From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The following is a comprehensive list of kings of Persia, which includes all of the empires ruling over geographical Iran and their rulers.
Contents
- 1 Early realms in Iran
- 2 Empires of Iran
- 3 Macedonian rulers
- 4 Empires of Iran
- 5 Arab caliphs rule
- 6 post-Islamic Persian rulers
- 6.1 Tahirids in Khorasan, 821–872
- 6.2 Alavids, 864–928
- 6.3 Ziyarids, 928–1043
- 6.4 Buyyids, 932–1056 آل بویه
- 6.5 Saffarids in Seistan and beyond, 861–1002, صفاریان
- 6.6 Samanids (Proto-Tajiks), 892–998 سامانیان
- 6.7 Ghaznavids, 997–1186 غزنویان
- 6.8 Seljuks, 1029–1194 سلجوقیان
- 6.9 Khwarazmids, 1096–1230 خوارزمشاهیان
- 6.10 Ilkhans, 1256–1380 ایلخانان
- 6.11 Muzaffarid Dynasty, 1314–1393 مظفریان
- 6.12 Timurid dynasty, 1380–1507
- 7 Shahs of modern Iran
- 8 Notes
- 9 See also
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Early realms in Iran
Elamite Kingdom, c. 3000–519 BC
The Elamites were a people located in Susa, in what is now Khuzestan province. Their language was neither Semitic nor Indo-European, and they were the geographic precursors of the Persian/Median empire that later appeared.
Early Elamite Kings (c. 2700- c. 2600 BC)
Name Of Ruler |
Years of Reign |
Notes |
The unnamed King of Elam |
fl. c. 2700 BC |
contemporary with the first dynasty of Uruk & the first dynasty of Kish |
Humban-Hapua I (or Humbaba) |
fl. c. 2680 BC |
contemporary with Gilgamesh king of Uruk |
Humban-Shutur (or Khumbastir) |
(precise dates unknown) |
- |
Kutir-Lakamar |
(precise dates unknown) |
Defeated & plundered Mesopotamians |
!Awan Dynasty[1] (c. 2600-2078 BC)
Name Of Ruler |
Years of Reign |
Notes |
The unnamed King of Awan |
fl. c. 2580 BC |
contemporary with the last king of the first dynasty of Uruk |
...Lu |
(precise dates unknown) |
- |
Kur-Ishshak |
36 years fl. c. 2550 BC |
contemporary with Lugal-Anne-Mundu king of Adab & Ur-Nanshe king of Lagash |
Peli |
(fl. c. 2500 BC) |
- |
Tata I |
(precise dates unknown) |
- |
Ukku-Tanhish |
(precise dates unknown) |
- |
Hishutash |
(precise dates unknown) |
- |
Shushun-Tarana |
(precise dates unknown) |
- |
Napi-Ilhush |
(precise dates unknown) |
- |
Autalummash (?) |
(fl. before 2350 BC) |
- |
Kikku-Siwe-Temti |
(precise dates unknown) |
- |
Hishep-Ratep I |
(precise dates unknown) |
- |
Luh-Ishshan |
(until 2325 BC) |
Son of Hishep-Ratep I |
Hishep-Ratep II |
(2325-after 2311 BC) |
Son of Luh-Ishshan |
Helu |
(fl. c. 24th century) |
- |
Hita |
- |
(contemporary of Naram-Sin king of Akkad) |
Shinpi-hish-huk |
(precise dates unknown) |
- |
Kutik-Inshushinak |
- |
(contemporary of Ur-Nammu king of Ur) son of Shinpi-hish-huk |
The unnamed King of Awan (?) |
Until 2078 BC |
(until 2078 BC that Susa conquered by Ur troops) |
Hamazi Dynasty (c. 2530- c. 2030 BC)
- Hatanish (7 years fl. c. 2530 BC) [2]
- Zizi (precise dates unknown)
- Ur-Adad (precise dates unknown)
- Ur-Ishkur (before 2041- after 2037 BC)
- Warad-Nannar (after 2037 BC)
Simashki Dynasty (c. 2100- c. 1928 BC)
- The unnamed king of Simashki (cont. Kutik-Inshushinak king of Awan)
- Gir-Namme I[3] (precise dates unknown)
- Tazitta I (precise dates unknown)
- Eparti I (precise dates unknown)
- Tazitta II (precise dates unknown)
- Gir-Namme II (fl. c. 2033)
- Lurak-Luhhan (before 2028 until 2022)
- Tan-Ruhuratir I (precise dates unknown)
- Kindattu (precise dates unknown) son of Tan-Ruhuratir I
- Hutran-Temti (fl. c. 2006) conqueror of Ur
- Pepi (precise dates unknown)
- Indattu-Inshushinak I (cont. Shu-ilishu king of Isin & Bilalama king of Eshnunna) son of Pepi
- Tan-Ruhuratir II (cont. Iddin-Dagan king of Isin) son of Indattu-Inshushinnak I
- Indattu-Inshushinak II (more than 3 years. precise dates unknown) son of Tan-Ruhuratir II
- Indattu-Napir (precise dates unknown)
- Indattu-Temti (until 1928? BC)
Anshan Dynasty (c. 2350- c. 1970 BC)
- The unnamed king of Anshan (until 2305 BC) king of Sherihum & Anshan. Defeated & sent to Akkad.
- Shalabum (before 2068 until 2064 BC) married with a daughter of Shulgi king of Ur
- Libum (from 2064 BC) made some wars against Ur
- The unnamed king of Anshan (c. 2041-2037 BC) married with a daughter of Shu-Sin king of Ur
- The unnamed king of Anshan (until 2017 BC) married with a daughter of Ibbi-Sin king of Ur
- Kutir-Nahhunte I (fl. c. 2006 BC) conqueror of Ur in union with Hutran-Temti king of Simashki. He took statue of Nannar from Ur to Anshan.
- The unnamed king of Anshan (cont. Shu-ilishu king of Isin) restored statue of Nannar to Isin
- Eparti II (cont. Iddin-Dagan king of Isin) (Sukkalmah & king of Anshan & Susa). Married with a daughter of Iddin-Dagan king of Isin in 1973 BC.
Eparti[4] Dynasty (c. 1970- c. 1500 BC)
- Eparti II (cont. Iddin-Dagan king of Isin) (Sukkalmah & king of Anshan & Susa). Married with a daughter of Iddin-Dagan king of Isin in 1973 BC.
- Shilhaha (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah) son of Eparti II
- Palar-Ishshan (until 1928? BC) (Sukkalmah) (precise dates unknown) son (ruhushak)[5] of Shilhaha
- Kuk-Sanit
- Atta-hushu (?1928- after 1894 BC) (Shepherd of the people of Susa) son of Shilhaha
- Tetep-Mada (after c. 1890 BC) (Shepherd of the people of Susa)
- Kuk-Kirwash (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah, Sukkal of Elam, Sukkal of Simashki, Sukkal of Susa) son of Lan-Kuku & nephew of Palar-Ishshan
- Tem-Sanit (precise dates unknown) son of Kuk-Kirwash
- Kuk-Nahhunte (precise dates unknown) son of Kuk-Kirwash
- Kuk-Nashur I (precise dates unknown)
- Shirukduh (cont. Shamshi-Adad I king of Assyria) (Sukkalmah) son of Kuk-Nashur I
- Shimut-Wartash I (precise dates unknown)
- Siwe-Palar-Hupak (fl. c. 1765 BC) (Sukkalmah) son of Shirukduh
- Kuduzulush I (precise dates unknown) son of Shirukduh
- Kutir-Nahhunte II (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah) son of Kuduzulush I
- Atta-Merra-Halki (precise dates unknown)
- Tata II (precise dates unknown) brother of Atta-Merra-Halki
- Lila-Irtash (precise dates unknown) son of Kuduzulush I
- Temti-Agun (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah) son of Kutir-Nahhunte II
- Kutir-Shilhaha (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah) son of Temti-Agun
- Kuk-Nashur II (fl. c. 1646 BC) (Sukkalmah & Sukkal of Simashki & Susa) son of Kutir-Shilhaha
- Temti-Raptash (precise dates unknown) son of Kutir-Shilhaha
- Shimut-Wartash II (precise dates unknown) son of Kutir-Shilhaha
- Shirtuh (precise dates unknown) son of Kuk-Nashur II
- Kuduzulush II (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah) son of Shimut-Wartash II
- Tan-Uli (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah)
- Temti-Halki (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah of Elam & Simashki) son of Tan-Uli
- Kuk-Nashur III (precise dates unknown) (Sukkalmah) son of Tan-Uli
- Kutik-Matlat (c. 1500 BC) son of Tan-Uli
Kidinuid Dynasty (c. 1500- c. 1400 BC)
Igehalkid[6] Dynasty (c. 1400 – c. 1210 BC)
- Ata-Halki (precise dates unknown)
- Attar-Kittah I (precise dates unknown) son of Ata-Halki
- Ige-Halki (precise dates unknown)
- Pahir-Ishshan I (cont. Kurigalzu I Kassite king of Babylon) son of Ige-Halki
- Kidin-Hutran I (precise dates unknown) son of Pahir-Ishshan I
- Attar-Kittah II (precise dates unknown) son of Ige-Halki
- Humban-Numena I (cont. Burna-Buriash II Kassite king of Babylon) son of Attar-Kittah II
- Untash-Napirisha (precise dates unknown) or Untash-Humban son of Humban-Numena I
- Kidin-Hutran II (precise dates unknown) son of Untash-Naprisha
- Napirisha-Untash (precise dates unknown) or Humban-Untash son of Kidin-Hutran II
- Pahir-Ishshan II (precise dates unknown)
- Unpatar-Napirisha (precise dates unknown) or Unpatar-Humban son of Pahir-Ishshan II
- Kidin-Hutran III (cont. Enlil-nadin-shumi & Adad-shuma-iddina Kassite kings of Babylon) son of Pahir-Ishshan II
Shutrukid Dynasty (c. 1210 – c. 970 BC)
- Hallutush-Inshushinak (from c. 1210)
- Shutruk-Nahhunte I (fl. c. 1158)
- Kutir-Nahhunte III (fl. c. 1155)
- Shilhak-Inshushinak I (precise dates unknown)
- Hutelutush-Inshushinak (fl. c. 1110)
- Shilhina-Hamru-Lakamar (after 1110 BC)
- Humban-Nimena II (early 11th century BC)
- Shutruk-Nahhunte II (early 11th century BC)
- Akshir-Shimut (precise dates unknown)
- Akshir-Nahhunte (precise dates unknown)
- Kara-Indash (precise dates unknown)
- Mar-biti-apla-usur (before 983- after 978 BC) [7]
Humban-Tahrid (Neo-Elamite)[8] Dynasty (c. 830–519 BC)
- The unnamed king of Elam (c. 821 BC cont. Shamshi-Adad V king of Assyria)
- Hallushu-Inshushinak I (more than 15 years. precise dates unknown)
- Humban-Tahrah I (until 742 BC)
- Humban-Nikash I (742–717) son of Humban-Tahrah I
- Shutur-Nahhunte I (717–699) son (Ruhushak) of Humban-Nikash I
- Hallushu-Inshushinak II (699–oct. 693) brother of Shutur-Nahhunte I
- Kutir-Nahhunte IV (oct. 693–July 692) son of Hallushu-Inshushinak II
- Humban-Nimena III (July 692–feb. 688) son of Hallushu-Inshushinak II
- Shutur-Nahhunte II ? (from feb. 688) son of Humban-Nimena III
- Humban-Haltash I (until oct. 681)
- Humban-Haltash II (oct. 681–sept. 675) son of Humban-Haltash I
- Urtak-Inshushinak (sept. 675- 663) brother of Humban-Haltash II
- Temti-Humban-Inshushinak I (663–sept. 653) brother of Urtak-Inshushinak
- Humban-Nikash II (sept. 653–651) son of Urtak-Inshushinak
- Tammaritu (652–649 & 647) son of Humban-Nikash son of Humban-Haltash I
- Indabibi (649–after July 648)
- Humban-Haltash III (after July 648–645/4)
- Humban-Nikash III (647) son of Atta-Merra-Halki
- Umhuluma (647)
- Indattu-Inshushinak III (647–after autumn 646)
- Humban-Hapua II (647)
- Pa'e (after autumn 646-645/4)
- Shutur-Nahhunte III (after autumn 646) son of Indattu-Inshushinak III
- Humban-Kitin (precise dates unknown) son of Shutur-Nahhunte III
- Humban-Tahrah II (precise dates unknown)
- Hallutash-Inshushinak (precise dates unknown) son of Humban-Tahrah II
- Ummanunu (precise dates unknown)
- Shilhak-Inshushinak II (precise dates unknown) son of Ummanunu
- Temti-Humban-Inshushinak II (before 550 BC) son of Shilhak-Inshushinak II
- Halkatash (c. 549/8 BC)
- Acina (oct.-10 dec. 522 BC) son of Upadrama
- Humban-Nikash IV or Ummanunu II (Imanish) (dec. 522-feb. 521 BC)
- Atta-hamiti-Inshushinak (until 520/19 BC)
Empires of Iran
Median Empire, 728–550 BC سلسله مادیان
The Medes were an Iranian people. The Persians, a closely related and subject people, revolted against the Median empire during the 6th century BC.
Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC پادشاهان هخامنشی
- Achaemenes, founder of the dynasty.
- Teispes (I) (?) son of Achaemenes
- Cambyses (I) (?) son of Teispes (I) (?)
- Cyrus (I) (?) son of Cambyses (I) (?)
- Teispes of Anshan, or Teispes (II) (?) son of Achaemenes or Cyrus (I) (?), king of Persia, king of Anshan, died 640(?).
Line of Cyrus |
Line of Ariaramnes |
|
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- Cyrus II the Great (or Cyrus III), established the Persian Empire and ruled it from 550–530.
- Cambyses II (or Cambyses III), his son, ruled 530–522.
- Smerdis, his alleged brother, ruled 522.
- Darius I the Great, son of Hystaspes, ruled 521–486.
- Xerxes the Great, his son, ruled 486–465.
- Artaxerxes I Longimanus, his son, ruled 464–424.
- Xerxes II, his son, ruled 424.
- Sogdianus, his half-brother, ruled 424–423.
- Darius II Nothus, his half-brother and rival, ruled 423–404.
- Artaxerxes II Memnon, his son, ruled 404–358 (see also Xenophon).
- Artaxerxes III Ochus, his son, ruled 358–338.
- Artaxerxes IV Arses, his son, ruled 338–336.
- Darius III Codomannus, great-grandson of Darius II, ruled 336–330.
- Artaxerxes V Bessus, a usurper who murdered Darius and continued the resistance against Alexander III the Great from 330–329.
The epigraphic evidence for ancestors of Darius I the Great is highly suspect and might have been invented by that king.
The Seleucid Dynasty gradually lost control of Persia. In 253, the Arsacid Dynasty established itself in Parthia. The Parthians gradually expanded their control, until by the mid 2nd century BC, the Seleucids had completely lost control of Persia. There were more Seleucid rulers of Syria and, for a time, Babylonia, after Antiochus IV, but none had any effective power in Persia.
Empires of Iran
Parthian Empire[9] (Arsacid Empire.), 247 BC – AD 228
There were various regional client dynasties, often with significant autonomy. Like the Elymais client Kingdom that occupied the area of ancient Elam, and kingdoms of Mesene in Lower Mesopotamia and Persis (Fars) in Central Iran, as well as Adiabene in Northern Mesopotamia..
Sassanid Empire, AD 224–651سلسله ساسانیان
- Ardashir I, 224 to 241
- Shapur I, 241–272, the first to claim universal rule: King of Iran and Aniran, (Aniran means the world of non-Iranians)
- Hormizd I, 272–273
- Bahram I, 273–276
- Bahram II, 276–293
- Bahram III year 293
- Narseh, 293–302
- Hormizd II, 302–310
- Shapur II, 310–379
- Ardashir II, 379–383
- Shapur III, 383–388
- Bahram IV, 388–399
- Yazdegerd I, 399–420
- Bahram V, 420–438
- Yazdegerd II, 438–457
- Hormizd III, 457–459
- Peroz I, 457–484
- Balash, 484–488
- Kavadh I, 488–531
- Khosrau I, 531–579
- Hormizd IV, 579–590
- Khosrau II, 590–628
- Bahram VI, 590–591
- Bistam, 591–592
- Hormizd V year 593
- Kavadh II, 628
- Ardashir III, 628–630
- Shahrbaraz, 630
- Boran (Purandokht) and others, 630–631
- Hormizd VI (or V), 631–632
- Yazdegerd III, 632–651
Arab caliphs rule
All Persian provinces were under the Muslim Caliphates from 661 to 867.
divided, 867–1029
post-Islamic Persian rulers
Tahirids in Khorasan, 821–872
Alavids, 864–928
- Hasan ebne Zeid Hasani, Emir 864–884
- Mohammad ebne Zeid, 884–900
- Hasan ebne Ali Hoseini, 913–916
- Hasan ebne Ghasem Hasani, 916–928
Ziyarids, 928–1043
Buyyids, 932–1056 آل بویه
Diylamids of Fars دیلمیان
Diylamids of Khuzestan and Kerman
Diylamids of Rey, Isfahan, and Hamedan
Saffarids in Seistan and beyond, 861–1002, صفاریان
Samanids (Proto-Tajiks), 892–998 سامانیان
Ghaznavids, 997–1186 غزنویان
- Yameen o-dowleh AbolQasem Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen, Sultan 997–1030
- Jalal o-dowleh Abu Ahmad Mohammad ebne Mahmud, 1030–1030
- Shahab o-dowleh Abu Sa'd Masud ebne Mahmud, 1030–1040
- Shahab o-dowleh Abolfath Modud ebne Masud, 1040–1049
- Baha o-dowleh Abol Hasan Ali ebne Masud, 1049–1049
- Azad o-dowleh Abu Mansur Abdol Rashid ebne Mahmud ebne Saboktekeen, 1049–1052
- Jamal o-dowleh Abolfazl Farrokhzaad ebne Masud ebne Mahmud, 1052–1059
- Zaheer o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Ebrahim, 1059–1098
- Ala o-dowleh Abu Saeed Masud ebne Ebrahim, 1098–1115
- Soltan o-dowleh Abol-fath Arsalan Shah, 1115–1117
- Yameen o-dowleh Abol Mozaffar Baharm Shah ebne Masud, 1117–1153
- Taj o-dowleh Abol Shoja Khosro Shah ebne Bahram Shah, 1153–1160
- Saraj o-dowleh Abolmolook Khosrow Malek ebne Khosro Shah, 1160–1186
Seljuks, 1029–1194 سلجوقیان
- Toğrül bin Mikail (Tughril Beg), Sultan 1037–1063
- Alp Arslan bin Chaghri 1063–1072
- Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I 1072–1092
- Nasir ad-Din Mahmud I 1092–1094
- Rukn ad-Din Barkiyaruq 1094–1105
- Mu'izz ad-Din Malik Shah II 1105
- Ghiyath ad-Din Mehmed I Tapar (Muhammad) 1105–1118
- Mu'izz ad-Din Ahmed Sanjar 1097–1157
- Mahmud II 1118–1131
- Dawud (David) 1131–1132
- Toğrül II (Tughril Beg) 1132–1134
- Mesud I 1134–1152
- Malik Shah III 1152–1153
- Mehmed II (Muhammad II) 1153–1160
- Süleyman Shah (Sulaiman Shah) 1160–1161
- Arslan Shah 1161–1176
- Toğrül III (Tughril Beg III) 1176–1194
divided, 1194–1256
Khwarazmids, 1096–1230 خوارزمشاهیان
An empire built from Azerbaidjan, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia.
- Ghotb-al-Din Muhammad I of Khwarazm ebne Anushtekeen Gharajeh, Shah (1096–1128)
- Ala-al-Din Abol Mozaffar Aziz ebne Ghotb-al-Din ebne Mohammad (1128–1156)
- Taj-al-Din Abolfath IlIl-Arslan (1156–1171)
- Jalal-al-Din Mahmud Soltanshah ebne Il Arsalan (1171–1172)
- Muhammad II of Khwarezm (Ala-al-Din Takesh ebne Il Arsalan) (1172–1199)
- Soltan Jalal-al-Din Mohammad ebne Aladdin Takesh (1199–1220)
- Jalal-al-Din Mingburnu ebne Ala-al-Din Mohammad (1220–1230)
Permanently destroyed by Mongol empire.
Ilkhans, 1256–1380 ایلخانان
The preceding era of disunity, also called First era of fragmentation, was ended through conquest by the Ilkhans, a Mongol khanate, nominally subject to the Great Khan. (Ilkhan means governor of an il, i.e. province).
- Hülëgü Khan ebne Tulay ebne Genghis, Ilkhan 1256–1265
- Abaqa Khan ebne Hulegu, 1265–1282
- Sultan Ahmad Tekuder ebne Hulegu, 1282–1284
- Arghun Khan ebne Abaqa, 1284–1291
- Gaikhatu ebne Abaqa, 1291–1295
- Baidukhan ebne Toghay ebne Hulegu, 1295
- Ghazan Khan ebne Arghun, 1295–1304
- Öljeitü Khoda bandeh ebne Arghun, 1304–1316
- Abu Sa'id Bahador Khan ebne Oljeitu, 1316–1335 (last of Chinggisid il-khans)
- Arpa Ke'un, 1335–1336
- Musa Khan ebne Ali, 1336–1353
- Muhammad Khan ebne Mangu, 1337–1338
- Sati beg, daughter of Oljeitu, 1338–1340
- Shah Jahan Teimoor ebne Alafarang, 1338–1339
- Soleiman Khan, 1340–1344
- Togha Teimoor Khan, 1335–1352
- Anushiravan e Adel, 1343–1355
The Second era of fragmentation begins in 1343, as remnants of the Hordes competed with local dynasts for authority. This era ends with the conquests by Timur, around 1380
Muzaffarid Dynasty, 1314–1393 مظفریان
- Mubariz ad-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muzaffar, Emir 1314–1358
- Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz), 1335–1364 with...
- Qutb Al-Din Shah Mahmud (at Isfahan) ( d. 1375), 1358–1366
- Abu'l Fawaris Djamal ad-Din Shah Shuja (at Yazd, 1353 at Shiraz), 1366–1384
- Mujahid ad-Din Zain Al-Abidin 'Ali, 1384–1387
In 1387 Timur captured Isfahan.
- Imad ad-Din Sultan Ahmad (at Kerman), 1387–1391 with...
- Mubariz ad-Din Shah Yahya (at Shiraz), 1387–1391 and...
- Sultan Abu Ishaq (in Sirajan), 1387–1391
- Shah Mansur (at Isfahan), 1391–1393
Timurid dynasty, 1380–1507
The third era of fragmentation follows, as Timur's Empire loses cohesion and local rulers strive against each other.
- Pir Muhammad, grandson of Timur, 1392–1407, effectively ruled from Qandahar
- Djalal Ud-Din Miran Shah, son of Timur, 1405–1408, ruled Azerbaijan
- Rustam, 1405–1409, ruled Arabistan
- Khalil Sultan (Timurid dynasty), son of Miran Shah, 1405–1409, ruled in Samarkand, surrendered to Shah Rukh, became governor of Rayy until his death in 1411
- Shah Rukh, son of Timur, 1405–1447, ruled first in Transoxiana
- Ayyal, 1414, opposed Shah Rukh
- Ailankar, 1414–1415, opposed Shah Rukh
- Bayqara, 1409–1412, ruled in Fars
- Iskandar, 1412–1414, ruled first in Fars, then Azerbaijan & Arabistan
In 1410 the Turcoman horde Kara Koyunlu (Black Sheep) captured Baghdad and their leaders ruled the western parts of the Timurid realm. In the East however, Shah Rukh was able to secure his rule in Transoxiana and Fars.
Rulers in Transoxiana:
Rulers in Khurasan:
Abu Sa'id, agreed to divide Iran with the Black Sheep Turcomans under Jahan Shah, but the White Sheep Turcomans under Uzun Hassan defeated and killed first Jahan Shah and then Abu Sa'id.
After Abu Sa'id's death a fourth era of fragmentation follows. While the White Sheep Turcomans dominated in the western parts until the ascent of the Safavid dynasty, the Timurides could maintain their rule in Samarkand and Herat.
Rulers in Samarkand:
- Sultan Ahmad, son Abu Sa'id, 1469–1494
- Sultan Mahmud, son of Abu Sa'id, 1494–1495
- Masud, 1495
- Sultan Baysunghur, 1495–1497
- Sultan Ali Mirza 1495–1500
conquered by the Uzbeks
Rulers in Herat:
conquered by the Uzbeks, later recaptured by the Safavids
Shahs of modern Iran
The modern Iranian monarchy was established in 1502 after the Safavid Dynasty came to power under Shah Ismail I, and ended the so-called "fourth era" of political fragmentation.
List
Name |
Portrait |
Title |
Born-Died |
Entered office |
Left office |
Safavid dynasty (1502–1736 ) |
1 |
Ismail I |
 |
Shah, Sultan |
1487 - 1524 |
7 November 1502 |
23 May 1524 |
2 |
Tahmasp I |
 |
Shah, Sahib-i-Qiran, Sultan bar Salatin |
1514 - 1576 |
23 May 1525 |
25 May 1576 |
3 |
Ismail II |
 |
Shah |
1537 - 1577 |
25 May 1576 |
24 November 1577 |
4 |
Mohammed Khodabanda |
 |
Ashraf Marash |
1532 - 1596 |
25 May 1576 |
1 October 1587 |
5 |
Abbas I |
 |
Shahanshah, Sultan, Great |
1571 - 1629 |
1 October 1587 |
19 January 1629 |
6 |
Safi |
 |
Shah, Mirza |
1611 - 1642 |
19 January 1629 |
12 May 1642 |
7 |
Abbas II |
 |
Shah |
1632 - 1666 |
12 May 1642 |
26 October 1666 |
8 |
Suleiman I |
 |
Shah, Hakem-ol Hokama |
1645 - 1694 |
26 October 1666 |
29 July 1694 |
9 |
Sultan Hossein |
 |
Shah, Sultan, Sadr-ol Hakem |
1668 - 1726 |
29 July 1694 |
11 September 1729 |
10 |
Tahmasp II |
 |
Shah |
1704 – 1740 |
11 September 1722 |
28 September 1726 |
11 |
Ahmad Marashi |
 |
Shah, Sultan |
1687 - 1728 |
28 September 1726 |
30 March 1728 |
12 |
Tahmasp II |
 |
Shah |
1704 – 1740 |
30 March 1728 |
16 April 1732 |
13 |
Abbas III |
 |
Valiahd |
1730 - 1739 |
16 April 1732 |
22 January 1736 |
Afsharid dynasty (1736–1797 ) |
1 |
Nadir Shah Afshar |
 |
Shah, Sultan, Hakem-ol Hokama, Hazrat-e Ashraf |
1698 - 1747 |
22 January 1736 |
19 June 1747 |
2 |
Adil Shah |
 |
Shah |
1713 - 1748 |
19 June 1747 |
29 July 1748 |
3 |
Ebrahim Afshar |
 |
Shah |
1724 - 1748 |
29 July 1748 |
3 September 1748 |
4 |
Shahrukh Afshar |
 |
Shah Afshar |
1730 – 1796 |
3 September 1748 |
3 September 1760 |
Zand dynasty (1750-1794) |
1 |
Karim Khan Zand |
 |
Vakil e-Ra'aayaa |
1705 - 1779 |
3 September 1760 |
6 March 1779 |
2 |
Abol Fath Khan |
 |
Vakil e-Ra'aayaa |
1755 – 1787 |
6 March 1779 |
22 August 1779 |
3 |
Mohammad Ali Khan |
 |
Vakil e-Ra'aayaa |
1760 - 1779 |
22 August 1779 |
14 March 1781 |
4 |
Ali Murad Khan |
 |
Vakil e-Ra'aayaa |
1720 - 1785 |
14 March 1781 |
18 February 1785 |
5 |
Jafar Khan |
 |
Vakil e-Ra'aayaa |
1698 - 1747 |
18 February 1785 |
23 January 1789 |
6 |
Lotf Ali Khan |
 |
Vakil e-Ra'aayaa |
1769-1794 |
23 January 1789 |
20 March 1794 |
Qajar dynasty (1794-1925) |
1 |
Mohammad Khan Qajar |
 |
Shahanshah |
1742 - 1797 |
20 March 1794 |
17 June 1797 |
2 |
Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar |
 |
Shahanshah |
1772 - 1834 |
17 June 1797 |
23 October 1834 |
3 |
Mohammad Shah Qajar |
 |
Shah |
1808 - 1848 |
23 October 1834 |
5 September 1848 |
4 |
Naser al-Din Shah Qajar |
 |
Shahanshah and Aryamehr |
1831 - 1896 |
5 September 1848 |
1 May 1896 |
5 |
Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar |
 |
Shahanshah and Sultan |
1853 - 1907 |
1 May 1896 |
3 January 1907 |
6 |
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar |
 |
Shahanshah |
1872 - 1925 |
3 January 1907 |
16 July 1909 |
7 |
Ahmad Shah Qajar |
 |
Sultan |
1898 - 1930 |
16 July 1909 |
15 December 1925 |
Pahlavi dynasty (1925-1979) |
1 |
Reza Shah |
 |
Shah |
1878 - 1944 |
15 December 1925 |
16 September 1941 |
2 |
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi |
 |
Shahanshah, Aryamehr, Shahyad and Emperor |
1919 - 1980 |
16 September 1941 |
11 February 1979 |
3 |
Farah Pahlavi |
 |
Empress |
1938 - |
26 October 1967 |
11 February 1979 |
In Revolution of 1979 led by Ayatollah Khomeini forced Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into exile, and established an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979.
Notes
- ^ The first three kings of Awan were also kings of Mesopotamia.
- ^ He was also king of Mesopotamia.
- ^ He and his three successors are known only from the king lists.
- ^ Orders & dates of the kings of the Epartid dynasty are prepared based on Vallat , Francois. Elam: The History of Elam. Encyclopaedia Iranica , vol. VIII pp. 301-313. London/New York , 1998.
- ^ "Ruhushak" means son of sister but probably it refers to a dynastical marriage between siblings.
- ^ Orders & dates of the kings of the Igehalkid dynasty are prepared based on Vallat , Francois. Elam: The History of Elam. Encyclopaedia Iranica , vol. VIII pp. 301-313. London/New York , 1998.
- ^ He was also king of Babylon.
- ^ Orders & dates of the kings of the Humban-Tahrid dynasty are prepared based on these articles: Henkelman , wouter. Defining Neo-Elamite History. ARTA , 2003. Reade , Julian E. Elam after the Assyrian Sack of Susa in 647 B.C. NABU , 2000. Tavernier , Jan. Some Thoughts on Neo-Elamite Chronology. ARTA , 2004 The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. I.2. Vallat , Francois. Shutruk-Nahunte , Shutur-Nahunte et l'imbroglio neo-elamite. NABU , 1995. Vallat , Francois. Elam: The History of Elam. Encyclopaedia Iranica , vol. VIII pp. 301-313. London/New York , 1998.
- ^ The dates of early Arsacids here is based on these articles: Assar, G.R.F., "Genealogy & Coinage of the Early Parthian Rulers. I", Parthica, 6, 2004, pp. 69-93. Assar, G.R.F., "Genealogy & Coinage of the Early Parthian Rulers, II a revised stemma", Parthica, 7, 2005, pp.29-63. Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 B.C.", Electrum, vol. 11, 2006, pp. 87-158. Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 91-55 B.C.", Parthica, 8, 2006, pp. 55-104. Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
- ^ Assar, G.R.F., "Genealogy & Coinage of the Early Parthian Rulers. I", Parthica, 6, 2004, pp. 69-93.
- ^ Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 B.C.", Electrum, vol. 11, 2006, pp. 87-158. Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
- ^ Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 B.C.", Electrum, vol. 11, 2006, pp. 87-158. Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
- ^ Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165-91 B.C.", Electrum, vol. 11, 2006, pp. 87-158. Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
- ^ Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
- ^ Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
- ^ Ghashghai, H.R., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.
- ^ Josephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVI, Ch.8.4
- ^ Tacitus, The Annals, 11.10
See also