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Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (Tamil: மான்கொம்பு சாம்பசிவன் சுவாமிநாதன்)
is an Indian agriculture scientist, born August
7, 1925, in Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu. He was the
second of four sons of a doctor. His ancestral home is the island
village of Monkompu, Alleppey
District, Kerala. He is
known as the "Father of the Green Revolution in
India" , for his leadership and success in introducing
and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat in India. He is the founder
and Chairman of the MS Swaminathan Research
Foundation.[1]
His stated vision is to rid the world of hunger and poverty. Dr.
Swaminathan is an advocate of moving India to sustainable development,
especially using environmentally sustainable agriculture,
sustainable food
security and the preservation of biodiversity, which he calls an "evergreen
revolution" [2]
Education and Personal
Life
M. S. Swaminathan was born on August 7, 1925. His father died
when Swaminathan was 11. His early schooling was at the Native High
School and later at the Little Flower Catholic High School in Kumbakonam. He went to
college at Maharajas College in Ernakulam and earned a Bachelor’s degree (B.Sc.) in zoology.
Swaminathan was strongly influenced by Mahatma Gandhi’s belief
in ahinsa
or non-violence to achieve Purna swaraj (total freedom) and swadeshi,
(self-reliance) on both a personal and national level.[3]
During this time of wartime food shortages he chose a career in
agriculture and enrolled in Coimbatore Agricultural
College where he graduated as valedictorian with another B.Sc, this
time in Agricultural
Science. In 1947, the year of Indian
independence he moved to the Indian Agricultural
Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi as a post-graduate student in genetics and plant breeding
and obtained a post-graduate degree with high distinction in Cytogenetics in
1949.
He received a UNESCO Fellowship to continue his IARI research on
potato genetics at the Wageningen
Agricultural University, Institute of Genetics in the Netherlands. Here he
succeeded in standardizing procedures for transferring genes from a
wide range of wild species of Solanum to the cultivated
potato, Solanum tuberosum. In 1950, he moved to study at
the Plant Breeding Institute of the University of Cambridge School
of Agriculture. He earned a Ph.D in 1952, for his thesis, "Species
Differentiation, and the Nature of Polyploidy in certain species of the
genus Solanum – section Tuberarium". His work
presented a new concept of the species relationships within the
tuber-bearing Solanum.
Swaminathan then accepted a post-doctoral research associateship
at the University of
Wisconsin, Department of Genetics to help set up a USDA Potato
Research Station. Despite his strong personal and professional
satisfaction with the research work in Wisconsin, he declined the
offer of a full time faculty position, returning to India in early
1954.[3]
M. S. Swaminathan is married to Mina Swaminathan
who he met in 1951 while they were both studying at Cambridge. They
have three daughters: Soumya Swaminathan, Madhura Swaminathan and
Nitya Rao. Dr. Swaminathan lives in Chennai, Tamil Nadu with his wife, and has five
grandchildren - Anandi,Shreya,Kalyani,Akshay and Madhav.
Professional
achievements
Dr. Swaminathan has worked worldwide in collaboration with
colleagues and students on a wide range of problems in basic and
applied plant
breeding, agricultural research and development and the conservation of natural resources.
His professional career began in 1949: mmmm
- 1949-55 - Research on potato (Solanum tuberosum), wheat (Triticum
aestivum), rice (Oryza sativa),
and jute genetics.
- 1955–72 - Field research on Mexican dwarf wheat varieties.
Teach Cytogenetics, Radiation Genetics, and
Mutation Breeding and build up the wheat and rice germplasm collections at
Indian Agricultural Research Institute IARI.
- 1970–80 - Director-General, Indian Council of Agricultural
Research ICAR,
Established the National Bureau of Plant, Animal, and Fish
Genetic Resources of India.[4],
Established the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute
(changed in 2006 to Bioversity International)[5]).
Principal Secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of
India, Transformed the Pre-investment Forest Survey Programme into
the Forest Survey of India.[6].
- 1981–85 - Independent Chairman, FAO Council, Rome, played a significant
role in establishing the Commission on Plant Genetic Resources.[7]
Developed the concept of Farmers' Rights and the text of the
International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources (IUPGR).
President of the International Congress of Genetics.[8]
(1983).
- 1982–88 - Director General, IRRI, organized the International Rice
Germplasm Centre IRGC.
- 1984-90 - President of the International Union for Conservation
of Nature and Natural Resources IUCN, develop the Convention on Biological
Diversity CBD.
- 1986-99 - Chairman of the editorial advisory board, World Resources Institute,
Washington, D. C., conceived and produced the first "World
Resources Report".[9]
- 1988-91 - Chairman of the International Steering Committee of
the Keystone International Dialogue on Plant Genetic Resources,[10]
regarding the availability, use, exchange and protection of plant
germplasm.
- 1988-96 - President, World Wide Fund for Nature–India WWF,[11]
Organized the Indira Gandhi Conservation Monitoring Centre.[12].
Organize the Community Biodiversity Conservation Programme.[13].
- 1988-99 - Chairman/Trustee, Commonwealth Secretariat Expert
Group,[14]
organized the Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest
Conservation and Development,[15] for
the sustainable and equitable management of tropical rainforests in
Guyana. The President of
Guyana wrote in 1994 “there would have been no Iwokrama without
Swaminathan.”
- 1990-93 - Founder/President, International Society for Mangrove
Ecosystems (ISME)[16]
- 1988-98 - Chaired various committees of the Government of India
to prepare draft legislations relating to biodiversity
(Biodiversity Act)[17] and
breeders’ and farmers’ rights (Protection of Plant Varieties and
Farmers’ Rights Act).
- 1994 - Chairman of the Commission on Genetic Diversity of the
World Humanity Action Trust.[18].
Established a Technical Resource Centre at MSSRF for the
implementation of equity provisions of CBD and FAO’s Farmers’
Rights.
- 1994 onwards - Chairman of the Genetic Resources Policy
Committee (GRPC) of the Consultative
Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR),
development of policies for the management of the ex situ
collections of International Agricultural Research Centers.
- 1999 - Introduced the concept of trusteeship management of Biosphere reserves. Implemented the Gulf
of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Trust, with financial support from
the Global Environment Facility
(GEF).
- 2001 - Chairman of the Regional Steering Committee for the
India – Bangladesh joint Project on Biodiversity Management in the
Sundarbans World Heritage
Site, funded by the UN Foundation and UNDP.
- 2002 - President of the Nobel Peace Prize-winning Pugwash
Conferences on Science and World Affairs which work towards
reducing the danger of armed conflict and
to seek solutions to global security
threats.[19]
- 2002 - 2005 - Co-chairman with Dr. Pedro Sanchezof the UN Millennium Task
Force on Hunger,[20], a
comprehensive global action plan for fighting poverty, disease and
environmental degradation in developing countries.
- Over 68 students have done their Ph.D thesis work under his
guidance:
On the occasion of Dr. Norman Borlaug's receipt of the Nobel Peace
Prize in 1970, he said of Dr. Swaminathan: "The green
revolution has been a team effort and much of the credit for its
spectacular development must go to Indian officials, Organizations,
Scientists and farmers. However, to you, Dr. Swaminathan, a great
deal of the credit must go for first recognizing the potential
value of the Mexican dwarfs. Had this not occurred, it is quite
possible that there would not have been a green revolution in
Asia".
On the occasion of the presentation of the First World Food
Prize[21] to
Dr. Swaminathan in October 1987, Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar -
Secretary General of the United Nations, wrote: "Dr.
Swaminathan is a living legend. His contributions to Agricultural
Science have made an indelible mark on food production in India and
elsewhere in the developing world. By any standards, he will go
into the annals of history as a world scientist of rare
distinction".
Swaminathan has been described by the United Nations
Environment Programme as "the Father of Economic
Ecology".
He was one of three from India included in TIME Magazine's 1999
list of the "20 most influential Asian people of the 20th
century", the other two being Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath
Tagore.[22].
Following the 2004 Indian Ocean
earthquake, he advised India to plant new mangrove groves along the shoreline to
minimize damage from future tsunamis.
Dr. Swaminathan was the featured speaker at The 2006 Norman E.
Borlaug International Symposium: in Des Moines, Iowa on, October 19, 2006. He was
sponsored by Humanities Iowa, an affiliate of the National
Endowment for the Humanities. Dr. Swaminathan presented The
"Third Annual Governor's Lecture" and spoke on "THE
GREEN REVOLUTION REDUX: Can we replicate the single greatest period
of food production in all human history?" Read full text:[23], See:
Powerpoint Presentation,[24]
Hear:[25] about
the cultural and social foundations of the Green Revolution in
India and the role of historic leaders in India, such as Mahatma Gandhi, in inspiring the Green
Revolution there by calling for the alleviation of widespread
hunger. He also talked about the links between Gandhi and the great
Iowa scientist George Washington Carver.[26],
Swaminathan is a Fellow of the Royal Society of London the U. S. National Academy
of Sciences, the Russian Academy of
Sciences, the Chinese Academy of
Sciences, and the Italian Academy of Sciences.
Controversy
A scientific paper in which Swaminathan and his team claimed to
have produced a mutant breed of wheat by gamma irradiation of a
Mexican variety (Sonora 64) resulting in Sharbati Sonora,
claimed to have a very high lysine content led to a major
controversy. The case was discussed as a classic example of
scientific misdemeanor and was claimed to be an error made by the
laboratory assistant.[27] The
episode was also compounded by the suicide of an agricultural
scientist.[28][29][30][31][32]
Recent workers have also studied it as part of a systemic problem
in Indian agriculture research.[33]
Publications
Dr Swaminathan is a prolific scientific researcher and writer.
He published 46 single author papers between 1950 and 1980. Out of
118 two author papers, he was first author of 80. Out of 63 three
author papers he was first author of 15. Out of 21 four author
papers he was first author of 9. In total he had 254 papers to his
credit, 155 of which he was the single author or first author. His
scientific papers are in the fields of crop improvement (95), cytogenetics and genetics (87) and phylogenetics (72). His most frequent
publishers were: Indian Journal of Genetics (46), Current Science
(36), Nature (12) and Radiation Botany (12).[34] Some
of the papers are listed below.
In addition he has written a few books around the general theme
of his life's work, biodiversity and sustainable agriculture for
alleviation of hunger.
Dr. Swaminathan's books include
- "An Evergreen Revolution", 2006 [35].
- "I Predict: A Century of Hope Towards an Era of Harmony
with Nature and Freedom from Hunger", (1999) [36]
- "Gender Dimensions in Biodiversity Management", (ed.)
(1998) [37]
- "Implementing the Benefit Sharing Provisions of the
Convention on Biological Diversity: Challenges and
opportunities" (1997)[38]
- "Agrobiodiversity and Farmers' Rights", 1996 [39]
- "Sustainable Agriculture: Towards Food Security" [40]
- "Farmers’ Rights and Plant Genetic Resources: A
dialogue." (ed.) (1995) [41]
- "Wheat Revolution: a Dialogue" (ed) (1993) [42]
Research reports
He has published laboratory research results in several scientific
journals and increasingly writes for a wider audience in environmental journals. Some
of his publications are available online in abstract or full
text.[43]
and.[44]
- First author: Swaminathan MS.
- "CHOPRA VL, BHASKARAN, Cytological aberrations observed in
barley embryos cultured in irradiated potato mash.", Radiat
Res. 1962 Feb;16:182-8.
- "Murty BR., Aspects of Asynapsis in Plants. I. Random and
Non Random Chromosome Associations.", Genetics. 1959
Nov;44(6):1271-80.
- "NINAN T, MAGOON ML. Effects of virus infection on
microsporogenesis and seed fertility in Capsicum.", Genetica.
1959;30:63-9.
- "MURTY BR., Effect of x-radiation on pollen tube growth and
seed setting in crosses between Nicotiana tabacum and N.
rustica.", Z Vererbungsl., 1959;90:393-9.
- "GANESAN AT., Kinetics of mitosis in yeasts.", Nature.
1958 August 30;182(4635):610-1.
- "Nature of Polyploidy in Some 48-Chromosome Species of the
Genus Solanum, Section, Tuberarium.", Genetics. 1954
Jan;39(1):59-76.
- Second author
- GANESAN AT, SWAMINATHAN MS., "Staining the nucleus in
yeasts.", Stain Technol. 1958 May;33(3):115-21.
- NATARAJAN AT, SWAMINATHAN MS., "Chromosome spreading
induced by vegetable oils.", Stain Technol. 1957
Jan;32(1):43-5.
- HOWARD HW, SWAMINATHAN MS., "The cytology of haploid plants
of Solanum demissum.", Genetica. 1953;26(5-6):381-91.
- PRAKKEN R, SWAMINATHAN MS., "Cytological behaviour of some
inter-specific hybrids in the genus Solanum, sect.
Tuberarium.", Genetica. 1952;26(1):77-101.
- Third author
- CHOPRA VL, KAPOOR ML, SWAMINATHAN MS., "EFFECTS OF PRE-
& POST-TREATMENTS WITH S-2-AMINOETHYLISOTHIOURONIUM BROMIDE
HYDROBROMIDE ON THE FREQUENCY OF CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS &
CHLOROPHYLL MUTATIONS INDUCED BY X-RAYS IN BARLEY.", Indian J
Exp Biol. 1965 Apr;3:123-5.
- NIRULA S, BHASKARAN S, SWAMINATHAN MS., "Effect of linear
differentiation of chromosomes on the proportionality between
chromosome length and DNA content.", Exp Cell Res. 1961
Jun;24:160-2.
- Fourth author
- Latha R, Rubia L, Bennett J, Swaminathan MS., "Allele
mining for stress tolerance genes in Oryza species and related
germplasm.", Mol Biotechnol. 2004 Jun;27(2):101-8.
- PAI RA, UPADHYA MD, BHASKARAN S, SWAMINATHAN MS.,
"Chromosome diminution and evolution of polyploid species in
Triticum. Chromosoma.", 1961;12:398-409.
- Siddiq EA, Kaul AK, Puri RP, Singh VP, Swaminathan MS.,
"Mutagen-induced variability in protein characters in Oryza
sativa.", Mutat Res. 1970 Jul;10(1):81-4.
Environmental articles
- First author: Swaminathan MS.mssrf
- "Nutrition in the third millennium: countries in
transition.", Forum Nutr. 2003;56:18-24.</ref>
- "Bio-diversity: an effective safety net against
environmental pollution.", Environ Pollut.
2003;126(3):287-91.
- "CGIAR statement on UN treaty.", Nat Biotechnol. 2002
Jun;20(6):547.
- "Ecology and equity: key determinants of sustainable water
security.", Water Sci Technol. 2001;43(4):35-44.
- "An evergreen revolution.",Biologist (London). 2000
Apr;47(2):85-9.
- "Science in response to basic human needs.", Science.
2000 January 21;287(5452):425.
- "The ecology of hope.", People Planet.
1999;8(4):6-9.
- "Convocation address.", IIPS News. 1998 Jul;39(2
3):2-8.
- ""Farmers' Rights and Plant Genetic Resources."",
1998.[45]
- "Forward: Regional Workshop on the Conservation and
Sustainable Management of Coral Reefs",[46],
1997
- "Perspectives for crop protection in sustainable
agriculture.", Ciba Found Symp. 1993;177:257-67; discussion
267-72.
- "DNA in medicine. Agricultural production.", Lancet.
1984 December 8;2(8415):1329-32.
- "Nutrition and agricultural development: new
frontiers.", Food Nutr (Roma). 1984;10(1):33-41.
- "The age of algeny, genetic destruction of yield barriers
and agricultural transformation.", (1968).[47]
- Second author
- Kesavan PC, Swaminathan MS., "Managing extreme natural
disasters in coastal areas.", Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng
Sci. 2006 August 15;364(1845):2191-216.
- Sanchez PA, Swaminathan MS., "Hunger in Africa: the link
between unhealthy people and unhealthy soils.", Lancet. 2005
January 29-February 4;365(9457):442-4. 5: Sanchez PA, Swaminathan
MS., Public health. Cutting world hunger in half.", Science.
2005 January 21;307(5708):357-9.
- Third author
- Raven P, Fauquet C, Swaminathan MS, Borlaug N, Samper C.,
"Where next for genome sequencing?", Science. 2006 January
27;311(5760):468.
Awards
and recognition
Dr. Swaminathan has received several outstanding awards and
prizes. These prizes include large sums of money, which has helped
sustain and expand his work.
unique success in outstanding scientific research and its
application, leading to Asia’s Green Revolution. His endeavors to
combat hunger and food shortages by promoting new seed varieties
and applying these with ecologically sound principles and
sustainable agriculture are all part of his profound humanitarian
ethos, which reminds scientists and politicians worldwide of their
responsibilities for stewardship of nature and humanity on our
common Planet Earth." 2000
biological productivity on an ecologically sustainable basis,
and to promoting the conservation of biological diversity”1991
recognition of his contribution in resolving a wide range of
problems in basic and applied genetics and agricultural research
and development in the Philippines, for his accomplishments in the
area of agricultural science and research highly beneficial to
Filipino farmers, and for having expanded considerably the
International Rice Research Institute’s capacity for upstream
research to bring the fruits of recent advances in science and
technology to Asian rice farmers."1987
- Albert
Einstein World Science Award by the World Cultural Council for
research which has brought true benefit and well being to
mankind.[50].
1986
- Borlaug Award, given by Coromandel Fertilizers in profound
appreciation of his catalytic role in providing deep insights and
inspiring fellow scientists to set goals ... for evolving a
strategy for agriculture rooted in science, but tempered by a
concern for ecology and human values 1979
- Padma
Bhushan 1972
- Ramon Magsaysay Award for
Community Leadership 1971
- Padma Shri
1967
- Foreign Fellow of Bangladesh Academy of
Sciences [51]
He holds 58 honorary Doctorate degrees from universities around
the world.
National Awards
He has been honored with several awards in India for his work to
benefit the country.
- Karmaveer Puraskaar Noble
Laureates, March,2007 by iCONGO- Confederation of NGOs.
- Dupont-Solae Award for his contribution to the field of food
and nutrition security 2004[52]
- Life Time Achievement Award from BioSpectrum 2003[53]
- Indira Gandhi Gold Plaque by the Asiatic Society for
his significant contribution towards human progress. 2002
- Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace,
Disarmament and Development "for his outstanding
contribution in the domain of plant genetics and ensuring food
security to hundreds of millions of citizens in the developing
world." This prestigious award honors those outstanding global
citizens who have made a significant contribution to humanity’s
material and cultural progress. 2000
- The Indian National Science
Academy awarded him Millennium Scientist Award 2001, Asutosh
Mookerjee Memorial Award for 1999-2000, Shatabdi Puraskar award in
the field of Agricultural Sciences 1999, Jawaharlal Nehru Birth
Centenary Award 1992, B.P. Pal Memorial Award of the 1998, Meghnad
Saha Medal 1981, Silver Jubilee Commemoration Medal for
contributions to genetics and agricultural research 1971.
- Lokmanya Tilak Award by the Tilak Smarak Trust, in recognition
of his contribution to the green revolution in India and for his
outstanding scientific and environmental works. 2001[54]
- Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace,
Disarmament and Development in recognition of creative efforts
toward promoting international peace, development and a new
international economic order; ensuring that scientific discoveries
are used for the larger good of humanity, and enlarging the scope
of freedom. 2000
- Millennium Alumnus Award by the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University 2000
- Prof P N Mehra Memorial Award 1999
- Legend in his Lifetime Award by the World Wilderness Trust-
India 1999[55]
- Dr. B.P. Pal Medal for unique contributions to agricultural
research and development of the National Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, India 1997
- V. Gangadharan Award for outstanding contributions to National
Development 1997
- Dr. B.P. Pal Medal for unique contributions to agricultural
research and development of the National Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, India 1997
- V. Gangadharan Award for outstanding contributions to National
Development 1997
- Lal Bahadur Shastri Deshgaurav Samman 1992
- Dr. J.C. Bose Medal, Bose Institute 1989[56]
- Krishi Ratna Award for “devotion to the cause of agroscience,
and for being the benefactor of the farming
community,” instituted by the Bharat Krishak Samaj (Indian
Farmer's Society)/World Agriculture Fair Memorial Trust Society,
and presented by President Giani Zail Singh of India 1986
International Awards
He has been honored with recognition from several international
organizations for spreading the benefits of his work to other
countries.
- UNESCO Mahatma Gandhi Gold
Medal for his outstanding work in extending the benefits of
biotechnology to marginalized and poverty-stricken populations in
developing countries and in securing a sound basis for sustainable
agricultural, environmental and rural development 1999
- Henry Shaw Medal awarded by the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden in
consideration of important service to humanity through emphasis on
sustainability in agriculture - USA 1998
- Ordre du Merite Agricole, Govt of France to honour services of the highest quality
rendered to the cause of agriculture 1997
- Highest award for International Cooperation on Environment and
Development, Govt of China for
outstanding contributions to the lofty cause of environmental
protection and development, and for his signal accomplishments in
the field of international cooperation 1997
- Global Environmental Leadership Award “for encouraging
village-level responses to environmental issues” by the Climate
Institute 1995
- World Academy of Art and Science 1994
- Asian Regional Award by the Asian Productivity Organization APO 1994
- Charles Darwin International Science and Environment Medal
1993
- Commandeur of the Order of the Golden Ark of the Netherlands
1990
- The VOLVO Environment Prize for his outstanding research and
devoted work in turning Indian food production from a deficit to a
much increased supply. 1990.[59]
- Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID)
international award for significant contributions to promoting the
knowledge, skill, and technological empowerment of women in
agriculture and for his pioneering role in mainstreaming gender
considerations in agriculture and rural development 1985.[60]
- Bicentenary Medal of the University of Georgia, U.S.A.
1985
- Bennett Commonwealth Prize of the Royal Society of Arts for significant
contributions to Household Nutrition Security 1984
- Mendel Memorial Medal of the Czechoslovak Academy of
Sciences for contributions to Plant Genetics 1965
Critics
Despite these awards and honors, the credibility of Swaminathan
and his promotion of biotechnology remains open to question by
some. His record retains some controversy. There are cases of
scientific fraud and scandals involving the suicide of a fellow
scientist at the (ICAR).[61] The
first among those who came to expose many of the claims made by MS
Swaminathan was Claude Alvares. In his article The
Great Gene Robbery 23 March 1986 The Illustrated Weekly. [26] Alvares
provided enough evidences to show that most of the research that
were initiated by him and International Rice Research Institute
were not original.[62]
In the recent years Shiv Vishwanathan in an EPW [27]article writes
he is a sociological phenomenon.
He is paradigm, exemplar, dissenter, critic and
alternative. .....Swaminathan always assimilates the
new. Earlier Claude Alvares had given a better picture as
follows
Strangely, he has become more and more akin to HYV of the seeds
he sells. Like them, he is capable of high-yielding varieties of
phrase and word. At a Gandhi seminar, he will speak of the
relevance of Gandhi. At a meeting in Madras on the necessity of
combine harvesters. At another meeting on appropriate technology,
he will plump for organic manures. At a talk in London, he will
speak on the necessity of chemical fertilizers. He will label slum
dwellers ‘ecological refugees’, and advertise his career as a quest
for ‘imparting an ecological basis to productivity improvement.’
This, after presiding over, and indiscriminately furthering, one of
the ecologically most devastating technologies of modern times –
the HYV package of the Green revolution.
Current
Work
- He currently holds the UNESCO -Cousteau Chair[63] in Ecotechnology at
the M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation in Chennai, India.
- He is the chairman of the National Commission on Agriculture,
Food and Nutrition Security of India (National Commission on
Farmers).[64].
- He is currently spearheading a movement to bridge the Digital divide
called, "Mission 2007: Every Village a Knowledge Centre".[65].[66]
- Bruce
Alberts, President of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences
said of Dr. Swaminathan: "At 80, M.S. retains all the energy
and idealism of his youth, and he continues to inspire good
behavior and more idealism
from millions of his fellow human beings on this Earth. For that,
we can all be thankful".[67]
Further
reading
- "Biodiversity and Poverty – Natural Resources and the
Millennium Goals", M.S. Swaminathan speech and a discussion,
University of Berne, Auditorium Maximum, Wednesday, 8/24/2005.Speech, Full text:
- An insightful biography, "M.S. Swaminathan - One Man’s
Quest for a Hunger-Free World" was written in 2002 by Gita
Gopalkrishnanhas, Education Development Center Inc., Sri Venkatesa
Printing House, Chennai, pp. 132 ISBN 8172762607 Full text:.
- To learn the most about M. S. Swaminathan, the book to read is:
"Scientist and Humanist: M.S. Swaminathan" by R.D.
Iyer,
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai, 2002. pp. 245 Excerpt with photos
- "The Man Who Harvests Sunshine – The Modern Gandhi: M. S.
Swaminathan." Andréi Erdélyi. Tertia Kiadó, H-1158, Budapest,
Kubelsberg Kunóu36, 2002, 167 pp.
- "Toward a Hunger-Free World: Life and Work of M. S.
Swaminathan." Anwar Dil (ed.). Intercultural Forum,
Dar-ul-Afia, 13756 Via Tres Vistas, San Diego, 2004.
pp. 640
- "Science and Agriculture: M. S. Swaminathan and the
Movement for Self- Reliance." S. Ramanujam et al. (eds). Venus
Printers and Publishers, B-62/8 Naraina Industrial Estate, Phase
II, New Delhi 110 028. 2002. pp402.
- The last 4 books are reviewed in Current Science vol. 89, NO.
2, 8/25/2005 by T. N. Anathakrishnan Review of last 4
books
- To understand the influences that have shaped Dr. Swaminathan,
Read these classics:
- Jawaharlal Nehru. "The Discovery of India" First
published in 1946 by Signet Press, Calcutta. Reprint, Oxford
University Press, 1985.
- Louis Fischer. "The Life of Mahatma Gandhi", First
published in 1951 by Jonathan Cape. Reprint, Granada Publishing,
1982.
- Paul Brunton, "A Search in Secret India", First
published in 1934. Reprint, B.I. Publications, Bombay, 1970.
Especially Chapter IX, “The Hill of the Holy Beacon.”
References
- ^
http://www.mssrf.org/about_us/about_chairman.htm
- ^
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0KZH/is_4_14/ai_30123599
- ^ a
b
http://www.worldfoodprize.org/laureates/Past/1987.htm
- ^
Arthur, Dr. J. Richard, Technical Cooperation Programme Assistance
for Responsible Movement of Live Aquatic Animals, FAO Field
Document No. 2, TCP/RAS /6714(A), Bangkok, July 1998 [1]
- ^
Bioversity
International
- ^
Ministry of Environment & Forests, Forest Survey
of India, Dehradun
- ^
FAO, Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture
- ^
International Genetics Federation, International
Congress of Genetics
- ^
UNDP, UNEP, The World Bank, World Resources Institute, "World
Resources 2005 - The Wealth of the Poor: Managing ecosystems to
fight poverty", 2005. [2]
- ^
Final Consensus Report of the Keystone International Dialogue
Series on Plant Genetic Resources: Madras Plenary Session, February
1990, Report # 27[3]
- ^
World Wide Fund for Nature/India
- ^
Indira Gandhi Conservation
Monitoring Centre
- ^
REPORT OF AN "AD HOC" INTER AGENCY CONSULTATION ON PROMOTING
CO-OPERATION ON THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF WILD PLANTS
OF IMPORTANCE FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE PARIS, FRANCE, 11-13
February 1998, p.7[4]
- ^
Commonwealth and Government of Guyana Establish International
Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development, November 9,
1995.[5]
- ^
"Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and
Development, "The Establishment of Iwokrama Forest" [6]
- ^
International Society for
Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME), about
- ^
Legistation on Forest,
Environment and Wildlife - Biodiversity
- ^
World Humanity Action
Trust
- ^
Gene Conserve, Biography: "Swaminathan's Fifty Years of
Contribution to the Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources and
their Sustainable and Equitable Use".[7]
- ^
UN Millennium Task Force on
Hunger, Final Report, 17 January 2005
- ^
World Food Prize, Prof.
Swaminathan, 1987 World Food Prize Laureate
- ^
Ganguly, Meenakshi, Spaeth, A. "M.S. Swaminathan - The father of
the Green Revolution", Time, The Most Influential Asians of the
Century, August 23-30, 1999 154(7/8) [8]
- ^
Swaminathan M. S. (October 19, 2006) "THE GREEN REVOLUTION
REDUX:..." Full text
- ^
Swaminathan M. S. (October 19, 2006) "THE GREEN REVOLUTION
REDUX:...", Powerpoint Presentation Powerpoint
Presentation
- ^
Swaminathan M. S. (October 19, 2006) "THE GREEN REVOLUTION
REDUX:...", Listen,(26.3 MB, 1:05:31)Audio of the First session, M. S. Swaminathin begins
at 44:35
- ^
World Food Prize Symposium (October 19, 2006), Norman E. Borlaug
International Symposium, Des Moines, Iowa, Retrieved 3/22/2007.[9]
- ^
Kohn, Alexander (1997) False Prophets: Fraud An Error In Science
And Medicine.
- ^
Hanlon, Joseph Top food scientist published false data. New
Scientist Vol. 64, No. 922, pp. 436-37
- ^
Robert S. Anderson 1983 Cultivating Science as Cultural Policy: A
Contrast of Agricultural and Nuclear Science in India. Pacific
Affairs, Vol. 56, No. 1 pp. 38-50
- ^
New Scientist. "Defence of Swaminathan" (letters). New Scientist,
1975 (30 January): 280-281.
- ^
New Scientist. "Swaminathan controversy" (letters). New Scientist,
1975 (February): 339.
- ^
New Scientist. "Swaminathan controversy" (letters). New Scientist,
1974 (26 December): 948.
- ^
Rajeswari Sarala Raina (1999) Professionalization and evaluation:
The case of Indian agricultural research. Knowledge, Technology,
and Policy. Volume 11, Number 4 pp. 69-96
- ^
Kalyane, V. L. and Kalyane, S. V. (1994) Scientometric portrait of
M. S. Swaminathan. Library Science 31(1):pp. 31-46.[10]
- ^
Swaminathan M.S.,"An Evergreen Revolution", Crop Sci
46:2293-2303 (2006), DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2006.9999, September 8,
2006Full text
- ^
Swaminathan M.S., (1999)"I Predict: A Century of Hope Towards
an Era of Harmony with Nature and Freedom from Hunger", East
West Books (Madras) Pvt. Ltd.[]
- ^
Swaminathan MS, ed., (1998) "Gender Dimensions in Biodiversity
Management", New Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd. [11]
- ^
M.S. Swaminathan (1997), "Implementing the Benefit Sharing
Provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Challenges
and opportunities", Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, No.112, pp
19-27.
- ^
Swaminathan MS, "Agrobiodiversity and Farmers' Rights",
1996. New Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd. [12]
- ^
Swaminathan, M.S.,(1996) "Sustainable Agriculture: Towards Food
Security", Konark, New Delhi.
- ^
M.S. Swaminathan (ed.) (1995), Farmers’ Rights and Plant Genetic
Resources: A dialogue. Madras: Macmillan India Ltd.[13]
- ^
Swaminathan MS (ed) (1993) Wheat Revolution: a Dialogue. Madras,
Macmillan India Ltd.
- ^
National Center for Biotechnology Information, Literature
databases, Swaminathan MS, search result[14]
- ^
U.S.D.A., National Agricultural Library, Agricola, search:
Swaminathan, M. S., result = 198 articles.[15]
- ^
Swaminathan, M.S., "Farmers' Rights and Plant Genetic Resources."
Biotechnology and Development Monitor, No. 36,(1998), p. 6-9.[16]
- ^
FAO,"Forward: Regional Workshop on the Conservation and
Sustainable Management of Coral Reefs",CRSARD, 3rd Cross Road,
Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai 600 113, India, 1997[]
- ^
Swaminathan MS (1968) The age of algeny, genetic destruction of
yield barriers and agricultural transformation. Presidential
Address, Agricultural Science Section, 55th Indian Science
Congress, January 1968. Proceedings Indian Science Congress,
Varanasi, India.[]
- ^
UNEP, Sasakawa Environment
Prize, previous Laureates, co-winners 94
- ^
Honda Foundation, About the
award
- ^
Albert Einstein World Award by
the World Cultural Council
- ^
List of Fellows of Bangladesh
Academy of Sciences
- ^
the Hindu, "Country should move to evergreen revolution.",
March 31, 2004. [17]
- ^
Suresh,N, BioSpectrum Awards 2003, The search for Biotech greats,
December 12, 2003.[18]
- ^
The Times of India
- ^
The WILD World Network: World Wilderness Trust - India 1999[19]
- ^
Bose Institute,
Kolkata
- ^
Indian Environmental
Society
- ^
Indian Botanical Society, MEDALS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY, Birbal
Sahni Medal. [20]
- ^
The Volvo Environment Prize Foundation, The 1990 Volvo Environment
Prize awarded to Dr. M. S. Swaminathan,[21]
- ^
Association for Women's Rights in Development
(AWID)
- ^
GM WATCH, "India's GM Godfather", Profile: M S Swaminathan, Norfolk
Genetic Information (NGIN) Network, 10/8/2004.[22]
- ^
Swaminathan as king of scientific fraudsM.S. Dalit Voice
- ^
UNESCO, UNITWIN, Chairs Programme, Directory, India, 104 AEN,
UNESCO-Cousteau Ecotechnie Chair/The Asian Ecotechnology Network,
1996, p.463.[23]
- ^
National Commission on Farmers, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of
India[24]
- ^
Mission 2007: Every Village a Knowledge Centre,
2005
- ^
MSSRF, Mission 2007: Every
Village a Knowledge Centre, 2005
- ^
Alberts, Bruce, President - National Academy of Sciences,
Washington D.C., "The M. S. Swaminathan I know", Current Science,
vol. 89, NO. 2, 8/25/2005,[25]
External
links