From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

William Joyce who was "Lord Haw Haw" to British wartime listeners, now silenced and under arrest, lies in an ambulance under armed guard before being taken from British Second Army Headquarters to a hospital.

Lord Haw-Haw was the nickname of several announcers on the English language propaganda radio program Germany Calling, broadcast by Nazi German radio to audiences in Great Britain on the medium wave station Reichssender Hamburg and by shortwave to the United States. The program started on 18 September 1939 and continued until 30 April 1945, when Hamburg was overrun by the British Army. The nickname generally refers to William Joyce, who was German radio's most prominent English language speaker and to whom it gradually came to be exclusively applied.^[1] However, it was also applied to other broadcasters, mostly in the early stages of the war.

Purpose

Through such broadcasts, the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda attempted to discourage and demoralize British, Canadian, Australian and American troops and the British population within radio listening range, to suppress the effectiveness of the Allied war effort through propaganda, and to motivate the Allies to agree to peace terms leaving the Nazi regime intact and in power. Among many techniques used, the Nazi broadcasts prominently reported on the shooting down of Allied aircraft and the sinking of Allied ships, presenting discouraging reports of high losses and casualties among Allied forces. Although the broadcasts were widely known to be Nazi propaganda, they frequently offered the only details available from behind enemy lines concerning the fate of friends and relatives who did not return from bombing raids over Germany. As a result, Allied troops and civilians frequently listened to Lord Haw-Haw's broadcasts in spite of the sometimes infuriating content and frequent inaccuracies and exaggerations, in the hopes of learning clues about the fate of Allied troops and air crews.

Origin of the name

"Lord Haw-Haw" was originally the nickname of James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan, a 19th-century British general, and the man who led The Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. The pseudonymous radio critic Jonah Barrington of the Daily Express was the first to use the epithet to describe a German broadcaster, in an attempt to reduce his possible impact: "He speaks English of the haw-haw, dammit-get-out-of-my-way-variety".^[2][3] However, the history of the name is somewhat confused; it was actually applied to a number of different announcers. Even soon after Barrington coined the nickname, it was uncertain exactly which German broadcaster he was describing. Some British media and listeners just used "Lord Haw-Haw" as a generic term to describe all English-language German broadcasters, although other nicknames, like "Sinister Sam", were occasionally used by the BBC to distinguish between obviously different speakers. Poor reception may have contributed to some listeners' difficulties in distinguishing between broadcasters.^[4]

In reference to the nickname, American pro-nazi broadcaster Fred W. Kaltenbach was given the monicker Lord Hee-Haw by the British media^[5]. The name Lord Hee-Haw was, however, used for a time by The Daily Telegraph to refer to Lord Haw-Haw, generating some confusion between nicknames and broadcasters^[6]

Announcers associated with the nickname

A number of announcers could have been Lord Haw-Haw:

• Wolf Mittler was a German journalist of Polish descent. Mittler spoke a near-flawless English, which he had learned from his mother, who had been born of German parents in Ireland. His persona was described by some listeners as similar to the fictional aristocrat Bertie Wooster^[7]. Reportedly finding political matters distasteful, he was relieved to be replaced by Norman Baillie-Stewart. The latter stated that Mittler "sounded almost like a caricature of an Englishman"^[8]. It has been speculated that it was his voice Barrington described, which makes Mittler a possible candidate as the "original" Lord Haw-Haw^[9]. In 1943, Mittler was deemed suspect and arrested by the Gestapo, but managed to escape to Switzerland^[10]. After the war, he worked extensively for German radio and television^[11].

• Norman Baillie-Stewart was a former officer of the Seaforth Highlanders who was cashiered for selling secrets to Germany. He worked as a broadcaster for the Germans for a short time in 1939. He was jailed for five years by the British after the war. For a time he claimed that he was the original Lord Haw-Haw. He did have an upper-class accent, which supported his original claim; however, he later came around to the view that it was probably Mittler whose voice Barrington had heard. Baillie-Stewart may actually have been the broadcaster which the BBC referred to by the nickname "Sinister Sam", while the original "Lord Haw-Haw" may have been Mittler^[12].

• Eduard Dietze, a broadcaster of mixed German-British-Hungarian family background, who was born in Glasgow^[13], is another possible, but less likely, candidate for the original Lord Haw-Haw.^[4] He was probably, however, one the English-speaking announcers with "upper-crust accents" who were heard on German radios in the early days of the war^[14].

William Joyce

William Joyce replaced Mittler in 1939. Joyce was American-born and raised in Ireland. Although a Catholic, as a teenager he informed on the IRA rebels to the British forces during the Anglo-Irish War. He was also formerly a senior member of the British Union of Fascists, and fled England when tipped off about his planned internment on 26 August 1939. In February 1940, the BBC noted that the Lord Haw-Haw of the early war days, possibly Mittler, was now rarely heard on the air, and had been replaced by a new spokesman. Joyce was the main German broadcaster in English for most of the war, and became a naturalised German citizen; he is usually regarded as "Lord Haw-Haw," even though he was probably not the person to whom the term originally referred. He had a peculiar hybrid accent that was not of the conventional upper class variety. His distinctive pronunciation of "Jairmany calling, Jairmany calling" which could be described as a "nasal drawl", may have been the result of a fight as a schoolboy that left him with a broken nose.^[15]

Joyce, initially an anonymous broadcaster like the others, eventually revealed his real name to his listeners. The Germans actually capitalized on the fame of the "Lord Haw-Haw" nickname, and came to announce him as "William Joyce, otherwise known as Lord Haw-Haw"^[16].

Later history and aftermath

After Joyce took over, Mittler was paired with the American-born announcer Mildred Gillars in the Axis Sally program and also broadcast to ANZAC forces in North Africa. Mittler survived the war and appeared on postwar German television. Baillie-Stewart was sentenced to five years' imprisonment. Joyce was captured by British forces in northern Germany just as the war ended, tried, and eventually hanged for treason on 3 January 1946. Joyce's defence team, appointed to him by the court, argued that, as an American citizen and naturalised German, Joyce could not have been convicted of treason against the British Crown. However, the prosecution successfully argued on the basis of a technicality that having lied about his nationality to obtain a British passport and to vote, Joyce owed allegiance to the king.

The decision to hang him was made perhaps because of the fear his alleged omniscience had inspired. As J. A. Cole has written, "the British public would not have been surprised if, in that Flensburg wood, Haw-Haw had carried in his pocket a secret weapon capable of annihilating an armoured brigade".

Notes

• Other British subjects willingly made propaganda broadcasts, including Raymond David Hughes, who broadcast on the German Radio Metropole, and John Amery, while others, like P. G. Wodehouse, were tricked into doing so. An MI5 investigation published after Wodehouse's death found no evidence of treachery.^[17]
• In the 1940s, actor Geoffrey Sumner played Lord Haw-Haw for laughs in a series of Pathé Gazette short subjects named "Nasti" News From Lord Haw-Haw.
• In the Looney Tunes propaganda cartoon Tokio Jokio (1943) Lord Haw-Haw is caricatured as a donkey called "Lord Hee-Haw" (possibly also a reference to Fred W. Kaltenbach).
• In the 1949 film Twelve O'Clock High, the unseen Lord Haw-Haw's voice was provided by an uncredited Barry Jones.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

• Lord Haw-Haw at the BBC Archive, including documents and broadcasts.
• Summary and MP3 Audio of an April 1945 broadcast excerpt by Lord Haw-Haw, from an Imperial War Museum website
• Secret files released on Lord Haw Haw's wife, from a November 2000 CNN article
• My father and Lord Haw Haw, a February 2005 story from The Guardian
• Article on Lord Haw Haw by Sefton Delmer The British Wartime Propaganda Chief,
• "The Making of a Traitor"
• "The voice of treason"
• Archive of Lord Haw-Haw broadcasts at Earth Station 1
• Haw-Haw's Dodge: Time Magazine article published on November 20, 1941