/clinton_bill.shtml. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
164. ^ "Bill Clinton – Democratic Party – 42nd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/billclinton. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
165. ^ "Bill Clinton (August 19, 1946 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=41. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
166. ^ "Biography of President George W. Bush". Whitehouse.gov. February 25, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgewbush/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
167. ^ "The Forty-Third President: 2001–2009 George Walker Bush". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/bush_george_jr.shtml. Retrieved October 2, 2009. 
168. ^ "George W. Bush – Republican Party – 43rd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/georgewbush. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
169. ^ "George W. Bush (July 6, 1946 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=42. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
170. ^ "President Barack Obama". Whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president_obama/. Retrieved January 20, 2009. 
171. ^ "The Forty-Fourth President: 2009–present Barack Hussein Obama II". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/obama_barack.shtml. Retrieved October 2, 2009. 
172. ^ "Barack Obama – Democratic Party – 44th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/obama. Retrieved January 12 2009. 
173. ^ "Barack Obama (August 4, 1961 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=43. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 

External links

• Whitehouse.gov: The Presidents
• American Heritage People: The Presidents
• American Presidents – History Channel
• American Presidents: Life Portraits
• The Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies – Grand Valley State University
• POTUS: Presidents of the United States – Internet Public Library

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Categories: Presidents of the United States | Lists of presidents | Lists relating to the United States presidency

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Related links

"POTUS: Presidents of the United States" - Internet Public Library: POTUS

"The Presidents of the United States"

Detailed Quick Facts on All U.S. Presidents - AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents

All Presidents of the United States - All 44 presidents of the United States

Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies - Home - The Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies - Grand Valley State University

Related topics

• President of the United States
• Vice President of the United States
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• List of Vice Presidents of the United States
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• List of United States presidential candidates (1856–present)
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