From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mandragora officinarum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Solanales
Family:	Solanaceae
Genus:	Mandragora
Species:	M. officinarum
Binomial name
Mandragora officinarum L.

Mandragora officinarum is a species of Mandragora (mandrake), which is used medicinally.

Physical Characteristics

Perennial growing to 0.1m by 0.3m . It is hardy to zone 7 and is not frost tender. It is in leaf from March to July, in flower from March to April, and the seeds ripen from July to August. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. The plant is self-fertile. We rate it 1 out of 5 for usefulness.

The plant prefers light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils and requires well-drained soil. The plant prefers acid and neutral soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires dry or moist soil.

Habitats and Possible Locations

Woodland, Cultivated Beds, Sunny Edge, Dappled Shade. Edible Uses

Fruit

Fruit - raw or cooked. A delicacy[89]. The fruit is about the size of a small apple, with a strong apple-like scent[4]. Caution is advised in the use of this fruit, it is quite possibly poisonous[K].

Medicinal Uses

Disclaimer Cathartic; Emetic; Hallucinogenic; Narcotic.

Mandrake has a long history of medicinal use, though superstition has played a large part in the uses it has been applied to. It is rarely prescribed in modern herbalism[238], though it contains hyoscine which is the standard pre-operative medication given to soothe patients and reduce bronchial secretions[244]. It is also used to treat travel sickness[244].

The fresh or dried root contains highly poisonous alkaloids and is cathartic, strongly emetic, hallucinogenic and narcotic[4, 21, 46, 192, 244]. In sufficient quantities it induces a state of oblivion and was used as an anaesthetic for operations in early surgery[238]. It was much used in the past for its anodyne and soporific properties[4]. In the past, juice from the finely grated root was applied externally to relieve rheumatic pains, ulcers and scrofulous tumours[244]. It was also used internally to treat melancholy, convulsions and mania[244]. When taken internally in large doses, however, it is said to excite delirium and madness[4]. The root should be used with caution, and only under the supervision of a qualified practitioner[21, 238]. See the notes above on toxicity.

The leaves are harmless and cooling. They have been used for ointments and other external applications to ulcers etc[4].

Other Uses

None known

Cultivation details

Prefers a deep humus-rich light soil and a sheltered position in full sun[238]. It also tolerates some shade[200]. Prefers a circumneutral soil[200] and dislikes chalk or gravel[4]. Plants are liable to rot in wet or ill-draining soils[4].

Plants are hardy to about -15°c[187].

The roots are somewhat carrot-shaped and can be up to 1.2 metres long[4]. Plants are intolerant of root disturbance and should be put out into their permanent positions as soon as possible[188].

The root often divides into two and is vaguely suggestive of the human body. In the past it was frequently made into amulets which were believed to bring good fortune, cure sterility etc[244]. There is a superstition that if a person pulls up this root they will be condemned to hell[244]. Therefore in the past people have tied the roots to the bodies of animals and then used these animals in order to pull the roots out of the soil.

Propagation

Seed - best sown in a cold frame in the autumn[188]. The seed can also be sown in spring in a cold frame. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts.

Root cuttings in winter[200].

Division

This can be rather difficult since the plants resent root disturbance."

References

• Bibliomation, Inc.

From Wikispecies

Taxonavigation

Classification System: APG II (down to family level)

Main Page
Cladus: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiospermae
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Euasterids I
Ordo: Solanales
Familia: Solanaceae
Subfamilia: Solanoideae
Genus: Mandragora
Species: Mandragora officinarum

Name

Mandragora officinarum, Sp. Pl. 1: 181. 1753.

Synonyms

• Atropa mandragora L., Syst. nal 10th ed.: 933. 1759), nom. illeg. (Art. 52.1.
• Mandragora foemina Garsault, Fig. pi. med. 3: 221, t. 363 p.p. . 1764.
• Mandragora mas Garsault, Fig. pi. med. 3: 221, t. 363 p.p.. 1764.
• Mandragora acaulis Gaertn., Fruct. sem. pi. 2: 236, t. 131. 1791.
• Atropa humilis Salisb., Prodr. stirp. Chap. Allerton: 132. 1796.
• Atropa acaulis Stokes, Bot. mat. med. 1: 396. 1812.
• Mandragora autumnalis Bertol., Elench. plant, viv.: 6. 1820.
• Mandragora vernalis Bertol., Virid. Bonon. veg.: 6. 1824.
• Mandragora praecox Sweet, Brit.fl. gard. 2: t. 198. 1827.
• Mandragora neglecta G. Don ex Loudon, Hon. brit.: 71. 1830.
• Mandragora microcarpa Bertol., Comm. Mandrag.: 12, t. 3. 1835.
• Mandragora haussknechtii Heldr. in Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Jena. 4: 77, app.. 1886.
• Mandragora ×hybrida Hausskn. & Heldr. in Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Jena. 4:77. 1886.
• Mandragora hispanica Vierh. in Osterr. Bot. Z. 65: 132-133. 1915.

References

• Ungricht, S., Knapp, S., Press, J.R. (1998) A revision of the genus Mandragora (Solanaceae). Bull-Nat-Hist-Mus,-Bot-ser. London : The Natural History Museum v. 28 (1) p. 17-40.