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.^ Cape Tcrwn [1829-30] [Fo.r Articles contained, see Appendix 2 : British South Africa.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ One question that may have been answered for me though, I thought maybe the others (Cesar, Llana) on 316 knew each other and were working for Widmore.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ I see what you mean about the hair, but I think if you look at other representations (besides Taweret) they have a similar "style".- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
|
Mars 
|
|
Designations
|
| Pronunciation |
/ˈmɑrz/ |
| Adjective |
Martian |
|
|
| Epoch J2000 |
| Aphelion |
249,209,300 km
1.665 861 AU |
| Perihelion |
206,669,000 km
1.381 497 AU |
| Semi-major axis |
227,939,100 km
1.523 679 AU |
| Eccentricity |
0.093 315 |
| Orbital period |
686.971 day
668.5991 sols |
| Synodic period |
779.96 day
2.135 Julian years |
| Average orbital speed |
24.077 km/s |
| Inclination |
1.850° to ecliptic
5.65° to Sun's equator
1.67° to invariable plane[2] |
| Longitude of ascending node |
49.562° |
| Argument of perihelion |
286.537° |
| Satellites |
2 |
|
Physical characteristics
|
| Equatorial radius |
3,396.2 ± 0.1 km[a][3]
0.533 Earths |
| Polar radius |
3,376.2 ± 0.1 km[a][3]
0.531 Earths |
| Flattening |
0.005 89 ± 0.000 15 |
| Surface area |
144,798,500 km2
0.284 Earths |
| Volume |
1.6318 × 1011 km3[4]
0.151 Earths |
| Mass |
6.4185 × 1023 kg[4]
0.107 Earths |
| Mean density |
3.9335 ± 0.0004[4] g/cm³ |
| Equatorial surface gravity |
3.711 m/s²[4]
0.376 g |
| Escape velocity |
5.027 km/s |
Sidereal rotation
period |
1.025 957 day
24.622 9 h[4] |
| Equatorial rotation velocity |
868.22 km/h (241.17 m/s) |
| Axial tilt |
25.19° |
| North pole right ascension |
21 h 10 min 44 s
317.681 43° |
| North pole declination |
52.886 50° |
| Albedo |
0.15 (geometric) or 0.25 (bond)[5] |
Surface temp.
Kelvin
Celsius |
| min |
mean |
max |
| 186 K |
227 K |
268 K[6] |
| −87 °C |
−46 °C |
−5 °C |
|
| Apparent magnitude |
+1.8 to −2.91[5] |
| Angular diameter |
3.5–25.1"[5] |
|
Atmosphere
|
| Surface pressure |
0.6–1.0 kPa |
| Composition |
95.72% carbon dioxide
10 ppb methane |
|
Mars is the fourth
planet from the
Sun in the
Solar System. The planet is named after the
Roman god of war,
Mars. It is also referred to as the "
Red Planet" because of its
reddish appearance, which is caused by
iron oxide[7] that is prevalent on its surface.
.^ Brighton, 1888 Cooper, A. J. The Unequal Distribution of Heat over the Earth's Surface ; or, New Theory of Tropical Heat, Polar Cold, Mountain Snows, and the Earth's Di- urnal Revolution.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Temperature of the Atmosphere and Earth's Surface.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
Unlike Earth, Mars is now a geologically inactive planet with no known
tectonic activity. It is the site of
Olympus Mons, the highest known mountain in the Solar System, and of
Valles Marineris, the largest canyon. The smooth
Borealis basin in the northern hemisphere may be a giant impact feature, covering 40% of the planet.
[8][9] Mars’
rotational period and
seasonal cycles are likewise similar to those of Earth.
.^ I know everyone is wondering about the baby - at first I thought it was going to be Charlotte being born, until we found out it was a boy.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
This was based on observed periodic variations in light and dark patches, particularly in the polar
latitudes, which appeared to be seas and continents; long, dark
striations were interpreted by some as irrigation channels for liquid water.
.^ But, other than that, it's the most down-to-earth, straight-forward Pixar movie yet.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ ASHES TO ASHES : the new Life On Mars spin-off pulls in about 7 million viewers every Thursday, making it the 9th most popular show on BBC1 .- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ Plus I don't think he quite knows what to do - and likely doesn't want to say anything to anyone other than his 'posse' - the more who know, the more can spill...- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
[10] .^ Someone else suggested "artistic liberty", which may very well be the case, but it may also be a hint that perhaps the face will NOT be that of a jackel, like Anubis, but a human.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
[11] In 2005, radar data revealed the presence of large quantities of water ice at the poles,
[12] and at mid-latitudes.
[13] The
Phoenix Mars Lander directly sampled water ice in shallow martian soil on July 31, 2008.
[14]
Mars can easily be seen from Earth with the naked eye.
.^ Small 8 1884 -Transit Tables for 1886; giving the Greenwich Mean Time of Transit of the Sun and of certain Stars for every day in the year ; with an Ephemeris of the Sun, Moon, and Planets.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ I wonder if Sun and Lapidus will still be in the same time period as the 316 when they reach the Island.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ New Methods of rinding the Apparent Time and the Sun's Altitude for any given place and time ; and finding the Latitude by Double Altitudes, and also by a single Altitude of the Sun.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
Mars has an average
opposition distance of 78 million km but can come as close as 55.7 million km during a close approach,
such as occurred in 2003.[5]Physical characteristics
Size comparison of
Earth and Mars.
Mars has approximately half the
radius of Earth. It is less dense than Earth, having about 15% of Earth's volume and 11% of the
mass. Its
surface area is only slightly less than the total area of Earth's dry land.
[5] While Mars is larger and more massive than
Mercury, Mercury has a higher density. This results in a slightly stronger gravitational force at Mercury's surface.
.^ Was it any more complete than it was the first time?- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Maybe it gets better the more times you watch it, but it's more a half-decent calling card than a truly brilliant debut.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ I want to know more about this "truce" between DI and the hostiles.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
The red-orange appearance of the Martian surface is caused by
iron(III) oxide, more commonly known as hematite, or rust.
[16]Geology
Based on orbital observations and the examination of the
Martian meteorite collection, the surface of Mars appears to be composed primarily of
basalt.
.^ Observations on the different Strata of Earths and Minerals, more particularly of such as are found in the Coal Mines of Great Britain.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Someone commented on other thread that Paul may be more significant than thought.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ An Essay on the Causes of Distant Alternate Periodic Inundations over the Low Lands of each Hemisphere, suggesting the means where- by the Earth's surface is renovated .- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
Much of the surface is deeply covered by finely grained
iron(III) oxide dust.
[17][18]Although Mars has no evidence of a current structured global
magnetic field,
[19] observations show that parts of the planet's crust have been magnetized, and that alternating polarity reversals of its dipole field have occurred in the past.
.^ Observations on the different Strata of Earths and Minerals, more particularly of such as are found in the Coal Mines of Great Britain.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ One theory (mine) is that bodies are hosts for the souls of the ancient departed (we're all thinking Egyptian) - or something to do with Richard and the hostiles/ancient ones.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ End Of Days ( 1999, dir Peter Hyams ) I got this years ago in my DVD infancy, so it was probably the only worthwhile release in a long time.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ The Descent ( 2005, dir Neil Marshall ) This is one of the best horrors of the past few years, and one that actually works better before the monsters turn up!- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
[20]Current models of the planet's interior imply a core region about 1,480 kilometers (920 mi) in radius, consisting primarily of
iron with about 14–17%
sulfur. This
iron sulfide core is partially fluid, and has twice the concentration of the lighter elements than exist at Earth's core. The core is surrounded by a silicate
mantle that formed many of the tectonic and volcanic features on the planet, but now appears to be inactive. The average thickness of the planet's crust is about 50 kilometers (31 mi), with a maximum thickness of 125 kilometers (78 mi).
[21] Earth's crust, averaging 40 kilometers (25 mi), is only one third as thick as Mars’ crust, relative to the sizes of the two planets.
The geological history of Mars can be split into many epochs, but the following are the three primary epochs:
[22]- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
Noachian age surfaces are scarred by many large impact craters.
.^ Paris, 1798-1800 A Voyage round the World, per- formed during the years 1790-92.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Fosteriana : consisting of Thoughts, Reflections, and Criticisms of John Foster, selected from Periodical Papers not hitherto published in a col- lective form, and edited by Henry G. Bohn.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ When Sawyer talked to Richard he asked Richard about Jughead and then said that 20 years ago Richard met a man named John Locke.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
The Hesperian epoch is marked by the formation of extensive lava plains.
Amazonian epoch (named after Amazonis Planitia): 1.8 billion years ago to present. Amazonian regions have few meteorite impact craters, but are otherwise quite varied. Olympus Mons formed during this period, along with lava flows elsewhere on Mars.
 |
|
 |
|
Volcanic plateaus (red) and impact basins (blue) dominate this topographic map of Mars.
|
|
|
.^ Tuesday, February 19, 2008 .- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
Images capturing an avalanche of materials thought to be fine grained ice, dust, and large blocks are shown to have detached from a 700-meter (2,300 ft) high cliff. Evidence of the avalanche is present in the dust clouds left above the cliff afterwords.
[23]
Three articles published in the June 2008 issue of
Nature presented evidence of an enormous impact basin in Mars's northern hemisphere, spanning 10,600 kilometers (6,600 mi) by 8,500 kilometers (5,300 mi), or roughly four times larger than the Moon's
South Pole-Aitken basin, the largest impact basin yet discovered.
[8][9] .^ Yeah, I never did that game thing a couple years ago when we found out about him.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ When Sawyer talked to Richard he asked Richard about Jughead and then said that 20 years ago Richard met a man named John Locke.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ In addition to Sawyer talking to Richard about Locke going into Richard's camp "20 years ago", to let us know it was 1974.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
The event, thought to be the cause of the Martian hemispheric dichotomy, created the smooth
Borealis basin that covers 40% of the planet.
[24][25]Soil
Main article:
Martian soil.^ Paris, 1863 A Complete Epitome of Practical Navigation, containing all necessary In- struction for keeping a Ship's Reckoning at Sea.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
Scientists compared the soil near Mars's north pole to that of backyard gardens on Earth, and concluded that it could be suitable for growth of plants such as
asparagus.
[26] .^ Do people not think the toddler with red hair who makes Daniel even more nuts than he was - is Charlotte?- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ That would make Jack 3 years younger than me now, which would be 34-35.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Thank you CAM, that makes a little bit more sense than what was going on in my head .- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
.^ Principles of Physical Geography : being an Inquiry into Natural Phenomena and their Causes.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[28]
Tharsis Tholus streak, as seen by
Hirise. It is located in the middle left of this picture.
Tharsis Tholus is just off to the right.
The inset photo of
Tharsis Tholus shows an example of a dark streak. Such streaks are common across Mars and new ones appear frequently on steep slopes of craters, troughs, and valleys. The streaks are dark at first and get lighter with age. Sometimes the streaks start in a tiny area which then spreads out for hundreds of metres.
.^ The shark was first seen in the episode of Michael Jin and Sawyer taking the boat (they built) out and the boat getting blown up after the others take Walt.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Had Ben actually gone to the other island instead of getting bitch slapped with an oar by Sun, he would have seen the same thing they did.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
The commonly accepted theories include that they are dark underlying layers of soil revealed after avalanches of bright dust or dust devils.
[29] However, several ideas have been put forward to explain them, some of which involve
water or even the growth of organisms.
[30]Hydrology
Photo of microscopic rock forms indicating past signs of water, taken by
Opportunity
Main article:
Water on Mars.^ An Essay on the Causes of Distant Alternate Periodic Inundations over the Low Lands of each Hemisphere, suggesting the means where- by the Earth's surface is renovated .- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[31][32] Water ice is in no short supply however, with two polar ice caps that appear to be made largely of water.
[33][34] .^ March 5, 2009 11:36 AM .- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ March 9, 2009 11:36 AM .- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
[35] Additionally, a
permafrost mantle stretches from the pole to latitudes of about 60°.
[33]
A large release of liquid water is thought to have occurred when the
Valles Marineris formed early in Mars's history, forming massive
outflow channels.
.^ The Ice Age in Britain considered in relation to the Depth of the North Atlantic Ocean as determined by recent and earlier Deep-Sea Soundings.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Report of sixt Voyage into the parts of Persia and Media, more especially over the Caspian Sea, and their shipwracke and miseries there endured by the Ice, 1579-81.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Hrrmm, you may be right LostK. I think we have more to learn about that exit in Tunisia and maybe about where the other wormholes exit to.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
[36] .^ N.D. On the Superficial Detritus of Sweden, and on the Probable Causes which have affected the Surface of the Rocks in the Central and Southern Portions of that Kingdom.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The Ice Age in North America and its bearings upon the Antiquity of Man ; with an Appendix on the Probable Cause of Glaciation, by Warren Upham.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[38] The rough surface texture at decimeter (dm) scales, a
thermal inertia comparable to that of the Gusev plains, and the presence of
hydrovolcanic cones, are consistent with the lava flow hypothesis.
[38] Furthermore, the
stoichiometric mass fraction of water in this area, to tens of centimeter depths, is only about 4%,
[39] which is easily attributable to
hydrated minerals,
[40] and inconsistent with the presence of near-surface ice.
The high resolution Mars Orbiter Camera on the
Mars Global Surveyor has taken pictures which give much more detail about the history of liquid water on the surface of Mars.
.^ Jack would be up there trying to stop it, "no, please, don't."- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ When Sun and Frank were at Dharmaville with Christian, it looked so dilapidated- like no one had been there in a long long time.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Fanolost I don't think ben recognized them there is no indication of it.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
Weathering processes may have denuded these, indicating that the river valleys are old features. These high resolution observations, from spacecraft such as Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, have also revealed thousands of features along crater and canyon walls that appear similar to terrestrial
gullies. The gullies tend to be in the highlands of the southern hemisphere and to face the Equator; all are poleward of 30° latitude.
[41] The researchers found no partially degraded gullies formed by weathering and no superimposed impact craters, indicating that these are very young features.
.^ ASHES TO ASHES : the new Life On Mars spin-off pulls in about 7 million viewers every Thursday, making it the 9th most popular show on BBC1 .- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ New York, 1890-91 Six Years of Adventure in Congo- Land ; with an Introduction by H. M. Stanley.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
Michael Meyer, the lead scientist for NASA's Mars Exploration Program, argues that only the flow of material with a high liquid water content could produce such a debris pattern and colouring.
.^ [Sydney, 1888] The Source of the Underground Water in the Western Districts.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[42] .^ Principles of Geology: being an Attempt to explain the former Changes on the Earth's Surface by refer- ence to causes now in operation.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[43][44]
Further evidence that
liquid water once existed on the surface of Mars comes from the detection of specific minerals such as
hematite and
goethite, both of which sometimes form in the presence of water.
[45] .^ Barlow, Peter W. On Some Peculiar Features of the Water-bearing Strata of the London Basin.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[46] However, in 2004,
Opportunity detected the presence of the mineral
jarosite on "
El Capitan", a rock on the outcrop of Opportunity Ledge.
.^ I've only seen it once.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
[47]Polar caps
Mars has two permanent polar ice caps. During a pole's winter, it lies in continuous darkness, chilling the surface and causing 25–30% of the atmosphere to condense out into thick slabs of
CO2 ice (
dry ice).
[48] When the poles are again exposed to sunlight, the frozen CO
2 sublimes, creating enormous winds that sweep off the poles as fast as 400 km/h. These seasonal actions transport large amounts of dust and water vapor, giving rise to Earth-like
frost and large
cirrus clouds. Clouds of water-ice were photographed by the
Opportunity rover in 2004.
[49]The polar caps at both poles consist primarily of water ice. Frozen carbon dioxide accumulates as a thin layer about one metre thick on the north cap in the northern winter only, while the south cap has a permanent dry ice cover about eight metres thick.
[50] .^ ASHES TO ASHES : the new Life On Mars spin-off pulls in about 7 million viewers every Thursday, making it the 9th most popular show on BBC1 .- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ Fitzjames of the Lost Polar Expedition Brighton, N.D. Osborn, S. Remarks upon the Amount of Light experienced in High Northern Latitudes during the Absence of the Sun.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[52] (This compares to a volume of 2.85 million cubic kilometres for the
Greenland ice sheet.) The southern polar cap has a diameter of 350 km and a thickness of 3 km.
[53] The total volume of ice in the south polar cap plus the adjacent layered deposits has also been estimated at 1.6 million cubic kilometres.
[54] .^ Resultate der meteorologischen Beo- bachtungen der franzosischen Polar- Expedition, 1882-83, am Cap Horn.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Small 8 1871 The Forms of Water in Clouds and Rivers, Ice and Glaciers.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[55][56].^ The show earned itself a second season in the States, and Channel 4 haven't hidden this away on E4 (like they have Reaper ), so obviously a lot of people have faith in it.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
Then, sublimed CO
2 -and probably water- increase pressure in their interior producing
geyser-like eruptions of cold fluids often mixed with dark basaltic sand or mud.
[57][58][59][60] This process is rapid, observed happening in the space of a few days, weeks or months, a growth rate rather unusual in geology – especially for Mars.
Geography
.^ Ben couldn't have remembered the Losties at first b/c they really hadn't met in the past yet (that was a weird sentence to type!- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
In 1840, Mädler combined ten years of observations and drew the first map of Mars. Rather than giving names to the various markings, Beer and Mädler simply designated them with letters; Meridian Bay (Sinus Meridiani) was thus feature "
a."
[61]
Today, features on Mars are named from a number of sources. Large
albedo features retain many of the older names, but are often updated to reflect new knowledge of the nature of the features. For example,
Nix Olympica (the snows of Olympus) has become
Olympus Mons (Mount Olympus).
[62] .^ Rational Theory as to the Cause of the Varieties of Temperature in the different Latitudes of the Earth's Surface, and according to the Scriptural Account of the Creation.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Amsterdam, 1854-92 [Afterwards divided into two sections, viz.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Divided into two Bookes ; the latter containing Twelve Songs, never before Imprinted, Digested into a Poem by Michael Drayton, Esquire.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
The paler plains covered with dust and sand rich in reddish iron oxides were once thought of as Martian 'continents' and given names like
Arabia Terra (
land of Arabia) or
Amazonis Planitia (
Amazonian plain). The dark features were thought to be seas, hence their names
Mare Erythraeum, Mare Sirenum and
Aurorae Sinus. The largest dark feature seen from Earth is
Syrtis Major.
[63] The permanent northern polar ice cap is named
Planum Boreum, while the southern cap is called
Planum Australe.
.^ Maps and plates, Folio 1834 First Report from the Select Com- mittee on Steam Communication with India, China, Australia, and New Zea- land.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Ottawa, 1880 Papers on Time-Reckoning and the Selection of a Prime Meridian to be Common to all Nations.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
After the spacecraft
Mariner 9 provided extensive imagery of Mars in 1972, a small crater (later called
Airy-0), located in the
Sinus Meridiani ("Middle Bay" or "Meridian Bay"), was chosen for the definition of 0.0° longitude to coincide with the original selection.
[64]
.^ [Sydney, 1880] Note upon a Sliding-Scale for cor- recting Barometer Readings to 32 F. and Mean Sea-Level.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The Reduction of Air- Pressure to Sea-level, at Elevated Stations West of the Mississippi River.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
Zero altitude is defined by the height at which there is 610.5
Pa (6.105 mbar) of atmospheric pressure.
[65] .^ Voyage of Thomas Candish into the South Sea, and from thence round about the Circumference of the whole Earth, 1586-88.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Report of the Variations of the Mag- netic Intensity observed at different points of the Earth's Surface.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ On the Excess of Water in the Region of the Earth about New Zealand, its Causes and its Effects.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[66]
This approximate true-color image, taken by the Mars Exploration
Rover Opportunity, shows the view of
Victoria Crater from Cape Verde. It was captured over a three-week period, from October 16 – November 6, 2006.
Impact topography
The dichotomy of Martian topography is striking: northern plains flattened by lava flows contrast with the southern highlands, pitted and cratered by ancient impacts. Research in 2008 has presented evidence regarding a theory proposed in 1980 postulating that, four billion years ago, the northern hemisphere of Mars was struck by an object one-tenth to two-thirds the size of
the Moon. If validated, this would make Mars's northern hemisphere the site of an impact crater 10,600 km long by 8,500 km wide, or roughly the area of Europe, Asia, and Australia combined, surpassing the
South Pole-Aitken basin as the largest impact crater in the Solar System.
[8][9]Mars is scarred by a number of
impact craters: a total of 43,000 craters with a diameter of 5 km or greater have been found.
[67] The largest confirmed of these is the
Hellas impact basin, a light
albedo feature clearly visible from Earth.
[68] Due to the smaller mass of Mars, the probability of an object colliding with the planet is about half that of the Earth. However, Mars is located closer to the asteroid belt, so it has an increased chance of being struck by materials from that source. Mars is also more likely to be struck by short-period
comets,
i.e., those that lie within the orbit of Jupiter.
[69] In spite of this, there are far fewer craters on Mars compared with the Moon because Mars's atmosphere provides protection against small meteors. Some craters have a morphology that suggests the ground became wet after the meteor impacted.
[70]Tectonic sites
 |
|
 |
|
|
|
THEMIS image of cave entrances on Mars. The pits have been informally named (A) Dena, (B) Chloe, (C) Wendy, (D) Annie, (E) Abby (left) and Nikki, and (F) Jeanne.
|
The
shield volcano,
Olympus Mons (
Mount Olympus), at 27 km is the highest known mountain in the Solar System.
[71] .^ Folio 1671 Asia : the first part, being an Accurate Description of Persia and the several Provinces thereof, the vast Empire of the Great Mogol, and other parts of India, &c.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ A General Description of China, containing the Topography of the Fifteen Provinces which compose this vast Empire, that of Tartary, the Isles, and other tributary Countries, &c.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Folio 1670 America : being the latest and most Accurate Description of the New World, containing the Original of the Inhabitants, and the remarkable Voyages thither ; the Conquest of the vast Empires of Mexico and Peru, and other large Provinces and Territories, with the several European Plantations in those parts .- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
Olympus Mons is over three times the height of
Mount Everest, which in comparison stands at just over 8.8 km.
[72]The large canyon,
Valles Marineris (Latin for
Mariner Valleys, also known as Agathadaemon in the old canal maps), has a length of 4,000 km and a depth of up to 7 km. The length of Valles Marineris is equivalent to the length of Europe and extends across one-fifth the circumference of Mars. By comparison, the
Grand Canyon on Earth is only 446 km long and nearly 2 km deep. Valles Marineris was formed due to the swelling of the Tharsis area which caused the crust in the area of Valles Marineris to collapse. Another large canyon is
Ma'adim Vallis (
Ma'adim is
Hebrew for Mars). It is 700 km long and again much bigger than the Grand Canyon with a width of 20 km and a depth of 2 km in some places. It is possible that Ma'adim Vallis was flooded with liquid water in the past.
[73]Other features
Images from the
Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) aboard NASA's
Mars Odyssey orbiter have revealed seven possible
cave entrances on the flanks of the
Arsia Mons volcano.
[74] .^ APPENDIX I. COLLECTIONS OF VOYAGES AND TRAVELS. The collections are arranged alphabetically under the names of their compilers when these are known, and the anonymous works are placed at the end in chronological order.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[75] Cave entrances measure from 100 m to 252 m wide and they are believed to be at least 73 m to 96 m deep.
.^ I feel like Rose and Bernard are simply likable characters, but won't hold much of a significance beyond what they've already done.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ I know she knows more than she is saying, but like I said before, if everyone shared what they knew...we'd have no LOST!!!- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ But them withholding the name was certainly agonizing because I am sure they knew that would drive the fans nuts (like the hooded Amy)!- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
"Dena" is the only exception; its floor is visible and was measured to be 130 m deep. The interiors of these caverns may be protected from micrometeoroids, UV radiation,
solar flares and high energy particles that bombard the planet's surface.
[76]Atmosphere
 |
|
 |
|
Mars's thin atmosphere, visible on the horizon in this low-orbit photo.
|
|
Traces of methane plumes in Mars’ atmosphere during northern summer – NASA |
.^ [Edinburgh, 1858] the Mean Pressure of the Atmosphere and the prevailing Winds over the Globe for the Months and for the Year.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ That would make Jack 3 years younger than me now, which would be 34-35.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
.^ And there's still the fundamental flaw of this spin-off: the driving force behind Mars was the uncertainly behind Sam's predicament (was he dead, insane, or back in time?- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
[77][78] Compared to Earth, the
atmosphere of Mars is quite thin.
.^ [Edinburgh, 1858] the Mean Pressure of the Atmosphere and the prevailing Winds over the Globe for the Months and for the Year.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ An Essay on the Causes of Distant Alternate Periodic Inundations over the Low Lands of each Hemisphere, suggesting the means where- by the Earth's surface is renovated .- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The Mean Pressure of the Atmosphere over the Globe for the Months and for the Year.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[79] The surface pressure of Mars is equal to the pressure found 35 km
[80] above the Earth's surface. This is less than 1% of the Earth's surface pressure (101.3 kPa).
.^ This is perhaps the first Pixar film that aims slightly higher than the typical under-10 crowd.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ Those moments aren't the heady delights they were in Life On Mars , solely because the mystery about Alex's whereabouts isn't a mystery.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ Being a UK-based blog, it's only natural the homegrown stuff is more popular than the big US shows everyone blogs about.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
The atmosphere on Mars consists of 95%
carbon dioxide, 3%
nitrogen, 1.6%
argon, and contains traces of
oxygen and water.
[5] The atmosphere is quite dusty, containing particulates about 1.5
µm in diameter which give the Martian sky a
tawny color when seen from the surface.
[82]Methane has been detected in the Martian atmosphere with a concentration of about 30
ppb by volume;
[83][84] it occurs in extended plumes, and the profiles imply that the methane was released from discrete regions.
.^ Tables of Logarithms to six places : containing Logarithms of Numbers from I to 10,000 ; and of Sines, Tangents, and Secants for every half-minute ; with proportional parts for Seconds.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Disturnell's Guide through the Middle, Northern, and Eastern States ; contain- ing a Description of the Principal Places, Canals, Railroad and Steamboat Routes, Tables of Distances, c.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[85][86] .^ This box-set is actually Region 4 (purely because it was released there first and had a black case, unlike the blue-silver US/UK box-set – picky, moi ?- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ There are only 2 episodes left of this strike-shortened season (not including this one), and rumours suggest it's unlikely to return for a fourth year.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ Two Years in Ava, from May 1824 to May 1862.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[85][87][88]
.^ But I think he made up that speech about how three years is long enough to get over someone just to placate and soothe Horace.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
[85][89] This rapid turnover would indicate an active source of the gas on the planet.
Volcanic activity,
cometary impacts, and the presence of
methanogenic microbial life forms are among possible sources. Methane could also be produced by a non-biological process called
serpentinization[b] involving water, carbon dioxide, and the
mineral olivine, which is known to be common on Mars.
[90]
Climate
.^ On their way to the beach, gunshots ring out and Sawyer and Juliet take out the two "bad guys" and rescue the girl (most likely Amy).- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Thoughts on the Influence of Ether in the Solar System, its relations to the Zodiacal Light, Comets, the Seasons, and Periodical Shooting Stars.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ But I think he made up that speech about how three years is long enough to get over someone just to placate and soothe Horace.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ There was a scene from last season I think where Jin and Sun were speaking in Korean and they noticed that Charlotte was smiling and paying attention to their Korean conversation...so they approached her about it.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Something must have happened in those two weeks that LaFleur bought them that made Juliet change her mind about leaving.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about -87
°C (-125 °F) during the polar winters to highs of up to 20 °C (68 °F) in summers.
[31] The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low
thermal inertia of Martian soil.
[91] The planet is also 1.52 times as far from the sun as Earth, resulting in just 43 percent of the amount of sunlight.
[92]
.^ But them withholding the name was certainly agonizing because I am sure they knew that would drive the fans nuts (like the hooded Amy)!- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
However, the comparatively large eccentricity of the Martian orbit has a significant effect. Mars is near
perihelion when it is summer in the southern hemisphere and winter in the north, and near
aphelion when it is winter in the southern hemisphere and summer in the north.
.^ Narrative of Voyages and Travels in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, comprising Three Voyages round the World, to- gether with a Voyage in the Pacific Ocean and Oriental Islands.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ While not the best premiere episode (obviously the Pilot was totally fresh, and season 2's premiere expanded the scope), it was more entertaining than season 3's opener – despite not really shaking any foundations.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
The summer temperatures in the south can reach up to 30 °C (54 °F) warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north.
[93]
Mars also has the largest
dust storms in our Solar System. These can vary from a storm over a small area, to gigantic storms that cover the entire planet. They tend to occur when Mars is closest to the Sun, and have been shown to increase the global temperature.
[94]Orbit and rotation
Mars’ average distance from the Sun is roughly 230 million km (1.5 AU) and its orbital period is 687 (Earth) days. The solar day (or
sol) on Mars is only slightly longer than an Earth day: 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35.244 seconds. A Martian year is equal to 1.8809 Earth years, or 1 year, 320 days, and 18.2 hours.
[5]Mars's axial tilt is 25.19 degrees, which is similar to the axial tilt of the Earth.
[5] .^ Mars finished last year (on a surreal note), but you can't keep a good idea down for long...- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ Than you flash forward and they're together - though likely not marrit.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ They are too long for a guy, and are a turnoff except for the "S" chick, good for backscratching though...- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
Currently the orientation of the
north pole of Mars is close to the star
Deneb.
[95] Mars passed its
perihelion in April 2009 and its aphelion in May 2008. It next reaches perihelion in May 2011 and aphelion in March 2010.
[citation needed].^ It's another ironic purchase for LivingTV , as their schedule is full of reality shows about contacting the dead , and Moonlight only stretches that predilection to the "undead".- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ Being a UK-based blog, it's only natural the homegrown stuff is more popular than the big US shows everyone blogs about.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
However, it is known that in the past Mars has had a much more circular orbit than it does currently. At one point 1.35 million Earth years ago, Mars had an eccentricity of roughly 0.002, much less than that of Earth today.
[96] The Mars cycle of eccentricity is 96,000 Earth years compared to the Earth's cycle of 100,000 years.
[97] However, Mars also has a much longer cycle of eccentricity with a period of 2.2 million Earth years, and this overshadows the 96,000-year cycle in the eccentricity graphs.
.^ Keeley Hawes herself is an interesting screen presence; imagine a slightly more talented Keira Knightley, 10 years from now, and that's the vibe she gives me.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ Mars finished last year (on a surreal note), but you can't keep a good idea down for long...- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ It failed dismally last year because the plots were dull/repetitive and its mythology was riddled with holes -- but steps have been taken to correct many of the mistakes now.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
The closest distance between the Earth and Mars will continue to mildly decrease for the next 25,000 years.
[98]
Moons
Main article:
Moons of Mars
Phobos (left) and Deimos (right)
Mars has two tiny natural moons,
Phobos and
Deimos, which orbit very close to the planet. Their known composition suggests the moons are captured asteroids but their origin remains uncertain.
[99].^ The statue is definitely Anubis -- the Egyptian god of the underworld, or sometimes known as the god who carried souls to the god of the underworld (who was his father Osiris).- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ The final novel in the series is (The Last Battle) it is about one tricking another into impersonating the LEADER leading to a war and the destruction of Narnia (the island) .- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
Ares was known as Mars to the Romans.
[100][101]
From the surface of Mars, the motions of Phobos and Deimos appear very different from that of our own moon. Phobos rises in the west, sets in the east, and rises again in just 11 hours. Deimos, being only just outside
synchronous orbit—where the orbital period would match the planet's period of rotation—rises as expected in the east but very slowly. Despite the 30 hour orbit of Deimos, it takes 2.7 days to set in the west as it slowly falls behind the rotation of Mars, then just as long again to rise.
[102]Because Phobos' orbit is below synchronous altitude, the
tidal forces from the planet Mars are gradually lowering its orbit.
.^ ASHES TO ASHES : the new Life On Mars spin-off pulls in about 7 million viewers every Thursday, making it the 9th most popular show on BBC1 .- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ But I think he made up that speech about how three years is long enough to get over someone just to placate and soothe Horace.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Last year, Primeval was a show about a small group of people chasing creatures around.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
[102]The origin of the two moons is not well understood. Their low albedo and
carbonaceous chondrite composition are similar to asteroids and capture remains the favored theory. Phobos' unstable orbit would seem to point towards a relatively recent capture. But both have
circular orbits, very near the equator, which is very unusual for captured objects and the required capture dynamics are complex.
.^ So his arrival on the island was probably in the early 70s rather than the late 70s when he would be an older teenager.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Yaman, its Early Mediaeval History; also the Abridged History of its Dynasties by Ibn Khaldun, and an Account of the Karmathians of Yaman by Abu 'Abd Allah Baha Ad -din Al-Janadi.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
A third possibility is the involvement of a third body or some kind of impact disruption.
[103]Life
Main article:
Life on MarsThe current understanding of
planetary habitability—the ability of a world to develop and sustain life—favors planets that have liquid water on their surface.
.^ Diagram showing the Amount of Day- light experienced during the Absence of the Sun within the Arctic Zone in the Winters of 1852-53 and 1853-54.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[104] During perihelion Mars dips inside this region, but the planet's thin (low-pressure) atmosphere prevents liquid water from existing over large regions for extended periods. The past flow of liquid water, however, demonstrates the planet's potential for habitability. Recent evidence has suggested that any water on the Martian surface would have been too salty and acidic to support terrestrial life.
[105].^ [Edinburgh, 1858] the Mean Pressure of the Atmosphere and the prevailing Winds over the Globe for the Months and for the Year.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The Recurring Monthly Periods and Periodic System of the Atmospheric Actions, with Evidences of the Transfer of Heat and Electricity, and general Observations on Meteorology.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ On certain Phenomena of Voltaic Ignition and the Decomposition of Water into its Constitutent Gases by Heat.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
Mars is also nearly, or perhaps totally, geologically dead; the end of volcanic activity has stopped the recycling of chemicals and minerals between the surface and interior of the planet.
[106]
.^ I think more than once.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Gwen reports to Jack that there are 12 confirmed deaths so far, meaning Death only needs to kill once more and it will be free to spread across the world.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ TGT regarding "the numbers" and the fact that they seem to taunt Hurley....there's more of a connection than the lottery ticket.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
.^ Some Remarks on an Error respecting the Site and Origin of Graham Island.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ It comes at the point where many viewers will be debating whether or not to continue watching, as the show is still on shaky ground.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
.^ Jacob is not 30 years old...- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Unfortunately, there's no way to tell if Owen has 30 days, weeks or years of "life" before the energy vanishes...- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ I recommend seeing it, although its various tricks have been repeated so often now, it will seem quite old-hat if you're new to it.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
.^ This episode even conspires to include an unnecessary ballet-dancing subplot, purely to utilize Glau's real-life proficiency in that art-form.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
[107] Tests conducted by the Phoenix Mars Lander have shown that the soil has a very
alkaline pH and it contains magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride.
[108] The soil nutrients may be able to support life, but life would still have to be shielded from the intense ultraviolet light.
[109]
At the
Johnson space center lab, some curious shapes have been found in the Martian
meteorite ALH84001.
.^ Voyage of Thomas Candish into the South Sea, and from thence round about the Circumference of the whole Earth, 1586-88.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ That would also only give Widmore ~ 15 years to amass his fortune, which I guess could occur.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ A Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea and Beering's Straits, for the purpose of exploring a North-East Passage, under- taken in the years 1815-18, &c.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
However, an exclusively inorganic origin for the shapes has also been proposed.
[110].^ He just wanted the body so he would have something to show his people for the two lives they lost that day...something to calm them down so as not to break the truce.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
[111][112] It is possible that these compounds may instead be replenished by volcanic or geological means such as
serpentinization.
[90]
Exploration
.^ Washington, 1849 Documents and Facts illustrating the Origin of the Mission to Japan autho- rised by the Government of the United States, May 1851.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Notes on Public Works in the United States and in Canada, including a De- scription of the St Lawrence and the Mississippi Rivers and their main Tribu- taries.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ New York, 1868 Union Pacific Railroad Company, char- tered by the United States : Progress of their Road west from Omaha, Nebraska, across the Continent.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
The current price of transporting material from the surface of
Earth to the surface of Mars is approximately
US$309,000 per
kilogram.
[113]
.^ He will be back on the island one way or another before his nightmare is over.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Directions for the Use of the Patent Sphereometer, invented for the purpose of obviating all abstruse Calculations in Navigation, likewise for facilitating passages from one place to another.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Just wanted to say one of thing before I read all the posts.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
.^ Renewed Arctic Search for Journals, Records, or other traces of the Lost Franklin Expedition 1860 VOLUME 7.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Rear-Admiral Sir John Franklin : a Narrative of the Circum- stances and Causes which led to the Failure of the Searching Expeditions sent by Government and others for the Rescue of Sir John Franklin.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Sullivan, John T. Report of Historical and Technical Information relating to the Problem of Interoceanic Communication by Way of the American Isthmus.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
Examples include an Earth-Mars "
Bermuda Triangle", a
Mars Curse, or even the long-standing NASA in-joke, the "
Great Galactic Ghoul" that feeds on Martian spacecraft.
[114]
Past missions
.^ Cutter and Stephen ( James Murray ) zoom to the rescue in another boat, Stephen firing the first of many rounds into the hapless creature.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
[115] The first successful objects to land on the surface were two
Soviet probes,
Mars 2 and
Mars 3 from the
Mars probe program, launched in 1971, but both lost contact within seconds of landing.
.^ He convinced Juliet to give him two weeks and I think that the two weeks led to three years.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Switzerland and France, Letters from, written during a Residence of between two and three years in different parts of those countries.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
The Viking landers relayed color panoramas of Mars
[116] and the orbiters mapped the surface so well that the images remain in use.
The Soviet probes
Phobos 1 and 2 were sent to Mars in 1988 to study Mars and its two moons. Phobos 1 lost contact on the way to Mars. Phobos 2, while successfully photographing Mars and Phobos, failed just before it was set to release two landers on Phobos's surface.
[117].^ Cox, E. T. Third and Fourth Annual Re- ports of the Geological Survey of Indiana, made during the years 1871 and 1872.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ A. A. Report on the Experiment of Sinking Artesian Wells upon the Public Lands ; Explora- tion of the Rio Colorado of the West ; Exploration in Nebraska, &c.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[118]
.^ Chronological History of Voyages into the Arctic Regions, undertaken chiefly for the purpose of discovering a North-east, North-west, or Polar passage between the Atlantic and Pacific, from the Earliest Periods of Scandinavian Navigation to the Departure of the Recent Expeditions under Captains Ross and Buchan.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Osborn, S. On the Exploration of the North Polar Region 1868 Lambert, G. Expedition Fran$aise au Pole Nord.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Small 8 1861 On the Exploration of the North Polar Region.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ February 2008 Sky One, 10.00 pm .- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
[122]
Current missions
In 2001 NASA launched the successful
Mars Odyssey orbiter, which is still in orbit as of December 2009, and the ending date has been extended to September 2010.
[123] Odyssey's
Gamma Ray Spectrometer detected significant amounts of hydrogen in the upper metre or so of Mars's
regolith. This hydrogen is thought to be contained in large deposits of water ice.
[124]Also in 2003, NASA launched the twin
Mars Exploration Rovers named
Spirit (MER-A) and
Opportunity (MER-B). Both missions landed successfully in January 2004 and have met or exceeded all their targets. Among the most significant scientific returns has been conclusive evidence that liquid water existed at some time in the past at both landing sites.
Martian dust devils and windstorms have occasionally cleaned both rovers' solar panels, and thus increased their lifespan.
[127].^ March 10, 2009 11:12 AM .- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ March 6, 2009 12:10 PM .- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ March 10, 2009 12:10 PM .- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
The orbiter will map the Martian terrain and weather to find suitable landing sites for upcoming lander missions.
.^ Wonder if him being all over - both on- and off-island - makes him more dangerous than others.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Typical of all with Lost - more questions raised than answered.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter snapped the first image of a series of active
avalanches near the planet's
north pole, scientists said March 3, 2008.
[128]
The
Dawn spacecraft flew by Mars in February 2009 for a gravity assist on its way to investigate
Vesta and then
Ceres.
[129]Future missions
Phoenix will be followed by the
Mars Science Laboratory in 2011, a bigger, faster (90
m/h), and smarter version of the Mars Exploration Rovers. Experiments include a laser chemical sampler that can deduce the make-up of rocks at a distance of 13 m.
[130]The joint Russian and Chinese
Phobos-Grunt mission to return samples of Mars's moon Phobos (
grunt is the Russian word for soil) was originally scheduled for October 2009, but the mission was postponed till the next launch window in 2011. On September 15, 2008, NASA announced
MAVEN, a robotic mission in 2013 to provide information about Mars' atmosphere.
[131] In 2018 the ESA plans to launch its first Rover to Mars; the
ExoMars rover will be capable of drilling 2 m into the soil in search of organic molecules.
[132].^ Small 4 Edinburgh, 1879-89 Reports on Foreign Missions to the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scot- land.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Small 8 1887 The Bermuda Islands : a Contribution to the Physical History and Zoology of the Somers Archipelago ; with an Exam- ination of the Structure of Coral Reefs.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The Recurring Monthly Periods and Periodic System of the Atmospheric Actions, with Evidences of the Transfer of Heat and Electricity, and general Observations on Meteorology.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[133] A precursor mission using one or a few landers is scheduled for launch in 2009 or 2011.
[134] One possibility is a piggyback launch on the Russian Phobos-Grunt mission.
[134]
.^ Message from the President of the United States, transmitting Documents, k &c.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Grover Cleveland, President of the United States, Arbitrator, under the Treaty of Guatemala of 24th December 1886.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ [Washington, 1880] United States, Arctic Colonisation, and Exploration in 1881.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[135] NASA and
Lockheed Martin have begun work on the
Orion spacecraft, formerly the Crew Exploration Vehicle, which is currently scheduled to send a human expedition to Earth's moon by 2020 as a stepping stone to an expedition to Mars thereafter. On September 28, 2007, NASA administrator
Michael D. Griffin stated that NASA aims to put a man on Mars by 2037.
[136]
ESA hopes to land humans on Mars between 2030 and 2035.
[137] This will be preceded by successively larger probes, starting with the launch of the ExoMars probe
[138] and a joint NASA-ESA
Mars sample return mission.
[139]Mars Direct, an extremely low-cost human mission proposed by
Bob Zubrin, a founder of the
Mars Society, uses heavy-lift
Saturn V class rockets, such as the
Space X Falcon 9, or, the
Ares V, to skip orbital construction, LEO rendezvous, and lunar fuel depots. A modified proposal, called "
Mars to Stay",
[140] involves not returning the first immigrant/explorers immediately, if ever.
.^ There are only 2 episodes left of this strike-shortened season (not including this one), and rumours suggest it's unlikely to return for a fourth year.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ Relations : the most part of which he received from Friar Simon de Sancto Quintino, one of the foure Friars sent by Pope Innocent IV. to the Tartars.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[141]
Astronomy on Mars
Photograph of a Martian sunset taken by Spirit at
Gusev crater, May 19, 2005.
With the existence of various orbiters, landers, and rovers, it is now possible to study
astronomy from the Martian skies.
.^ And Caesar and Ilana appear to know more than they are letting on.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ La Fleur wil be on again tomorrow at 9pm, so its more than likely it will be an enhanced episode.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ As much as I like Martha Jones, she's not really deserving of swooning adoration from the show – having only starred in one season of Doctor Who , lest we forget.- Dan's Media Digest: February 2008 18 September 2009 7:47 UTC danowen.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
[142].^ By various well-known Ex- perts.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Account of Experiments to Determine the Figure of the Earth by means of the Pendulum vibrating Seconds in different Latitudes, as well as on various other subjects of Philosophical Inquiry.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Report of the Variations of the Mag- netic Intensity observed at different points of the Earth's Surface.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[126] A
transit of the Earth as seen from Mars will occur on November 10, 2084.
[143] There are also
transits of Mercury and
transits of Venus, and the moons Phobos and Deimos are of sufficiently small
angular diameter that their partial "eclipses" of the Sun are best considered transits (see
Transit of Deimos from Mars).
[144][145]
Viewing
 |
|
 |
|
Apparent retrograde motion of Mars in 2003 as seen from Earth
|
|
Mars oppositions from 2003–2018, viewed from above the ecliptic with the Earth centered
|
.^ Account of Experiments to Determine the Figure of the Earth by means of the Pendulum vibrating Seconds in different Latitudes, as well as on various other subjects of Philosophical Inquiry.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ And Caesar and Ilana appear to know more than they are letting on.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Plus I don't think he quite knows what to do - and likely doesn't want to say anything to anyone other than his 'posse' - the more who know, the more can spill...- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
However the actual color of Mars is closer to
butterscotch, and the redness seen is actually just dust in the planet's atmosphere; considering this
NASA's Spirit rover has taken pictures of a greenish-brown, mud-colored landscape with blue-grey rocks and patches of light red colored sand.
[146] The
apparent magnitude of Mars varies from +1.8 at conjunction to as high as −2.91 at
perihelic opposition.
[5] .^ Was it any more complete than it was the first time?- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
When least favorably positioned, it can be lost in the Sun's glare for months at a time.
.^ A View of the United States of America, in a Series of Papers written at various times between the years 1787 and 1794.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Re- printed from The Times of July, August, September, and October 1892.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
Especially noticeable, even at low magnification, are the
polar ice caps.
[147]
The point of Mars’ closest approach to the Earth is known as
opposition. The length of time between successive oppositions, or the
synodic period, is 780 days. Because of the eccentricities of the orbits, the times of opposition and minimum distance can differ by up to 8.5 days. The minimum distance varies between about 55 and 100 million km due to the planets'
elliptical orbits.
[5] The last Mars opposition occurred on January 29, 2010. The next one will occur on March 3, 2012.
[148]As Mars approaches opposition it begins a period of
retrograde motion, which means it will appear to move backwards in a looping motion with respect to the background stars. The duration of this retrograde motion lasts for about 72 days, and Mars reaches its peak luminosity in the middle of this motion.
[149]2003 closest approach
.^ Appendix I. Shortland, P. F. Bay of Fundy : Re- marks for Sailing Directions, made be- tween the years 1850-55.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ That was just to make sure no one whines about the spoiler.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
.^ I did, however, enjoy all the Sawyer face time (lots of close-ups).- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Wonder if him being all over - both on- and off-island - makes him more dangerous than others.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ I think, for once, their timing is really off - at the very least Ben is much older than Charlotte!- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
For instance, the minimum distance on August 22, 1924 was
0.37285 AU, and the minimum distance on August 24, 2208 will be
0.37279 AU.
[97]
Historical observations
The rotation of Mars as seen in a small telescope in 2003.
.^ The actor playing Horace was also in a couple episodes of the X-Files playing a liver-eating, body-stretching being who came back to eat more livers every 30 years.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
.^ Do people not think the toddler with red hair who makes Daniel even more nuts than he was - is Charlotte?- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ The name is great but the fact that it's Sawyer make the "come hither" even MORE appropos!- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Makes me think Richard is Egyptian even more than I already did!- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
The existence of Mars as a wandering object in the night sky was recorded by the ancient
Egyptian astronomers and by 1534 BCE they were familiar with the
retrograde motion of the planet.
[151] .^ Large 4 1848 INDIAN EMPIRE N. MADRAS. Astronomical Observations.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ After Sun and Lapidus made it to other island, it was clear they were still in present time and not 1977.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
They also invented arithmetic methods for making minor corrections to the predicted positions of the planets.
.^ Really, they could have covered all that stuff in less than half the time if they had wanted to.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
[152][153] Literature from ancient China confirms that Mars was known by
Chinese astronomers by no later than the fourth century BCE.
[154]In the third century BCE,
Aristotle described observations of Mars, noting that, as the planet passed behind the Moon during an
occultation, it was therefore farther away.
[155] In the fifth century CE, the
Indian astronomical text
Surya Siddhanta estimated the diameter of Mars as 3,772 miles, which has an error within 11% of the currently accepted diameter of 4,218 miles. However, this estimate was based upon an inaccurate guess of the planet's
angular diameter as 2.0 arcminutes. The result may have been influenced by the measurements of the Roman-Egyptian astronomer
Ptolemy, who found a value of 1.59 arcminutes. This is close to the resolution of the human eye and is significantly larger than the value later obtained by telescope.
[156].^ East Indies, with Abstracts of Journals of Voyages to the East Indies during the Seventeenth Century, pre- served in the India Office ; and the Voyage of Capt.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Callander, J. Terra Australis Cognita ; or, Voyages to the Terra Australis or Southern Hemisphere, during the Six- teenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[158] When the telescope became available, the diurnal parallax of Mars was again measured in an effort to determine the Sun-Earth distance. This was first performed by
Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1672. However, the early parallax measurements were hampered by the quality of the instruments.
[159] The only
occultation of Mars by Venus observed was that of October 13, 1590, seen by
Michael Maestlin at
Heidelberg.
[160] In 1610, Mars was viewed by Galileo, who was first to see it via telescope.
[161]
Martian 'canals'
Map of Mars by Giovanni Schiaparelli
Mars sketched as observed by Lowell sometime before 1914. (South top)
Main article:
Martian canalBy the 19th century, the resolution of telescopes reached a level sufficient for surface features to be identified. In September 1877, a perihelic opposition of Mars occurred on September 5. In that year, Italian astronomer
Giovanni Schiaparelli used a 22 cm telescope in
Milan to help produce the first detailed map of Mars. These maps notably contained features he called
canali, which were later shown to be an
optical illusion.
.^ Dublin, 1879 On the Correlation of Lines of Direc- tion on the Earth's Surface.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Ship Canal for the Junction of the English and Bristol Channels : Reports, with an Appendix.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[162][163]Influenced by the observations, the orientalist
Percival Lowell founded an
observatory which had a 300 and 450 mm telescope. The observatory was used for the exploration of Mars during the last good opportunity in 1894 and the following less favorable oppositions. He published several books on Mars and life on the planet, which had a great influence on the public.
[164] .^ When Sun and Frank were at Dharmaville with Christian, it looked so dilapidated- like no one had been there in a long long time.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ It also seems like he (and the other Oceanic survivors that stayed behind) are going to have a hard time deciding where their loyalties lie...I mean Dharma took them all in and were good to them.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ HAVE to use the other stuff - like how I didn't use everything in my Bible theory.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
[165][166]The seasonal changes (consisting of the diminishing of the polar caps and the dark areas formed during Martian summer) in combination with the canals lead to speculation about life on Mars, and it was a long held belief that Mars contained vast seas and vegetation. The telescope never reached the resolution required to give proof to any speculations. However, as bigger telescopes were used, fewer long, straight
canali were observed. During an observation in 1909 by
Flammarion with a 840 mm telescope, irregular patterns were observed, but no
canali were seen.
[167]Even in the 1960s articles were published on Martian biology, putting aside explanations other than life for the seasonal changes on Mars. Detailed scenarios for the metabolism and chemical cycles for a functional ecosystem have been published.
[168]It was not until
spacecraft visited the planet during NASA's
Mariner missions in the 1960s that these myths were dispelled. The results of the Viking life-detection experiments started an intermission in which the hypothesis of a hostile, dead planet was generally accepted.
[169]Some maps of Mars were made using the data from these missions, but it was not until the
Mars Global Surveyor mission, launched in 1996 and operated until late 2006, that complete, extremely detailed maps of the martian topography, magnetic field and surface minerals were obtained.
[170] These maps are now available online, for example, at
Google Mars.
In culture
Intelligent "Martians"
An 1893 soap ad playing on the popular idea that Mars was populated.
The popular idea that Mars was populated by intelligent
Martians exploded in the late 19th century.
.^ Briefe collections of Voyages, chiefly of Spaniards and Portugals, taken out of Antonie Galvano's Book of the Dis- coveries of the World.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[171]Many other observations and proclamations by notable personalities added to what has been termed "Mars Fever".
[172] In 1899 while investigating atmospheric radio noise using his receivers in his Colorado Springs lab, inventor
Nikola Tesla observed repetitive signals that he later surmised might have been radio communications coming from another planet, possibly Mars. In a 1901 interview Tesla said:
.^ My other thought was about how the time differences between off-island and on-island seemed to change in this epi.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ I just wanted to do some research taking my theory and analyzing how those people enacted with the Egyptians of their time.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Nicole - there was one more time flash after we saw the statue due to Locke turning the wheel.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
.^ I think the point of Amy having the baby was just that -- a baby could be conceived/born on the island at that time.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
The feeling is constantly growing on me that I had been the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another.
[173]
.^ I also thought Sawyer was referring to Daniel's mental state when he said he wasn't there anymore.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Report upon the Primary Trian- gulation of the United States Lake Survey.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Washington, 1874 Sailing Directions to accompany the New Chart of the Western Coast of the United States ^50 Report on Mt.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[174] However, Kelvin "emphatically" denied this report shortly before departing America: "What I really said was that the inhabitants of Mars, if there are any, were doubtless able to see New York, particularly the glare of the electricity."
[175]
.^ New York, 1843 Haslewood, Edward.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Washington, 1839 Plan for Shortening the Time of Passage between New York and London.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Communications from the Governor re- lative to the Geological Survey of the State of New York, 1838, 1839, and 1840.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[176]
Early in December 1900, we received from Lowell Observatory in Arizona a telegram that a shaft of light had been seen to project from Mars (the Lowell observatory makes a specialty of Mars) lasting seventy minutes. I wired these facts to Europe and sent out neostyle copies through this country.
.^ Since there's no one here to take care of me.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ It's something to be looked into though - it seems odd to just throw it in there for no reason...- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Regardless of who the god depicted by the statue is, there is no doubt that it is Egyptian, and no doubt it will have some symbolic importance to the plot.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
It was given as from a well-known geographical point on Mars. That was all. Now the story has gone the world over.
.^ The situation, extent, and boundaries of all the Empires, Kingdoms, States, Provinces, &c., in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America ; their Constitutions, Revenues, Forces, &c., &c.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
Whatever the light was, we have no means of knowing. Whether it had intelligence or not, no one can say. It is absolutely inexplicable.
[176]
Pickering later proposed creating a set of mirrors in
Texas with the intention of signaling Martians.
[177]In recent decades, the high resolution mapping of the surface of Mars, culminating in
Mars Global Surveyor, revealed no artifacts of habitation by 'intelligent' life, but pseudoscientific speculation about intelligent life on Mars continues from commentators such as
Richard C. Hoagland. Reminiscent of the
canali controversy, some speculations are based on small scale features perceived in the spacecraft images, such as 'pyramids' and the '
Face on Mars'. Planetary astronomer
Carl Sagan wrote:
Mars has become a kind of mythic arena onto which we have projected our Earthly hopes and fears.
[178]
Alien tripod illustration from the 1906 French edition of H.G. Wells'
The War of the Worlds.
The depiction of Mars in fiction has been stimulated by its dramatic red color and by nineteenth century scientific speculations that its surface conditions not only might support life, but intelligent life.
[179] .^ Discoveries of the World, from the First Original unto 1555 ; corrected, quoted, and published in England by R. Hakluyt (1601).- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
A subsequent US
radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds on October 30, 1938 by
Orson Welles was presented as a live news broadcast, and became notorious for causing a public panic when many listeners mistook it for the truth.
[180].^ But I think he made up that speech about how three years is long enough to get over someone just to placate and soothe Horace.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Small folio Amsterdam, 1718 Travels into Muscovy, Persia, and part of the East Indies, containing an accurate Description of what is most Remarkable in those Countries .- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The Land of Moab : Travels and Discoveries on the east side of the Dead Sea and the Jordan ; with a Chapter on the Persian Palace of Mashita, by Jas.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
[182] A reference is found in
C. S. Lewis'
Space Trilogy, and in particular in the first book entitled
Out of the Silent Planet (1938).
[183]
.^ Maybe when the sub left, Daniel went on it and returned to real world time?- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
^ Relation of a Voyage about the World, in the South Sea, returning by the Straites of Magellan toward Brasill, 1577-86.- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
However, pseudo-scientific speculations about the
Face on Mars and other enigmatic landmarks spotted by
space probes have meant that ancient civilizations continue to be a popular theme in science fiction, especially in film.
[185]
.^ And, after having seen that movie (I still need to read the graphic novel) I can say it totally connects that a Lost writer is interested in that story.- The Lost Diary: LaFleur 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC thelostdiary.com [Source type: General]
.^ Some Revelations in Irish History ; or, Old Elements of Creed and Class Conciliation in Ireland [including T. Sheridan's Discourse on the Rise and Power of Parliaments, 1677].- Full text of "Catalogue of the library of the Royal geographical society. Containing the titles of all works up to December 1893" 19 January 2010 9:53 UTC www.archive.org [Source type: Academic]
Mars (and its moons) were also the setting for the popular
Doom video game franchise and the later
Martian Gothic.
See also
Notes
- ^ Best fit ellipsoid
- ^ There are many serpentinization reactions. Olivine is a solid solution between forsterite and fayalite whose general formula is (Fe,Mg)2SiO4. The reaction producing methane from olivine can be written as: Forsterite + Fayalite + Water + Carbonic acid → Serpentine + Magnetite + Methane , or (in balanced form): 18Mg2SiO4 + 6Fe2SiO4 + 26H2O + CO2 → 12Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 4Fe3O4 + CH4
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