From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
MDMA
 |
 |
| Systematic (IUPAC) name |
| (RS)-1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine |
| Identifiers |
| CAS number |
69610-10-2 |
| ATC code |
none |
| PubChem |
1615 |
| ChemSpider |
1556 |
| Chemical data |
| Formula |
C11H15NO2 |
| Mol. mass |
193.25 g/mol |
| SMILES |
eMolecules & PubChem |
| Synonyms |
(±)-1,3-benzodioxolyl-N-methyl-2-propanamine;
(±)-3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methyl-α-methyl-2-phenethylamine;
DL-3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine;
methylenedioxymethamphetamine |
| Pharmacokinetic data |
| Metabolism |
Hepatic, CYP450 extensively involved, especially CYP2D6 |
| Half life |
6–10 (though duration of effects is typically actually 3–5 hours) |
| Excretion |
Renal |
| Therapeutic considerations |
| Pregnancy cat. |
C[1] |
| Legal status |
Prohibited (S9) (AU) Schedule III (CA) CD Lic (UK) Schedule I (US) |
| Routes |
Oral, sublingual, insufflation, inhalation (vaporization), injection,[2] rectal |
.^ Drug Metab Dispos 26:1202–1212 [ PubMed ] Lyles J, Cadet JL (2003) Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) neurotoxicity: cellular and molecular mechanisms.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Amphetamine; high quality methamphetamine; marijuana; methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA); marijuana grown in water (hydroponic) .
^ In Europe as of 1997, MDMA was number two on the list of most commonly used illicit drugs (United Nations, 1997).- MAPS: MDMA and Renal Function 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ MDMA is considered unusual for its tendency to induce a sense of intimacy with others and diminished feelings of fear and anxiety.
^ National Public Radio (NPR)'s "All Things Considered" aired an interview of John Halpern, who spoke about the MDMA/cancer anxiety study.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Some studies indicate that repeated recreational users of MDMA have increased rates of depression and anxiety, even after quitting the drug.
Some have suggested it might have
therapeutic benefits in certain individuals.
.^ Using MDMA in psychotherapy.- MAPS: MDMA and Renal Function 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Before it was made a controlled substance, MDMA was used as an augmentation to psychotherapy , often couples therapy , and to help treat clinical depression as well as anxiety disorders , the results of which are poorly documented.
^ Many factors, including total lifetime MDMA consumption, the duration of abstinence between uses, the environment of use, poly-drug use/abuse, quality of mental health , various lifestyle choices, and predispositions to develop clinical depression and other disorders may contribute to various possible health consequences.
.^ Explored in a controlled setting, MDMA can be therapeutic for victims of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD ).- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Most recently, the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) has planned a conference in Israel for late August 1999, in order to facilitate possible MDMA research in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.- MAPS: MDMA and Renal Function 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Despite the risks of illicit MDMA use, some clinicians believe the drug may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and clinical studies with MDMA are underway (Doblin 2002 ).- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
[3][4]
.^ MDMA is legally controlled in most of the world under the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances and other international agreements, although exceptions exist for research.
^ MDMA is criminalized in most countries in the world under a United Nations (U.N.) agreement, 3 and its possession , manufacture , or sale may result in criminal prosecution , although some limited exceptions exist for scientific and medical research .
^ New world trade agreements and the easing of formerly restrictive national and international borders have resulted in dramatic increases in cargo transshipping and personal travel, thereby complicating drug inspection and interdiction efforts at POE's.- Detection and Analysis of Drugs, A Forensic Literature Review 1992-2001 - [www.rhodium.ws] 15 September 2009 3:42 UTC www.designer-drug.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ MDMA was subsequently patented in 1914 (Merck, 1914), but with the outbreak of World War I received little investigational attention into the drugs potential applications (Shulgin and Shulgin, 1991).- MAPS: MDMA and Renal Function 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In any case, MDMA users themselves may find the magic of the initial drug-induced epiphany tends to fade with frequent use.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "I love the world and the world loves me", affirmed one beneficiary of MDMA-assisted therapy.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It is commonly associated with the rave or electronica subculture and related genres of music .
^ Mozart sounds great on Ecstasy, but high-energy all-night dance parties celebrated with techno-pop house music are more standard.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ecstasy-fueled "rave" parties become dances of death for English youths.- MAPS: MDMA and Renal Function 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
[6]
.^ Mapping toxicant-induced nervous system damage with a cupric silver stain: a quantitative analysis of neural degeneration induced by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Whereas the first effect of MDMA appears to produce a REVERSIBLE depletion of 5-HT, the second is due to a NEUROTOXIC effect of the drug on serotonergic neurons or nerve terminals."- behigh.org - XTC FAQ 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.behigh.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The protocol will submitted to FDA shortly after NIDA’s scientific meeting on MDMA, held at the National Institutes of Health campus in Bethesda, MD, on July 19-20.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Regulatory authorities in several locations around the world have approved scientific studies administering MDMA to humans to examine either its therapeutic potential, or, more commonly, simply its basic effects .
^ In 1953 and 1954 , the United States Army commissioned a study of toxicity and behavioral effects in animals of injected mescaline and several analogues, including MDMA. These originally classified investigations were declassified and published in 1973 .
^ Alexander Shulgin, a Berkeley biochemist, is believed to have introduced the drug to the psychotherapeutic scene after self-administering the drug and testifying to MDMAs rehabilitative potential (Shulgin and Shulgin, 1991; Shulgin and Nichols, 1978).- MAPS: MDMA and Renal Function 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
[7]
.^ We found that low doses of MDMA (between 50 and 75 mg) were both psychologically and physiologically safe for all the subjects.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Most recently, the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) has planned a conference in Israel for late August 1999, in order to facilitate possible MDMA research in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.- MAPS: MDMA and Renal Function 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Against formidable odds, the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies ( MAPS ) has been seeking funding and FDA-approval for controlled trials of MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD. If these trials are successful, then MAPS hopes that MDMA could eventually become a prescription-medicine.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Future studies in larger samples and using larger doses are needed in order to further clarify the safety and efficacy of MDMA in the clinical setting in subjects with PTSD.”
[8]
Terminology
.^ MDMA was first introduced clinically under the names " Adam " and " Empathy " when it was used in psychotherapy in the late 1970s and early to mid 1980s .
^ Using MDMA in psychotherapy.- MAPS: MDMA and Renal Function 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ By the early 1980s, over a thousand private psychotherapists in the USA were using MDMA in their clinical practice.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[9] Later on, upon making it into the recreational drug use scene, it came to be widely known as "
Ecstasy", often abbreviated as "
E", "
X", or "
XTC".
[9] MDMA in its
pure,
powder,
crystalline, or
capsule form, is commonly referred to as "
Molly"
[10] and/or "
Mandy/Mindy".
History
.^ MDMA [3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine: ' Ecstasy '] was first 1 synthesized in 1912 by the German pharmaceutical company Merck .- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ MDMA has often been erroneously reported in the literature to have been synthesized in 1912 as an appetite suppressant by Merck Laboratories, Germany.- MAPS: MDMA and Renal Function 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ MDMA was synthesized in 1912 and patented in Germany by Merck in 1914 but was not the subject of human research at that time.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ At the time, Merck was interested in developing substances that stopped abnormal bleeding .
^ MDMA was an intermediate compound in the synthesis of methylhydrastinine, and Merck was not interested in its properties at the time.
Merck wanted to evade an existing
patent, held by
Bayer, for one such
compound:
hydrastinine.
.^ At the behest of his superiors Walther Beckh and Otto Wolfes , Köllisch developed a preparation of a hydrastinine analogue , methylhydrastinine .
.^ MDMA is listed on Merck's patent-application merely as a chemical intermediate "for products of potential pharmaceutical value".- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Study findings also suggest that monkeys, like humans, may slowly lose interest in taking MDMA over time, and that this change of heart is not a sign of brain toxicity.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ MDMA was synthesized in 1912 and patented in Germany by Merck in 1914 but was not the subject of human research at that time.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
[11] .^ On December 24 , 1912 Merck filed two patent applications that described the synthesis of MDMA 8 and its subsequent conversion to methylhydrastinine.
^ MDMA was subsequently patented in 1914 (Merck, 1914), but with the outbreak of World War I received little investigational attention into the drugs potential applications (Shulgin and Shulgin, 1991).- MAPS: MDMA and Renal Function 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ MDMA [3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine: ' Ecstasy '] was first 1 synthesized in 1912 by the German pharmaceutical company Merck .- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[13]
Over the following 65 years, MDMA was largely forgotten.
.^ Merck records indicate that its researchers returned to the compound sporadically.
.^ In 1927 , Max Oberlin studied the pharmacology of MDMA and observed that its effects on blood sugar and smooth muscles were similar to ephedrine 's, but that, in contrast, MDMA did not appear to produce pupil dilation .
^ An overwhelming similarity observed in most cases of MDMA-induced renal failure is the onset of hyperthermia.- MAPS: MDMA and Renal Function 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ As observed in the single dose MDMA study, rats exposed to multiple MDMA doses displayed blunted ACTH responses and augmented prolactin responses to fenfluramine.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Researchers at Merck conducted experiments with MDMA in 1952 and 1959 .
^ This study will be conducted with a level of formality and oversight that MAPS is implementing for the first time but that will become standard on all our MDMA research projects.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ We’re encouraged that a large national audience will learn of our efforts to conduct MDMA psychotherapy research.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
[11] .^ In 1953 and 1954 , the United States Army commissioned a study of toxicity and behavioral effects in animals of injected mescaline and several analogues, including MDMA. These originally classified investigations were declassified and published in 1973 .
^ Goldberg G. United States legislative controls and their effect on the revival of amphetamine.- Detection and Analysis of Drugs, A Forensic Literature Review 1992-2001 - [www.rhodium.ws] 15 September 2009 3:42 UTC www.designer-drug.com [Source type: Academic]
^ While MDMA has been considered a predominately serotonergic agent, certain adverse effects including cardiovascular stimulation and hyperthermia likely involve NE and DA mechanisms, respectively.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
[14] .^ The first scientific paper on MDMA appeared in 1958 in Yakugaku Zasshi , the Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan .
^ MDMA [3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine: ' Ecstasy '] was first 1 synthesized in 1912 by the German pharmaceutical company Merck .- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ We will submit the paper to a scientific journal after we respond to the critiques from colleagues and experts.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ PiHKAL describes the synthesis and systematic testing on human subjects of a range of novel or neglected phenethylamine research drugs.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ricaurte explains how he determined he administered methamphetamine instead of MDMA to primates and describes research with genuine MDMA that didn’t cause dopamine reductions.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
[15].^ Whereas the first effect of MDMA appears to produce a REVERSIBLE depletion of 5-HT, the second is due to a NEUROTOXIC effect of the drug on serotonergic neurons or nerve terminals."- behigh.org - XTC FAQ 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.behigh.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In the 1970s methamphetamine became a Schedule II drug - a drug with little medical use and a high potential for abuse.
^ Tracking ecstasy trends in the United States with data from three national drug surveillance systems.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
[16] .^ Alexander Shulgin, a Berkeley biochemist, is believed to have introduced the drug to the psychotherapeutic scene after self-administering the drug and testifying to MDMAs rehabilitative potential (Shulgin and Shulgin, 1991; Shulgin and Nichols, 1978).- MAPS: MDMA and Renal Function 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ MDMA was subsequently patented in 1914 (Merck, 1914), but with the outbreak of World War I received little investigational attention into the drugs potential applications (Shulgin and Shulgin, 1991).- MAPS: MDMA and Renal Function 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Whereas the first effect of MDMA appears to produce a REVERSIBLE depletion of 5-HT, the second is due to a NEUROTOXIC effect of the drug on serotonergic neurons or nerve terminals."- behigh.org - XTC FAQ 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.behigh.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ In truth, MDMA was an unplanned side reaction that occurred while Merck was trying to synthesize Hydrastinin, a vasoconstrictor (Gamma, 1998).- MAPS: MDMA and Renal Function 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Dr Shulgin himself reportedly felt MDMA came closest to fulfilling his ambition of finding the perfect psychotherapeutic drug.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ironically, Dr Shulgin had himself synthesized MDMA in 1965, but hadn't tried it, an error of omission he later did much to repair .- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[17] .^ Whereas the first effect of MDMA appears to produce a REVERSIBLE depletion of 5-HT, the second is due to a NEUROTOXIC effect of the drug on serotonergic neurons or nerve terminals."- behigh.org - XTC FAQ 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.behigh.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Previously published and new data from our laboratory at the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) will be included to supplement literature reports.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ But beyond the narrow physical effects of MDMA on the brain, it's hard enough for articulate humans who take insight-and-empathy drugs to verbalise their processes of introspection.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
They described "altered state of consciousness with emotional and sensual overtones" that can be compared "to marijuana, to psilocybin devoid of the hallucinatory component".
[18]
.^ MDMA has even been described as a drug that "could be all things to all people" (Dr Shulgin).- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Other psychoactive drugs are used mainly for "unrecognised" and non-medical purposes.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In any case, MDMA users themselves may find the magic of the initial drug-induced epiphany tends to fade with frequent use.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It was forgotten until the middle 1970s when it was rediscovered by the psychedelic therapy community and began to be used as an adjunct to psychotherapy by psychiatrists and therapists who were familiar with the field of psychedelic psychotherapy.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ By the early 1980s, over a thousand private psychotherapists in the USA were using MDMA in their clinical practice.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Zeff was so impressed with the
action of MDMA that he came out of his semi-retirement to
proselytize for it.
.^ This session will also be used as a training session for Drs.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Despite the risks of illicit MDMA use, some clinicians believe the drug may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and clinical studies with MDMA are underway (Doblin 2002 ).- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The protocol will submitted to FDA shortly after NIDA’s scientific meeting on MDMA, held at the National Institutes of Health campus in Bethesda, MD, on July 19-20.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
[citation needed]
.^ In Europe as of 1997, MDMA was number two on the list of most commonly used illicit drugs (United Nations, 1997).- MAPS: MDMA and Renal Function 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ MDA , MDEA , MDMA and assorted psychedelic amphetamines had been outlawed in the UK since 1977.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Whereas the first effect of MDMA appears to produce a REVERSIBLE depletion of 5-HT, the second is due to a NEUROTOXIC effect of the drug on serotonergic neurons or nerve terminals."- behigh.org - XTC FAQ 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.behigh.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ In the early 1980s, American production of MDMA beyond the research laboratory was effectively controlled by chemists known as the "Boston Group".- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ By the early 1980s, over a thousand private psychotherapists in the USA were using MDMA in their clinical practice.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[21] .^ Possibly it's because by this time there's far less serotonin around for the reuptake pump to use.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The drug was first proposed for
scheduling by the
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in July
1984[22] and was classified as a
Schedule I controlled substance in the U.S. on May 31, 1985.
[23]
.^ Now it's up to us to prove what we have been saying for decades, that MDMA and other psychedelics have remarkable healing potentials.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Confessions of a middle-aged Ecstasy eater (son introduces father) A series of letters on MDMA and cancer (daughter introduces father) A Family’s Perspective on the Use of MDMA (parents introduce daughter) .- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Mozart sounds great on Ecstasy, but high-energy all-night dance parties celebrated with techno-pop house music are more standard.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It may be testimony to the comparative safety of MDMA that millions of young people use MDMA in the absence of a manual or any training, education and supervision at all.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Most commonly today, teenagers and young adults take Ecstasy to rave .- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Such receptor stimulation can trigger marked hyperactivity, especially in young MDMA users who rave.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Despite the risks of illicit MDMA use, some clinicians believe the drug may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and clinical studies with MDMA are underway (Doblin 2002 ).- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ In any case, MDMA users themselves may find the magic of the initial drug-induced epiphany tends to fade with frequent use.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Bermejo-Barrera P, Moreda-Piñeiro A, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Bermejo-Barrera A. Determination of lead in illicit drugs by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using palladium as chemical modifier.- Detection and Analysis of Drugs, A Forensic Literature Review 1992-2001 - [www.rhodium.ws] 15 September 2009 3:42 UTC www.designer-drug.com [Source type: Academic]
[citation needed] According to some estimates as of 2004, only
marijuana attracts more first time users in the U.S.
[24]
.^ Despite the risks of illicit MDMA use, some clinicians believe the drug may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and clinical studies with MDMA are underway (Doblin 2002 ).- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Other psychoactive drugs are used mainly for "unrecognised" and non-medical purposes.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ An article in the New Zealand Herald about posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans mentions the use of MDMA for PTSD but makes some incorrect claims.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Our Institutional Review Board (IRB) has approved our protocol designed as a Phase 1 study of the psychological effects of MDMA in healthy volunteers.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ On the one hand, it is designed as a Phase 1 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the psychological effects of MDMA on healthy volunteers.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ MAPS' Harvard study is considered restrained and Charles Grob is chastised for speaking of potential spiritual benefits!- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ The existing database of MDMA pharmacokinetic studies represents a curious situation where clinical findings are well-documented, while preclinical data are lacking.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ It is a state of bliss, a participation mystique, a connectedness with both the interior and exterior universes, which has come about after the ingestion of a psychedelic drug, but which is not necessarily repeatable with a subsequent ingestion of the same drug.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Three protocols for double-blind controlled trials were from researchers at, respectively, Harvard Medical School, UC San Francisco Medical School, and U. of New Mexico Medical School, and were all rejected.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
[25]
.^ Doctors report that one Englishman consumed an estimated 40,000 tablets of MDMA over a nine year period.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Of course, no data exist on MDMA users who have been using it for 50 years.- behigh.org - XTC FAQ 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.behigh.org [Source type: Academic]
^ While there is nothing in the medical literature on the topic, this report draws on information about MDMA, heptatitis C, and drugs used to treat it.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ MDMA displays nonlinear kinetics in humans such that administration of increasing doses, or multiple doses, leads to unexpectedly high plasma levels of the drug.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ So unlike tryptophan-loading and/or 5-HTP-loading to increase neural levels of serotonin production, this "dopaminergic" precursor strategy typically doesn't work.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Interestingly, the use of interventions to increase the biosynthesis of serotonin prior to MDMA use tends to trigger an increased synaptic release of dopamine, thereby enhancing the user's euphoria.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[26]
Therapeutic use
.^ Schmued ( 2003 ) used a novel histological stain, Fluoro-Jade B, to examine neuronal damage produced by MDMA administration in rats.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The findings summarized in Table 3 suggest that there is no scientific justification for using interspecies scaling to “adjust” MDMA doses between rats and humans.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ This should be tempered by the observation that there > have been no observable long-term behavioral effects in people who have > taken MDMA, but it is unfashionable to decapitate humans and examine their > brains' serotonergic neurons directly.- behigh.org - XTC FAQ 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.behigh.org [Source type: Academic]
[27][28][29] .^ George Greer, a psychiatrist in private practice in Santa Fe, N.M., ...concluded that 'the single best use of MDMA is to facilitate more direct communication between people involved in a significant emotional relationship....'- behigh.org - XTC FAQ 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.behigh.org [Source type: Academic]
^ An article in the New Zealand Herald about posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans mentions the use of MDMA for PTSD but makes some incorrect claims.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ If and when it becomes approved in some form, this protocol will be the first FDA-approved study of the therapeutic use of MDMA since MDMA was placed in Schedule 1 in 1985.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Of course, no data exist on MDMA users who have been using it for 50 years.- behigh.org - XTC FAQ 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC www.behigh.org [Source type: Academic]
^ If and when it becomes approved in some form, this protocol will be the first FDA-approved study of the therapeutic use of MDMA since MDMA was placed in Schedule 1 in 1985.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In Newsweek , J Adler ["High on 'Ecstasy", April 15 1985] likened his MDMA experience to "a year of therapy in two hours".- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ I especially want to communicate that fact to you because you are playing a significant role in making it possible.” November 11, 2008.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The journal Movement Disorders has recently published two letters in response to a report of parkinsonism in a former ecstasy user , and include a reply from the authors of the case report.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Ironically, at a time when the loss of personal liberty entailed by prohibitionist drug laws is justified by the societal costs of illicit drug-taking, "psychiatric" drugs are clinically prescribed by physicians regardless of the likely effect of a medication on the personal relationships of the patient.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Two applications submitted by individual physicians were for single case studies, one for a terminal cancer patient who had been successfully treated for pain with MDMA-assisted psychotherapy prior to the criminalization of MDMA and the other for a unipolar depression patient for whom all available treatments had been attempted without success.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The project offers MDMA-assisted psychotherapy and non-drug psychotherapy for advanced-stage cancer patients who are experiencing anxiety and other end-of-life issues not adequately treated by traditional means.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The UCLA newspaper the Daily Bruin featured a report on Charles Grob's research on psilocybin in people with cancer experiencing anxiety relating to their illness.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
[31] .^ These parameters will be measured before and after the MDMA-assisted psychotherapy to allow researchers to evaluate changes in various areas of the brain and body.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ This study is designed to identify process variables that may help explain how MDMA can be a useful adjunct to psychotherapy.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ For an excellent history of the early use of MDMA, see Pursuit of Ecstasy by Beck and Rosenbaum.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Third, the behavioral tests utilized in rat studies might not be sensitive enough to detect subtle changes in learning and memory processes.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
[citation needed]
.^ Despite the risks of illicit MDMA use, some clinicians believe the drug may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and clinical studies with MDMA are underway (Doblin 2002 ).- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Against formidable odds, the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies ( MAPS ) has been seeking funding and FDA-approval for controlled trials of MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD. If these trials are successful, then MAPS hopes that MDMA could eventually become a prescription-medicine.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ (WIRB) has made the decision not to provide institutional review board services for the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS).- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Explored in a controlled setting, MDMA can be therapeutic for victims of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD ).- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The MAPS-sponsored study in Israel evaluating MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for subjects with war-and terrorism-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has full government approval and is now in the subject recruitment stage.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Despite the risks of illicit MDMA use, some clinicians believe the drug may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and clinical studies with MDMA are underway (Doblin 2002 ).- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Israeli MDMA/PTSD pilot study protocol .- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Swiss MDMA/PTSD pilot study protocol .- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Wired published a piece charting the progress of research into the therapeutic uses of psychedelic drugs, including the ongoing studies of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in people with PTSD, psilocybin in people with OCD, and psilocybin in cancer patient with anxiety, as well as planned studies into MDMA-assisted therapy in people with anxiety associated with advanced stage cancer, and psilocybin and LSD in people with cluster headaches September 14, 2004.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
[32][33] .^ Preliminary data analysis suggests that the research will have statistically significant results in reduction of PTSD symptoms in the subject population.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Such a problem doesn't always bedevil today's lame " antidepressants ", the results of whose trials often struggle to reach statistical significance.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[34] .^ In defiance of scepticism from medical orthodoxy, Dr Holland also provides supporting evidence to back up anecdotal reports that MDMA can induce temporary remission of symptoms in victims of otherwise intractable schizophrenia .- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Safe, long-acting MDMA analogues may prove therapeutic in the treatment of social phobia , eating disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD ).- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Indeed supersensitive 5-HT1B autoreceptors are implicated in depression and obsessive compulsive disorder.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Guardian published another report specifically noting the recent expansion of the MDMA/PTSD study to now accept people with combat-related PTSD .- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Austrailia's United Press runs "Dealers lacing ecstasy with other drugs," reporting on the widespread adulteration of ecstasy tablets throughout the country.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Domestic monitor program: A partial report on retail level heroin purchases from calendar year 1992, including source areas, cost, purity, and composition.- Detection and Analysis of Drugs, A Forensic Literature Review 1992-2001 - [www.rhodium.ws] 15 September 2009 3:42 UTC www.designer-drug.com [Source type: Academic]
[35] .^ Monograph: World Drug Report - 2000.- Detection and Analysis of Drugs, A Forensic Literature Review 1992-2001 - [www.rhodium.ws] 15 September 2009 3:42 UTC www.designer-drug.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Austrailia's United Press runs "Dealers lacing ecstasy with other drugs," reporting on the widespread adulteration of ecstasy tablets throughout the country.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Over 20 million such tablets and capsules have reportedly been sold in New Zealand, currently the world leader in BZP consumption and export.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[36] MDMA is expensive in
Australia, costing
AU$40–AU$70 per tablet, but in the asian comunity it is AU$20-30 depending on the size.
.^ MAPS' MDMA/PTSD research now has preliminary data to share with PTSD researchers around the world.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Reputedly there is less serotonergic toxicity than MDMA; but there can still be a very noticeable comedown.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Grob subsequently decided to focus on the use of psilocybin, instead of MDMA, in cancer patients, on the accurate theory that psilocybin research would be less controversial than MDMA research.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
The majority of tablets contain 70–85 mg of MDMA. Most ecstasy enters Australia from different markets, the Netherlands, the UK, Asia and the U.S.
[37]
Polysubstance use
Main article:
Poly drug use.^ MDMA displays nonlinear kinetics in humans such that administration of increasing doses, or multiple doses, leads to unexpectedly high plasma levels of the drug.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ MDMA was commonly known as "Adam", an allusion to "being returned to the natural state of innocence before guilt, shame and unworthiness arose".- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Intriguingly, the euphoria experienced by MDMA users doesn't take the form of uncontrolled manic excitement, even where the drug induces "behavioural activation".- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Among heavy "recreational" MDMA users, self-medicating or otherwise, the incidence of depression seems to be more common than healed minds or any enduring therapeutic benefit.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In common with amphetamine, MDMA inhibits the neuronal reuptake of dopamine, albeit more weakly than MDA .- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Again, MDMA use increases sensitisation to the rewarding effects of euphoriant dopaminergics such as cocaine ; and once more, this is not inherently a sign of "brain damage".- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ MDMA users for up to 1 year after cessation of drug use.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ For many but not all users, a magical drug becomes just a feel-good drug.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In any case, MDMA users themselves may find the magic of the initial drug-induced epiphany tends to fade with frequent use.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Examples include menthol
cigarettes,
Vicks[39] and
lozenges. This sometimes has
deleterious results on the upper respiratory tract.
[40]
Chemistry
.^ Typically, safrole or isosafrole are first converted to MDP2P. The essential oil safrole occurs naturally as the primary constituent of oil of sassafras.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These primary precursor chemicals of MDMA are produced in India, China, Poland, Germany, and increasingly elsewhere.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Quite aside from their different molecular mechanisms of action, however, there are striking differences in subjective effect between MDMA and "serotonergic" centrally active psychiatric medicines.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[41][42][43][44] .^ Skinner HF. Methamphetamine synthesis via reductive alkylation hydrogenolysis of phenyl-2-propanone with N-benzylmethylamine.- Detection and Analysis of Drugs, A Forensic Literature Review 1992-2001 - [www.rhodium.ws] 15 September 2009 3:42 UTC www.designer-drug.com [Source type: Academic]
This intermediate can be produced in at least two different ways.
.^ Clandestine production is easiest starting with MDP2P. MDP2P (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone) is a commercial product used by the flavouring and fragrance industry.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Groups with access to MDP2P can make MDMA via a simple conversion process.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Typically, safrole or isosafrole are first converted to MDP2P. The essential oil safrole occurs naturally as the primary constituent of oil of sassafras.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
This can be done with a
palladium catalyst.
.^ MDMA is listed on Merck's patent-application merely as a chemical intermediate "for products of potential pharmaceutical value".- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Thus, 5,7-DHT produces reductions in 5-HT cell firing that are attributable to cell death, but MDMA does not.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
Another method of synthesis of MDMA is addition of HBr to safrole and reaction of the adduct with methylamine.
.^ Requirement to Belong to the Group “Ecstasy Realty”: Because of the large number of sims owned by Ecstasy Realty and the difficulty of personally notifying each and every tenant, it is now mandatory for all tenants to belong to the group “Ecstasy Realty”.- Ecstasy Realty in Second Life 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC ecstasyrealty.com [Source type: General]
.^ Typically, safrole or isosafrole are first converted to MDP2P. The essential oil safrole occurs naturally as the primary constituent of oil of sassafras.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Doctors report that one Englishman consumed an estimated 40,000 tablets of MDMA over a nine year period.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Thirty years ago in the US (and 20 years ago in Switzerland), when MDMA was not a prohibited substance, therapists were free to use MDMA as a tool in therapy.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ We found that low doses of MDMA (between 50 and 75 mg) were both psychologically and physiologically safe for all the subjects.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
[45]
Pharmacology
.^ MDMA caused marked decreases in [ 3 H]-paroxetine-labeled SERT binding but had no effect on any measures of reactive gliosis.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ While MDMA has been considered a predominately serotonergic agent, certain adverse effects including cardiovascular stimulation and hyperthermia likely involve NE and DA mechanisms, respectively.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Many drugs used clinically produce effects that are similar to those produced by MDMA. For instance, reserpine causes sustained depletions of brain tissue 5-HT, yet reserpine is not considered a neurotoxin (Carlsson 1976 ).- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Taking MDMA causes both an increased neuronal reuptake inhibition of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and also, critically, its increased synaptic release .- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These differ in their substrate affinities and inhibitor sensitivities: the MAO-A isoenzyme has a greater affinity than the MAO-B isoenzyme for serotonin, but mainly MAO-B is present in the serotonergic axonal terminals, where it breaks down "foreign" neurotransmitters.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ HT1B hetero receptors are located on the terminals of non serotonergic neurons.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ MDMA induces the release of noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and inhibits its reuptake.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Dual-action dopamine- and serotonin-releasers like MDMA are the latter, though they aren't always harmless.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, MDMA is small enough to be taken up by the serotonin reuptake transporter into the serotonergic cell.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[46] .^ The number of serotonin transporter sites, structural protein elements on the presynaptic outer axonal membrane that recycle the released neurotransmitter, may be reduced too.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After the directionality of the reuptake pump is reversed by MDMA, serotonin released into the synapse can't be recycled back into the cell; and so it diffuses away.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Synapse 28:313–321 [ PubMed ] Rothman RB, Baumann MH (2002) Therapeutic and adverse actions of serotonin transporter substrates.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Unfortunately, pre-treatment with high doses of dopamine reuptake inhibitors blunts MDMA-induced release of dopamine, though not to the same degree as SSRIs blunt MDMA-induced release of serotonin.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As well as inducing a synaptic flood of serotonin, taking MDMA indirectly induces the release of extra dopamine in the mesolimbic reward centres.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, MDMA is small enough to be taken up by the serotonin reuptake transporter into the serotonergic cell.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Unfortunately, pre-treatment with high doses of dopamine reuptake inhibitors blunts MDMA-induced release of dopamine, though not to the same degree as SSRIs blunt MDMA-induced release of serotonin.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ MDMA induces the release of noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and inhibits its reuptake.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ MDMA (Ecstasy) and human dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters: implications for MDMA-induced neurotoxicity and treatment.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Quite aside from their different molecular mechanisms of action, however, there are striking differences in subjective effect between MDMA and "serotonergic" centrally active psychiatric medicines.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While MDMA has been considered a predominately serotonergic agent, certain adverse effects including cardiovascular stimulation and hyperthermia likely involve NE and DA mechanisms, respectively.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ MDMA triggers the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine via a histaminergic H1 mechanism.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[48] .^ To thicken the plot further, MDMA triggers the release of hypothalamic arginine-vasopressin and oxytocin (the "cuddle hormone").- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Oxytocin is a nine amino-acid peptide hormone and neurotransmitter that promotes pair-bonding , trust and social recognition.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Release of oxytocin, the " cuddle hormone ", surges too via stimulation of the serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptors.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[49] .^ Release of oxytocin, the " cuddle hormone ", surges too via stimulation of the serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptors.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As well as inducing a synaptic flood of serotonin, taking MDMA indirectly induces the release of extra dopamine in the mesolimbic reward centres.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At doses of MDMA and 5,7-DHT which caused comparable 5-HT depletions, only 5,7-DHT increased GFAP. In a more recent study, Pubill et al.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
A
placebo-controlled study in 15 human volunteers found that 100 mg MDMA increased blood levels of oxytocin and the amount of oxytocin increase was
correlated with the subjective prosocial effects of MDMA.
[50]
Pharmacokinetics
.^ With oral MDMA dosing, peak concentration in the plasma follows after around two hours.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When the high-affinity enzymes are saturated, a disproportionately large increase in blood- and brain MDMA-concentrations may occur if the user then takes more of the drug.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ With oral MDMA dosing, peak concentration in the plasma follows after around two hours.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Acute effects of (±)-MDMA on core body temperature in rats.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ In response to these massive doses of MDMA, levels of GFAP were significantly elevated in various brain regions but these increases did not correlate with the degree of 5-HT depletions.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Quite aside from their different molecular mechanisms of action, however, there are striking differences in subjective effect between MDMA and "serotonergic" centrally active psychiatric medicines.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ MDMA is metabolised via N-demethylation to the active metabolite MDA; MDA can itself induce a state of sensual euphoria, though in humans the conversion rate from MDMA in the body is low.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mizrachi N, Burla R, Sonenfeld D, Goren Z. The separation and identification of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine derivatives (MDA, MDMA, MDEA and MBDB) in tablets.- Detection and Analysis of Drugs, A Forensic Literature Review 1992-2001 - [www.rhodium.ws] 15 September 2009 3:42 UTC www.designer-drug.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Pakulniewicz KJ. The use of derivatives to identify N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine by GC-FTIR. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences 1995, 1, 22.- Detection and Analysis of Drugs, A Forensic Literature Review 1992-2001 - [www.rhodium.ws] 15 September 2009 3:42 UTC www.designer-drug.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Quite aside from their different molecular mechanisms of action, however, there are striking differences in subjective effect between MDMA and "serotonergic" centrally active psychiatric medicines.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ MDMA is metabolised via N-demethylation to the active metabolite MDA; MDA can itself induce a state of sensual euphoria, though in humans the conversion rate from MDMA in the body is low.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Now, the researchers working to make MDMA an FDA/EMEA approved prescription medicine must follow guidelines laid out by these agencies.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ During the binge dosing procedure, body temperatures were measured by insertion of a thermometer probe into the rectum, and 5-HT-mediated behaviors were scored every hour.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The metabolism of MDMA and MDA generates a number of metabolites, some of which may be active [e.g., Escobedo et al.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Like other substrate-type releasers, MDMA and MDA bind to plasma membrane monoamine transporters and are translocated into the cytoplasm.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
[51]
.^ O -demethylenation catalyzed by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and (2) O -methylation catalyzed by catechol- O -methyltransferase (COMT) [reviewed by de la Torre et al.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ CYP2D6 Cytochrome P450 2D6, CYP3A4 cytochrome P450 3A4, COMT catechol- O -methyltransferase.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ A naturally-occurring fatty acid derivative, GHB is a metabolite of normal human metabolism.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ MDMA has a complex nonlinear pharmacokinetics.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The CYP2D6 enzyme is soon saturated even in efficient metabolisers.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The release of serotonin following an MDMA-induced reversal of the reuptake pump results in a stimulation of the 5-HT1B receptors and, at higher doses, increasingly of the 5-HT2A receptors as well.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In any case, MDMA users themselves may find the magic of the initial drug-induced epiphany tends to fade with frequent use.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ MDMA displays nonlinear kinetics in humans such that administration of increasing doses, or multiple doses, leads to unexpectedly high plasma levels of the drug.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ First-time MDMA users occasionally feel confused or anxious before the dose-dependent dopamine-release kicks in.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Quite aside from their different molecular mechanisms of action, however, there are striking differences in subjective effect between MDMA and "serotonergic" centrally active psychiatric medicines.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Study findings suggest that when monkeys take doses of MDMA similar to those used by Ecstasy-using humans, there are no signs of harm to serotonin or dopamine cells.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Lazy and reluctant eaters who regularly take Ecstasy are at greater risk of vitamin and mineral deficiencies, and more vulnerable to MDMA-induced serotonergic damage, than matched controls.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[53] .^ Ideology aside, humans can benefit from genetically enhanced neuroprotection no less than intoxicated rodents.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ CYP2D6 and COMT are both polymorphic in humans, and differential expression of CYP2D6 isoforms leads to interindividual variations in the metabolism of serotonergic medications (e.g., SSRIs) (Charlier et al.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Reputedly there is less serotonergic toxicity than MDMA; but there can still be a very noticeable comedown.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Data from the safety study revealed no unusual risks and indicated that MDMA could be safely administered within a clinical research context.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Psychological Effects/Therapist-Training MDMA Protocol Cleared by FDA The FDA permitted us to proceed with our clinical investigation, " A Phase I Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Crossover Study to Assess Psychological Effects of MDMA when Administered to Healthy Volunteers ," also referred to as our MDMA/PTSD therapist training protocol.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Explored in a controlled setting, MDMA can be therapeutic for victims of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD ).- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In response to these massive doses of MDMA, levels of GFAP were significantly elevated in various brain regions but these increases did not correlate with the degree of 5-HT depletions.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Inducible enzyme isoforms increase both in amount and activity in response to drugs.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It's known that stimulation of the dopamine D2-like receptor causes an increase in phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis by activating enzyme phospholipase C. Enhanced phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis is implicated in euphoric mania .- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In any case, MDMA users themselves may find the magic of the initial drug-induced epiphany tends to fade with frequent use.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The CYP2D6 enzyme is soon saturated even in efficient metabolisers.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Selegiline also protects against MDMA-induced inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase .- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Selegiline also protects against MDMA-induced inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase .- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ MDMA-induced depletion of cortical 5-HT up to 70% did not alter spatial navigation, skilled forelimb use, or foraging behavior in rats.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ However, the threshold dose for any lasting MDMA-induced toxicity is unknown; and the identity and precise mechanism of the chemical(s) causing the oxidative stress is unclear.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ If systemic metabolism of MDMA is indeed necessary for neurotoxicity, the nature of any such possible toxic metabolite (s) is unknown: thioether conjugates of alpha-methyl dopamine have been mooted; and in 2009 neurotoxic thioether adducts of MDMA were detected in humans.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[54]
The (
R)-
enantiomer (top) and the (
S)-enantiomer of MDMA
MDMA is a
chiral compound and has been almost exclusively administered as a
racemate.
.^ MDMA-induced love is no more everlasting than its older and fitness-enhancing counterpart.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In men, orgasm is more intense than normal but delayed: MDMA retains a residual sympathomimetic activity, triggering a detumescence of the male organ.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ MBDB's chemical cousin beta-keto-MBDB (bk-MBDB, " Butylone ") is a more enjoyable and stimulating empathogen than MBDB. As of 2009, its human use is still extremely limited.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ With oral MDMA dosing, peak concentration in the plasma follows after around two hours.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At doses of MDMA and 5,7-DHT which caused comparable 5-HT depletions, only 5,7-DHT increased GFAP. In a more recent study, Pubill et al.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ MDMA displays nonlinear kinetics in humans such that administration of increasing doses, or multiple doses, leads to unexpectedly high plasma levels of the drug.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ With oral MDMA dosing, peak concentration in the plasma follows after around two hours.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The preferentially metabolised (+)- enantiomer ("mirror image") of MDMA is more active, more stimulating, more dopaminergic, more subjectively rewarding , and more neurotoxic than the (-)- enantiomer .- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In response to these massive doses of MDMA, levels of GFAP were significantly elevated in various brain regions but these increases did not correlate with the degree of 5-HT depletions.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ See more articles cited in this paragraph Abnormal ACTH and prolactin responses to fenfluramine in rats exposed to single and multiple doses of MDMA. Psychopharmacology (Berl).- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ MDMA displays nonlinear kinetics in humans such that administration of increasing doses, or multiple doses, leads to unexpectedly high plasma levels of the drug.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ The optimal adult dose of racemic MDMA is probably around 120-130mg [around 2mg/kg of body weight i.e.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ With oral MDMA dosing, peak concentration in the plasma follows after around two hours.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ MDMA for PTSD LSD/Psilocybin for Anxiety Related to Life-threatening Illness Ibogaine for Drug Addiction Medical Marijuana Psychedelic Research Around the World .- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
Drug interactions
.^ The discovery that MDMA is not always the harmless fun-drug that a number of its recreational users (understandably) first supposed has caused the medical establishment to demonise MDMA or dismiss its psychotherapeutic potential completely.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Critics of the drug-warrior mentality claim that MDMA's possible neurotoxicity served only as a pretext for banning it.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Researchers certainly aren't paid to report that some illegal drugs are potentially life-enhancing agents.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Harvard Crimson reported on the MDMA/cancer anxiety study that will be taking place at McLean Hospital.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ We have incorporated what we have learned in revised versions of our MDMA/PTSD protocols and Case Report Forms (CRFs).- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ But beyond the narrow physical effects of MDMA on the brain, it's hard enough for articulate humans who take insight-and-empathy drugs to verbalise their processes of introspection.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In any event, the monoamine oxidase inhibitor selegiline [l-deprenyl/ Eldepryl ] appears to be neuroprotective at monoamine oxidase type-B-selective dosages i.e.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ People who take such agents are stigmatised as "drug abusers".- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ So what leaves so many "normal" Darwinian people - who are neither clinically depressed nor loved-up on MDMA - comparatively anhedonic and hypo dopaminergic?- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[57] .^ In any event, the monoamine oxidase inhibitor selegiline [l-deprenyl/ Eldepryl ] appears to be neuroprotective at monoamine oxidase type-B-selective dosages i.e.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On the other hand, deficits in 5-HT release are readily demonstrated in MDMA-pretreated rats when 5-HT systems are taxed by drug challenge or environmental stressors.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ MDMA's apologists aren't convinced that the neurotoxicity evidence is persuasive - except for MDMA taken at unrealistically high doses.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[58]
.^ As well as inducing a synaptic flood of serotonin, taking MDMA indirectly induces the release of extra dopamine in the mesolimbic reward centres.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While MDMA has been considered a predominately serotonergic agent, certain adverse effects including cardiovascular stimulation and hyperthermia likely involve NE and DA mechanisms, respectively.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Unlike SSRIs, L-tryptophan and 5-HTP can be taken chronically without blunting MDMA's effects.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Unfortunately, pre-treatment with high doses of dopamine reuptake inhibitors blunts MDMA-induced release of dopamine, though not to the same degree as SSRIs blunt MDMA-induced release of serotonin.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This should take several additional months.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ If MDMA is taken several days in a row, amphetamine-like and eventually dysphoric effects start to predominate.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ MDMA at normal doses is only minimally active at the "psychedelic" 5-HT2A receptor owing to its (comparatively) bulky methyl group.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Review Recreational Ecstasy/MDMA, the serotonin syndrome, and serotonergic neurotoxicity.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ MDMA is often reckoned a "serotonergic" drug.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In general, taking MAO-inhibiting agents with anything serotonergic is normally contraindicated because of the risk of the serotonin syndrome .- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[59]
.^ As a crossover study, subjects will get placebo on one occasion and MDMA on the other.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Doctors report that one Englishman consumed an estimated 40,000 tablets of MDMA over a nine year period.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Schedule One is the most restricted of all drug categories i.e.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ One novel and unlikely-sounding proposal to minimise MDMA-induced neurotoxicity is pretreatment with aspirin .- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[24]
Effects
.^ MDMA's primary effects wear off after some 3-4 hours.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Even so, some heavy MDMA users claim they don't experience any long-term adverse effects.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ For although MDMA is no infallible truth-serum, its effects on the human user might indeed be abused for sinister purposes by skilled interrogators.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In retrospect, today's entire dreaming and waking consciousness may prove to be only minor variants on a theme whose motif can't be grasped from within.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It has been suggested that the heavy MDMA user who discerns no long-lasting ill effects, and who displays minimal functional impairment, may still be subtly damaging his or her serotonergic "functional reserve".- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Some users of cocaine report feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety.
[60][61][62]
Subjective effects
As well as:
Side effects
.^ Liechti and Vollenweider 2001 ).- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Neuropsychopharmacology 22:513–521 [ PubMed ] Liechti ME, Vollenweider FX (2001) Which neuroreceptors mediate the subjective effects of MDMA in humans?- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The appeal of MDMA is related to its unique profile of psychotropic actions, which includes amphetamine-like stimulant effects, coupled with feelings of increased emotional sensitivity and closeness to others (Liechti and Vollenweider 2001 ; Vollenweider et al.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ On Friday May 8, Valerie Mojeiko and Josh Sonstroem of MAPS Clinical Research Team, went to Vancouver to conduct a pre-study site visit.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Clinquest JO will bring several clinical research staff from Egypt to hear the presentation.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Amy and Todd, the clinical research monitors who are volunteering to help us implement pharmaceutical-level monitoring and checks and balances, were impressively professional.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Dry mouth, appetite suppression and insomnia are common adverse side-effects.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There are gender differences in response; proportionately to body-weight, women are normally more sensitive than men to the sub-acute and longer-term effects of MDMA, so their optimal dosage may be lower.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Quite aside from their different molecular mechanisms of action, however, there are striking differences in subjective effect between MDMA and "serotonergic" centrally active psychiatric medicines.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Dry mouth, appetite suppression and insomnia are common adverse side-effects.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Adverse side-effects tend to become more troublesome.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Yet down at the bottom of the social heap, there are proportionately far more crushed and wounded spirits than there are at the top.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Liechti, et al. also measured some of the test subjects for blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature against a placebo control.
.^ Clearly non-humans can't describe the effects on their consciousness of psychoactives, even though they can be taught to "discriminate" them - the so-called "animal model" of subjective drug effects.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A: All addictive drugs have two things in common: they produce an initial pleasurable effect, followed by a rebound unpleasant effect.
^ Furthermore, MDMA administration rarely causes persistent changes in baseline measures of neural function, and deficits are most readily demonstrated by provocation of the 5-HT system by pharmacological (e.g., drug challenge) or physiological means (e.g., environmental stress).- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
[64][65]After effects
Effects reported by users once the
acute effects of MDMA have worn off include:
.^ While tolerance to the high can occur, users can also become more sensitive to cocaines anesthetic and convulsant effects without increasing the dose taken.
^ The functional deficit the dip reflects may last ten days or more - in some cases possibly weeks or months.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When addicted individuals stop using cocaine, they may become depressed.
Overdose
.^ Despite the risks of illicit MDMA use, some clinicians believe the drug may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and clinical studies with MDMA are underway (Doblin 2002 ).- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ In the 1970s methamphetamine became a Schedule II drug - a drug with little medical use and a high potential for abuse.
^ A synthetic drug, methamphetamine has a high potential for abuse and dependence.
Chronic use
.^ In any case, MDMA users themselves may find the magic of the initial drug-induced epiphany tends to fade with frequent use.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Boston Globe published "A Good Death" , an article that discussess the resurgence of interest in studying MDMA and psychedelic drugs to help people with cancer deal with anxiety and pain.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ MDMA increases the rate of transporter-mediated serotonin outflow.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[66][67] .^ Despite the risks of illicit MDMA use, some clinicians believe the drug may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and clinical studies with MDMA are underway (Doblin 2002 ).- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ MAPS is pleased to have the help of volunteers Scott Martin MD and Mili Ballard to coordinate this long-term follow-up study.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In any case, MDMA users themselves may find the magic of the initial drug-induced epiphany tends to fade with frequent use.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[69] .^ Other psychoactive drugs are used mainly for "unrecognised" and non-medical purposes.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In any case, MDMA users themselves may find the magic of the initial drug-induced epiphany tends to fade with frequent use.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ An article in the New Zealand Herald about posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans mentions the use of MDMA for PTSD but makes some incorrect claims.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ MDMA for 2 days; persistent anxiogenic effects of MDMA were associated with depletions of 5-HT in the amygdala, hippocampus, and striatum.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ An article in the New Zealand Herald about posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans mentions the use of MDMA for PTSD but makes some incorrect claims.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ MDMA-induced depletion of cortical 5-HT up to 70% did not alter spatial navigation, skilled forelimb use, or foraging behavior in rats.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
[72]
Legal issues
.^ Monograph: Multilingual dictionary of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances under international control.- Detection and Analysis of Drugs, A Forensic Literature Review 1992-2001 - [www.rhodium.ws] 15 September 2009 3:42 UTC www.designer-drug.com [Source type: Academic]
^ To date, only cocaine and heroin have been subjected to comprehensive studies; however, this field is expected to expand to other controlled substances over the next decade.- Detection and Analysis of Drugs, A Forensic Literature Review 1992-2001 - [www.rhodium.ws] 15 September 2009 3:42 UTC www.designer-drug.com [Source type: Academic]
^ In the USA itself, the world's most celebrated psychedelic chemist and leading authority on MDMA has been stymied from conducting human research on Schedule One compounds after publishing his trailblazing autobiography-cum-cookery book.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The inspectors focused on issues of diversion control and checked out the safe, the alarm system and the forms and procedures that will be used to track all of the MDMA and placebo capsules.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ It may be testimony to the comparative safety of MDMA that millions of young people use MDMA in the absence of a manual or any training, education and supervision at all.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, not all the problems of MDMA use can be blamed on Prohibition and the lethal mix of ignorance and criminality it spawns.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
United Kingdom
.^ This license will permit her to possess and handle MDMA for the study.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Studies of MDMA can be lawfully conducted only under government license by ideologically-vetted researchers.- MDMA / Ecstasy : Utopian Pharmacology 24 January 2010 17:52 UTC mdma.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ See more articles cited in this paragraph Review Are interspecies comparisons in the toxicity of centrally acting drugs valid without brain concentrations?- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Penalties include a maximum of seven years and/or unlimited fine for possession; life and/or unlimited fine for production or trafficking.
^ In 2001, the maximum penalty for death from dangerous driving was raised to 15 years.- DUI Library: Foreign - Drunk Driving in Japan | DUI.com 15 September 2009 3:42 UTC www.dui.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Penalties include fines, incarceration and license suspension.- DUI Library: Foreign - Drunk Driving in Japan | DUI.com 15 September 2009 3:42 UTC www.dui.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ For more information about Estate pricing changes, please see the Estate pricing change FAQ. .- Ecstasy Realty in Second Life 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC ecstasyrealty.com [Source type: General]
^ See more articles cited in this paragraph Review Are interspecies comparisons in the toxicity of centrally acting drugs valid without brain concentrations?- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Click here to see it for yourself: Ecstasy City For more information, click HERE .- Ecstasy Realty in Second Life 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC ecstasyrealty.com [Source type: General]
.^ MAPS submitted the MDMA/PTSD protocol for review to the Independent Review Consulting Institutional Review Board (IRC-IRB), with the protocol to be discussed by the review board on January 2, 2003.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ For the last several months, another independent Institutional Review Board (IRB) has been reviewing Dr. Michael Mithoefer’s MAPS -sponsored MDMA/PTSD protocol.- MDMA Research 3 February 2010 15:31 UTC www.maps.org [Source type: Academic]
^ See more articles cited in this paragraph Demonstration and localization of neuronal degeneration in the rat forebrain following a single exposure to MDMA. Brain Res.- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) neurotoxicity in rats: a reappraisal of past and present findings 28 January 2010 0:22 UTC www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Source type: Academic]
This 2009 report on MDMA stated:
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