In geology, a mélange is a large scale breccia, a mappable body of rock characterized by a lack of continuous bedding and the inclusion of fragments of rock of all sizes, contained in a fine-grained deformed matrix. The mélange typically consists of a jumble of large blocks of varied lithologies. Large-scale melanges formed in active continental margin settings generally consist of altered oceanic crustal material and blocks of continental slope sediments in a sheared mudstone matrix. The mixing mechanisms in such settings may include tectonic shearing forces, ductile flow of a water-charged or deformable matrix (such as serpentinite), sedimentary action (such as slumping, gravity-flow, and olistostromal action), or some combination of these. Some larger blocks of rock may be as much as 1 km across. Smaller-scale localized melanges may also occur in shear or fault zones, where coherent rock has been disrupted and mixed by shearing forces.
Examples include the Franciscan Formation along the Coast Ranges of central and northern California and the Bay of Islands ophiolite complex in Newfoundland. The Gwna Mélange in the UK extends through Anglesey and the Llŷn Peninsula onto Bardsey Island in North Wales. It consists of a jumble of various rock types contained in a matrix of grey-green slaty mudstone and siltstone.
Before the advent of plate tectonics in the early 1970s, it was difficult to explain mélanges in terms of known geological mechanisms. A particularly troubling paradox was the occurrence of blueschist blocks (low temperature and high pressure metamorphic rocks) in direct contact with graywacke (a coarse sandstone with lithic fragments) that was deposited in a sedimentary environment. Mélange occurrences are associated with thrust faulted terranes in orogenic belts. A mélange is formed in the accretionary wedge above a subduction zone. The ultramafic ophiolite sequences which have been obducted onto continental crust are typically underlain by a mélange. Both tectonic and sedimentary processes can form mélange. Olistostromes are mélanges formed by gravitational sliding under water, with accumulation of the flow as a semi fluid body without bedding planes.
The term mélange in English language is a loan word from French, used to mean mixture of disparate components (what would be referred to in the sciences as a heterogeneous mixture). Its derivation, and therefore to some extent its connotation, is similar to Mêlée [1][2]. Mélange is the modern form of the Old French noun meslance, which comes from the infinitive mêler, meaning "to mix".
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