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Since the Watergate scandal of 1972-74, commentators have referred to some social and political scandals by adding the suffix "-gate" to a related noun or name. This new label has sometimes stuck but often a new name is used. The process, an example of a snowclone, is known as -gate construction.[1]

Contents

Etymology, usage and history of -gate

The suffix -gate derives from the Watergate scandal of the United States in the early 1970s, which resulted in the resignation of U.S. President Richard Nixon. Note that Watergate does not meet the -gate construction rule, as the scandal was named after the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C.; the complex itself was named after the "Water Gate" area where symphony orchestra concerts were staged on the Potomac River between 1935 and 1965.[2]

The suffix is used to embellish a noun or name to suggest the existence of a far-reaching scandal. As a CBC News Online column noted in 2001, the term may "suggest unethical behaviour and a cover-up".[3] The same usage has spread into languages other than English; examples of -gate being used to refer to local political scandals have been reported from Germany, Hungary, Greece and the former Yugoslavia.[4] Such usages have been criticised by commentators as clichéd and misleading; James Stanyer comments that "revelations are given the 'gate' suffix to add a thin veil of credibility, following 'Watergate', but most bear no resemblance to the painstaking investigation of that particular piece of presidential corruption."[5] Stanyer links the widespread use of -gate to what the sociologist John Thompson calls "scandal syndrome":

[A] self-reproducing and self-reinforcing process, driven on by competitive and combative struggles in the media and political fields and giving rise to more and more scandals which increasingly become the focus of mediated forms of public debate, marginalizing or displacing other issues and producing on occasion a climate of political crisis which can debilitate or even paralyse a government.[6]

The adoption of -gate to suggest the existence of a scandal was promoted by William Safire, the conservative New York Times columnist and former Nixon administration speechwriter. As early as September 1974 he wrote of "Vietgate", a proposed pardon of the Watergate criminals and Vietnam War draft dodgers.[7] Subsequently he coined numerous -gate terms, including Billygate, Briefingate, Contragate, Deavergate, Debategate, Doublebillingsgate (of which he later said "My best [-gate coinage] was the encapsulation of a minor ... scandal as doublebillingsgate"), Frankiegate, Franklingate, Genschergate, Housegate, Iraqgate, Koreagate, Lancegate, Maggiegate, Nannygate, Raidergate, Scalpgate, Travelgate, Troopergate and Whitewatergate. The New York magazine suggested that his aim in doing so was "rehabilitating Nixon by relentlessly tarring his successors with the same rhetorical brush – diminished guilt by association." [8] Safire himself later admitted to author Eric Alterman that, as Alterman puts it, "psychologically, he may have been seeking to minimize the relative importance of the crimes committed by his former boss with this silliness."[9]

Widely recognized scandals with a -gate suffix

References

  1. ^ Safire Safire's Political Dictionary, 3rd edition, Random House, NY, 1978. ISBN 0394502612
  2. ^ John Kelly (2004-12-13). "Answer Man: A Gate to Summers Past". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2009-09-18. http://www.webcitation.org/5jsdEHs1g. Retrieved 2009-09-18. 
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric (2006). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: A-I. Taylor & Francis. p. 844. ISBN 9780415259378. 
  4. ^ Spencer, Andrew; Zwicky, Arnold M. (2001). The handbook of morphology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 361. ISBN 9780631226949. 
  5. ^ Stanyer, James (2007). Modern political communication: mediated politics in uncertain times. Polity. p. 59. ISBN 9780745627977. 
  6. ^ Thompson, John (2000). Political scandal: power and visibility in the media age. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 265. ISBN 9780745625508. 
  7. ^ Schudson, Michael (1993). Watergate in American memory: how we remember, forget, and reconstruct the past. Basic Books. p. 151. ISBN 9780465090839. 
  8. ^ Cohen, Noam (5 February 1996). "The Smoking Lexicon". New York Magazine: p. 13. 
  9. ^ Alterman, Eric (1999). Sound and fury: the making of the punditocracy. Cornell University Press. p. 79. ISBN 9780801486395. 
  10. ^ And the award won't go to... how Bafta lost its worst 'best' actress, The Scotsman, 5 November 2006. "However, four of the seven jurors publicly declared they had voted for GBH. Bafta said the paperwork had been destroyed, and the incident was dubbed 'Baftagate'."
  11. ^ BANDARGATE!, Gulf Daily News, 24 September 2006
  12. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/8308907.stm
  13. ^ http://media.canberratimes.com.au/sport/sports-hq/beachballgate-ref-demoted-801642.html
  14. ^ With hunted eyes, Dr Bertiegate rumbles on, Irish Independent, October 6, 2006
  15. ^ BBC NEWS | UK | Politics | Q&A: Duncan Smith complaints
  16. ^ "Billygate - 1980". The Washington Post. 1998. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/frenzy/billy.htm. 
  17. ^ "Harcourt cleared of any Bingogate wrongdoing". CBC News. 1999-09-01. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/1999/09/01/harcourt990901.html. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  18. ^ Benammar, Emily (2009-08-18). "Dean Richards ban: how 'Bloodgate' saga unfolded". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/6047832/Dean-Richards-ban-how-Bloodgate-saga-unfolded.html. Retrieved 2009-08-18. 
  19. ^ http://www.pitpass.com/fes_php/pitpass_news_item.php?fes_art_id=25342
  20. ^ http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2008/04/29/the-driver-debates-jenson-button/
  21. ^ Anderson, Lars (July 25, 2007). "Pushing the envelope: NASCAR has a proud history of tweaking the rules". SI.com. Time. Archived from the original on May 13, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5gkXdqZzL. Retrieved May 13, 2009. 
  22. ^ Timeline: Charles and Camilla's romance, BBC News, "1992 Nov: Charles is rocked by the Camillagate tapes."
  23. ^ "Curse of 'Cheriegate' strikes again". The Scotsman. 2005-06-18. http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Curse-of-Cheriegate-strikes-again.2636230.jp. 
  24. ^ "Mark Hughes on 'Chicanegate'". ITV. 2008-09-10. http://www.itv-f1.com/Feature.aspx?Type=Mark_Hughes&id=43892. 
  25. ^ [http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2010/01/25/news/delbono_e_il_cinzia-gate_tutto_inizi_qualdo_cazzola_-2070047/ "Delbono e il Cinzia-Gate Tutto iniziò quando Cazzola..."] (in Italian). la Repubblica. 25 January 2010. http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2010/01/25/news/delbono_e_il_cinzia-gate_tutto_inizi_qualdo_cazzola_-2070047/. Retrieved 2 February 2010. 
  26. ^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/formula_1/article6848115.ece
  27. ^ "Hacked climate e-mails awkward, not game changer". Reuters. 23 November 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-GreenBusiness/idUSTRE5AM4AH20091123. 
  28. ^ Collins, Scott (March 18, 2006). "Clamor outside `South Park' closet". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2006/mar/18/entertainment/et-channel18. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 
  29. ^ Usborne, David (March 19, 2006). "South Park declares war on Tom Cruise". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/south-park-declares-war-on-tom-cruise-470502.html. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 
  30. ^ Lake, Dave (2009). "The 10 Most Controversial 'South Park' Episodes". MSN TV (tv.msn.com). http://tv.msn.com/controversial-south-park-episodes/. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 
  31. ^ "Tom Cruise biography". Yahoo! Movies (Yahoo! Inc.). 2009. http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800015725/bio. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 
  32. ^ Anand, Anu (August 23, 2006). "Congo, Iran & Tom Cruise". BBC World Service (BBC). http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/worldhaveyoursay/2006/08/congo_iran_tom_cruise.html. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 
  33. ^ "Tom Cruise". Turner Classic Movies (Turner Sports and Entertainment Digital Network.). 2009. http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/participant.jsp?spid=41706. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 
  34. ^ "Off-screen antics cost Cruise". Herald-Sun (www.heraldsun.com.au). 2009. http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/gallery-0-1111119484601?page=2. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 
  35. ^ Fagertun, Thoralf (May 15, 2008). "Den nye gamle komedien: Aristofanes og South Park: En komparativ analyse av det obskøne, det satiriske og det fantastiske" (in Norwegian). Munin (University of Tromsø). http://munin.uit.no/munin/handle/10037/1461. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 
  36. ^ Emerson, Jim (March 20, 2006). "Closetgate: Latest shocking updates!". Chicago Sun-Times (rogerebert.suntimes.com). http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060320/SCANNERS/60320007. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 
  37. ^ "Gov. Taft sued over 'Coingate' scandal". WKYC. 2005-07-06. http://www.wkyc.com/news/news_fullstory.asp?id=37541. 
  38. ^ "Agent banned for Colegate". football.co.uk. 2006-09-26. http://www.football.co.uk/chelsea/agent_banned_for_colegate_234692.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  39. ^ ""Corngate" could leave nasty taste". TVNZ. 2002-07-12. http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/425825/115681. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  40. ^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/formula_1/article6834557.ece
  41. ^ "UK Donnygate councillor jailed". 1998-07-22. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/137447.stm. Retrieved 2009-02-28. 
  42. ^ Fenton, Ben (2007-02-17). "Guernsey gripped by fall-out from Fallagate". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1542928/Guernsey-gripped-by-fall-out-from-Fallagate.html. Retrieved 2008-06-17. 
  43. ^ New chapter opens in Fajitagate case, San Francisco Chronicle, February 14, 2008
  44. ^ "Lupe Fiasco Vs. A Tribe Called Quest: A 'Fiascogate' Timeline", MTV.com, October 11, 2007. Accessed April 13, 2008.
  45. ^ "'Filegate' Depositions Sought From White House Aides", CNN.com, April 1, 1998. Accessed June 5, 2007.
  46. ^ http://www.peterwilkinson.karoo.net/quotesarchiveaugust6.htm
  47. ^ http://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic-football/ref-russell-95-final-is-my-worst-moment-1498025.html
  48. ^ "'Termination from Gamespot", Wikipedia.com, Accessed March 3, 2009.
  49. ^ "'Question of Credibility", Wikipedia.com, Accessed March 3, 2009
  50. ^ 'Grannygate' comes to a close, 17 May 2000, BBC News
  51. ^ "Dunne tells Ireland to slam the door on Grannygate and return", October 11, 2007, The Guardian
  52. ^ http://www.irishcentral.com/story/sport/the_score/hopefully-fifa-put-end-to-henrygate-affair-81980857.html
  53. ^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/columnists/simon_barnes/article6968983.ece?openComment=true
  54. ^ CIA chief quits after 'Hookergate', Sunday Times, May 7, 2006
  55. ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1223457/HobNobgate-This-really-takes-biscuit---BBC-thought-police-tried-cover-gentle-quip.html#ixzz0VESjojSV
  56. ^ McKenna, Aaron (2005-07-21). "Hot Coffee spills into Wall Street". The Inquirer. http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/598/1010598/hot-coffee-spills-into-wall-street. Retrieved 2008-12-21. 
  57. ^ "Iguanagate: Della dumped". Sydney Morning Herald Online. 2008-06-13. http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/iguanagate-della-dumped/2008/06/13/1213321594982.html?s_cid=rss_news. 
  58. ^ "The Night of the Iguana". ABC News Online. 2008-06-14. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/06/14/2274659.htm. 
  59. ^ 'Indygate’ lawsuit dismissed www.itv-f1.com Retrieved 25 March 2007
  60. ^ "1989: Irangate colonel avoids prison". St Louis Post-Dispatch. 1989-07-05. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/5/newsid_2772000/2772471.stm. 
  61. ^ Finnish PM under fire over leaked documents, ft.com, Jun 18, 2003, "Ms Jäätteenmäki, who has only held the position for two months, has been plagued by the scandal, known in Finland as Iraqgate."
  62. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/4763060/German-Grand-Prix-Coulthard-takes-pole-as-McLaren-get-tough.html
  63. ^ http://www.independent.ie/sport/grand-prix-bosses-wipe-jerezgate-tapes-clean-460636.html
  64. ^ F1 Racing magazine, December 1997 issue, page 18, British edition as imported to America
  65. ^ "Race-rigging or press manipulation?". www.grandprix.com. 1997-11-10. http://www.grandprix.com/ns/ns01347.html. Retrieved 2006-11-21. 
  66. ^ "Construction Worker Tells His Side Of 'Jerseygate'" (video). ESPN Video. http://sports.espn.go.com/broadband/video/videopage?videoId=3345159. Retrieved 2008-04-26. 
  67. ^ ""Katrinagate" fury spreads to US media". Television New Zealand. 2005-09-07. http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/425822/609550. Retrieved 2007-06-04. 
  68. ^ Profile: President Nazarbayev, Al Jazeera, 'Nazarbayev spoke publicly about the case — dubbed Kazakhgate — only once, and dismissed allegations of his involvement as "insinuations and a provocation".'
  69. ^ "Liargate". www.autoblog.com. http://www.autoblog.com/tag/liargate/. 
  70. ^ "'McLaren hauled before FIA council over 'lie-gate scandal'". http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/mclaren/5120713/McLaren-hauled-before-FIA-council-over-lie-gate-scandal.html. Retrieved 2009-04-07. 
  71. ^ "'Lipstickgate,' suit heat up Renton politics". http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/335757_renton17.html. Retrieved 2008-09-14. 
  72. ^ Scandal Bust: Why Clinton won Monicagate, William Saletan, Dec 7, 1998, National Review
  73. ^ Goldfarb, Michael (2008-03-07). "Monstergate". Weekly Standard. http://www.weeklystandard.com/weblogs/TWSFP/2008/03/monstergate.asp. Retrieved 2008-06-28. 
  74. ^ Muldergate: The Story of the Info. Scandal, by Mervyn Rees and Chris Day, ISBN 9780869540893
  75. ^ globeandmail.com: National
  76. ^ Panetta, Alexander (2008-03-05). "'NAFTAgate' began with remark from Harper's chief of staff". Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/Page/document/v5/content/subscribe?user_URL=http://www.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2Fstory%2FRTGAM.20080305.wharpleak0305%2FBNStory%2FNational%2Fhome&ord=27374440&brand=theglobeandmail&force_login=true. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  77. ^ Errico, Marcus; Rosenbaum, Claudia (2008-04-18). "Lowe's Nannygate Goes to the Videotape". Entertainment Television. http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=8bdba7e4-c826-4823-9c0a-c6e719fa5b34&entry=index&sid=rss_topstories&utm_source=eonline&utm_medium=rssfeeds&utm_campaign=rss_topstories. Retrieved 2008-04-25. 
  78. ^ Jackson 'Nipplegate' illustrates the danger of chilling free speech, Julie Hilden, Findlaw columnist, CNN.com, February 20, 2004
  79. ^ How the Officegate saga unfolded, Miranda Hurst November 8, 2001, BBC News
  80. ^ 'PM's painting scandal', One News, Apr 14, 2002: http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/425825/93845
  81. ^ cc-2f77-11da-8b51-00000e2511c8.html Uribe aloof as 'paragate' creeps up on palace, Anastasia Moloney in Bogotá and Richard Lapper in São Paulo, March 27, 2007, Financial Times
  82. ^ "'Partgate' proves Roush needs to lighten up a bit", NASCAR.com, March 29, 2008: http://www.nascar.com/2008/news/opinion/03/28/jmenzer.jroush.toyota.partgate/
  83. ^ "Washington Post". http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/21/AR2008032101269.html?nav=rss_business. 
  84. ^ "Passport files of all major candidates breached - MSNBC - March 21, 2008". http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23736254/. 
  85. ^ "Clinton's office says her passport files also breached - CNN - March 21, 2008". http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/03/21/obama.passport/index.html. 
  86. ^ "Passport Breaches Reported for Clinton, McCain and Obama - Fox News - March 21, 2008". http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/03/21/ap-rice-tells-clinton-her-passport-file-was-also-breached-in-07/. 
  87. ^ "Rice: Presidential candidates' passport files were breached - USA Today - March 21, 2008". http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-03-21-rice-breach_N.htm. 
  88. ^ Jim Malone. "State Department Acknowledges Presidential Candidates' Passport Files Breached". VOA News - March 21, 2008. http://voanews.com/english/2008-03-21-voa57.cfm. 
  89. ^ CBC Archives - Free speech meets pepper spray, CBC Television, retrieved March 16, 2008.
  90. ^ http://www.bigbrotheronline.co.uk/bigbrother9/latest/wk5/1.htm
  91. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3713520.stm
  92. ^ http://www.newser.com/story/55822/piegate-nabs-homemade-treats.html
  93. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/8329580.stm
  94. ^ "Pizzagate: a slice of strife". The Guardian. 2006-09-15. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2006/sep/15/newsstory.sport1. Retrieved 2008-06-17. 
  95. ^ Jon Bonné (2010-03-07). "'Pinotgate' controversy gives grape a bad name". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/03/05/FD8R1CAAHL.DTL. 
  96. ^ Plamegate Turns D.C. Upside Down, Dotty Lynch, Senior Political Editor, CBS News, July 14, 2005
  97. ^ Lord, Miriam (2009-03-26). "No losing sight of the big picture as Portraitgate rumbles on". The Irish Times: p. 10. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2009/0326/1224243452282.html. Retrieved 2009-04-03. 
  98. ^ Hand, Lise (2009-04-01). "Portraitgate: just who called who is finally laid bare". Irish Independent: p. 18. http://www.independent.ie/national-news/portraitgate-just-who-called-who--is-finally-laid-bare-1693308.html. Retrieved 2009-04-03. 
  99. ^ Coyle, Colin (29 March 2009). "RTÉ’s ‘Portrait-gate’ apology reopens self-censorship debate". The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article5993135.ece. Retrieved 1 April 2009. 
  100. ^ The Legislature Raids: Railgate, A to Z , Bill Tieleman, The Tyee, January 24, 2009
  101. ^ Rathergate, interview with Ken Auletta, Frontline, WGBH, 'Was there something in how the Bush re-election campaign played the "Rathergate" story so that it ended up focusing on the one wrong document out of all of it, or was it just a welcome break for them?'
  102. ^ Reutersgate strikes other news outlets, August 11, 2006, Jerusalem Post
  103. ^ Rinkagate: Rise and Fall of Jeremy Thorpe by Simon Freeman and Barrie Penrose, ISBN 978-0747533399
  104. ^ http://hk-magazine.com/feature/sniper
  105. ^ Paper ordered to surrender 'Shawinigate' documents, CTV News, updated February 29, 2008
  106. ^ http://www.yaledailynews.com/articles/view/24203
  107. ^ http://www.virginmedia.com/tvradio/realitytv/celebrity-big-brother-2009/most-controversial-celeb-bb-moments.php
  108. ^ http://www.artisanmc.co.uk/2007/01/18/shilpagate-pr-disaster-for-the-uk/
  109. ^ "Sirengate". http://www.aurorastadiumlaunceston.com.au. http://www.aurorastadiumlaunceston.com.au/content/view/25/40/. Retrieved 2008-07-05. 
  110. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/winterolympics2002/hi/english/skating/newsid_1861000/1861145.stm
  111. ^ "McLaren livid over latest 'Spygate' twist". ABC News. 2008-03-01. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/03/01/2177155.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 
  112. ^ Diana's Squidgygate tapes 'leaked by GCHQ', Daily Telegraph, last updated 2:46 a.m. GMT 11/01/2008
  113. ^ High Court win for Ferrari over 'Stepneygate' espionage scandal, The Independent, 12 July 2007
  114. ^ Ron Dennis defiant over 'Spygate', Daily Telegraph, 1 March 2008
  115. ^ DUP chase 'Stormontgate' answers, BBC News, 10 December 2005
  116. ^ "'Suitcase-gate' provides Latin American drama". CNN.com. 2008-09-25. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/09/25/miami.argentina/index.html. Retrieved 2008-09-25. 
  117. ^ http://www.dominionpaper.ca/canadian_news/2004/12/06/canadas_st.html
  118. ^ a b Phillips, Kate (2008-10-21). "P.S.Palin Apologizes". New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/10/21/ps-palin-apologizes/#more-6743. Retrieved 2008-10-23. 
  119. ^ http://www.examiner.co.uk/views-and-blogs/columnists/2010/02/03/john-helm-terrygate-is-over-the-top-86081-25748591/
  120. ^ http://www.expressandstar.com/2010/02/02/terrygate-nothing-new-for-lalley/
  121. ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/sam-wallace-forget-the-scandal-ndash-what-is-best-for-the-england-team-is-all-that-matters-1885211.html
  122. ^ http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2009/12/12/sports/s062742S18.DTL
  123. ^ El 'toallagate' como modelo de lucha anticorrupción, RIDHUALC, 25 Juny 2001
  124. ^ Continúan en Los Pinos implicados en 'toallagate', esmas.com, 10 July 2001
  125. ^ Kramnik's carry on over his own convenience, by Leonard Barden, September 30, 2006, The Guardian. "They are calling it Toiletgate. The $1 m world chess championship is on the point of collapse today after the Bulgarian contender, Veselin Topalov, accused his Russian opponent, Vladimir Kramnik, of visiting his personal loo too often during play."
  126. ^ Untangling Whitewater, Washington Post special report, 'The firing of seven members of the White House travel office in 1993, possibly to make room for Clinton friends — Followed by an FBI investigation of the office, allegedly opened under pressure from the White House to justify the firings. Sometimes called "Travelgate."'
  127. ^ Why did the L.A. Times go with troopergate (The Los Angeles Times' coverage of Arkansas state troopers' allegations about President Bill Clinton), Jeffrey L. Katz, March, 1994, American Journalism Review
  128. ^ Hakim, Danny (2007-07-23). "Spitzer's Staff Misused Police, Report Finds". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/23/nyregion/23cnd-spitzer.html. Retrieved 2008-03-29. 
  129. ^ Loy, Wesley (2008-09-05). "Palin won't face 'Troopergate' subpoena". Anchorage Daily News. http://www.adn.com/monegan/story/517072.html. Retrieved 2008-09-05. 
  130. ^ The tainted Star-Kist tuna scandal, CBC Archives. 'What became known as "Tunagate" erupts after this Fifth Estate report airs on September 17, 1985. The CBC's Eric Malling reveals that Progressive Conservative Fisheries Minister John Fraser had knowingly approved a million cans of rancid Star-Kist tuna for sale.'
  131. ^ PM orders probe into Ute-gate storm Kevin Rudd calls for Utegate inquiry over John Grant claims
  132. ^ http://www.todayinhistory.de/index.php?lang=en&sdt=20001011
  133. ^ Australia wheat bosses 'paid £128 m in Oil-for-Food bribes to Saddam', The Times, February 6, 2006. "This inquiry into the "wheatgate" affair will dominate the Australian Parliament when it sits this week and could expose one of Australia's biggest corruption scandals."
  134. ^ ABC Stateline transcript, March 3, 2004.
  135. ^ Clintons prepare for `Whitewatergate' day of humiliation, Rupert Cornwell, The Independent, March 7, 1994,

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