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Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard
Part of the Mac OS X family
OSXLeopard.png
Leopard Desktop.png
Screenshot of Mac OS X Leopard
Developer
Apple Inc.
Website www.apple.com/support/leopard/
Releases
Release date 26 October 2007 (info)
Current version 10.5.8 (9L30) (August 5, 2009) (info)
Source model Closed source (with open source components)
License APSL and Apple EULA
Kernel type Hybrid kernel
Update method Apple Software Update
Platform support x86, x86-64, PowerPC
Support status
Security Updates Only

Mac OS X Leopard (version 10.5) is the sixth major release of Mac OS X, Apple’s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. Leopard was released on 26 October 2007 as the successor of Mac OS X Tiger (version 10.4), and is available in two variants: a desktop version suitable for personal computers, and a server version, Mac OS X Server. Steve Jobs stated at Macworld 2008 that over 20% of Macs use Leopard as their operating system.[1] Leopard was superseded by Mac OS X Snow Leopard (version 10.6). Leopard is the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture as Snow Leopard solely functions on Intel based Macs. With the release of Snow Leopard, Leopard will only be maintained with security updates until the next shipping version of Mac OS X.

According to Apple, Leopard contains over 300 changes and enhancements over its predecessor, Mac OS X Tiger,[2] covering core operating system components as well as included applications and developer tools. Leopard introduces a significantly revised desktop, with a redesigned Dock, Stacks, a semitransparent menu bar, and an updated Finder that incorporates the Cover Flow visual navigation interface first seen in iTunes. Other notable features include support for writing 64-bit graphical user interface applications, an automated backup utility called Time Machine, support for Spotlight searches across multiple machines, and the inclusion of Front Row and Photo Booth, which were previously included with only some Mac models.

Apple missed Leopard's release time frame as originally announced by Apple’s CEO Steve Jobs. When first discussed in June 2005, Jobs had stated that Apple intended to release Leopard at the end of 2006 or early 2007.[3] A year later, this was amended to Spring 2007;[4] however on 12 April 2007, Apple issued a statement that its release would be delayed until October 2007 because of the development of the iPhone.[5]

Contents

New and changed features

End-user features

Apple advertises that Mac OS X Leopard has 300+ new features[6], including:

  • A new and improved Automator, with easy starting points to easily start a workflow. It also can quickly create or edit workflows with new interface improvements. Now it can use a new action called "Watch Me Do" that lets you record a user action (like pressing a button or controlling an application without built-in Automator support) and replay as an action in a workflow. It can create more useful Automator workflows with actions for RSS feeds, iSight camera video snapshots, PDF manipulation, and much more.
  • Back to My Mac, a feature for MobileMe users that allows users to access files on their home computer while away from home via the internet.
  • Boot Camp, a software assistant allowing for the installation of other operating systems, such as Windows XP (SP2 or later) or Windows Vista, on a separate partition (or separate internal drive) on Intel-based Macs.
  • Dashboard enhancements, including Web Clip, a feature that allows users to turn a part of any Web page displayed in Safari into a live Dashboard widget, and Dashcode to help developers code widgets.[7]
  • New Desktop, comprises a redesigned 3-D dock with a new grouping feature called Stacks, which displays files in either a "fan" style, "grid" style, or (since 10.5.2) a "list" style. R.L. Prior, on the ThinkMac blog, criticized the shelf-like Dock along with a number of other changes to the user interface. [8]
The Dock, showing a Stack viewed as a "Fan" (left) and a "Grid" (right)
  • Dictionary can now search Wikipedia, and a dictionary of Apple terminology as well. Also included is the Japanese-language dictionary Daijisen, Progressive E-J and Progressive J-E dictionaries, and the 25000-word thesaurus "Tsukaikata no Wakaru Ruigo Reikai Jiten" (使い方の分かる類語例解辞典 ?), all of which are provided by the Japanese publisher Shogakukan.[9][10]
  • A redesigned Finder, with features similar to those seen in iTunes 7, including Cover Flow and a Source list-like sidebar.
  • Front Row has been reworked to closely resemble the interface of the original Apple TV.
  • iCal calendar sharing and group scheduling as well as syncing event invitations from Mail.[11] The icon also reflects the current date even when the application is not running. In previous versions of Mac OS X, the icon would show 17 July in the icon any time the application was not running but the current date when the application was running.
  • iChat enhancements, including multiple logins, invisibility, animated icons, and tabbed chats, similar to features present in Pidgin, Adium and the iChat plugin Chax; iChat Theater, allowing users to incorporate images from iPhoto, presentations from Keynote, videos from QuickTime, and other Quick Look features into video chats; and Backdrops, which are similar to chroma keys, but use a real-time difference matte technique which does not require a green or blue screen. iChat also implements screen sharing, a feature previously available with Apple Remote Desktop.[12][4][13]
  • Mail enhancements including the additions of RSS feeds, Stationery, Notes, and to-dos. To-dos use a system-wide service that is available to all applications.[14]
  • Network file sharing improvements include more granular control over permissions, consolidation of AFP, FTP and SMB sharing into one control panel, and the ability to share individual folders, a feature that had not been available since Mac OS 9.[15]
  • Parental controls now include the ability to place restrictions on use of the Internet and to set parental controls from anywhere using remote setup.[16]
  • Photo Booth enhancements, including video recording with real-time filters and blue/green-screen technology.
  • Podcast Capture, an application allowing users to record and distribute podcasts. It requires access to a computer running Mac OS X Server with Podcast Producer.
  • Preview adds support for annotation, graphics, extraction, search, markup, Instant Alpha and size adjustment tools.[17]
  • Quick Look, a framework allowing documents to be viewed without opening them in an external application and can preview it in full screen.[18]Plug-ins are available for Quick Look so that you can also view other files, such as Installer Packages
The Finder, showing files in Cover Flow View and viewing a file using Quick Look
  • Safari 3, which includes Web Clip.
  • Spaces, an implementation of virtual desktops (individually called "Spaces"), allows multiple desktops per user, with certain applications and windows in each desktop.[19] Users can organize certain Spaces for certain applications (e.g., one for work-related tasks and one for entertainment) and switch between them. Exposé works inside Spaces, allowing the user to see at a glance all desktops on one screen.[20]) Users can create and control up to 16 spaces, and applications can be switched between each one, creating a very large workspace. The auto-switching feature in Spaces has annoyed some of its users. Apple added a new preference in 10.5.2 which disabled this feature, but there were still bugs found while switching windows. In 10.5.3, this problem was addressed and was no longer an issue.[21]
  • Spotlight incorporates additional search capabilities such as Boolean operators, as well as the ability to search other computers (with permissions).[22]
  • Time Machine, an automated backup utility which allows the user to restore files that have been deleted or replaced by another version of a file.[23] Though generally lauded in the press as a step forward for data recovery, Time Machine has been criticized in multiple publications for lacking the capabilities of third-party backup software. Analyzing the feature for TidBITS, Joe Kissell pointed out that Time Machine does not create bootable copies of backed-up volumes, does not back up to AirPort Disk hard drives and will not back up FileVault encrypted home directories until the user logs out, concluding that the feature is "pretty good at what it does" but he will only use it as part of a "broader backup strategy".[24][25][26] One of these issues has been resolved, however; On 19 March 2008, updates were released for AirPort and Time Machine, allowing for Time Machine to use a USB hard disk which has been connected to an AirPort Extreme Base Station.[27]
  • Universal Access enhancements: significant improvements to applications including VoiceOver, along with increased support for Braille, closed captioning and a new high‐quality Speech synthesis voice.[28]
  • Many changes to the user interface. R.L. Prior, on the ThinkMac blog, criticized a number of changes to Leopard’s user interface, including the transparent menu bar and the new folder icons.[8] Decreased transparency of the menu bar, along with the ability to disable the menu bar transparency were added with the 10.5.2 release on 11 February 2008.[29]
  • Russian language support, bringing the total to 18 languages.[30]
  • Leopard removes support for Classic applications.[31] Classic will not run natively on Intel-based Macs in any case.

Developer technologies

  • Native support by many libraries and frameworks for 64-bit applications, allowing 64-bit Cocoa applications. Existing 32-bit applications using those libraries and frameworks should continue to run without the need for emulation or translation.[32]
  • Leopard offers the Objective-C 2.0 runtime, which includes new features such as garbage collection. Xcode 3.0 supports the updated language and was itself rewritten with it.[33]
  • A new framework, Core Animation, allows a developer to create complex animations while specifying only a "start" and a "goal" space. The main goal of Core Animation is to enable the creation of complex animations with small amounts of program code.
  • Apple integrates DTrace from the OpenSolaris project and adds a graphical interface called Instruments (previously Xray). DTrace provides tools that users, administrators and developers can use to tune the performance of the operating system and the applications that run on it.[34]
  • The new Scripting Bridge allows programmers to use Python and Ruby to interface with the Cocoa frameworks.[35]
  • Ruby on Rails is included in the default install.
  • Leopard’s OpenGL stack has been updated to version 2.1, and uses LLVM to increase its vertex processing speed.[36] Apple has been working to get LLVM integrated into GCC;[37] LLVM’s use within other operating system facilities has not been announced.
  • The Graphics and Media State of the Union address confirmed many other features are possible because of Core Animation, such as live desktops, improvements to Quartz Composer with custom patches, a new PDF Kit for developers, and improvements to QuickTime APIs.
  • The FSEvents framework allows applications to register for notifications of changes to a given directory tree.[38]
  • Leopard includes a read-only implementation of the ZFS file system.
In mid-December 2006 a pre-release version of Leopard appeared to include support for Sun’s ZFS.[39] Jonathan Schwartz, CEO and President of Sun Microsystems, boasted on 6 June 2007 that ZFS has become "the file system" for Leopard.[40] However, the senior project marketing director for Mac OS X stated on 11 June 2007 that the existing HFS+, not ZFS, will be used in Leopard. Apple later clarified that a read-only version of ZFS would be included.[41]
  • Leopard includes drivers for UDF 2.5, necessary for reading HD DVD and Blu-ray discs using third-party drives, but the included DVD Player software can only play HD DVD disks authored by DVD Studio Pro.[42]
  • Leopard includes a framework implementing latent semantic mapping for classifying (e.g. textual) data.
  • Leopard is the first operating system with open source BSD code to be certified as fully UNIX compliant.[43] Certification means that software following the Single UNIX Specification can be compiled and run on Leopard without the need for any code modification.[35] The certification only applies to Leopard when run on Intel processors.

Security enhancements

New security features intend to provide better internal resiliency to successful attacks, in addition to preventing attacks from being successful in the first place.

Library Randomization
Leopard implements library randomization[44], which randomizes the locations of some libraries in memory. Vulnerabilities that corrupt program memory often rely on known addresses for these library routines, which allow injected code to launch processes or change files. Library randomization is presumably a stepping-stone to a more complete implementation of address space layout randomization at a later date.
Application Layer Firewall
Leopard ships with two firewall engines: the original BSD IPFW, which was present in earlier releases of Mac OS X, and the new Leopard Application Layer Firewall. Unlike IPFW, which intercepts and filters IP datagrams before the kernel performs significant processing, the Application Layer Firewall operates at the socket layer, bound to individual processes. The Application Layer Firewall can therefore make filtering decisions on a per-application basis. Of the two-firewall engines, only the Application Layer Firewall is fully exposed in the Leopard user interface. The new firewall offers less control over individual packet decisions (users can decide to allow or deny connections system wide or to individual applications, but must use IPFW to set fine-grained TCP/IP header level policies). It also makes several policy exceptions for system processes: neither mDNSResponder nor programs running with superuser privileges are filtered.[45]
Sandboxes
Leopard includes kernel-level support for role-based access control (RBAC). RBAC is intended to prevent, for example, an application like Mail from editing the password database.
Application Signing
Leopard provides a framework to use public key signatures for code signing to verify, in some circumstances, that code has not been tampered with. Signatures can also be used to ensure that one program replacing another is truly an "update", and carry any special security privileges across to the new version. This reduces the number of user security prompts, and the likelihood of the user being trained to simply clicking "OK" to everything.
Secure Guest Account
Guests can be given access to a Leopard system with an account that the system erases and resets at logout.[46]

Security features in Leopard have been criticized as weak or ineffective, with the publisher Heise Security documenting that the Leopard installer downgraded firewall protection and exposed services to attack even when the firewall was re-enabled. Several researchers noted that the Library Randomization feature added to Leopard was ineffective compared to mature implementations on other platforms, and that the new "secure Guest account" could be abused by Guests to retain access to the system even after the Leopard log out process erased their home directory.[47][48][49][50]

System requirements

Apple states the following basic Leopard system requirements, although, for some specific applications and actions (such as iChat backdrops) an Intel processor is required:[51]

  • Processor must be any Intel, PowerPC G5 or G4 (867 MHz and faster)
  • DVD drive (for installation of the operating system)
  • At least 512 MB of RAM (additional RAM (1 GB) is recommended for development purposes)
  • At least 9 GB of disk space available.

Leopard’s retail version was not released in separate versions for each type of processor, but instead consisted of one universal release that could run on both PowerPC and Intel processors.[32] Leopard drops official support for slower G4 and all G3 processors.[51] Because all new Macs use Intel processors, the versions of Leopard shipped with them are Intel only.

Supported machines

Leopard can run on the later flat panel iMac G4s, the first iMac G5, second iMac G5 (with the ambient light sensor), third iMac G5 (with iSight), iMac Intel Core Duo and (present day) iMac Intel Core 2 Duo, PowerBook G4, Power Mac G4, Power Mac G5, iBook G4, MacBook, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, Mac Pro, Mac Mini, Xserve, Xserve G5, Xserve RAID, Macintosh Server G4, and later eMac models. Leopard can run on older hardware as long as they have a G4 upgrade installed running at the 867mhz or faster, have at least 9 GB free of hard drive space, 512 MB RAM and have a DVD drive. Leopard however will not run on the 900mhz iBook G3 models even though they exceed the minimum 867Mhz requirement. This is due to the lack of AltiVec in the G3 line of processors and the fact that most pre G4 and early G4 systems do not have video hardware capable of supporting Core Image, two technologies Leopard relies heavily upon among others. Leopard can be "hacked" (see below) to install on these G3 and pre 867mhz G4 machines but the system may behave erratically and many of the programs, features and functions may not work properly or at all.

Usage on unsupported hardware

Some ways of running Leopard on certain unsupported hardware, primarily PowerPC G4 computers with CPU speeds lower than the official requirement of 867 MHz, have been discovered. A common way is use of the program LeopardAssist, which is a bootloader similar in some respects to XPostFacto (used for installing earlier releases of Mac OS X on unsupported G3 and pre-G3 Macs) that uses the Mac’s Open Firmware to tell Leopard that the machine does have a CPU meeting the 867 MHz minimum requirement that the Installer checks for before installation is allowed to commence, when in reality the CPU is slower.[52] Currently, LeopardAssist only runs on slower G4s and many people have installed Leopard successfully on these older machines. The same result can also be achieved by altering the line of script in the Distribution.dist file on the Leopard installation DVD and burning a new copy of the DVD with the updated file to stop the results of the processor clock speed check, performed when the script in this file is run before Leopard is installed, from halting the installation if it is found to be below 867 MHz.

Users who have access to supported hardware have installed Leopard on the supported machine then simply moved the hard drive to the unsupported machine. Alternatively, the Leopard Installation DVD was booted on a supported Mac, then installed on an unsupported Mac via Firewire Target Disk Mode. Leopard is only compiled for AltiVec-enabled PowerPC processors (G4 and G5) though, as well as Intel, so both of these methods will only work on Macs with G4 or later CPUs. While some of the earlier beta releases were made to run on some later G3 machines (mostly later 800–900 MHz iBooks), no success with the retail version has been officially reported on G3 Macs except for some later iMacs and "Pismo" PowerBook G3s with G4 processor upgrades installed.

For a number of months after Leopard's release it appeared that the only G3 Macs on which Leopard could be run were those with both an aftermarket G4 processor and an AGP graphics card, as failures with the OS partially booting before crashing were reported on older Macs such as the original tray-loading iMacs and the Beige and Blue & White Power Mac G3 (all with G4 upgrades as Leopard will not even begin to load without one) whereas it would boot fine on newer Macs where the Installer restriction had been circumvented. However, more recently it has been reported[53] [54] that with some more work and use of kernel extensions from XPostFacto, Tiger and beta builds of Leopard, the OS can be made to run on G4-upgraded Macs as old as the Power Macintosh 9500, despite the lack of AGP-based graphics. While Leopard can be run on any Mac with a G4 or later processor, some functionality such as Front Row or Time Machine fails to work without a Quartz Extreme-capable graphics card, which many of the earlier G4s did not include in their factory specification.

Since Apple moved to using Intel processors in their computers, the OSx86 project has developed and now also allows Mac OS X Tiger and Leopard to be installed and run successfully on non-Apple x86-based computers, albeit in violation of Apple's licensing agreement for OS X. A variety of installation processes can be used, the most common being to use modified Darwin bootloaders commonly known as "Boot 132" designed to trick the retail, or vanilla, operating system into thinking that it is running on an EFI-based Mac. This method of installation allows the use of an unmodified Apple installation DVD and the updating of the operating system from the built-in Software Update utility, but will work only on Intel Core-based PCs, unless a modified kernel is added to the pre-boot cd. Modified installation DVDs are also available illegally which offer a more outdated approach to installing. A hardware device capable of being attached to a PC’s motherboard has also been released, EFI-X, enabling much the same function as the modified Darwin bootloader.

Packaging

The retail packaging for Leopard is significantly smaller than that of previous versions of Mac OS X (although later copies of Tiger also came in the new smaller box). It also sports a lenticular cover, making the X appear to float above a purple galaxy, somewhat resembling the default Leopard desktop wallpaper.[55]

Version history

Version Build Release date Availablity Changes
10.5.0 9A581 26 October 2007 Available on first-released retail DVD
10.5.1 9B18 15 November 2007 Apple download page; also available on second-released retail DVD Documentation
10.5.2 9C31 11 February 2008 Apple download page Documentation
10.5.3 9D34 28 May 2008 Apple download page Documentation
10.5.4 9E17 30 June 2008 Apple download page; also available on third-released retail DVD Documentation
10.5.5 9F33 15 September 2008 Apple download page Documentation
10.5.6 9G55 15 December 2008 Apple download page Documentation
9G66 6 January 2009 Available on fourth-released retail DVD (part of Mac Box Set)
10.5.7 9J61 12 May 2009 Apple download page Documentation
10.5.8 9L30 5 August 2009 Apple download page Documentation

Compatibility

After Leopard’s release, there were widely-reported incidents of new Leopard installs hanging during boot on the blue screen that appears just before the login process starts.[56] Apple attributed these problems to an outdated version of an unsupported add-on extension called Application Enhancer (APE), from Unsanity which is incompatible with Leopard; unbeknownst to many users, APE had been installed silently on many Macs by Logitech as part of their mouse drivers. However, only the users who didn’t have the latest version of APE installed (2.0.3 at that time) were affected.[57] Apple published a knowledge base article on how to solve this problem.[58]

References

  1. ^ MacWorld 2008 Keynote
  2. ^ "Mac OS X Leopard - Features - 300+ New Features". Apple Inc.. 16 October 2007. http://www.apple.com/macosx/features/300.html. Retrieved 2007-10-16.  
  3. ^ "Apple’s Intel switch: Jobs’ keynote transcript". CNet. 15 June 2005. http://www.news.com/Apples-Intel-switch-Jobs-keynote-transcript---page-2/2100-1047_3-5748045-2.html?tag=st.num. Retrieved 2007-04-12.  
  4. ^ a b Ryan Block (7 August 2006). "Live from WWDC 2006: Steve Jobs keynote". Engadget. http://www.engadget.com/2006/08/07/live-from-wwdc-2006-steve-jobs-keynote/. Retrieved 2006-08-07.  
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  7. ^ Apple Inc. "Leopard Sneak Peek - Dashboard". http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/dashboard.html. Retrieved 2006-11-28.  
  8. ^ a b ThinkMac Blog : Leopard stupidity
  9. ^ "Non-mentioned Leopard features". http://robles.wordpress.com/2007/07/07/non-mentioned-leopard-features/. Retrieved 2007-10-01.  
  10. ^ "Apple - Mac OS X Leopard - Features - 300+ New Features". http://www.apple.com/macosx/features/300.html#dictionary. Retrieved 2007-10-21.  
  11. ^ Apple Inc. "Leopard Sneak Peek - iCal". http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/ical.html. Retrieved 2007-04-23.  
  12. ^ "WWDC 2006 Keynote - Live Coverage". http://www.macrumorslive.com/web/. Retrieved 2006-08-07.  
  13. ^ Apple Inc. "Leopard Sneak Peek - iChat". http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/ichat.html. Retrieved 2006-11-28.  
  14. ^ Apple Inc. "Leopard Sneak Peek - Mail". http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/mail.html. Retrieved 2006-11-28.  
  15. ^ Glenn Fleishman (25 October 2007). "Leopard Simplifies Sharing". TidBITS. http://db.tidbits.com/article/9261. Retrieved 2007-10-26.  
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  18. ^ Apple Inc. "Quick Look". Apple. http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/features/quicklook.html. Retrieved 2006-04-11.  
  19. ^ Apple Inc. "Leopard Sneak Peek - Spaces". http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/features/spaces.html. Retrieved 2006-11-28.  
  20. ^ "OS 10.5 Leopard Spaces + Exposé". GoogleVideos. GoogleVideos. 2006. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1254656550190215821. Retrieved 2006-08-28.  
  21. ^ Why Apple Spaces is broken
  22. ^ Rob Griffiths (15 August 2006). "Leopard first looks: Spotlight". Macworld. http://www.macworld.com/2006/08/firstlooks/leospot/index.php. Retrieved 2007-04-12.  
  23. ^ Rob Griffiths (9 August 2006). "WWDC: Apple’s Time Machine looks to ease backups". Computerworld Inc.. http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyName=software&articleId=9002309&taxonomyId=18. Retrieved 2007-04-12.  
  24. ^ TidBITS Macs & Mac OS X: Time Machine: The Good, the Bad, and the Missing Features
  25. ^ ITworld.com - Review: Leopard is an upgrade that roars
  26. ^ Macworld | What’s Leopard really worth?
  27. ^ "Update allows Time Machine backups on AirPort Extreme". Macworld. 2008-03-20. http://www.macworld.com/article/132613/2008/03/airporttime.html. Retrieved 2008-05-30.  
  28. ^ Apple Inc. "Leopard Sneak Peek - Accessibility". http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/accessibility.html. Retrieved 2006-11-28.  
  29. ^ Information about the 10.5.2 update.
  30. ^ Apple Inc.. "Apple - Mac OS X Leopard - Technical Specs". Apple.com. http://www.apple.com/macosx/techspecs/. Retrieved 2008-11-04.  
  31. ^ "Do Classic applications work with Mac OS X 10.5 or Intel-based Macs?". Knowledge Base. Apple Inc.. 13 January 2006. http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=303137. Retrieved 2007-10-25.  
  32. ^ a b Apple, Inc. "Mac OS X - Leopard Sneak Peek". Apple. http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/technology/64bit.html. Retrieved 2006-08-08.  
  33. ^ Apple Inc. "Mac OS X Leopard Sneak Peek - Xcode 3.0". Apple. http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/developer/xcode.html. Retrieved 2006-08-07.  
  34. ^ Mike Shapiro (2006-08-07). "DTrace on Mac OS X at WWDC". $<blog. http://blogs.sun.com/roller/page/mws?entry=dtrace_on_macos_x_at. Retrieved 2006-08-08.  
  35. ^ a b "Mac OS X Leopard - Technology - UNIX". Apple. http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/technology/unix.html. Retrieved 2007-06-11.  
  36. ^ Lattner, Chris (2006-08-15). "A cool use of LLVM at Apple: the OpenGL stack". LLVMdev. http://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/pipermail/llvmdev/2006-August/006492.html. Retrieved 2006-08-21.  
  37. ^ Siracusa, John (2005-12-04). "Avoiding Copland 2010: Hints of things to come?". FatBits. http://arstechnica.com/staff/fatbits.ars/2005/12/4/1990. Retrieved 2006-08-08.  
  38. ^ "Leopard Technology Series for Developers: OS Foundations". 2007-10-26. http://developer.apple.com/leopard/overview/osfoundations.html. Retrieved 2008-08-21.  
  39. ^ World of Apple (2006-12-17). "ZFS Makes it to Leopard". World of Apple. http://news.worldofapple.com/archives/2006/12/17/zfs-file-system-makes-it-to-mac-os-x-leopard/. Retrieved 2006-12-17.  
  40. ^ Schwartz, Jonathan (2007-06-06). "Washington D.C. Sun Conference". sun.com. http://www.sun.com/jsp_utils/rvideo.jsp?video=74cd4547-01df-440b-823d-48878ae34c73. Retrieved 2007-06-06.  
  41. ^ Gonsalves, Antone. "Apple Says No Sun File System For Leopard". InformationWeek. http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=199903281. Retrieved 2007-06-12.  
  42. ^ "DVD Player: Plays HD DVD discs authored in DVD Studio Pro only". Apple. http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=305800. Retrieved 2007-12-12.  
  43. ^ Mac OS X Leopard Achieves UNIX 03 Product Standard Certification
  44. ^ Apple - Mac OS X Leopard - Features - 300+ New Features
  45. ^ Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: About the Application Firewall
  46. ^ TidBITS Safe Computing: How Leopard Will Improve Your Security
  47. ^ Leopard Has More Holes than Spots
  48. ^ Quick Leopard Update | securosis.com
  49. ^ A second look at the Mac OS X Leopard firewall - heise Security
  50. ^ Matasano Chargen » What We’ve Since Learned About Leopard Security Features
  51. ^ a b Apple, Inc. "Mac OS X Leopard- Technical Specs". Apple. Archived from the original on 2008-03-19. http://web.archive.org/web/20080319075033/http://www.apple.com/macosx/techspecs/. Retrieved 2009-08-31.  
  52. ^ LeopardAssist - Install Leopard on Sub-867mhz[sic] Macs
  53. ^ Opera Trumps Safari, Flashed Video Cards for Macs, Hacking Leopard for G3 Power Macs, and More
  54. ^ Leopard running on a Beige G3
  55. ^ arn. "Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard Packaging". http://www.macrumors.com/2007/10/24/mac-os-x-leopard-retail-box-video/. Retrieved 2007-10-25.  
  56. ^ Apple acknowledges some Leopard installation problems.
  57. ^ Daring Fireball: Blue in the Face
  58. ^ Mac OS X 10.5: "Blue screen" appears after installing Leopard and restarting

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Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard
Part of the Mac OS X family
File:Leopard
Screenshot of Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard"
Developer
Apple Inc.
Website www.apple.com/support/leopard/
Releases
Release date 26 October 2007 (info)
Current version 10.5.7 (9J61) (May 12, 2009) (info)
Source model Closed source (with open source components)
License APSL and Apple EULA
Kernel type Hybrid kernel
Update method Apple Software Update
Platform support x86, x86-64, PowerPC
Support status
Supported
Mac OS X version 10.5 "Leopard" is the sixth major release of Mac OS X, Apple’s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. Leopard was released on 26 October 2007, and is available in two variants: a desktop version suitable for personal computers, and a server version, Mac OS X Server. Steve Jobs stated at Macworld 2008 that over 20% of Macs use Leopard as their operating system.[1] Leopard will be superseded by Mac OS X v10.6 "Snow Leopard". Leopard is the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture as Mac OS X v10.6 "Snow Leopard" will be an "Intel Only" release. According to Apple, Leopard contains over 300 changes and enhancements over its predecessor, Mac OS X v10.4 "Tiger",[2] covering core operating system components as well as included applications and developer tools. Leopard introduces a significantly revised desktop, with a redesigned Dock, Stacks, a semitransparent menu bar, and an updated Finder that incorporates the Cover Flow visual navigation interface first seen in iTunes. Other notable features include support for writing 64-bit graphical user interface applications, an automated backup utility called Time Machine, support for Spotlight searches across multiple machines, and the inclusion of Front Row and Photo Booth, which were previously included with only some Mac models. Apple missed Mac OS X v10.5’s release time frame as originally announced by Apple’s CEO Steve Jobs. When first discussed in June 2005, Jobs had stated that Apple intended to release Leopard at the end of 2006 or early 2007.[3] A year later, this was amended to Spring 2007;[4] however on 12 April 2007, Apple issued a statement that its release would be delayed until October 2007 because of the development of the iPhone.[5]

Contents

New and changed features

End-user features

Apple advertises that Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard has 300+ new features[6], including:

  • A new improved Automator, with easy starting points to easily start a workflow. It also can quickly create or edit workflows with new interface improvements. Now it can use a new action called "Watch Me Do" that lets you record a user action (like pressing a button or controlling an application without built-in Automator support) and replay as an action in a workflow. It can create more useful Automator workflows with actions for RSS feeds, iSight camera video snapshots, PDF manipulation, and much more.
  • Back to My Mac, a feature for MobileMe users that allows users to access files on their home computer while away from home via the internet.
  • Boot Camp, a software assistant allowing for the installation of other operating systems, such as Windows XP (SP2 or later) or Windows Vista, on a separate partition (or separate internal drive) on Intel-based Macs.
  • Dashboard enhancements, including Web Clip, a feature that allows users to turn a part of any Web page displayed in Safari into a live Dashboard widget, and Dashcode to help developers code widgets.[7]
  • New Desktop, comprises a redesigned 3-D dock with a new grouping feature called Stacks, which displays files in either a "fan" style, "grid" style, or (since 10.5.2) a "list" style. 
viewed as a "Fan" (left) and a "Grid" (right)]]
  • Dictionary can now search Wikipedia, and a dictionary of Apple terminology as well. Also included is the Japanese-language dictionary Daijisen, Progressive E-J and Progressive J-E dictionaries, and the 25000-word thesaurus "Tsukaikata no Wakaru Ruigo Reikai Jiten" (使い方の分かる類語例解辞典?), all of which are provided by the Japanese publisher Shogakukan.[8][9]
  • A redesigned Finder, with features similar to those seen in iTunes 7, including Cover Flow and a Source list-like sidebar.
  • Front Row has been reworked to closely resemble the interface of the original Apple TV.
  • iCal calendar sharing and group scheduling as well as syncing event invitations from Mail.[10] The icon also reflects the current date even when the application is not running. In previous versions of Mac OS X, the icon would show 17 July in the icon any time the application was not running but the current date when the application was running.
  • iChat enhancements, including multiple logins, invisibility, animated icons, and tabbed chats, similar to features present in Pidgin, Adium and the iChat plugin Chax; iChat Theater, allowing users to incorporate images from iPhoto, presentations from Keynote, videos from QuickTime, and other Quick Look features into video chats; and Backdrops, which are similar to chroma keys, but use a real-time difference matte technique which does not require a green or blue screen. iChat also implements screen sharing, a feature previously available with Apple Remote Desktop.[11][4][12]
  • Mail enhancements including the additions of RSS feeds, Stationery, Notes, and to-dos. To-dos use a system-wide service that is available to all applications.[13]
  • Network file sharing improvements include more granular control over permissions, consolidation of AFP, FTP and SMB sharing into one control panel, and the ability to share individual folders, a feature that had not been available since Mac OS 9.[14]
  • Parental controls now include the ability to place restrictions on use of the Internet and to set parental controls from anywhere using remote setup.[15]
  • Photo Booth enhancements, including video recording with real-time filters and blue/green-screen technology.
  • Podcast Capture, an application allowing users to record and distribute podcasts. It requires access to a computer running Mac OS X Server with Podcast Producer.
  • Preview adds support for annotation, graphics, extraction, search, markup, Instant Alpha and size adjustment tools.[16]
  • Quick Look, a framework allowing documents to be viewed without opening them in an external application and can preview it in full screen.[17]Plug-ins are available for Quick Look so that you can also view other files, such as Installer Packages 
and viewing a file using Quick Look]]
  • Safari 3, which includes Web Clip.
  • Spaces, an implementation of virtual desktops (individually called "Spaces"), allows multiple desktops per user, with certain applications and windows in each desktop.[18] Users can organize certain Spaces for certain applications (e.g., one for work-related tasks and one for entertainment) and switch between them. Exposé works inside Spaces, allowing the user to see at a glance all desktops on one screen.[19]) Users can create and control up to 16 spaces, and applications can be switched between each one, creating a very large workspace.
  • Spotlight incorporates additional search capabilities such as Boolean operators, as well as the ability to search other computers (with permissions).[20]
  • Time Machine, an automated backup utility which allows the user to restore files that have been deleted or replaced by another version of a file.[21]
  • Universal Access enhancements: significant improvements to applications including VoiceOver, along with increased support for Braille, closed captioning and a new high‐quality Speech synthesis voice.[22]
  • Russian language support, bringing the total to 18 languages.[23]
  • Leopard removes support for Classic applications.[24] Classic will not run natively on Intel-based Macs in any case.

Developer technologies

  • Native support by many libraries and frameworks for 64-bit applications, allowing 64-bit Cocoa applications. Existing 32-bit applications using those libraries and frameworks should continue to run without the need for emulation or translation.[25]
  • Leopard offers the Objective-C 2.0 runtime, which includes new features such as garbage collection. Xcode 3.0 supports the updated language and was itself rewritten with it.[26]
  • A new framework, Core Animation, allows a developer to create complex animations while specifying only a "start" and a "goal" space. The main goal of Core Animation is to enable the creation of complex animations with small amounts of program code.
  • Apple integrates DTrace from the OpenSolaris project and adds a graphical interface called Instruments (previously Xray). DTrace provides tools that users, administrators and developers can use to tune the performance of the operating system and the applications that run on it.[27]
  • The new Scripting Bridge allows programmers to use Python and Ruby to interface with the Cocoa frameworks.[28]
  • Ruby on Rails is included in the default install.
  • Leopard’s OpenGL stack has been updated to version 2.1, and uses LLVM to increase its vertex processing speed.[29] Apple has been working to get LLVM integrated into GCC;[30] LLVM’s use within other operating system facilities has not been announced.
  • The Graphics and Media State of the Union address confirmed many other features are possible because of Core Animation, such as live desktops, improvements to Quartz Composer with custom patches, a new PDF Kit for developers, and improvements to QuickTime APIs.
  • The FSEvents framework allows applications to register for notifications of changes to a given directory tree.[31]
  • Leopard includes a read-only implementation of the ZFS file system.
In mid-December 2006 a pre-release version of Leopard appeared to include support for Sun’s ZFS.[32] Jonathan Schwartz, CEO and President of Sun Microsystems, boasted on 6 June 2007 that ZFS has become "the file system" for Leopard.[33] However, the senior project marketing director for Mac OS X stated on 11 June 2007 that the existing HFS+, not ZFS, will be used in Leopard. Apple later clarified that a read-only version of ZFS would be included.[34]
  • Leopard includes drivers for UDF 2.5, necessary for reading HD DVD and Blu-ray discs using third-party drives, but the included DVD Player software can only play HD DVD disks authored by DVD Studio Pro.[35]
  • Leopard includes a framework implementing latent semantic mapping for classifying (e.g. textual) data.
  • Leopard is the first operating system with open source BSD code to be certified as fully UNIX compliant.[36] Certification means that software following the Single UNIX Specification can be compiled and run on Leopard without the need for any code modification.[28] The certification only applies to Leopard when run on Intel processors.

Security enhancements

New security features intend to provide better internal resiliency to successful attacks, in addition to preventing attacks from being successful in the first place.

Library Randomization
Leopard implements library randomization[37], which randomizes the locations of some libraries in memory. Vulnerabilities that corrupt program memory often rely on known addresses for these library routines, which allow injected code to launch processes or change files. Library randomization is presumably a stepping-stone to a more complete implementation of address space layout randomization at a later date.
Application Layer Firewall
Leopard ships with two firewall engines: the original BSD IPFW, which was present in earlier releases of Mac OS X, and the new Leopard Application Layer Firewall. Unlike IPFW, which intercepts and filters IP datagrams before the kernel performs significant processing, the Application Layer Firewall operates at the socket layer, bound to individual processes. The Application Layer Firewall can therefore make filtering decisions on a per-application basis. Of the two-firewall engines, only the Application Layer Firewall is fully exposed in the Leopard user interface. The new firewall offers less control over individual packet decisions (users can decide to allow or deny connections system wide or to individual applications, but must use IPFW to set fine-grained TCP/IP header level policies). It also makes several policy exceptions for system processes: neither mDNSResponder nor programs running with superuser privileges are filtered.[38]
Sandboxes
Leopard includes kernel-level support for role-based access control (RBAC). RBAC is intended to prevent, for example, an application like Mail from editing the password database.
Application Signing
Leopard provides a framework to use public key signatures for code signing to verify, in some circumstances, that code has not been tampered with. Signatures can also be used to ensure that one program replacing another is truly an "update", and carry any special security privileges across to the new version. This reduces the number of user security prompts, and the likelihood of the user being trained to simply clicking "OK" to everything.
Secure Guest Account
Guests can be given access to a Leopard system with an account that the system erases and resets at logout.[39]

System requirements

Apple states the following basic Leopard system requirements, although, for some specific applications and actions (such as iChat backdrops) an Intel processor is required:[40]

  • Processor must be any Intel, PowerPC G5 or G4 (867 MHz and faster)
  • DVD drive (for installation of the operating system)
  • At least 512 MB of RAM (additional RAM (1 GB) is recommended for development purposes)
  • At least 9 GB of disk space available.

Leopard’s retail version was not released in separate versions for each type of processor, but instead consisted of one universal release that could run on both PowerPC and Intel processors.[25] Leopard drops official support for slower G4 and all G3 processors.[40] Because all new Macs use Intel processors, the versions of Leopard shipped with them are Intel only.

Supported Machines

Leopard can run on the last of the flat panel iMac G4s before the release of the first iMac G5, the first iMac G5 (PowerPC), the second iMac G5 (PowerPC with iSight), third iMac G5, the iMac Intel Core Duo and (present day) iMac Intel Core 2 Duo, Powerbook G4, Power Mac G4, Power Mac G5, iBook G4, MacBook, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, Mac Pro, Xserve, Xserve G5, Xserve RAID, Macintosh Server G4, and later eMac models. Leopard can run on older hardware as long as they have a G4 upgrade installed running at the 867mhz minimum or faster, have at least 9 gb free of hard drive space, 512 mb ram and have a DVD drive. Leopard however will not run on the 900mhz iBook G3 models even though they exceed the minimum 867mhz requirement. This is due to the lack of AltiVec in the G3 line of processors and the fact that most pre G4 and early G4 systems do not have video hardware capable of supporting Core Image, two technologies Leopard relies heavily upon among others. Leopard can be "hacked" (see below) to install on these G3 and pre 867mhz G4 machines but the system may behave erratically and many of the programs, features and functions may not work properly or at all.

Usage on unsupported hardware

Some ways of running Leopard on certain unsupported hardware, primarily PowerPC G4 computers with CPU speeds lower than the official requirement of 867 MHz, have been discovered. A common way is use of the program LeopardAssist, which is a bootloader similar in some respects to XPostFacto (used for installing earlier releases of Mac OS X on unsupported G3 and pre-G3 Macs) that uses the Mac’s Open Firmware to tell Leopard that the machine does have a CPU meeting the 867 MHz minimum requirement that the Installer checks for before installation is allowed to commence, when in reality the CPU is slower.[41] Currently, LeopardAssist only runs on slower G4s and many people have installed Leopard successfully on these older machines. The same result can also be achieved by altering the line of script in the Distribution.dist file on the Leopard installation DVD and burning a new copy of the DVD with the updated file to stop the results of the processor clock speed check, performed when the script in this file is run before Leopard is installed, from halting the installation if it is found to be below 867 MHz.

Users who have access to supported hardware have installed Leopard on the supported machine then simply moved the hard drive to the unsupported machine. Leopard is only compiled for AltiVec-enabled PowerPC processors (G4 and G5) though, as well as Intel, so both of these methods will only work on Macs with G4 or later CPUs. While some of the earlier beta releases were made to run on some later G3 machines (mostly later 800–900 MHz iBooks), no success with the retail version has been officially reported on G3 Macs except for some later iMacs and "Pismo" PowerBook G3s with G4 processor upgrades installed.

For a number of months after Leopard's release it appeared that the only G3 Macs on which Leopard could be run were those with both an aftermarket G4 processor and an AGP graphics card, as failures with the OS partially booting before crashing were reported on older Macs such as the original tray-loading iMacs and the Beige and Blue & White Power Mac G3 (all with G4 upgrades as Leopard will not even begin to load without one) whereas it would boot fine on newer Macs where the Installer restriction had been circumvented. However, more recently it has been reported[42] [43] that with some more work and use of kernel extensions from XPostFacto, Tiger and beta builds of Leopard, the OS can be made to run on G4-upgraded Macs as old as the Beige G3, despite the lack of AGP-based graphics. While Leopard can be run on any Mac with a G4 or later processor, some functionality such as Front Row or Time Machine fails to work without a Quartz Extreme-capable graphics card, which many of the earlier G4s did not include in their factory specification.

Since Apple moved to using Intel processors in their computers, the OSx86 project has developed and now also allows Mac OS X Tiger and Leopard to be installed and run successfully on non-Apple x86-based computers, albeit in violation of Apple's licensing agreement for OS X. A variety of installation processes can be used, the most common being to use modified Darwin bootloaders commonly known as "Boot 132" or "Chameleon" designed to trick the retail, or vanilla, operating system into thinking that it is running on an EFI-based Mac. This method of installation allows the use of an unmodified Apple installation DVD and the updating of the operating system from the built-in Software Update utility, but will work only on Intel Core-based PCs and will not work with all motherboard chipsets. Modified installation DVDs are also available illegally which offer compatibility with a much wider range of hardware such as AMD and Intel Pentium 4 processors, at the expense of being able to reliably install the Apple updates. A hardware device capable of being attached to a PC’s motherboard has also been released, EFI-X, enabling much the same function as the modified Darwin bootloader.

Packaging

The retail packaging for Leopard is significantly smaller than that of previous versions of Mac OS X (although later copies of Tiger also came in the new smaller box). It also sports a lenticular cover, making the X appear to float above a purple galaxy, somewhat resembling the default Leopard desktop wallpaper.[44]

Version history

Version Build Release date Note
10.5.0 9A581 26 October 2007 Available on first-released retail DVD
10.5.1 9B18 15 November 2007 Apple download page; also available on second-released retail DVD
10.5.2 9C31 11 February 2008 Apple download page
10.5.3 9D34 28 May 2008 Apple download page
10.5.4 9E17 30 June 2008 Apple download page; also available on third-released retail DVD
10.5.5 9F33 15 September 2008 Apple download page
10.5.6 9G55 15 December 2008 Apple download page
9G66 6 January 2009 Available on fourth-released retail DVD (part of Mac Box Set)
10.5.7 9J61 12 May 2009 Apple download page

Compatibility

After Leopard’s release, there were widely-reported incidents of new Leopard installs hanging during boot on the blue screen that appears just before the login process starts.Template:Fact Apple attributed these problems to an outdated version of an unsupported add-on extension called Application Enhancer (APE), from Unsanity which is incompatible with Leopard; unbeknownst to many users, APE had been installed silently on many Macs by Logitech as part of their mouse drivers. However, only the users who didn’t have the latest version of APE installed (2.0.3 at that time) were affected.[45] Apple published a knowledge base article on how to solve this problem.[46]

Criticism

  • Security features in Leopard were criticized as weak or ineffective, with the publisher Heise Security documenting that the Leopard installer downgraded firewall protection and exposed services to attack even when the firewall was re-enabled. Several researchers noted that the Library Randomization feature added to Leopard was ineffective compared to mature implementations on other platforms, and that the new "secure Guest account" could be abused by Guests to retain access to the system even after the Leopard log out process erased their home directory.[47][48][49][50]
  • Though generally lauded in the press as a step forward for data recovery, Time Machine was criticized in multiple publications for lacking the capabilities of third-party backup software. Analyzing the feature for TidBITS, Joe Kissell pointed out that Time Machine does not create bootable copies of backed-up volumes, does not back up to AirPort Disk hard drives and will not back up FileVault encrypted home directories until the user logs out, concluding that the feature is "pretty good at what it does" but he will only use it as part of a "broader backup strategy".[51][52][53] One of these issues has been resolved, however; On 19 March 2008, updates were released for AirPort and Time Machine, allowing for Time Machine to use a USB hard disk which has been connected to an AirPort Extreme Base Station.[54]
  • R.L. Prior, on the ThinkMac blog, criticized a number of changes to Leopard’s user interface, including the transparent menu bar, the shelf-like Dock and the new folder icons.[55] Decreased transparency of the menu bar, along with the ability to disable the menu bar transparency were added with the 10.5.2 release on 11 February 2008.[56]
  • The auto-switching feature in Spaces annoyed some of its users. Apple added a new preference in 10.5.2 which disabled this feature, but there were still bugs found while switching windows. In 10.5.3, this problem was addressed and was no longer an issue.[57]

References

  1. ↑ MacWorld 2008 Keynote
  2. ↑ "Mac OS X Leopard - Features - 300+ New Features". Apple Inc.. 16 October 2007. http://www.apple.com/macosx/features/300.html. Retrieved on 2007-10-16. 
  3. ↑ "Apple’s Intel switch: Jobs’ keynote transcript". CNet. 15 June 2005. http://www.news.com/Apples-Intel-switch-Jobs-keynote-transcript---page-2/2100-1047_3-5748045-2.html?tag=st.num. Retrieved on 2007-04-12. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ryan Block (7 August 2006). "Live from WWDC 2006: Steve Jobs keynote". Engadget. http://www.engadget.com/2006/08/07/live-from-wwdc-2006-steve-jobs-keynote/. Retrieved on 2006-08-07. 
  5. ↑ Yahoo! Finance (12 April 2007). Apple Statement. Press release. http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/070412/sfth056.html?.v=87. Retrieved on 2007-04-12. 
  6. ↑ Apple. "300+ New Features". http://www.apple.com/macosx/features/300.html. Retrieved on 2007-11-26. 
  7. ↑ Apple Inc. "Leopard Sneak Peek - Dashboard". http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/dashboard.html. Retrieved on 2006-11-28. 
  8. ↑ "Non-mentioned Leopard features". http://robles.wordpress.com/2007/07/07/non-mentioned-leopard-features/. Retrieved on 2007-10-01. 
  9. ↑ "Apple - Mac OS X Leopard - Features - 300+ New Features". http://www.apple.com/macosx/features/300.html#dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-10-21. 
  10. ↑ Apple Inc. "Leopard Sneak Peek - iCal". http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/ical.html. Retrieved on 2007-04-23. 
  11. ↑ "WWDC 2006 Keynote - Live Coverage". http://www.macrumorslive.com/web/. Retrieved on 2006-08-07. 
  12. ↑ Apple Inc. "Leopard Sneak Peek - iChat". http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/ichat.html. Retrieved on 2006-11-28. 
  13. ↑ Apple Inc. "Leopard Sneak Peek - Mail". http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/mail.html. Retrieved on 2006-11-28. 
  14. ↑ Glenn Fleishman (25 October 2007). "Leopard Simplifies Sharing". TidBITS. http://db.tidbits.com/article/9261. Retrieved on 2007-10-26. 
  15. ↑ Apple Inc. "Mac OS X - Leopard Sneak Peek". Apple. http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/. Retrieved on 2006-08-08. 
  16. ↑ Apple Insider. "Road to Mac OS X Leopard: an extensive look at Preview 4.0". http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/07/10/02/road_to_mac_os_x_leopard_an_extensive_look_at_preview_3_0.html. Retrieved on 2007-10-04. 
  17. ↑ Apple Inc. "Quick Look". Apple. http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/features/quicklook.html. Retrieved on 2006-04-11. 
  18. ↑ Apple Inc. "Leopard Sneak Peek - Spaces". http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/features/spaces.html. Retrieved on 2006-11-28. 
  19. ↑ "OS 10.5 Leopard Spaces + Exposé". GoogleVideos. GoogleVideos. 2006. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1254656550190215821. Retrieved on 2006-08-28. 
  20. ↑ Rob Griffiths (15 August 2006). "Leopard first looks: Spotlight". Macworld. http://www.macworld.com/2006/08/firstlooks/leospot/index.php. Retrieved on 2007-04-12. 
  21. ↑ Rob Griffiths (9 August 2006). "WWDC: Apple’s Time Machine looks to ease backups". Computerworld Inc.. http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyName=software&articleId=9002309&taxonomyId=18. Retrieved on 2007-04-12. 
  22. ↑ Apple Inc. "Leopard Sneak Peek - Accessibility". http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/accessibility.html. Retrieved on 2006-11-28. 
  23. ↑ Apple Inc.. "Apple - Mac OS X Leopard - Technical Specs". Apple.com. http://www.apple.com/macosx/techspecs/. Retrieved on 2008-11-04. 
  24. ↑ "Do Classic applications work with Mac OS X 10.5 or Intel-based Macs?". Knowledge Base. Apple Inc.. 13 January 2006. http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=303137. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Apple, Inc. "Mac OS X - Leopard Sneak Peek". Apple. http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/technology/64bit.html. Retrieved on 2006-08-08. 
  26. ↑ Apple Inc. "Mac OS X Leopard Sneak Peek - Xcode 3.0". Apple. http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/developer/xcode.html. Retrieved on 2006-08-07. 
  27. ↑ Mike Shapiro (2006-08-07). "DTrace on Mac OS X at WWDC". $. http://blogs.sun.com/roller/page/mws?entry=dtrace_on_macos_x_at. Retrieved on 2006-08-08. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Mac OS X Leopard - Technology - UNIX". Apple. http://www.apple.com/macosx/leopard/technology/unix.html. Retrieved on 2007-06-11. 
  29. ↑ Lattner, Chris (2006-08-15). "A cool use of LLVM at Apple: the OpenGL stack". LLVMdev. http://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/pipermail/llvmdev/2006-August/006492.html. Retrieved on 2006-08-21. 
  30. ↑ Siracusa, John (2005-12-04). "Avoiding Copland 2010: Hints of things to come?". FatBits. http://arstechnica.com/staff/fatbits.ars/2005/12/4/1990. Retrieved on 2006-08-08. 
  31. ↑ "Leopard Technology Series for Developers: OS Foundations". 2007-10-26. http://developer.apple.com/leopard/overview/osfoundations.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-21. 
  32. ↑ World of Apple (2006-12-17). "ZFS Makes it to Leopard". World of Apple. http://news.worldofapple.com/archives/2006/12/17/zfs-file-system-makes-it-to-mac-os-x-leopard/. Retrieved on 2006-12-17. 
  33. ↑ Schwartz, Jonathan (2007-06-06). "Washington D.C. Sun Conference". sun.com. http://www.sun.com/jsp_utils/rvideo.jsp?video=74cd4547-01df-440b-823d-48878ae34c73. Retrieved on 2007-06-06. 
  34. ↑ Gonsalves, Antone. "Apple Says No Sun File System For Leopard". InformationWeek. http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=199903281. Retrieved on 2007-06-12. 
  35. ↑ "DVD Player: Plays HD DVD discs authored in DVD Studio Pro only". Apple. http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=305800. Retrieved on 2007-12-12. 
  36. ↑ Mac OS X Leopard Achieves UNIX 03 Product Standard Certification
  37. ↑ Apple - Mac OS X Leopard - Features - 300+ New Features
  38. ↑ Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard: About the Application Firewall
  39. ↑ TidBITS Safe Computing: How Leopard Will Improve Your Security
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Apple, Inc. "Mac OS X Leopard- Technical Specs". Apple. http://www.apple.com/macosx/techspecs/. Retrieved on 2007-10-16. 
  41. ↑ LeopardAssist - Install Leopard on Sub-867mhz[sic] Macs
  42. ↑ Opera Trumps Safari, Flashed Video Cards for Macs, Hacking Leopard for G3 Power Macs, and More
  43. ↑ Leopard running on a Beige G3
  44. ↑ arn. "Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard Packaging". http://www.macrumors.com/2007/10/24/mac-os-x-leopard-retail-box-video/. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. 
  45. ↑ Daring Fireball: Blue in the Face
  46. ↑ Mac OS X 10.5: "Blue screen" appears after installing Leopard and restarting
  47. ↑ Leopard Has More Holes than Spots
  48. ↑ Quick Leopard Update | securosis.com
  49. ↑ A second look at the Mac OS X Leopard firewall - heise Security
  50. ↑ Matasano Chargen » What We’ve Since Learned About Leopard Security Features
  51. ↑ TidBITS Macs & Mac OS X: Time Machine: The Good, the Bad, and the Missing Features
  52. ↑ ITworld.com - Review: Leopard is an upgrade that roars
  53. ↑ Macworld | What’s Leopard really worth?
  54. ↑ "Update allows Time Machine backups on AirPort Extreme". Macworld. 2008-03-20. http://www.macworld.com/article/132613/2008/03/airporttime.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-30. 
  55. ↑ ThinkMac Blog : Leopard stupidity
  56. ↑ Information about the 10.5.2 update.
  57. ↑ Why Apple Spaces is broken

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Mac OS X
Versions
Public BetaTemplate:·wrap 10.0 "Cheetah"Template:·wrap 10.1 "Puma"Template:·wrap 10.2 "Jaguar"Template:·wrap 10.3 "Panther"Template:·wrap 10.4 "Tiger"Template:·wrap 10.5 "Leopard"Template:·wrap 10.6 "Snow Leopard"
Applications
Address BookTemplate:·wrap AutomatorTemplate:·wrap CalculatorTemplate:·wrap ChessTemplate:·wrap DashboardTemplate:·wrap DictionaryTemplate:·wrap DVD PlayerTemplate:·wrap FinderTemplate:·wrap Front RowTemplate:·wrap GrapherTemplate:·wrap iCalTemplate:·wrap iChatTemplate:·wrap iSyncTemplate:·wrap iTunesTemplate:·wrap MailTemplate:·wrap Photo BoothTemplate:·wrap PreviewTemplate:·wrap QuickTimeTemplate:·wrap SafariTemplate:·wrap StickiesTemplate:·wrap TextEdit
Utilities
Activity MonitorTemplate:·wrap AirPort UtilityTemplate:·wrap Archive UtilityTemplate:·wrap Audio MIDI SetupTemplate:·wrap Bluetooth File ExchangeTemplate:·wrap ColorSyncTemplate:·wrap ConsoleTemplate:·wrap Crash ReporterTemplate:·wrap DigitalColor MeterTemplate:·wrap Directory UtilityTemplate:·wrap DiskImageMounterTemplate:·wrap Disk UtilityTemplate:·wrap Font BookTemplate:·wrap GrabTemplate:·wrap Help ViewerTemplate:·wrap Image CaptureTemplate:·wrap InstallerTemplate:·wrap Keychain AccessTemplate:·wrap Migration AssistantTemplate:·wrap Network UtilityTemplate:·wrap ODBC AdministratorTemplate:·wrap Remote Install Mac OS XTemplate:·wrap Screen SharingTemplate:·wrap Software UpdateTemplate:·wrap System PreferencesTemplate:·wrap System ProfilerTemplate:·wrap TerminalTemplate:·wrap Universal AccessTemplate:·wrap VoiceOverTemplate:·wrap X11
Technology and
user interface
Command keyTemplate:·wrap Option keyTemplate:·wrap Apple menuTemplate:·wrap AppleScriptTemplate:·wrap AquaTemplate:·wrap Audio UnitsTemplate:·wrap BonjourTemplate:·wrap Boot CampTemplate:·wrap BootXTemplate:·wrap CarbonTemplate:·wrap CocoaTemplate:·wrap ColorSyncTemplate:·wrap Core AnimationTemplate:·wrap Core AudioTemplate:·wrap Core DataTemplate:·wrap Core FoundationTemplate:·wrap Core ImageTemplate:·wrap Core OpenGLTemplate:·wrap Core TextTemplate:·wrap Core VideoTemplate:·wrap CUPSTemplate:·wrap Cover FlowTemplate:·wrap DarwinTemplate:·wrap DockTemplate:·wrap ExposéTemplate:·wrap FileVaultTemplate:·wrap Grand Central DispatchTemplate:·wrap icnsTemplate:·wrap InkwellTemplate:·wrap I/O KitTemplate:·wrap Kernel panicTemplate:·wrap KeychainTemplate:·wrap Mach-OTemplate:·wrap MacRubyTemplate:·wrap Menu extraTemplate:·wrap OpenCLTemplate:·wrap Preference PaneTemplate:·wrap Property listTemplate:·wrap QuartzTemplate:·wrap QuickTimeTemplate:·wrap Quick LookTemplate:·wrap RosettaTemplate:·wrap Smart FoldersTemplate:·wrap SpacesTemplate:·wrap Speakable itemsTemplate:·wrap SpotlightTemplate:·wrap StacksTemplate:·wrap Time MachineTemplate:·wrap Uniform Type IdentifierTemplate:·wrap Universal binaryTemplate:·wrap WebKitTemplate:·wrap XgridTemplate:·wrap XNUTemplate:·wrap ZFS
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