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This is a list of events for which one of the commonly accepted names includes the word "massacre".

The word "massacre" is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as, "The indiscriminate and brutal slaughter of people or (less commonly) animals; carnage, butchery, slaughter in numbers". It also states that the term is used "In the names of certain massacres of history".[1]

The first recorded use in English of the word massacre in the name of an event is "Marlowe (c1600) (title) The massacre at Paris",[1] (a reference to the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre).

Massacre can also be used as a verb, as "To kill (people or, less commonly, animals) in numbers, esp. brutally and indiscriminately".[2] The first usage of which was "1588 J. PENRY Viewe Publ. Wants Wales 65 Men which make no conscience for gaine sake, to breake the law of the æternall, and massaker soules..are dangerous subjects",[2] and this usage is not recorded in this list.

Massacre is also used figuratively and idiomatically for events that do not involve any deaths, such as the Saturday Night Massacre, which was a mass firing of political appointees during the Watergate scandal. Such events are not listed in the table below.

List of events

Note: the location column will sort by the following sub regions: Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, Central America, Northern America, South America, Eastern Asia, South-eastern Asia, Southern Asia, Western Asia, Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Western Europe, and Oceania

Date Location Name Deaths Description
00390 390 Thessaloniki, Macedonia Massacre of Thessaloniki 0,007,000 7,000 Emperor Theodosius I of Rome ordered the executions after the citizens of Thessaloniki murdered a top-level military commander during a violent protest against the arrest of a popular charioteer.[3][4]
01002-11-13 November 13, 1002 various cities, England St. Brice's Day massacre 0,000,001 unknown King Ethelred II of England ordered all Danes living in England killed. The Danes were accused of aiding Viking raiders. The King of Denmark invaded England and deposed King Ethelred.[5][6][7]
01066-12-30 December 30, 1066 Granada, Al-Andalus Granada massacre 0,004,0004,000 A Muslim mob crucified Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and killed most of the Jewish population of the city, apparently angered by the prominence and wealth attained by Naghrela and his people.[8][9][10][11]
01182-05 May 1182 Constantinople, Byzantine Empire Massacre of the Latins[12] 0,060,000 60,000–80,000 Wholesale massacre of all Latin (Western European) inhabitants of Constantinople by a mob.
01325 1325 Crow Creek Site, South Dakota) Crow Creek massacre[13][14] 0,000,500 500[15] Native Americans indigenous to South Dakota killed Central Plains villagers.[15][16]
01478 1478 Spain, Ilberian Peninsula Spanish Inquisition 0,060,000 4,500,000

[17]

 The reconquest of the Ilberian Peninsula from Moorish-Muslim by the Christians is known as the Spanish Inquisition. The Spanish Inquisition resulted mass persecution of "infidels" Jews and Muslims of Spain by Christian forces. The estimated number of deaths is as follows 3,000,000 Moors-Spanish Muslims and 1,500,000 Jews caused directly and indirectly as a result of the Inquisition. Many of the victims were raped as well as burned at the stake. [18] [19]
01520-11-08 November 8, 1520 Stockholm, Sweden Stockholm Massacre
(Stockholm Bloodbath)		 0,000,080 80–90[20] Days after his coronation in Stockholm, King Christian II of Denmark – trying to maintain the personal union between Sweden, Norway and Denmark, and thus keep up his claims to the Swedish throne – liquidated nobles and bishops who earlier had opposed him, or who might stir up fresh opposition.[21][22][23]
01570 1570 Cyprus Cyprus massacre 0,030,000 30,000–50,000[24][25][26][27] Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus killed mostly Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants.
01572-08-23 August 23, 1572 Paris, France St. Bartholomew's Day massacre[28][29] 0,003,000 3,000[30] A wave of Catholic mob violence against the Huguenots.[30][31][32]
01615 1615 Westfjords, Iceland Spanish Killings 0,000,03131 Spanish whalers went on a whaling expedition to Iceland and were killed after conflict with the people of Iceland.
01622-03-22 March 22, 1622 Jamestown, Virginia Jamestown Massacre[33][34] 0,000,347 347 The Powhatans killed 347 settlers, almost one-third of the English population of the Virginia colony.
01644-05-28 May 28, 1644 Bolton, England Bolton Massacre 0,000,200 200–1,600 Royalist forces killed many of the town's defenders and citizens.[35][36][37]
01649-09-11 September 11, 1649 Drogheda, Ireland Siege of Drogheda 0,003,500 3,500[38] Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army massacred almost all of the town's defenders and many citizens.[38]
01692-02-13 February 13, 1692 Scotland Massacre of Glencoe[39] 0,000,038 38[40] Government soldiers, mainly from Clan Campbell, killed members of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe.[40]
01768-10-05 October 5, 1768 Southwark in South London, England Massacre of St George's Fields 0,000,007 7[41] British garrison troops fired at a mob that was protesting the imprisonment of John Wilkes, whose crime was criticizing King George III.[41]
01770-03-05 March 5, 1770 Boston, Province of Massachusetts Bay Boston Massacre 0,000,005 5[42] British troops fired at a mob of colonists. This helped spark the American Revolution even though an all-colonist jury found the soldiers innocent.[43][44]
01771-07-17 July 17, 1771 Kugluktuk, Nunavut Bloody Falls Massacre 0,000,020 20[45] Chipewyan warriors attacked an Inuit camp, killing men, women and children.[46][47][48]
01778-09-28 September 28, 1778 River Vale, New Jersey Baylor Massacre 0,000,015 15[49] British infantry troops attacked sleeping Continental Light Dragoons using bayonets.[49]
01780-05-29 May 29, 1780 Lancaster, South Carolina Waxhaw Massacre 0,000,113 113[50] Loyalist troops under the command of British Colonel Banastre Tarleton slashed and bayoneted fallen American troops during the late stages of the Battle of Waxhaws. Conflicting contemporary accounts claim violation of an American white flag by one or the other of the sides involved.[51]
01782-03-08 March 8, 1782 Gnadenhutten, Ohio Gnadenhutten massacre[52]
(Moravian massacre)		 0,000,096 96 Pennsylvania militia men attacked a Moravian mission and killed 96 peaceful Christian American Indians there in retaliation for unrelated deaths of several white Pennsylvanians.[52][53]
01792 1792 France September Massacres[54][55] 0,001,440 ~1440 Popular courts in the French Revolution sentenced prisoners to death, including around 240 priests.[56]
01794 1794 Warsaw, Poland Massacre of Praga 0,020,000 20,000 All inhabitants of the Warsaw district Praga were brutally tortured, raped and than violently murdered by the Russian troops.
01809-12 December 1809 Whangaroa, New Zealand Boyd massacre 0,000,066 66 Whangaroa Maori killed and ate 66 crew and passengers on ship The Boyd.[57]
01819-08-16 August 16, 1819 Manchester, England Peterloo Massacre 0,000,011 11[57] Armed cavalry charged a peaceful pro-democracy meeting of 60,000 people.[57]
01821-04 April 1821 Peloponnese, Greece Tripolitsa Massacre 0,035,000 35,000[58] Up to 30,000 Turks were killed in Tripolitsa and the whole Jewish population was wiped out.[57]
01838-01 January 1838 Waterloo Creek, Australia Waterloo Creek massacre[59] 0,000,100 100–300 Aboriginal Australians killed by a force of colonial mounted police.[60]
01838-06-10 June 10, 1838 Myall Creek, Australia Myall Creek massacre[59] 0,000,028 28 A white posse killed Aboriginal Australians. The perpetrators were convicted and sentenced to death.[61]
01838-10-30 October 30, 1838 Caldwell County, Missouri Haun's Mill massacre[62] 0,000,019 19 About 240 Livingston County Missouri Regulators militiamen and volunteers killed 18 Mormons and one ally.[63][64]
01840 1840 Gippsland, Australia Gippsland massacres[65] 0,000,450 ~450[66] A series of massacres spanning several years: 1840 – Nuntin, 1840 – Boney Point, 1841 – Butchers Creek – 30–35, 1841 – Maffra, 1842 – Skull Creek, 1842 – Bruthen Creek – "hundreds killed", 1843 – Warrigal Creek – between 60 and 180 shot, 1844 – Maffra, 1846 – South Gippsland – 14 killed, 1846 – Snowy River – 8 killed, 1846–47 – Central Gippsland – 50 or more shot, 1850 – East Gippsland – 15–20 killed, 1850 – Murrindal – 16 poisoned, 1850 – Brodribb River – 15–20 killed.[66]. See also Angus McMillan.
01842-01-06 January 6, 1842 Afghanistan Massacre of Elphinstone's Army 0,016,000 16,000 Afghan tribes massacred Elphinstone's British army including some 12,000 civilians.[67][68][69]
01854-08-20 August 20, 1854 Oregon Territory (nearCaldwell, Idaho) Ward massacre[70] 0,000,019 19[70] Shoshone tortured, killed and plundered Oregon emigrant wagon train members.[71]
01857-09-11 September 11, 1857 Mountain Meadows, Utah Mountain Meadows massacre 0,000,120 120–140[72][73] Mormon militia, some dressed as Indians, and Paiute tribesmen killed and plundered unarmed members of the Fancher–Baker emigrant wagon train.[74]
01857-11 November 1857 Utah Territory Aiken massacre 0,000,006 6[75] Six wealthy Californians travelling through the territory, arrested as spies, released, then killed.[76]
01859-07-27 July 27, 1859 Washington Territory near Holbrook, Idaho Shepherd massacre 0,000,0055[77] Bannock, Shoshone, and whites dressed as Indians killed and plundered California emigrant wagon train members.[78]
01859-08-31 August 31, 1859 Washington Territory near Massacre Rocks, Idaho Miltimore massacre 0,000,0088[77] Bannock, Shoshone, and whites dressed as Indians tortured, killed and plundered Oregon emigrant wagon train members.[79]
01860-09-09 September 9, 1860 Washington Territory near Castle Butte, ID & Farewell Bend, OR Utter massacre 0,000,02828[80] Bannock, Shoshone, tortured, killed and plundered Oregon emigrant wagon train members. Of four captured children, one was saved in 1862 by California Volunteers.[81]
01863-01-18 January 18, 1863 Madison County, NC Shelton Laurel Massacre 0,000,01313 Thirteen boys and men, who were accused of being Union sympathizers, were summarily executed by members of the 64th North Carolina Regiment of the Confederate Army.[82]
01863-01-29 January 29, 1863 Franklin County, Idaho Bear River massacre 0,000,225 ~225[83] 3rd Regiment California Volunteer Infantry destroyed a village of Shoshone in southeastern Idaho.[84]
01863-08-21 August 21, 1863 Lawrence, Kansas Lawrence Massacre 0,000,150 ~150[85][86] Pro-Confederate bushwhackers attacked the town of Lawrence, Kansas during the American Civil War.[87][88]
01864-11-29 November 29, 1864 Kiowa County, Colorado Sand Creek massacre 0,000,200 ~200[89] Colorado Territory militia destroyed a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho on the eastern plains.[90][91]
01876-04-30 April 30, 1876 Batak Ottoman Empire Batak massacre[92][93][94] 0,003,000 3,000–5,000 Ottoman army irregulars killed Bulgarian civilians barricaded in Batak's church.[95]
01878 1878 Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Turkish Massacre[96][97] 0,260,000 260,000–262,000 Russians soldiers, Cossacks as well as Bulgarian volunteers and villagers inflicted massacres and atrocities on Bulgaria's Muslim population. 260,000 to 262,000 Muslims, almost entirely Turkish, perished and over half a million refugees fled with the retreating Ottoman forces.[97]
01885-10-02 October 2, 1885 Rock Springs, Wyoming USA Rock Springs massacre 0,000,028 28 Rioting white immigrant miners killed 28 Chinese miners, wounded 15, and 75 Chinese homes burned.[98][99][100]
01868-11-27 November 27, 1868 Indian Territory, USA Washita Massacre
(Battle of Washita River)		 0,000,029 29–150 Lt. Col. G.A.Custer's 7th cavalry attacked a village of sleeping Cheyenne led by Black Kettle. Custer reported 103 – later revised to 140 – warriors, "some" women and "few" children killed, and 53 women and children taken hostage. Other casualty estimates by cavalry members, scouts and Indians vary widely, with the number of men killed ranging as low as 11 and the numbers of women and children ranging as high as 75. Before returning to their base, the cavalry killed several hundred Indian ponies and burned the village.[101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111]
01890-12-29 December 29, 1890 Wounded Knee, South Dakota Wounded Knee Massacre 0,000,200 200–300[112] The U.S. 7th Cavalry intercepted a band of Lakota Sioux people on their way to the Pine Ridge Reservation for shelter from the winter; as they were disarming them, a gun was fired, and the soldiers turned their artillery on the Lakota, killing men women and children.[113][114]
01894 18941894–1896 Anatolia, Ottoman Empire Hamidian massacres 0,100,000100,000–300,000[115]

Sultan Abdul Hamid II ordered Ottoman forces to kill Armenians across the empire.[115][116][117]
01902-01-31 January 31, 1902 Leliefontein, Northern Cape, South Africa Leliefontein massacre[118] 0,000,035 35 During the Second Boer War, Boer forces under Manie Maritz massacred 35 Khoikhoi for being British sympathisers.
01906-03-10 March 10, 1906 Bud Dajo, Jolo Island, Philippines Moro Crater massacre[119][120] 0,000,800800–1,000 A U.S. Army force of 540 soldiers under the command of Major General Leonard Wood, accompanied by a naval detachment and with a detachment of native constabulary, armed with artillery and small firearms, attacked a village hidden in the crater of a dormant volcano.[121]
01909-04 April 1909April–May 1909 Adana Province, Anatolia, Ottoman Empire Adana massacre 0,015,000 15,000–30,000 In April 1909, a religious-ethnic clash in the city of Adana, amidst governmental upheaval, resulted in a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout the district, resulting in an estimated 15,000 to 30,000 deaths.[122][123][124][125][126]
01914-04-20 April 20, 1914 Ludlow, Colorado Ludlow massacre 0,000,020 20 Twenty people, 11 of them children, died during an attack by the Colorado National Guard on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado. The event led to wider conflict quelled only by Federal troops sent in by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson.[127][128][129]
01919-04-13 April 13, 1919 Amritsar, India Amritsar massacre 0,000,379 379[130][131] 90 British Indian Army soldiers, led by Brigadier Reginald Dyer, opened fire on an unarmed gathering of men, women and children. The firing lasted for 10 to 15 minutes, till they ran out of ammunition.[130][131]
01920-11-21 November 21, 1920 Dublin, Ireland Croke Park Massacre 0,000,023 23[132] British Auxiliary police and Black and Tans fired at Gaelic football spectators at Croke Park.[132][133]
01923-01 January 1923 Rosewood, Florida Rosewood Massacre 0,000,0088 Several days of violence by white mobs, ranging in size up to 400 people, resulted in the deaths of six blacks and two whites and the destruction of the town of Rosewood, which was abandoned after the incident.[134]
01929-02-14 February 14, 1929 Chicago Saint Valentine's Day massacre 0,000,007 7[135] Al Capone's gang shot rival gang members and their associates.[136]
01929-08 August 1929 Hebron 1929 Hebron massacre 0,000,069 69[137] Arabs kill 69 Jews after being incited by religious leaders.[137]
01930-04-23 April 23, 1930 Peshawar, British Raj Qissa Khwani bazaar massacre 0,000,200 200–250[138][139] Soldiers of the British Raj fired on unarmed non-violent protestors of the Khudai Khidmatgar with machine guns during the Indian independence movement[138][139]
01937-03-21 March 21, 1937 Ponce, Puerto Rico Ponce Massacre 0,000,019 19[140] The Insular Police fired on unarmed Nationalist demonstrators peacefully marching to commemorate the ending of slavery in Puerto Rico.[140] The Insular Police answered to orders of the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico, General Blanton Winship. It was the biggest massacre in Puerto Rican history.[141]
01937 1937 Nanjing, China Nanking Massacre[142][143]
(Rape of Nanking)		 0,260,000 42,000–400,000
(median 260,000)[144]		 The Imperial Japanese Army pillaged Nanking for six weeks[145]
01940 1940 Katyn, Soviet Union Katyn massacre 0,022,000 21,857–25,700[146][147][148] Soviet NKVD executed Polish intelligentsia, POWs and reserve officers.[149][150]
01941 1941 Soviet Union, Baltic states NKVD prisoner massacres 0,100,000 100,000[151] The Soviet People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del, or NKVD) executed tens of thousands of political prisoners in the initial stages of Operation Barbarossa.[151][152]
01941-09-29 September 29, 1941 Ukraine Babi Yar massacre 0,030,001 >30,000[153] Germans killed the Jewish population of Kiev.[153][154][155][156][157]
01942 1942 Laha Airfield, Ambon Island Laha massacre 0,000,300 ~300[158] The Japanese killed surrendered Australian soldiers.[158][159]
01942-03-26 March 26, 1942 Lari near Nairobi, Kenya Lari Massacre 0,000,150 ~150 About 150 Kikuyu were killed by fellow tribesmen.[160][161]
01942-06-10 June 10, 1942 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Lidice massacre 0,000,340 340[162] Nazis killed 192 men, and sent the women and children to Nazi concentration camps where many died.[162][163][164]
01943-09-21 September 21, 1943 Kefalonia, Greece Massacre of the Acqui Division 0,005,000 5,000 Wehrmacht troops executed POWs from the Italian 33 Infantry Division Acqui
01943 1943 Volhynia, Ukraine Massacres of Poles in Volhynia 0,050,001 >50,000 The brutal murders of Polish citizens of the Wołyń Voivodeship, orchestrated and conducted in most part by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) in years 1943-1947. The peak of the massacres took place in July and August 1943 when a senior UPA commander, Dmytro Klyachkivsky, ordered the extermination of the entire Polish population between 16 and 60 years of age.[165][166][167].
01944 1944 Italy Marzabotto massacre 0,000,700 700–1,800[168] The SS killed Italian civilians in reprisal for support given to the resistance movement.[168][169]
01944-06-10 June 10, 1944 Oradour-sur-Glane, France Oradour-sur-Glane massacre 0,000,642 642[170] The Waffen-SS killed 642 men, women and children without giving any specific reasons for their actions.[170]

[171] [172] [173] [174] [175] [176]
01944-08-08 August 8, 1944 Warsaw, Poland Wola massacre 0,040,00040,000–100,000 Special groups of SS and German soldiers of the Wehrmacht went from house to house in Warsaw district Wola, rounding-up and shooting all inhabitants.
01944-08-12 August 12, 1944 Sant'Anna di Stazzema, Italy Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre 0,000,560560 Retreating SS-men of the II Battallion of SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 35 of 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsführer-SS, rounded up 560 villagers and refugees — mostly women, children and older men — shot them and then burned their bodies.
01944-08 August 1944 Warsaw, Poland Ochota massacre 0,010,00010,000 Mass murders of citizens of Warsaw district Ochota in August 1944, committed by Waffen-SS.
01944-12 December 1944 Malmedy, Belgium Malmedy massacre 0,000,088 88 German soldiers shot American POWs (43 escaped).[177][178]
01945-01 January 1945 Chenogne, Belgium Chenogne massacre 0,000,060 60 German prisoners were shot by American forces in retaliation for the Malmedy Massacre.
01945-05 May 1945 Setif, Algeria Sétif massacre 000,60 6,000 Muslim villages were bombed by French aircraft and the cruiser Duguay-Trouin standing off the coast, in the Gulf of Bougie, shelled Kerrata. Pied noir vigilantes lynched prisoners taken from local gaols or randomly shot Muslims [179] [180] [181]
01947-02-28 February 28, 1947 Taiwan 228 Massacre 0,010,000 10,000–30,000
01948-10-Expression error: Missing operand for - October Expression error: Missing operand for -, 1948 Lebanon, Hula Hula massacre-Hiram Operation 0,000,03434 The Hula massacre took place in October 31 through November 1st 1948. Hula is Lebanese Muslim Shi'a village near the Lebanese Latani river. It was captured by the Carmeli Brigade without any resistance at all. 35 or 50 captured men were reportedly shot down in a house which was later blown up on top of them. Lebanese sources put the death toll at 58. Two officers were responsible for the massacre, but only one served a one year sentence prison and was received presidential amnesty. Shmuel Lahis was later to become Director General of the Jewish Agency.

[182] [183] [184]
01948-12-12 December 12, 1948 Batang Kali, Burma Batang Kali massacre 0,000,02424 Villagers were purportedly shot by British troops before the village was burnt.[185][186][187]
01960-03-21 March 21, 1960 Sharpeville, South Africa Sharpeville massacre 0,000,072 72–90[188] South African police shot down black protesters.[189]
01962 1962 Novocherkassk, Soviet Union Novocherkassk massacre 0,000,023 23–70[190][191] The MVD open fire on a crowd of protesters demonstrating against inflation.[192]
01966-08-01 August 1, 1966 Austin, Texas University of Texas massacre 0,000,016 16 University of Texas was the site of a massacre by Charles Whitman, who killed his mother and wife at their homes before killing 14 and wounding 32 others at the University atop the university tower before the police killed him.
01968-03-16 March 16, 1968 South Vietnam My Lai Massacre 0,000,504 504[193] US soldiers killed 504 unarmed South Vietnamese villagers ranging in ages from 1 to 81 years, mostly women and children.[193][194]
01968-10-02 October 2, 1968 Mexico City, Mexico Tlatelolco massacre 0,000,025 25–350[195][196] Government troops massacred between 25 (officially) and 350 (according to human rights activists) students on the eve of the 1968 Summer Olympics taking place in Mexico City, and then tried to wash the blood away, along with evidence of the massacre.[196][197]
01970-05-04 May 4, 1970 Kent State University, Ohio Kent State massacre 0,000,004 4[198] 29 members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire on unarmed students protesting the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia on the Kent State University college campus, killing 4 and wounding 9, one of whom was permanently paralyzed.[198][199][200]
01972-01-30 January 30, 1972 Derry, Northern Ireland Bogside Massacre
(Bloody Sunday)[201]		 0,000,01414[202] British paratroopers open fired on unarmed civil rights protesters, killing 14.[203]
01972-05-30 May 30, 1972 Lod, Israel Lod Airport massacre 0,000,02626[204] Three members of the Japanese Red Army, on behalf of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, killed 26 people and injured 80 others at Tel Aviv's Lod airport (now Ben Gurion International Airport).[204][205][206][207][208]
01972-09-05 September 5, 1972 Munich, Germany Munich Massacre[209] 0,000,012 12[210] Members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage and killed by the Palestinian Black September group. Also killed was a West German police officer.
01974-05-15 May 15, 1974 Ma'alot, Israel Ma'alot massacre[211][212] 0,000,029 29[212] Members of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine infiltrate Israel from Lebanon, shoot and kill a Christian Arab woman and a Jewish couple and their 4 year old son, and then take hostage and kill 22 high school students and three of their adult escorts.[212]
01975-07-31 July 31, 1975 Northern Ireland Miami Showband massacre 0,000,005 5 Members of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) killed three members of pop group the Miami Showband in a gun and bomb attack. Two UVF members also died when the bomb exploded prematurely.[213][214][215][216][217]
01976-01-05 January 5, 1976 Northern Ireland Kingsmill massacre 0,000,010 10[218] Irish republicans shot ten Protestant workers dead outside the village of Kingsmill in County Armagh, Northern Ireland.[218][219]
01976 1976 Lebanon Damour massacre 0,000,582 582[220] Palestinian militia aligned with the Lebanese National Movement kill 582 civilians in the village of Damour during the Lebanese Civil War.[220][221]
01978-03-11 March 11, 1978 Israel Coastal Road massacre 0,000,035 35[222] Palestinian Fatah members based in Lebanon land on a beach north of Tel Aviv, kill an American photographer, and hijack an inter-city bus driving along Israel's Coastal Highway. 35 civilians are killed and 80 wounded.[222][223][224][225]
01979 1979 Mexico Tula Massacre 0,000,013 13 13 tortured bodies were found at Tula, Hidalgo,Mexico at the time of Arturo Durazo Moreno Administration
01981-12-11 December 11, 1981 El Salvador El Mozote Massacre 0,001,001 >1,000 The El Mozote Massacre took place in the village of El Mozote, in Morazán department, El Salvador, on December 11, 1981, when Salvadoran armed forces trained by the United States military killed at least 1000 civilians in an anti-guerrilla campaign.[226][227]
01982-02-02 February 2, 1982 Syria Hama massacre 0,007,000 7,000–35,000[228] The Syrian Army killed an estimated 30,000 people in the city of Hama. Instances of mass execution and torture by the Syrian military were documented during the attacks.[229]
01982-09 September 1982 Lebanon Sabra and Shatila massacre 0,000,700 700–3,500 Refugees are killed by the Christian Lebanese Forces militia in refugee camps surrounded by Israel Defense Forces. The United Nations General Assembly condemned the massacre and declared it to be an act of genocide.[230][231][232]
01985-03-23 March 23, 1985 Iraq Dujail Massacre 0,000,148 148[233] Dujail was the site of an unsuccessful assassination attempt against then Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein, on July 8, 1982. Saddam Hussein ordered his special security and military forces to carry out a reprisal attack against the town, imprisoning hundreds of men, women and children. In March 1985, 148 of the town's men were executed.[233][234][235][236]
01985-08-14 August 14, 1985 Peru Accomarca massacre 0,000,047 47–74[237][238][239] An army massacre of campesinos (including six children) in Accomarca, Ayacucho.[238]
01987-08-19 August 19, 1987 Hungerford, England Hungerford massacre 0,000,016 16[240] A gunman armed with semi-automatic rifles and a handgun killed 16 people before committing suicide.[241]
01987-11-08 November 8, 1987 Enniskillen, Northern Ireland Remembrance Day bombing
(Poppy Day Massacre)		 0,000,012 12 Provisional IRA bombing at the town's cenotaph on Remembrance Sunday.[242]
01988-03-16 March 16, 1988 Belfast, Northern Ireland Milltown massacre 0,000,003 3 Ulster Freedom Fighters member Michael Stone kills three people and injures 60 others in a gun and grenade attack at the funeral of three IRA members being held in Milltown Cemetery, Belfast.[243][244]
01989-06-04 June 4, 1989 Tiananmen Square, Beijing Tiananmen Square Massacre 0,000,400 400–3,000[245] Student pro-democracy protestors were killed by the Chinese military.[246][247]
01989-12-06 December 6, 1989 École Polytechnique, Montréal, Quebec École Polytechnique massacre[248] 0,000,014 14 Marc Lépine, claiming to fight feminism, shot and killed 14 female students of the École Polytechnique de Montréal and wounded 14 other people before turning his gun on himself. The event led to stricter gun control laws[249] and changes in police tactical response to shootings in Canada.[250]
01990-09-05 September 5, 1990 Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka Eastern University massacre, 0,000,158 158[251] Eastern University massacre is the massacre of 158 minority Sri Lankan Tamil civilians by the Sri Lankan Army in the eastern Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka.[252][251][253]
01990-09-09 September 9, 1990 Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka Sathurukondan massacre 0,000,184 184[254][255] Sathurukondan massacre, also known as the 1990 Batticaloa massacre is the massacre of 184 minority Sri Lankan Tamil civilians by the Sri Lankan Army in the eastern Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka.[254][255][256][257][258]
01990-11-13 November 13, 1990 Aramoana, New Zealand Aramoana massacre 0,000,013 13 The Aramoana massacre occurred on 13 November 1990 in the small seaside township of Aramoana in New Zealand. Lone gunman David Malcolm Gray began shooting indiscriminately at people, killing 13 people before being killed by police himself, allegedly after a dispute with his next door neighbor. It remains New Zealands deadliest criminal shooting.[259][260][261][262]
01991-10-16 October 16, 1991 Killeen, Texas Luby's massacre 0,000,022 22 George Jo Hennard drove his pickup truck into a Luby's Cafeteria and shot and killed 22 people, wounded another 20 and then committed suicide by shooting himself.[263][264][265][266][267]
01991-11-18 November 18, 1991November 18–21, 1991 Croatia Vukovar massacre 0,000,264 264 Members of the Serb militias, aided by the Yugoslav People's Army, killed Croat civilians and POWs.[268][269][270][271]
01992-02-26 February 26, 1992 Khojaly, Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan Khojaly Massacre 0,000,613 613[272] Armenian armed forces, reportedly with help of the Russian 366th Motor Rifle Regiment, raided the town of Khojaly and massacred its Muslim civilian population. The death toll according to the Government of Azerbaijan was 613 civilians, of whom 106 were women and 83 were children.[273][274][275]
01992-04-10 April 10, 1992 Maraghar, Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan Maraghar Massacre 0,000,045 45[276] Azerbaijani forces attacked the ethnic Armenian town of Maraghar. According to Caroline Cox, who observed the damage and interviewed eyewitnesses, the Azerbaijani forces decapitated about forty five villagers, burned and looted much of the town, and kidnapped about one hundred women and children[277]. The inhabitants of Maraghar who were driven out after the attack were unable to return to their village after the ceasefire of 1994, as the area was still under Azeri control.
01992-06-17 June 17, 1992 Boipatong, South Africa Boipatong massacre 0,000,045 45[278] 45 African National Congress (ANC) supporters were killed by members of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP).
01992-09-07 September 7, 1992 Bisho, Ciskei/South Africa Bisho massacre 0,000,029 29 28 African National Congress (ANC) supporters and one soldier were shot dead by the Ciskei Defence Force during a protest march.
01993-01-08 January 8, 1993 Palatine, Illinois Brown's Chicken massacre 0,000,007 7 Seven people were murdered at the Brown's Chicken and Pasta in Palatine[279]
01993-07-02 July 2, 1993 Sivas, Turkey Sivas massacre 0,000,033 33 33 Alevi intellectuals were killed when a mob of radical Islamists set fire to the hotel where the group had assembled.[280][281][282]
01993-07-25 July 25, 1993 Cape Town, South Africa St James Church massacre 0,000,011 11 11 People were killed during a church service by Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA) armed with assault rifles and grenades.
01993-10-30 October 30, 1993 Greysteel, Northern Ireland Greysteel massacre 0,000,008 8 Ulster Freedom Fighters opened fire in a crowded bar using an AK-47 and automatic pistol.[283][284][285][286][287][288][289][290]
01993 1993 Brazil Yanomami Massacre 0,000,016 16–73[291][292] Garimpeiros (illegal gold miners) killed Yanomami people.
01994 1994 West Bank Cave of the Patriarchs massacre[293][294]
(Ibrahimi Mosque massacre)[295]		 0,000,029 29 Baruch Goldstein opens fire with an assault rifle killing 29 Muslims and wounding 150 at prayer in the Ibrahimi Mosque before being subdued and beaten to death.[296][297]
01994 1994 et seq. Algeria Algerian Village Massacres of the 1990s 0,010,001>10,000[298][299] During the 1990s, Government backed militias under the guise of "Islamist" militants in Algeria perpetrated many large-scale massacres of villagers, attacking villages at night and cutting the throats of the inhabitants. The "Armed Islamic Group" (GIA) has avowed its responsibility for many of them. The massacres peaked in 1997 (with a smaller peak in 1994), and were particularly concentrated in the areas between Algiers and Oran, with very few occurring in the east or in the Sahara. Recent evidence proves that the GIA was a government based group financed and controlled by the government. In January 1992 after the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) won a large majority in the initial round of Algeria's first multi-party elections, the military authorities canceled the second round and imposed a state of emergency. Under the guise of Islam, the government was trying to counter mass public support in favor of the FIS. Former Algerian army officer, Habib Souaidia testified his government's involvement of the massacres. "I have seen colleagues burn alive a 15-year-old child. I have seen soldiers disguising themselves as terrorists and massacring civilians," Mr Souaidia wrote. "I have seen colonels kill mere suspects in cold blood. I have seen officers torture fundamentalists to death. I have seen too many things." Eye witness reports [298] [300] [301] [302]
01994-03-28 March 28, 1994 Johannesburg, South Africa Shell House massacre 0,000,019 19 Security guards of the African National Congress (ANC) fired on 20,000 Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) marchers.[303][304][305]
01995-01-22 January 22, 1995 Israel Beit Lid massacre 0,000,022 22[306] First suicide attack by Palestinian Islamic Jihad, killing 22 and wounding 69. Carried out by two bombers; the second waited until emergency crews arrived to assist the wounded and dying before detonating his bomb.[307][308][309][310]
01995-07-01July 1995 Bosnia and Herzegovina Srebrenica massacre 0,008,000 8,000[311] Units of the Army of the Republika Srpska killed male Bosniaks; the largest mass killing in Europe since World War II.[311][312]
01996-03-13 March 13, 1996 Scotland Dunblane massacre 0,000,017 17 [313] A gunman opened fire in a primary school, killing sixteen children and one teacher before killing himself.[314][315][316]
01996-04-29 April 29, 1996 Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia Port Arthur massacre 0,000,035 35[317] The Port Arthur massacre of 28 April 1996 was a killing spree which claimed the lives of 35 people and wounded 21 others mainly at the historic tourist site Port Arthur in south-eastern Tasmania, Australia. The massacre remains Australia's deadliest mass killing spree and remains one of the deadliest such incidents worldwide in recent times.[318]
01996 1996 Lebanon Qana Massacre[319][320] 0,000,106 106 Israeli artillery struck the Unifil Headquarters in Qana which was providing shelter to approximately two hundred Lebanese civilians.[321][322][323][324][325]
01997-02-05 February 5, 1997 Ghulja, China Ghulja Massacre 0,000,010 >9 After two days of protests during which the protesters had marched shouting "God is great" and "independence for Xinjiang" the demonstrations were crushed by the People's Liberation Army. Official reports put the death toll at 9 while dissident reports estimated the number killed at more than 100.[326][327][328][329][330][331]
01997-12-22 December 22, 1997 Acteal, Mexico Acteal Massacre 0,000,045 45 Massacre carried out by paramilitary forces of 45 people attending a prayer meeting of indigenous townspeople, who were members of the pacifist group Las Abejas ("The Bees"), in the village of Acteal, municipality of Chenalhó, in the Mexican state of Chiapas.[332][333][334]
01999-04-20 April 20, 1999 Littleton, Colorado Columbine High School massacre 0,000,013 13[335] Two teenagers, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold open fire on their classmates on April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School, killing 12 students and one teacher before committing suicide.
02000-07-27 July 27, 2000 West Bengal, India Nanoor massacre 0,000,011 11 Killing of 11 landless labourers allegedly by activists of Communist Party of India (Marxist), a political party in India, in Suchpur, near Nanoor and under Nanoor police station, in Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal.[336][337][338]
02002-03-27 March 27, 2002 Netanya, Israel Passover massacre 0,000,030 30[339] Killing of 30 guests at the Park Hotel in Netanya, Israel, sitting down to the traditional Passover Seder meal. Another 143 were injured. Hamas claimed responsibility.[339][340][341][342][343]
02004-09-01 September 1, 2004 Beslan, Russian Federation Beslan School Massacre 0,000,334 334 Armed Chechen separatists[344] took more than 1,200 people hostage at a school. 334 civilians were killed, including 186 school children, and hundreds wounded.[345][346][347]
02006-07-30 July 30, 2006 Qana, Lebanon Second Qana massacre 0,000,050 28-50 [348] [349] An estimated 28 Lebanese civilians were killed when the Israeli Air Force dropped two, two-ton precision-guidanded bombs on their shelter. The civilians had saught refuge in an underground garage, they were killed while they were sleeping. The first bomb of two was dropped at 1:00 a.m. Of the 28 civilians slaughtered, 16 were children. This is the Second Qana Massacre, the First Qana Massacre by the Israeli Air Force occured in 1996. The Christian Science Monitor reported that further airstrikes and artillery attacks, which destroyed several houses in Qana, delayed the rescue response. [350] [351] [352]
02007-04-16 April 16, 2007 Blacksburg, Virginia, United States Virginia Tech Massacre 0,000,032 32 Gunman Seung-Hui Cho, killed 32 people and wounded many others[353] before committing suicide. The massacre is the deadliest peacetime shooting incident by a single gunman in United States history, on or off a school campus.[354]
02009-09-28 September 28, 2009 Conakry, Guinea 28 September Massacre 0,000,157 157 Guinean uniformed security forces opened fire on a political rally trapped in the 28 September Stadium.[355]
02009-11-05 November 5, 2009 Ft. Hood, TX, United States Fort Hood Massacre
(Fort Hood shooting)		 0,000,013 13 Gunman Malik Nadal Hasan, a Major in the US Army, allegedly killed 12 soldiers and one civilian, and wounded at least 30 on the base at Ft. Hood. Initial reports indicate Hassan was upset at being deployed to Iraq.[356][357][358][359][360][361]
02009-11-23 November 23, 2009 Ampatuan, Maguindanao, Philippines Maguindanao massacre
 0,000,057 57 A group of 100 armed men, alleged to include police and private militia led by Andal Ampatuan, Jr., stopped a convoy of five cars transporting Genalyn Tiamzon-Mangudadatu, the wife of Esmael Mangudadatu, who is running for provincial governor in the 2010 Philippine elections. She was en-route to the town of Shariff Aguak to file a certificate of candidacy for her husband, accompanied by his sisters, other supporters, and members of the press. The attackers kidnapped and later killed all members of the Mangudadatu group; reports state that women in the group were raped before being killed. Five other people not part of the group, in a car behind the convoy, were also kidnapped and killed.[362][363][364][365][366]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary Massacre, n.
  2. ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary Massacre, v.
  3. ^ John Julius Norwich (1989). Byzantium: The Early Centuries. New York: Knopf. pp. 112. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0394537785, OCLC 18164817|0394537785, OCLC 18164817]]. , "…and 7,000 were dead by morning..." (Page 139)
  4. ^ Edward Gibbon, D. M. Low (1960). The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. New York: Harcourt Brace. pp. ch. 27 2:56. OCLC 402038. 
  5. ^ Ann Williams (2003). Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King. London: Hambledon and London. pp. 54. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/1-85258-382-4, OCLC 51780838|1-85258-382-4, OCLC 51780838]].  "It is usually assumed that this story relates to the St Brice's Day massacre …" (Page 55)
  6. ^ Simon Hall (1998). The Hutchinson Illustrated Encyclopedia of British History. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 297. ISBN 1-57958-107-2.  "1002 St Brice's Day massacre; Danes in England were killed on order of King Ethelred." (Page 340)
  7. ^ Staff. Saint Brices Day massacre, Encyclopædia Britannica, Accessed 26 December 2007
  8. ^ Lucien Gubbay (1999). Sunlight and Shadow: The Jewish Experience of Islam. New York: Other Press. pp. 80. ISBN 1-892746-69-7.  " It should be noted though that the Granada massacre of 1066 was the first instance of persecution of Jews in Muslim Spain, which had enjoyed an almost unblemished record of tolerance for the preceding 350 years." (Page 80)
  9. ^ Norman Roth (1994). Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict. Netherlands: E. J. Brill. pp. 110. ISBN 90-04-09971-9.  " Assuming that he was at least ten years old, however, it is again surprising that no more personal recollection of the Granada massacre is found in his writing…" (Page 110)
  10. ^ [[Richard Gottheil |Gottheil, Richard]]; [[Meyer Kayserling |Kayserling, Meyer]]. Granada. G (1906 ed.). Jewish Encyclopedia. http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=412&letter=G&search=Granada.  "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day, Ṭebet 9 (= Dec. 30), 1066."
  11. ^ Daud, Abraham Ibd (2007). "On Samuel Ha-Nagid, Vizier of Granada, 993-d after 1056". Medieval Sourcebook. Paul Halsall. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ha-nagid.html. Retrieved 2009-03-11.  He was proud to his own hurt, and the Berber princes were jealous of him, with the result that on the Sabbath, on the 9th of Tebet in the year 4827 [Saturday, December 30, 1066], he and the Community of Granada were murdered.
  12. ^ The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: 950-1250. Cambridge University Press. 1986. pp. 507–508. ISBN 0521266451. 
  13. ^ Lane A. Beck (1995). Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 231. ISBN 0-306-44931-5. 
  14. ^ Michal Strutin (1999). A Guide to Contemporary Plains Indians. Tucson, Arizona: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association. pp. 37. ISBN 1-877856-80-0. 
  15. ^ a b Staff. The Crow Creek Massacre www.nebraskastudies.org
  16. ^ Staff, Crow Creek Massacre, University of South Dakota
  17. ^ Charles K. Moore. The Roman Catholic Religion viewed in the light of Prophecy and History. New York. pp. 97. 
  18. ^ Lotherington, John. Years of Renewel European History 1470-1600: Hodder & Stoughton, 1989.
  19. ^ Insert footnote text here
  20. ^ Lauritz Weibull. "Nordisk historia. Forskningar och undersökningar. Del III. Från Erik den helige till Karl XII", Stockholm 1949, p. 160–163
  21. ^ González, Justo K., The Story of Christianity: Volume Two – The Reformation to the Present Day, HarperCollins Publishers, 1984, p. 92, ISBN 0-06-063316-6
  22. ^ Gjerset, Knut, History of the Norwegian People, Volume 2 MacMillan Co., 1915, pp. 111–114, ISBN 978-0404028183
  23. ^ Riis, Jacob A., Hero Tales of the Far North, Project Gutenberg, 2004
  24. ^ Change and Development in the Middle East: essays in honour of W.B. Fisher, John Innes Clarke, Howard Bowen-Jones, 1981, p.290
  25. ^ The Heritage of Armenian Literature, A. J. (Agop Jack) Hacikyan, Nourhan Ouzounian, Gabriel Basmajian, Edward S. Franchuk, 2000, p.777
  26. ^ "Turkey" by Edward Shepherd Creasy, Page 195
  27. ^ Eric Solsten, ed. Cyprus: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.
  28. ^ Alastair Armstrong (2003). France, 1500–1715. London: Heinemann Education Publishers. pp. 65. ISBN 0435327518. 
  29. ^ Reinhard Bendix (1978). Kings Or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule. Tucson, Arizona: University of California Press. pp. 324. ISBN 0-520-04090-2. 
  30. ^ a b Staff. Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Columbia Encyclopedia, Questia Online Library
  31. ^ Staff, Massacre of Saint Bartholomews Day (French history), Encyclopædia Britannica, Accessed 23 December 2007
  32. ^ Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA
  33. ^ Janell Broyles, A Timeline of the Jamestown Colony, p. 22, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2004
  34. ^ Alfred Abioseh Jarrett, The Impact of Macro Social Systems on Ethnic Minorities in the United States, Page 29, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000
  35. ^ Bolton history
  36. ^ Lonely Planet
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  39. ^ Oxford English Dictionary Cites "a1715 BP. G. BURNET Hist. Own Time (1734) II. 156 The Massacre in Glencoe, made still a great noise." and "1957 ‘H. MACDIARMID’ Battle Continues 1 Franco has made no more horrible shambles Than this poem of Campbell's, The foulest outrage his breed has to show Since the massacre of Glencoe!"
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  41. ^ a b St. George's Field Riot
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  43. ^ Boston Massacre – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  44. ^ Boston Massacre
  45. ^ Kenn Harper A Day in Arctic History: July 17, 1771 — Slaughter at Bloody Falls, Nunatsiaq News, 29 July 2005
  46. ^ Robin McGrath. Samuel Hearne And The Inuit Oral Tradition, University of New Brunswick, libraries Accessed 23 December 2007
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  48. ^ Bloody Falls, The Canadian Encyclopedia
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  50. ^ Buford's Massacre
  51. ^ http://www.rsar.org/military/sherm055.pdf
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  54. ^ Historywiz.com
  55. ^ David Andress, The Terror: The Merciless War for Freedom in Revolutionary France, Chapter 4, Macmillan, 2006
  56. ^ Dwyer, Phillip and McPhee, Peter (2002). The French Revolution and Napoleon: A Sourcebook. Routledge. pp. 66. ISBN 978-0415199070. 
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  61. ^ "Myall Creek Massacre", Parliament of New South Wales Hansard, June 8, 2000
  62. ^ FAQ "What was the Haun's Mill Massacre?" – Brigham Young University website (abstracted from "Haun's Mill Massacre," in Encyclopedia of Mormonism, ed. Daniel H. Ludlow, New York: Macmillan, 1992)
  63. ^ Historical Record, Jenson, Vol. 7 & 8, p 671.
  64. ^ History of the Church, Vol. III, pp 182–186.
  65. ^ Gardner, P.D. (2001), Gippsland massacres: the destruction of the Kurnai tribes, 1800-1860, Ngarak Press, Essay, Victoria ISBN 1-875254-31-5
  66. ^ a b Gippsland Settlers and the Kurnai Dead - Patrick Morgan – Quadrant Magazine
  67. ^ Afghan and Northwest Border Wars 1834 to 1897
  68. ^ Summary: the First Anglo-Afghan War, 1838–42
  69. ^ Massacre of Elphinstone's army
  70. ^ a b Staff. Snake River Massacre Account by One of the Survivors, Oregon Historical Society, 2002.
  71. ^ Shannon, Donald H. (2004). The Boise Massacre. pp 73–102. Caldwell, ID: Snake Country Publishing. ISBN 0-9635828-1-X
  72. ^ Carleton, James Henry (1859). (Special Report on the Mountain Meadows Massacre. Washington: Government Printing Office (published 1902). http://books.google.com/books?id=MBYiwjNst6EC. 
  73. ^ Thompson, Jacob (1860). Message of the President of the United States: communicating, in compliance with a resolution of the Senate, information in relation to the massacre at Mountain Meadows, and other massacres in Utah Territory, 36th Congress, 1st Session, Exec. Doc. No. 42. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior. http://www.archive.org/details/messageofpreside00unitrich. .
  74. ^ Bagley, Will (2002). Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3426-7. .
    • Brooks, Juanita (1950). Mountain Meadows Massacre. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2318-4. .
    • Denton, Sally (2003). American Massacre: The Tragedy at Mountain Meadows. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41208-5. .
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  86. ^ Lawrence (Kansas, United States)
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  144. ^ Matthew White Nanking Massacre, Accessed December 17, 2007. Cites eight sources directly and another ten indirectly. Lowest estimate Spence, The Search for Modern China: 42,000. Highest estimate Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking (1997), citing James Yin & Shi Young: 400,000
  145. ^ Justin Harmon Student-Run Conference to Examine Nanking Massacre, Princeton University, November 12, 1997
  146. ^ John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr. In Denial: Historians, Communism, and Espionage. Encounter Books, 2003. ISBN 1-893554-72-4 p. 22
  147. ^ Aleksandr Shelepin's March 3, 1959 note to Khrushchev, with information about the execution of 21,857 Poles and with the proposal to destroy their personal files. Online
  148. ^ Beria's March 1940 proposal to shoot 25,700 Poles from Kozelsk, Ostashkov, and Starobels camps, and from certain prisons of Western Ukraine and Belarus bearing Stalin's signature (among others). proposal online
  149. ^ Fischer, Benjamin B., "The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field", Studies in Intelligence, Winter 1999–2000
  150. ^ Staff, Katyn Massacre, Encyclopædia Britannica, Accessed 23 December 2007
  151. ^ a b Robert Gellately. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf, 2007 ISBN 1400040051 p. 391
  152. ^ (English) Richard Rhodes (2002). Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40900-9. 
  153. ^ a b Staff. The Holocaust Chronicle: Massacre at Babi Yar, The Holocaust Chronicle web site, Access 17 December 2007
  154. ^ Victoria Khiterer (2004). "Babi Yar: The tragedy of Kiev's Jews" (PDF). Brandeis Graduate Journal 2: 1–16. http://www.brandeis.edu/gsa/gradjournal/2004/khiterer2004.pdf. Retrieved 2008-01-20. 
  155. ^ "A survivor of the Babi Yar massacre". Heritage: Civilization and the Jews. Public Broadcasting System (PBS). http://www.pbs.org/wnet/heritage/episode8/documents/documents_13.html. Retrieved 2008-01-20. 
  156. ^ Wolfram Wette (2006). The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality. Harvard University Press. p. 112. "The massacre at Babi Yar, near Kiev, which claimed the lives of more than thirty thousand Jewish victims on September 29 and 30, 1941, was the largest single mass killing for which the German army was responsible during its campaign against the Soviet Union." 
  157. ^ Jill Dougherty and Jim Bittermann (2001-06-25). "Pope visits Jewish massacre site". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/06/25/pope.babiyar/index.html. Retrieved 2008-01-20. 
  158. ^ a b Saff Fall of Ambon: Massacred at Laha, Australia's War 1939-145 An Australian government website.
  159. ^ Peter Stanley The defence of the 'Malay barrier': Rabaul and Ambon, January 1942 principal historian to Australian War Memorial
  160. ^ Times dispatch (March 28, 1953). Mau Mau Massacres 150 Natives In Night Raid Near Kenya Capital. New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30614F9345E177B93CAAB1788D85F478585F9. 
  161. ^ Stephen Corradini (1999). Chief Luka and the Lari Massacre: Contrary Notions of Kikuyu Land Tenure and the Mau Mau War. University of Wisconsin-Madison. ISBN 0942615492. http://books.google.com/books?id=7eIUAAAACAAJ. 
  162. ^ a b Katerina Zachovalova. War Crime To War Game, Time, September 17
  163. ^ David Vaughan. The Lidice massacre – atrocity and courage website of Czech Radio, 11 June 2002
  164. ^ Lidice memorial
  165. ^ Matthew J. Gibney, Randall Hansen, Immigration and Asylum, page 204
  166. ^ Timothy Snyder. (2003)The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943, The Past and Present Society: Oxford University Press. pg. 220
  167. ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski, Poland's holocaust. Published by McFarland. Page 247
  168. ^ a b Staff, Italy convicts Nazis of massacre BBC, 13 January 2007
  169. ^ Richard Owen. Ten convicted for 1944 massacre, The Times, 15 January 2007
  170. ^ a b Oradour Info – Oradour-sur-Glane 10th June 1944
  171. ^ The Oradour-sur-Glane Massacre
  172. ^ The Second World War – The massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane
  173. ^ – Robin Mackness's book, 'Oradour Massacre and Aftermath'
  174. ^ Amazon – Massacre at Oradour – by Robin Mackness – ISBN 978-0394570020
  175. ^ Oxford Journals – Massacre at Oradour, France, 1944 by Stephanie Hare-Cuming
  176. ^ Martyred Village: Commemorating the 1944 Massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane. Sarah Farmer, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. xvii + 300 pp. ISBN 978-0-520-21186-5.
  177. ^ The Malmedy Massacre Revisited – Henri Rogister, Joseph Dejardin et Emile Jamar – Website du C.R.I.B.A. (Centre de Recherches et d'Informations sur la Bataille des Ardennes) [1]
  178. ^ Goldstein, Donald M.; J. Michael Wenger, Katherine V. Dillon (1997). Nuts! the Battle of the Bulge (illustrated ed.). Brassey's. pp. 91. ISBN 1574882791, 9781574882797. 
  179. ^ *A 1961 Massacre of Algerians in Paris When the Media Failed the Test James J. Napoli
  180. ^ Yves Courrière, La guerre d'Algérie, tome 1 (Les fils de la Toussaint), Fayard, Paris 1969, ISBN 2213611181
  181. ^ * Jean Louis Planche, Sétif 1945, histoire d'un massacre annoncé, Perrin, Paris 2006
  182. ^ # B. Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Cambridge University Press, 2004. pp481,487,501,502.
  183. ^ An article (no title given) by R. Barkan from the Mapam newspaper Al Hamishmar, quoting a letter from eyewitness Dov Yirmiya and the Jewish Agency's response, translated in the Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. VII, no. 4 (summer 1978), no. 28, pp. 143-145.
  184. ^ http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Hula:massacre.htm
  185. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8023945.stm Malay massacre evidence to be reviewed by the UK government
  186. ^ BBC Malaysia Correspondent's account
  187. ^ Only one reference names this as "the Batang Massacre" rather then just a massacre at Batang
  188. ^ The Sharpeville Massacre – TIME
  189. ^ The Sharpeville Massacre – A watershed in South Africa
  190. ^ Alessandra Stanley, Russian General Campaigns On Old-Time Soviet Values The New York Times, 13 October 1995
  191. ^ Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev. A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia. Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 0300087608 p. 228
  192. ^ Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev. A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia. Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 0300087608 p. 226
  193. ^ a b Staff. Murder in the name of war – My Lai, BBC, 20 July 1998
  194. ^ Staff. The My Lai Massacre, PBS Online, 29 March 2005
  195. ^ Former Mexican president sheds light on 1968 massacre, CNN, 4 February 1998
  196. ^ a b Mexican Court Issues Warrant for Former President
  197. ^ Mexico Digs at Last for Truth About 1968 Massacre
  198. ^ a b John Lang (2000-05-04). "The day the Vietnam War came home". Scripps Howard News service. http://archive.southcoasttoday.com/daily/04-00/04-30-00/a09wn031.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-09. 
  199. ^ "These would be the first of many probes into what soon became known as the Kent State Massacre. Like the Boston Massacre almost exactly two hundred years before (March 5, 1770), which it resembled, it was called a massacre not for the number of its victims but for the wanton manner in which they were shot down." Philip Caputo (2005-05-04). "The Kent State Shootings, 35 Years Later". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4630596. Retrieved 2007-11-09. 
  200. ^ Rep. Tim Ryan (2007-05-04). "Congressman Tim Ryan Gives Speech at 37th Commemoration of Kent State Massacre". Congressional website of Rep. Tim Ryan (D-Ohio). http://timryan.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=160&Itemid=48. Retrieved 2007-11-09. 
  201. ^ McCann, Eamonn (2006). The Bloody Sunday Inquiry – The Families Speak Out. London: Pluto Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 0-7453-2510-6. 
  202. ^ Walker, Christopher; Barkham, Patrick (October 17, 2002). "Killing of 14 was not justified, says Bloody Sunday soldier". The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article1171893.ece. Retrieved 2009-07-22. 
  203. ^ Feemster, Ron (March 7, 2002). "Fitting Bloody Sunday Into the Present". The New York Times: p. 1. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/07/technology/fitting-bloody-sunday-into-the-present.html?pagewanted=1. Retrieved 2009-07-22. 
  204. ^ a b "In what became known as the Lod Airport Massacre three members of the terrorist group, Japanese Red Army, arrived at the airport aboard an Air France flight from Paris. Once inside the airport they grabbed automatic firearms from their carry-on cases and fired at airport staff and visitors. In the end, 26 people died and 80 people were injured." CBC News, The Fifth Estate, "Fasten Your Seatbelts: Ben Gurion Airport in Israel", 2007. Accessed June 2, 2008.
  205. ^ "The short-term impact of the Lod Airport massacre as a precursor to Munich..." Stephen Sloan, John C. Bersia, J. B. Hill. Terrorism: The Present Threat in Context, Berg Publisher, 2006, p. 50. ISBN 1845203445
  206. ^ "Two years later, just before the Lod Airport massacre, authorities uncovered the bodies of 14 young men and women on remote Mount Haruna, 70 miles northwest of Tokyo." "Again the Red Army", TIME, August 18, 1975.
  207. ^ "Those named by Lebanese officials as having been arrested included at least three Red Army members who have been wanted for years by Japanese authorities, most notably Kozo Okamoto, 49, the only member of the attacking group who survived the Lod Airport massacre." "Lebanon Seizes Japanese Radicals Sought in Terror Attacks", The New York Times, February 19, 1997.
  208. ^ "They were responsible for the Lod Airport massacre in Israel in 1972, which was committed on behalf of the PFLP." Jeffrey D. Simon, The Terrorist Trap: America's Experience with Terrorism, Indiana University Press, p. 324. ISBN 0253214777
  209. ^ CBS News (2002-09-05). "Munich Massacre Remembered". http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/05/world/main520865.shtml. .
  210. ^ Wolff, Alexander (2002). "When The Terror Began". Time Magazine (Sep. 2, 2002). http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/2002/0902/munich/index.html. .
  211. ^ Sources describing the event as a "massacre":
    • "The day after the Ma'alot massacre, condemned by Pope Paul VI and most Western leaders as "an evil outrage," ..." Frank Gervasi. Thunder Over the Mediterranean, McKay, 1975, p. 443.
    • "The previous day Israel had been traumatized by the Ma'alot massacre, which had resulted in the deaths of numerous schoolchildren." William B. Quandt. Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967, Brookings Institution Press, 2001, p. 432.
    • "Faced with a public outcry over the Ma'alot massacre, they demanded of Syria a pledge to forbid terrorist to cross the Golan into Israel." Milton Viorst. Sands of Sorrow: Israel's Journey from Independence, I.B.Tauris, 1987, p. 192.
    • "...Organization (PLO) crimes, like the massacre of Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympic Games in 1972 and the Ma'alot massacre of children in 1974." Richard J. Chasdi. Tapestry of Terror: A Portrait of Middle East Terrorism, 1994–1999, Lexington Books, 2002, p. 6.
    • "The PFLP was responsible for the Ma'alot massacre on May IS, 1974 during which 22 Israeli children were killed." Alex Peter Schmid, A. J. Jongman, Michael Stohl. Political Terrorism: A New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories, & Literature, Transaction Publishers, 2005, p. 639.
    • "On 22 November 1974, six months after the Ma'alot massacre, the United Nations General Assembly voted to accept the Palestine Liberation Organisation as an..." Martin Gilbert. The Jews in the Twentieth Century: An Illustrated History, Schocken Books, 2001, p. 327.
  212. ^ a b c Khoury, Jack. "U.S. filmmakers plan documentary on Ma'alot massacre", Haaretz, March 07, 2007.
  213. ^ Donna Carton (11 December 2005). "Miami Showband massacre files to stay under wraps". Sunday Mirror. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_20051211/ai_n15919127. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
  214. ^ "Miami Showband massacre remembered". BreakingNews.ie. 30 July 2005. http://archives.tcm.ie/breakingnews/2005/07/30/story214127.asp. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
  215. ^ "Miami Showband Memorial Unveiled". 4NI.co.uk. 10 December 2007. http://www.4ni.co.uk/northern_ireland_news.asp?id=69567. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
  216. ^ "Ahern unveils Miami Showband memorial". The Irish Times. 10 December 2007. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/1210/breaking46.html. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
  217. ^ Dillon, Martin (1991). The Dirty War. Arrow Books. pp. 174. ISBN 978-0099845201. 
  218. ^ a b Staff. 1976: Ten dead in Northern Ireland ambush, BBC, On this days series (5 January) (Accessed 23 December 2007)
  219. ^ Sam Knight and agencies, Ulster lukewarm about unsolved murders probe, The Times, 20 January 2006
  220. ^ a b Staff. (Accessed 17 May 2009)
  221. ^ Friedman, New York Times, Sep 20, 21, 26, 27, 1982
  222. ^ a b "Among the most notorious attacks was the coastal road massacre in Israel in March 1978. The attack left 35 civilians dead and 80 wounded." Ben Gad, Yitschak. Politics, Lies, and Videotape, Shapolsky Publishers, 1991, ISBN 1561710156, p. 94.
  223. ^ "1978, March 11. The Coastal Road Massacre" Richard Ernest Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy. The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present, Harper & Row, 1986, ISBN 0061812358, p. 1362.
  224. ^ "Operation Litani is launched in retaliation for that month's Coastal Road massacre." Gregory S. Mahler. Politics and Government in Israel: The Maturation of a Modern State, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, ISBN 0742516113, p. 259.
  225. ^ "So did the Coastal Road massacre of 1978, in which a POLO hijacking of an intercity bus ended with the deaths of thirty-five Israeli hostages." Binyamin Netanyahu. A Durable Peace: Israel and Its Place Among the Nations, Warner Books, 2000, ISBN 0446523062, p. 218.
  226. ^ El Salvador death squads
  227. ^ The New York Times > International > Americas > O.A.S. to Reopen Inquiry Into Massacre in El Salvador in 1981
  228. ^ Yemeni father's school slaughter, The Independent (March 31, 1997)
  229. ^ Friedman, Thomas L., From Beirut to Jerusalem, (Macmillan, 1991), 76–105.
  230. ^ Robert Fisk Another war on terror. Another proxy army. Another mysterious massacre. And now, after 19 years, perhaps the truth at last..., The Independent 28 November 2001
  231. ^ Cilina Nasser. Sharon role in massacre remembered, Al Jazeera, 5 March 2006
  232. ^ Amal Hamdan Remembering Sabra and Shatila, Al Jazeera, 16 September 2003
  233. ^ a b Rory Carroll. Saddam trial to open with village massacre, the Guardian, June 7, 2005
  234. ^ Staff. Documents Link Saddam To Massacre, Al Jazeera, March 3, 2006 cites source as Reuters
  235. ^ "Judging Dujail (section 3)". Human Rights Watch. November 19, 2006. http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11112/section/3. Retrieved August 18, 2009. 
  236. ^ "Judging Dujail (section 7)". Human Rights Watch. November 19, 2006. http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11112/section/7. Retrieved August 23, 2009. 
  237. ^ Unofficial biography of Alan Garcia. Alan Garcia life and work. Alan Garcia contributions
  238. ^ a b Notorious Peruvian School of the Americas Graduates
  239. ^ RIGHTS-PERU: Time Is of the Essence in Extradition of War Criminal
  240. ^ Staff. On this day August 19: 1987: Gunman kills 14 in Hungerford rampage, BBC,
  241. ^ "'Ryan shot at me, then at my mother'". The Daily Telegraph. 7 December 2004. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2004/12/07/fthung07.xml. Retrieved 2008-02-19. 
  242. ^ J Bowyer Bell (1997). The Secret Army: The IRA. Piscataway: Transaction Publishers. pp. 702. ISBN 1560009012. , "The most dreadful of all the IRA errors came first with the Remembrance Day bombing in Enniskillen in November 1987: the Poppy Day Massacre" (Page 591)
  243. ^ "Michael Stone: Loyalist icon". CNN. 24 November 2006. http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/11/24/michael.stone/. Retrieved 2008-03-06. 
  244. ^ "Stone Murdered At Funeral". Sky News. 24 November 2006. http://news.sky.com/skynews/article/0,,30000-1241896,00.html. Retrieved 2008-03-06. 
  245. ^ CSN warns Americans about the AP's "climb down" on Tiananmen numbers, CSN, 18 May 2004
  246. ^ Kelly Barth (2003). The Tiananmen Square Massacre. Greenhaven Press. ISBN 0737711760. http://books.google.com/books?id=So8CAAAACAAJ. 
  247. ^ Chu-Yuan Cheng (1990). Behind the Tiananmen Massacre: Social, Political, and Economic Ferment in China. Westview Press. ISBN 0813310474. http://books.google.com/books?id=-agVAgAACAAJ. 
  248. ^ Buchignani, Walter (1989-12-08). "Amid the tragedy, miracles of survival". The Gazette, Montreal. pp. A3. 
  249. ^ Rathjen, Heidi; Charles Montpetit (1999). December 6th: From the Montreal Massacre to Gun Control. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-771061-25-0. 
  250. ^ Rakobowchuk, Peter (September 14, 2006). "Lessons learned from 1989 Montreal massacre help save lives at Dawson college". Canadian Press. http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2006/09/14/1839448-ap.html. Retrieved 2006-12-28. 
  251. ^ a b "UTHR(J) report on the Eastern University Massacre". http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report7/chapter4.htm#h. 
  252. ^ "HRW report – Sri Lanka". Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/wr2k2/asia10.html. Retrieved 2007-02-02. 
  253. ^ "Graveyard for Disappeared Persons – Statistic for Batticaloa district". http://www.disappearances.org/mainfile.php/frep_sl_ne/78/Cyberspace. 
  254. ^ a b Hoole, Ranjan (2001). Sri Lanka: The Arrogance of Power : Myths, Decadence & Murder. University Teachers for Human Rights. ISBN 9-5594-4704-1.  p.378–397
  255. ^ a b Lawrence, Patricia (2001). The Ocean of Stories; Children's Imagination, Creativity, and Reconciliation in Eastern Sri Lanka. International Centre for Ethnic Studies. ISBN 9-5558-0076-6.  p.40
  256. ^ McDermott (edit), Rachel Fell (2008). Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West. University of California Press. ISBN 0-5202-3240-2.  p.121
  257. ^ Hoole, Ranjan. "The massacre at Sathurukondan: 9th September 1990". University Teachers for Human Rights. http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report8/chapter2.htm#c. Retrieved 2009-01-26. 
  258. ^ Caron, Cynthia (March 15–21, 2003). "Floundering Peace Process: Need to Widen Participation". Economic and Political Weekly (Economic and Political weekly) 38 (11): 1029–1031. http://www.jstor.org/pss/4413336. Retrieved 2009-01-26. 
  259. ^ Staff Reporters (15 November 1990). "Hours Of Terror End". Otago Daily Times. pp. 1. 
  260. ^ Aramoana Massacre – nzterritory.com
  261. ^ Aramoana movie will bring back the tears - Local News – Wairarapa Times-Age
  262. ^ Return to Aramoana – page 1 – National – NZ Herald News
  263. ^ Hayes, Thomas C (1991-10-17). "Gunman Kills 22 and Himself in Texas Cafeteria". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=travel&res=9C04E3D8113BF934A25753C1A967958260. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  264. ^ A Texas Massacre People.com
  265. ^ Memories of Luby's massacre in wake of Fort Hood shooting
  266. ^ Killeen's Other Massacre – The Daily Dish | By Andrew Sullivan
  267. ^ Luby’s Massacre Remains Among Nation’s Worst Mass Shootings
  268. ^ Croatia massacre trial under way", BBC News, 11 October 2005
  269. ^ Vukovar massacre: What happened", BBC News, 13 June 2003
  270. ^ ICTY Indictment
  271. ^ New York Times: Serbian Court Finds 14 Guilty in '91 Massacre of Croatians
  272. ^ Letter from the Charge d'affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Azerbaijan to the United Nations Office
  273. ^ Human Rights Watch / Helsinki. Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. New York. 1994.
  274. ^ Thomas De Waal, Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War, NYU Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8147-1945-7. Chapter 11. August 1991 – May 1992: War Breaks Out.
  275. ^ TIME Magazine – Tragedy Massacre in Khojaly
  276. ^ Ethnic Cleansing in Progress, War in Nagorno Karabakh, by Caroline Cox and John Eibner, Institute for Religious Minorities in the Islamic World, Zurich, London, Washington, 1993
  277. ^ Christianity Today Article
  278. ^ http://www.sairr.org.za/press-office/institute-opinion/the-truth-commission2019s-chickens-come-home-to-roost.html/?searchterm=Boipatong
  279. ^ http://www.google.com/search?q=%22brown%27s+chicken+massacre%22
  280. ^ Victims of Sivas Massacre Commemorated – Bianet
  281. ^ Turkey commemorates 15th anniversary of Sivas massacre
  282. ^ Article page – Centre for Islamic Pluralism
  283. ^ Ian Starrett (2003-10-30). "Greysteel massacre turned trick or treat into a night of horror". The News Letter (Belfast, Northern Ireland). http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-109427409.html. Retrieved 2008-01-28. 
  284. ^ "'I feared my brother had been killed' – horror of Greysteel massacre recalled". Derry Journal. 2007-02-27. http://www.derryjournal.com/journal/39I-feared-my-brother-had.2081275.jp. Retrieved 2008-01-28. 
  285. ^ "Victims’ relatives criticise MLA". The Irish News. 2007-10-22. http://www.irishnews.com/searchlog.asp?reason=denied_empty&script_name=/pageacc.asp&path_info=/pageacc.asp&tser1=ser&sid=570517. Retrieved 2008-01-28. 
  286. ^ "The leaders of one tribe now represent the hopes of another". Irish Examiner. 2007-03-13. http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2007/03/13/story27578.asp. Retrieved 2008-01-28. 
  287. ^ Sales, Rosemary (1997). Women Divided: Gender, Religion and Politics in Northern Ireland. Routledge. pp. 192. ISBN 978-0415137652. 
  288. ^ Lister, David and Jordan, Hugh (2004). Mad Dog: The Rise And Fall of Johnny Adair and 'C Company'. Mainstream Publishing. pp. 173. ISBN 978-1-84018-890-5. 
  289. ^ McDonand, Henry and Cusack, Jim (2004). UDA: Inside The Heart of Loyalist Terror. Penguin Books. pp. 251. ISBN 978-1844880201. 
  290. ^ The Tablet – Inside the mind of terrorists
  291. ^ Tom Hennigan, Tribe flees to escape contact with world, The Times, May 18, 2005
  292. ^ James Brooke, Brazil's Outrage Intensifies As Toll in Massacre Hits 73, The New York Times, August 23, 1993
  293. ^ Worldpress.org May 14, 2002
  294. ^ United Nations Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories, 23 September 2002
  295. ^ Aljazeera.net February 15, 2005
  296. ^ Piven, Jeremy S. (2002). Terror and Apocalypse Psychological Undercurrents of History, Volume II. Writer's Showcase Press. pp. 179. ISBN 978-0595218745. 
  297. ^ Hoffman, Bruce (1999). Insider Terrorism. Columbia University Press. pp. 103. ISBN 978-0231114691. 
  298. ^ a b "An Anatomy of the Massacres", Ait-Larbi, Ait-Belkacem, Belaid, Nait-Redjam, and Soltani, in An Inquiry into the Algerian Massacres, ed. Bedjaoui, Aroua, and Ait-Larbi, Hoggar: Geneva 1999.
  299. ^ "Wanton and Senseless? The Logic of Massacres in Algeria", Stathis N. Kalyvas, Rationality and Society, Vol. 11, No. 3, 243–285 (1999)
  300. ^ http://www.algeria-watch.org/farticle/sale_guerre/guardian.htm
  301. ^ http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/apic51698.html
  302. ^ http://www.equalitynow.org/english/campaigns/un/unhrc_reports/unhrc_algeria_en.pdf
  303. ^ http://www.dispatch.co.za/1997/10/16/page%2013.htm
  304. ^ http://www.africafiles.org/article.asp?ID=3938
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  306. ^ "Members of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad Arrested, Charged with Racketeering and Conspiracy to Provide Support to Terrorists", United States Department of Justice, February 20, 2003. "...1995 murder of 22 people in a double suicide bombing at Beit Lid, Israel...".\
  307. ^ "But after the Beit Lid massacre, the government approved the construction and sale of 4000 units in occupied land around Jerusalem." Beyer, Lisa. "Can Peace Survive", Time, February 06, 1995.
  308. ^ "When Arafat called Rabin to express his condolences on the Beit Lid massacre, the prime minister was understandably furious." Karsh, Efraim, Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest, Grove Press, 2003, p. 116. ISBN 0802117589
  309. ^ "The reaction of peace processors in Jerusalem and Washington to the Beit Lid massacre, in which Islamic suicide bombers wiped out a score of Israelis, has been shock, anger, sorrow – but a determination that terrorist attacks not be allowed to stop the peace process." Safire, William. "Essay; Responding to Terror", The New York Times, January 26, 1995.
  310. ^ "President Ezer Weizman, a super-dove who initially supported the agreement wholeheartedly, called for a temporary suspension of talks following the Beit Lid massacre on January 22 and again after the February 6 killing in Gaza." Bar-Ilan, David. "Rain of terror – Israeli politics", National Review, March 6, 1995, p. 2.
  311. ^ a b Udo Ludwig and Ansgar Mertin, Srebrenica Massacre Survivors Sue Netherlands, United Nations Der Spiegel, June 5, 2007.
  312. ^ Marlise Simons, Court Declares Bosnia Killings Were Genocide The New York Times, February 26, 2007. A copy of the ICJ judgement can be found here
  313. ^ "BBC news article, on this day (13th March)". 1996-03-13. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/13/newsid_2543000/2543277.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-06. 
  314. ^ Sarah Lyall (17 October 1996). "Britain May Forbid Private Ownership Of Most Handguns". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E3DB1231F934A25753C1A960958260&. Retrieved 2008-02-06. 
  315. ^ "British Push For Stricter Gun Control Laws". TIME. 18 March 1996. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,6055,00.html. Retrieved 2008-02-06. 
  316. ^ "Scottish town mourns loss of little ones". CNN. 14 March 1996. http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9603/britain_deaths/14/index.html. Retrieved 2008-02-06. 
  317. ^ "Australian gunman laughs as he admits killing 35". CNN News. 1996-11-07. http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/07/australia/. 
  318. ^ Aftermath of horror death toll climbs to 35, New York Daily News (April 30, 1996)
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  342. ^ "They faced stiff resistance from Palestinian gunmen who began preparing the camp's defenses as early as the Passover massacre in Netanya..." Todd C. Helmus, Russell W. Glenn. Steeling the Mind: Combat Stress Reactions and Their Implications for Urban Warfare Rand Corporation, 2005, ISBN 0833037021, p. 58.
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  349. ^ Insert footnote text here
  350. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5232434.stm
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  359. ^ Sen. Joe Lieberman calls Fort Hood massacre a 'terrorist' act
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  361. ^ Massacre shocks those who knew the shooter
  362. ^ Maguindanao massacre, The Philippine Star, November 24, 2009
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  364. ^ Toll Rising in Philippines Massacre, NYTimes.com, November 25, 2009
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  366. ^ Innocent motorists among Ampatuan massacre victims, GMANews.TV, November 25, 2009







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