From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Mary I |
 |
| Portrait of Mary Queen of Scots by François Clouet's School (1560) |
|
Queen of Scots
|
| Reign |
14 December 1542 – 24 July 1567 |
| Coronation |
9 September 1543 |
| Predecessor |
James V |
| Successor |
James VI |
| Regent |
James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (1542–1554)
Mary of Guise (1554–1560) |
|
Queen consort of France
|
| Tenure |
10 July 1559 – 5 December 1560 |
|
| Spouse |
.^ Francis II King of France, Henry Lord Darnley and James Bothwell .- Mary, Queen of Scots - Fun Facts, Answers, Factoids, Info, Information 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.funtrivia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1558 she married the dauphin, the heir to the French throne, who became Francis II of France.
^ On 24 April, 1558, she married the dauphin Francis and, on the death of Henri II, 10 July, 1559, became Queen Consort of France.- Mary Queen of Scots - Catholic Encyclopedia - Catholic Online 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.catholic.org [Source type: Original source]
1558; dec. 1560
Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
m. 1565; dec. 1567
James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell
m. 1567; dec. 1578 |
| Issue |
| James VI of Scotland & I of England |
| House |
House of Stuart |
| Father |
James V of Scotland |
| Mother |
Mary of Guise |
| Born |
8 December 1542
Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgow |
| Died |
8 February 1587 (aged 44)
Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire |
| Burial |
Peterborough Cathedral; Westminster Abbey |
| Signature |
 |
.^ Mary I of Scotland ( Mary Stuart or Stewart ) (December, 1542 - February 8, 1587), also known as Mary, Queen of Scots was the ruler of Scotland from December 14, 1542 - July 24, 1567.
^ Mary Queen of Scots was born (d.
^ Mary, Queen of Scots is often confused with her second cousin once removed Mary I of England who lived at approximately the same time (1516 - 1558).
.^ King Leopold's first wife, Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales, was the only legitimate child of the Prince Regent (future King George IV).
^ Born in the royal Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London, Elizabeth was the daughter and only surviving child of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn.
^ Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood (25 April 1897 - 28 March 1965) was the third child and only daughter of King George V and Queen Mary.
.^ Right to Die case permitted Nancy Cruzan to have her feeding tube removed she died 12 days later.
^ Who: Winston Churchill , before slipping into a coma and dying nine days later.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The student's father (35) and sister (15) were arrested 2 days later as accessories.
.^ The young widow returned to Scotland soon after arriving in Leith on August 19, 1561.
^ Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley was born (d.
^ In 1558 she married the dauphin, the heir to the French throne, who became Francis II of France.
.^ In February 1567, an explosion occurred in the house, and Darnley was found dead in the garden; he appeared to have been strangled.
.^ Bothwell was generally believed to be guilty of the assassination, and was brought before a mock trial but acquitted.
^ Following the birth of the heir - the future James I of England and James VI of Scotland - in June 1566, Mary began a liaison with James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, an adventurer who would become her third husband.
^ Miss Chaworth married John Musters, generally called Jack Musters; but the marriage was not a happy one, and the parties soon separated.
.^ On July 24, she was also forced to abdicate the Scottish throne in favour of her one-year-old son James.
^ Arrested by a confederacy of Scottish nobles, Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle in June 1567.
^ One of Mishima's followers, a 25-year-old named Masakatsu Morita, tried three times to ritually behead Mishima but failed; his head was finally severed by Hiroyasu Koga.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Elizabeth I (September 7, 1533 - March 24, 1603) was Queen of England (reigned November 17, 1558 - March 24, 1603) and the last Tudor ruler.
^ The most notable features of the Canadian constitutional monarchy are: Although Queen Elizabeth II is also monarch of the United Kingdom, this does not mean that the United Kingdom has any sovereignty over Canada (nor that Canada has any sovereignty over the United Kingdom).
^ At the time of her birth, she was recognised as the heir to the throne, in preference to her older half-sister, Mary Tudor, who was made to serve in Elizabeth's household.
.^ However, Mary, in her own letter to the Duke of Guise, reports other things that Maitland told her, including Elizabeth's supposed statement that, "I for my part know none better, nor that my self would prefer to her."
^ Mary, Queen of Scots is often confused with her second cousin once removed Mary I of England who lived at approximately the same time (1516 - 1558).
^ While many of the queen's English maids were ordered to leave France, Mary Boleyn was permitted to remain, possibly because of her youth.
.^ When Elizabeth was less than three years old, her mother was executed for treason.
^ Suspended and arrested during the Insurrection of le 10 août , he was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of treason, and executed on le 21 janvier 1793 .
^ Elizabeth forgave him a succession of misdemeanours, but his attempt at armed rebellion in 1601 gave her no alternative but to have him executed for treason.
Heritage
.^ The Princess Royal suffered a fatal heart attack during a walk with her elder son, Lord Harewood, and his children on the grounds of the Harewood House estate.
^ Salic law disinherited the king's sisters and all others who could claim descent by the distaff line.
^ Eventually, by the 20th century, a convention had grown up that the monarch must always act as advised by a Prime Minister who would take political responsibility for what the government did.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
Females and female lines could inherit only after extinction of male lines.
.^ Since Henry of Navarre was a descendant of King Louis IX, King Henry III had no choice but to recognize him as the legitimate successor.
^ At the death of King Henry III of France, who had no son, the crown passed to Henry IV, in application of the Salic Law, as Henry was the descendant of the eldest surviving male line of the Capetian Dynasty .
.^ King Alphonso II of Naples dies (b.
^ John II, Duke of Lorraine was born (b.
^ King Leopold II of Belgium , dies (b.
.^ It would prove itself useful during the French Revolution.
^ On the continent William used England's forces to continue his long series of wars against Louis XIV of France.
^ Louis XVI of France gives his public assent to Civil Constitution of the Clergy during the French Revolution.- On This Day in History 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC otday.wordpress.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1]
Childhood and early reign
Mary at the age of thirteen.
.^ King James I of Scotland was born (d.
^ Consort of Mary I of Scotland 1561 - Kikkawa Hiroie was born (d.
^ This was a burning issue a few years after the Catholic King James II (of England) and VII (of Scotland) had been deposed.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
She was the only child of James to survive, and she was said to have been born prematurely.
[2] A popular legend, written by
John Knox, states that James, hearing on his deathbed that his wife had given birth to a daughter, ruefully exclaimed, "It came with a lass, it will pass with a lass!"
[3]
The
House of Stewart, which originated in
Brittany, had gained the throne of Scotland by the marriage of
Marjorie Bruce, daughter of
Robert the Bruce, to
Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland. James thus felt that since the crown came with a woman, a woman would be responsible for the loss of the crown from their family.
.^ Mary II of England died of smallpox in London at age 32, after five years of joint rule with her husband, King William III. 1703 - Mustafa II dies (b.
^ His Catholic elder daughter Mary I of England (not to be confused with her equally Catholic cousin Mary I of Scotland) married Phillip II and he had been given a courtesy title of King of England.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary I of Scotland was married to the Dauphin Francois (later Francois II of France), son of Henri II of France, on le 24 avril 1558 .
.^ In fact, strictly speaking, only England, Scotland and Wales form "Great Britain".- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Parliament/Congress Like the USA and Great Britain, we´ve got two houses too.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ As Americans may be aware King George and Lord North pursued a colonial policy that turned out to be not altogether to Britain's advantage.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
Mary was
baptised at the Church of St. Michael, situated close to the palace, shortly after she was born.
.^ Boers defeat Zulu troops at Battle of Blood River , led by Dambuza and Nhlela , celebrated in South Africa as the day of the vow.
^ [Note of the webmaster: I watched this film on my wedding's day] 1899 - Battle at Colenso, South Africa, the Boers defeat the British.
^ Six days later would become queen of Scotland.
[2] .^ Henry's widow, Marie de Médicis, served as Regent to their 9-year-old son, Louis XIII, until 1617.
^ Princess Mary Stuart becomes Queen Mary I of Scotland .
From the outset, there were two different claims to the throne: her heir
James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran claimed based on his hereditary right, but another claim from the
Archbishop of St Andrews,
Cardinal Beaton also came about.
.^ His best friends were taken from him by death or by misunderstanding; in 1872 he lost his mother, and his circumstances became greatly reduced.
^ Henry's widow, Marie de Médicis, served as Regent to their 9-year-old son, Louis XIII, until 1617.
^ On le 18 août 1572 Henry married Marguerite de Valois, sister of the then King Charles IX. In the same year he became King Henry III of Navarre, succeeding his mother Jeanne d'Albret, who had brought him up as a Huguenot.
[6]The Treaty of Greenwich
.^ Mary I of Scotland was married to the Dauphin Francois (later Francois II of France), son of Henri II of France, on le 24 avril 1558 .
^ Henry's widow, Marie de Médicis, served as Regent to their 9-year-old son, Louis XIII, until 1617.
^ Henri's marriage was annulled in 1599, and he then married Marie de Médicis in 1600.
.^ Abdication Crisis : Edward VIII signs his Instrument of Abdication.He abdicated the British throne to pursue a relationship with a married American woman, the only British monarch to voluntarily surrender the crown.
^ In 1875, Saint-Saëns married Marie-Laure Truffot and they had two children, André and Jean-François, who died within six weeks of each other in 1878.
It was Henry's wish that Mary should also move to England where he could oversee her upbringing.
[7] .^ However, some scientists who wanted to continue research on the virus stopped the destruction plan.
^ That's why many people in the US don't give a rat's rectum about who's President...they want to know the latest entertainment news instead!- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ As people, we tend to identify ourselves as "English" or "Scottish" rather than "British.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
When French ships were spotted on the Scottish coast in July, it was felt they were a threat to Mary, and she moved with her mother to
Stirling Castle which was considered safer.
[8] .^ Mary Queen of Scots was born (d.
[9]
.^ Who: William Henry "Zip the Pinhead" Johnson , spoken to his sister, Sarah van Duyne Also known as "What-Is-It?", he was a circus sideshow performer, known for his oddly tapered head.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Who: Carl Panzram , serial killer, shortly before he was executed by hanging.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
^ They do so even though such a policy entails the risk of war and doom.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
These arrests caused anger among people in Scotland. Arran decided to join Beaton following this,
[8] and he became a Catholic. The Treaty was eventually rejected by Parliament in December.
[9]
.^ Mary I of Scotland was married to the Dauphin Francois (later Francois II of France), son of Henri II of France, on le 24 avril 1558 .
^ Henry's widow, Marie de Médicis, served as Regent to their 9-year-old son, Louis XIII, until 1617.
^ Henri's marriage was annulled in 1599, and he then married Marie de Médicis in 1600.
This consisted of a series of raids on Scottish and French territory and other military actions. It lasted until June 1551, costing over half a million
pounds and many lives. In May 1544, the English
Earl of Hertford (later created
Duke of Somerset by
Edward VI) arrived in the
Firth of Forth hoping to capture the city of
Edinburgh and kidnap Mary, but Mary of Guise hid her in the secret chambers of Stirling Castle.
On 10 September 1547, known as "Black Saturday", the Scots suffered a bitter defeat at the
Battle of Pinkie Cleugh. Mary of Guise, fearful for her daughter, sent her temporarily to
Inchmahome Priory, and turned to the French ambassador Monsieur D'Oysel for help.
The French, remaining true to the
Auld Alliance, came to the aid of the Scots.
.^ He predicted correctly French king Henri II's manner of death.
^ Mary I of Scotland was married to the Dauphin Francois (later Francois II of France), son of Henri II of France, on le 24 avril 1558 .
^ Paré was a French surgeon, the official royal surgeon for kings Henri II , Francis II, Charles IX and Henri III, and a leader in surgical techniques, especially the treatment of wounds.
This seemed to Mary of Guise to be the only sensible solution to her troubles. In February 1548, hearing that the English were on their way back, Mary of Guise moved Mary to
Dumbarton Castle. The English left a trail of devastation behind once more and seized the strategically located town of
Haddington. By June, the much awaited French help had arrived. On 7 July with it the French Marriage Treaty was signed at a nunnery near Haddington.
Life in France
Mary (age 17) and Francis (age 15) shortly after Francis became king in 1559.
.^ When the new choir was consecrated in 1144, five French archbishops and thirteen bishops took part in the ceremony, an impressive tribute to Suger and his king.
^ Mary II of England died of smallpox in London at age 32, after five years of joint rule with her husband, King William III. 1703 - Mustafa II dies (b.
^ His successful conduct of French interests at the court of Trier in 1750 and the following years led to his being sent to Constantinople in 1755, where he was promoted to ambassadeur .
Henry II had offered to guard and raise her.
.^ Paré was a French surgeon, the official royal surgeon for kings Henri II , Francis II, Charles IX and Henri III, and a leader in surgical techniques, especially the treatment of wounds.
^ Queen of Henry II of Navarre 1579 - Vicente Masip dies.
^ Mary II of England died of smallpox in London at age 32, after five years of joint rule with her husband, King William III. 1703 - Mustafa II dies (b.
.^ The younger sons and daughters of the higher peers are styled Lord (first name) (surname).- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ For all other bills if the House of Commons and House of Lords disagree and the Commons pass the same bill in two seperate sessions then it can become law without the Lord's passing it.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Very recently (under Blair's tenure) most (but not all, embarrassingly) the hereditary peers (another name for Lords/Baronesses) were booted out.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
Vivacious, beautiful, and clever (according to contemporaneous accounts), Mary had a promising childhood. While in the French court, she was a favourite.
.^ Greek, though his native tongue was Latin [De Vita Caesarum Liber I Divus Iulius, LXXXII]).- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
^ He was educated in his native city and did not leave it until 1840, when he went to Paris to study law.
^ He is reputed to have said this after wrapping himself in his domino , a Spanish hooded cloak, a word which, in Latin, means lord or master.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ The kicker is, the villagers have no idea how to play cricket, and only about a weekend to learn.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He stayed close to Franz Liszt until Liszt's death and maintained a fast friendship with his pupil Gabriel Fauré until the end of his life.
^ After Mary Lincoln's death, an article "The Later Life and Religious Sentiments of Abraham Lincoln" was published, in Scribner's Monthly , Vol.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
[10] Her grandmother
Antoinette de Bourbon exerted one of the strongest influences on her childhood,
[11] and acted as one of her principal advisors.
Portraits of Mary show that she had a small, well-shaped head, a long, graceful neck, bright auburn hair, hazel-brown eyes, under heavy lowered eyelids and finely arched brows, smooth lustrous skin, a high forehead, and regular, firm features.
.^ I would become glued to the telly watching Question Time with John Major, who was a little dim.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
In fact, her effect on the men with whom she later came into contact was certainly that of a beautiful woman.
[12].^ The first in the series was Chartres , followed by Nôtre-Dame-de-Paris .
^ Mary I of Scotland was married to the Dauphin Francois (later Francois II of France), son of Henri II of France, on le 24 avril 1558 .
^ On this day, le 13 décembre : King Henri IV was born.
.^ Queen of Henry II of Navarre 1579 - Vicente Masip dies.
^ Julie Clary, queen consort of Naples (d.- On This Day in History 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC otday.wordpress.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mary Queen of Scots was born (d.
Claim to the English throne
Mary in mourning for Francis
.^ He predicted correctly French king Henri II's manner of death.
^ Henry VI of England was crowned King of France in 1431.
^ On the death of the king in 1589, Henry of Navarre became nominally the king of France.
[15] .^ If all the swords in England were pointed against my head, your threats would not move me.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris , in which Henry renounces his claims to French -controlled territory on continental Europe (including Normandy ) in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels.
.^ Elizabeth, as Mary's Protestant half-sister, had been in very severe personal danger before Mary's death brought Elizabeth to the throne.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At the time of her birth, she was recognised as the heir to the throne, in preference to her older half-sister, Mary Tudor, who was made to serve in Elizabeth's household.
^ Law Lords, appointed for life under a Victorian statute designed to provide the highest Court in the land with some Judges who knew something about law.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Mary II of England died of smallpox in London at age 32, after five years of joint rule with her husband, King William III. 1703 - Mustafa II dies (b.
^ This was a burning issue a few years after the Catholic King James II (of England) and VII (of Scotland) had been deposed.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ His Catholic elder daughter Mary I of England (not to be confused with her equally Catholic cousin Mary I of Scotland) married Phillip II and he had been given a courtesy title of King of England.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Elizabeth, as Mary's Protestant half-sister, had been in very severe personal danger before Mary's death brought Elizabeth to the throne.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ I imagine when we next get around to tidying up the law on Royal succession the anti Catholic provisions will be repealed.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The two had separated, even before Henry had succeeded to the throne in août 1589 and Marguerite de Valois lived for many years in the château of Usson in Auvergne.
^ When the Act of Settlement was passed it was to ensure a Protestant monarch and firmly prohibit a Catholic one.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Mary I of Scotland was married to the Dauphin Francois (later Francois II of France), son of Henri II of France, on le 24 avril 1558 .
^ Mistress of French King Louis XV. 1721 - Occupation de l' Île Maurice par les Français , qu'ils baptisent Ile de France .
^ On this day, le 17 décembre 1777 France recognizes the United States .
The question of the succession was therefore a real one.
Francis died on 5 December 1560, of an ear infection which led to an abscess in his brain.
.^ Catherine de Medici .- ROTTEN DEAD POOL 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC deadpool.rotten.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Marie de Medici .- ROTTEN DEAD POOL 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC deadpool.rotten.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Who: Charles de Gaulle , French leader.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Austria and France sign the Treaty of Pressburg.- On This Day in History 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC otday.wordpress.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Anglo-Irish Treaty is signed in London by British and Irish representatives 1922 - One year to the day after the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty the Irish Free State comes into existence.
^ Following Henry's death in 1547, Elizabeth was cared for by Henry's last queen, Catherine Parr, and her new husband, Thomas Seymour (brother of Jane Seymour and uncle to the new king, Edward VI of England).
.^ Henry's widow, Marie de Médicis, served as Regent to their 9-year-old son, Louis XIII, until 1617.
^ In 1802 Marie Tussaud went to London together with her first son, Joseph, then 4 years old, her second son staying behind.
Religious divide
Return to Scotland
Mary landing in Leith, 19 August 1561
.^ Despite not having been his first choice, and having been treated with a general lack of sympathy by his mother, Charlotte's relationship with her husband soon blossomed, and he is not known ever to have been unfaithful to her.
^ Consort of Mary I of Scotland 1561 - Kikkawa Hiroie was born (d.
As a devout
Catholic, she was regarded with suspicion by many of her subjects, as well as by Elizabeth, her father's cousin.
.^ Elizabeth, as Mary's Protestant half-sister, had been in very severe personal danger before Mary's death brought Elizabeth to the throne.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This was a burning issue a few years after the Catholic King James II (of England) and VII (of Scotland) had been deposed.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ His brother James II nearly wrecked that, but by then, parliament had regained confidence, and organised the bloodless Glorious Revolution, by inviting William and Mary over from Holland to depose James.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Scottish reformer 1586 - Elisabeth I England confirms the death sentence against Marie Stuart 1595 - Jean Chapelain was born (d.
^ (The Huguenots were French Protestants connected with the Swiss church reformer John Calvin, a contemporary of Martin Luther.
.^ The new king, however, had to fight for some years to be recognized as the legitimate king of France by the Catholics, most of whom were opposed to his Protestant upbringing.
In this, she was acknowledging her lack of effective military power in the face of the Protestant Lords.
.^ This was a burning issue a few years after the Catholic King James II (of England) and VII (of Scotland) had been deposed.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[16]
Mary was also having second thoughts about the wisdom of having crossed Elizabeth, and attempted to make up the breach by inviting Elizabeth to visit Scotland (however, still she would not ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh). Elizabeth refused, and the bad blood remained between them.
.^ At the time of her birth, she was recognised as the heir to the throne, in preference to her older half-sister, Mary Tudor, who was made to serve in Elizabeth's household.
^ These seven princes as well as Margriet, are all (potentially) legal heirs to the throne, although the first right goes to the Crown Prince, and after him to his brothers.
^ In 1570, Elizabeth was persuaded by the French to help put Mary back on the Scottish throne.
.^ Let me read it through a couple of times and think about it, before I shoot off my next round of questions.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
However, Mary, in her own letter to her maternal uncle
Francis, Duke of Guise, reports other things that Maitland told her, including Elizabeth's supposed statement that, "I for my part know none better, nor that my self would prefer to her." Elizabeth was mindful of the role Parliament would have to play in the matter.
.^ Mary I of England is sometimes confused with her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, who lived at the same time.
.^ The opportunity presented itself in mai 1958 when the insurrection that had broken out in Algiers threatened to bring civil war to France.
^ In 1598 Henri promulgated the Edict of Nantes which guaranteed religious liberties to the Protestants and thereby effectively ended the civil war.
^ The civil war was eventually ended by an agreement that Stephen could remain King in his lifetime, but that Matilda's son Henry would be the next King.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Queen Elizabeth I was Phillip II's sister-in-law.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1139 her half brother, Earl Robert of Gloucester, and Miles Gloucester rebelled from King Stephen in her favour.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ French writer 1661 - Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer was born (d.
.^ Mary, too, had turned down Dudley as a potential husband before marrying Lord Darnley, but by now Mary had a son who was being brought up as a Protestant.
.^ That probably would give any average person some valuable experience.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Elizabeth, as Mary's Protestant half-sister, had been in very severe personal danger before Mary's death brought Elizabeth to the throne.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At the time of her birth, she was recognised as the heir to the throne, in preference to her older half-sister, Mary Tudor, who was made to serve in Elizabeth's household.
[18]
Marriage to Darnley
Mary with her second husband,
Darnley
.^ Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley was born (d.
^ Mary I of Scotland was married to the Dauphin Francois (later Francois II of France), son of Henri II of France, on le 24 avril 1558 .
^ He first married Élisabeth Depardieu, with whom he has two children: Guillaume and Julie.
.^ Since Henry of Navarre was a descendant of King Louis IX, King Henry III had no choice but to recognize him as the legitimate successor.
^ There have been boundary changes in Scotland so the next House will have 646 members (England 529, Scotland 59, Wales 40 and Northern Ireland 18).- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Princess Mary Stuart becomes Queen Mary I of Scotland .
.^ Elizabeth I (September 7, 1533 - March 24, 1603) was Queen of England (reigned November 17, 1558 - March 24, 1603) and the last Tudor ruler.
^ We'll pack the royals off to a different Commonwealth country every ten years, so that everyone--Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and England/Scotland/Wales--can know the joy of harbouring Elizabeth Windsor's dysfunctional brood.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When Mary was driven out of Scotland, she was received by Elizabeth but was kept a prisoner at Fotheringhay.
.^ Claimant to the English throne 1525 - Jacob Fugger dies at 66.
^ Anne de Mortimer, claimant to the English throne (d.- On This Day in History 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC otday.wordpress.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Salic law disinherited the king's sisters and all others who could claim descent by the distaff line.
.^ Queen Mary I of England (February 18, 1516- November 17, 1558 - reigned July 19, 1553 - November 17, 1558) was born in the royal Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London, the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, the only one from that union to survive infancy.
^ At the time of her birth, she was recognised as the heir to the throne, in preference to her older half-sister, Mary Tudor, who was made to serve in Elizabeth's household.
^ Elizabeth's life was spared, but Mary's marriage to Philip II of Spain made it seem possible that an heir would be born and that England would return to the Catholic faith.
.^ Elizabeth, as Mary's Protestant half-sister, had been in very severe personal danger before Mary's death brought Elizabeth to the throne.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Elizabeth's life was spared, but Mary's marriage to Philip II of Spain made it seem possible that an heir would be born and that England would return to the Catholic faith.
^ His brother James II nearly wrecked that, but by then, parliament had regained confidence, and organised the bloodless Glorious Revolution, by inviting William and Mary over from Holland to depose James.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Now the House of Lords do not have the power to delay money bills for more than one month, but the Parliamentary ritual of budget day is still followed.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
Moray and the rebellious lords were routed and fled into exile, the decisive military action becoming known as the
Chaseabout Raid.
.^ He used his influence over the king in the court intrigues against the queen-mother Marie de Médici and her favourite, Concini.
^ As the power of the House of Commons grew, the position of the Prime Minister who had the support of the Commons became more indispensible to the King.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ His Catholic elder daughter Mary I of England (not to be confused with her equally Catholic cousin Mary I of Scotland) married Phillip II and he had been given a courtesy title of King of England.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
On 9 March a group of the lords, accompanied by Darnley, murdered Rizzio in front of the pregnant Mary while the two were in conference at Holyrood Palace. Darnley changed sides again and betrayed the lords, but the murder had made the breakdown of their marriage inevitable.
.^ Mary Queen of Scots was born (d.
^ Queen Mary I of England (February 18, 1516- November 17, 1558 - reigned July 19, 1553 - November 17, 1558) was born in the royal Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London, the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, the only one from that union to survive infancy.
^ By July 19 Jane Grey had been deposed and Mary was the undisputed Queen.
.^ I don't believe that people should take their own lives without deep and thoughtful reflection over a considerable period of time.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Maybe they only had one rocket Who: Lawrence Beeter, WWII British soldier who was taking cover in a bunker after they were hit by a rocket.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Monty Python completely took my head off and reattached it another way back when they first reached American TV in the late 70s.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[23] Darnley was fearing for his safety and went to
Glasgow to see his father. There he became ill (possibly of
smallpox or
syphilis).
[24]
.^ Mary II of England died of smallpox in London at age 32, after five years of joint rule with her husband, King William III. 1703 - Mustafa II dies (b.
He was recuperating in a house at the former abbey of
Kirk o' Field within the city wall of Edinburgh, where Mary visited him frequently, so that it appeared a reconciliation was in prospect.
.^ When Mary died childless in 1558, however, Elizabeth was the natural successor.
^ When Curtius died 1794 he left his collection of waxworks to Marie.
It turned out that
James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell had supplied the gunpowder for the explosion, and he was generally believed to be guilty of Darnley's assassination. Mary arranged for a mock trial before parliament, and Bothwell was duly acquitted on 12 April.
[25] Furthermore, some land titles were restored officially to Bothwell as a result of Darnley's death.
[26] .^ He lost some support because she argued effectively that his stewardship of the National Health Service was no as good as he was claiming.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Only their home state knows (or cares) what laws they signed in, they have some executive experience, and they have the ambition and ego.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ These figures representing people and things from all walks of life are called les santons , "little saints."
Abdication and imprisonment in Scotland
.^ Mary I of Scotland was married to the Dauphin Francois (later Francois II of France), son of Henri II of France, on le 24 avril 1558 .
On her way back to Edinburgh, Mary was abducted, willingly or not, by Bothwell and his men and taken to
Dunbar Castle, where she was allegedly raped by Bothwell.
.^ By 1566 Nostradamus's gout, which had painfully plagued him for many years and made movement very difficult, finally turned into dropsy.
[27] .^ (The royal palace in Edinburgh, the Palace of Holyroodhouse, once home to Scottish kings and queens like Mary, Queen of Scots, is now regularly used again, with at least one member of the Royal Family, often the Prince of Wales or Princess Royal frequently in residence).
^ On May 16, 1770, he married Marie Antoinette , daughter of Francis I of Austria and Empress Maria Theresa.
^ After their return from Ottawa, Canada in 1945 (where Margriet was born), they lived in the Soestdijk Palace (Paleis Soestdijk) in Soestdijk, about 20 km.
Bothwell had divorced his first wife,
Jean Gordon twelve days previously.
[28]
.^ Scottish reformer 1586 - Elisabeth I England confirms the death sentence against Marie Stuart 1595 - Jean Chapelain was born (d.
.^ Anyway, once a law is agreed and voted upon by the Bundestag and Bundesrat, he has no choice but to follow that law.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ They are a less reliable form of checks and balances on the whole than the Queen and the Lords, IMHO, but they are there.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ There was no king between Charles I's execution in 1649 and the restoration in 1660, but there were two Lords Protector during the Protectorate.
[29] However, the Lords broke their promise, and took Mary to Edinburgh and imprisoned her in
Loch Leven Castle, situated on an island in the middle of
Loch Leven. Between 18 July and 24 July 1567, Mary
miscarried twins.
.^ Henry's widow, Marie de Médicis, served as Regent to their 9-year-old son, Louis XIII, until 1617.
^ In 1802 Marie Tussaud went to London together with her first son, Joseph, then 4 years old, her second son staying behind.
^ His brother and successor, James II, was much less careful, and got hisself overthrown and a Dutch army invading to put his Dutch son-in-law on the throne (this was in 1688).- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ When, in 1568, Lady Catherine Grey died, there was no other obvious successor of English birth, and Elizabeth was once again forced to consider Mary Stuart.
.^ An outnumbered Korean and Ming navy ambush and defeat a Japanese army at the Battle of Noryang Point .
Escape and imprisonment in England
Mary landed at
Workington in England on 19 May and stayed at Workington Hall. She was swiftly imprisoned by Elizabeth's officers at
Carlisle Castle. During her imprisonment, she famously had the phrase
En ma Fin gît mon Commencement ("In my end is my beginning") embroidered on her cloth of estate.
.^ He was returned to Paris, where he remained nominally as constitutional king, though under effective house-arrest until 1792.
.^ While Elizabeth believed she might be able to influence Mary Stuart into changing her faith and marrying someone suitable, she held out the prospect of the succession to her, and continued to prevaricate on the matter while Mary was a prisoner in England.
^ Elizabeth, as Mary's Protestant half-sister, had been in very severe personal danger before Mary's death brought Elizabeth to the throne.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At the time of her birth, she was recognised as the heir to the throne, in preference to her older half-sister, Mary Tudor, who was made to serve in Elizabeth's household.
Elizabeth was cautious, and ordered an inquiry into the question of whether Mary should be tried for the murder of Darnley first.
.^ Mary, too, had turned down Dudley as a potential husband before marrying Lord Darnley, but by now Mary had a son who was being brought up as a Protestant.
.^ Just over a year later, a male heir, Edward, was born to Henry VIII, and Elizabeth found herself in much the same position as Mary.
.^ Mary II of England died of smallpox in London at age 32, after five years of joint rule with her husband, King William III. 1703 - Mustafa II dies (b.
^ His Catholic elder daughter Mary I of England (not to be confused with her equally Catholic cousin Mary I of Scotland) married Phillip II and he had been given a courtesy title of King of England.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ James king of Scotland (1513-42), dies at 30.
.^ In 1570, Elizabeth was persuaded by the French to help put Mary back on the Scottish throne.
.^ Elizabeth's life was spared, but Mary's marriage to Philip II of Spain made it seem possible that an heir would be born and that England would return to the Catholic faith.
.^ Elizabeth's life was spared, but Mary's marriage to Philip II of Spain made it seem possible that an heir would be born and that England would return to the Catholic faith.
^ His brother James II nearly wrecked that, but by then, parliament had regained confidence, and organised the bloodless Glorious Revolution, by inviting William and Mary over from Holland to depose James.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
The outcome of the conference was that the Casket Letters were accepted by the conference as genuine after a study of the
handwriting, and of the information contained therein. Yet, as Elizabeth had wished, the inquiry reached the conclusion that nothing was proven. In hindsight it seems that none of the major parties involved considered the truth to be a priority. James MacKay comments that one of the strangest 'trials' in legal history ended with no finding of guilt with the result that the accusers went home to Scotland and the accused remained detained in 'protective custody'."
.^ In 1570, Elizabeth was persuaded by the French to help put Mary back on the Scottish throne.
^ At the time of her birth, she was recognised as the heir to the throne, in preference to her older half-sister, Mary Tudor, who was made to serve in Elizabeth's household.
^ The first one proposed, the Duc d'Anjou, a younger brother of King Charles IX of France, was twenty years younger than Elizabeth.
.^ Mary's son, James, was a child and would have to prove himself before he could even be considered.
.^ Independence of Bhutan 1907 - William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin dies (b.
.^ Another man who played a major role in the success of her administration was Sir Francis Walsingham, who ran a network of intelligence officers throughout Europe, ensuring that no move against the queen went undetected.
^ The Commonwealth Realms are a part of, but should be distinguished from, the Commonwealth of Nations which is an organization of mostly former British colonies, the majority of whom do not recognize The Queen as head of state.
Henceforth, Cecil as well as Walsingham would have many opportunities (and reasons) to watch Mary carefully.
.^ Elizabeth, as Mary's Protestant half-sister, had been in very severe personal danger before Mary's death brought Elizabeth to the throne.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At the time of her birth, she was recognised as the heir to the throne, in preference to her older half-sister, Mary Tudor, who was made to serve in Elizabeth's household.
^ In 1570, Elizabeth was persuaded by the French to help put Mary back on the Scottish throne.
.^ Technically, everything Parliament does must be approved by the Queen (just as the President must sign bills into law in the U.S.) However, her role is simply to rubberstamp them.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
Elizabeth unexpectedly refused to give it the royal assent. The furthest she ever went was in 1584, when she introduced a document (the
Bond of Association) aimed at preventing any would-be successor from profiting from her murder.
.^ The cardinal told the people that the survival of the relic was a sign from Mary herself and that another, even more magnificent, cathédrale should be built in Chartres.
.^ Elizabeth, as Mary's Protestant half-sister, had been in very severe personal danger before Mary's death brought Elizabeth to the throne.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
Bothwell was imprisoned in Denmark, became insane, and died in 1578, still in prison.
Death
Trial
.^ When, in 1568, Lady Catherine Grey died, there was no other obvious successor of English birth, and Elizabeth was once again forced to consider Mary Stuart.
^ She joined the Auxiliary Territorial Service (the ATS) where she was known as No 230873 Second Subaltern Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor.
.^ On this day, le 11 décembre 1792 : King Louis XVI is put on trial for treason.
^ He managed shifts from being in favor of the court of Louis XVI , to the favor of the Revolutionaries, including the most dangerous of them, Robespierre, to becoming Napoléon's favorite painter.
^ Louis was put on trial on le 11 décember 1792 and convicted of high treason before the Legislative Assembly.
From these letters it was clear that Mary had sanctioned the attempted assassination of Elizabeth. Mary denied this and was spirited in her defence.
.^ The over-representation of Scotland and Wales (more Labour inclined countries than England) also contributed, although this bias will be considerably reduced by the post devolution boundary changes in Scotland.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Meaning that the population (able to vote) in one constituency should differ no more than 15% from the "average" constituency.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Now the House of Lords do not have the power to delay money bills for more than one month, but the Parliamentary ritual of budget day is still followed.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ They are kept hidden, denied legal counsel, and brutalized, sometimes for years.
The extent to which the plot was created by
Sir Francis Walsingham and the English Secret Services will always remain open to conjecture.
.^ Chief Justice of the United States 1751 - Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke dies (b.
^ Emílio Garrastazu Médici (General) was born in Bagé - RS. 40th President of Brazil (30 Oct 1969 - 15 Mar 1974).
^ Louis was put on trial on le 11 décember 1792 and convicted of high treason before the Legislative Assembly.
.^ Scottish reformer 1586 - Elisabeth I England confirms the death sentence against Marie Stuart 1595 - Jean Chapelain was born (d.
^ Suspended and arrested during the Insurrection of le 10 août , he was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of treason, and executed on le 21 janvier 1793 .
^ Elizabeth, as Mary's Protestant half-sister, had been in very severe personal danger before Mary's death brought Elizabeth to the throne.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Elizabeth's life was spared, but Mary's marriage to Philip II of Spain made it seem possible that an heir would be born and that England would return to the Catholic faith.
^ But the Catholic League, strengthened by support from outside, especially from Spain, was strong enough to force him to the south, and he had to set about winning his kingdom by military conquest.
^ Mary I of Scotland was married to the Dauphin Francois (later Francois II of France), son of Henri II of France, on le 24 avril 1558 .
.^ But I would really like to understand how the separation of powers, voting rights, and Federal vs. State rights are handled in the different constitutions.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Elizabeth's life was spared, but Mary's marriage to Philip II of Spain made it seem possible that an heir would be born and that England would return to the Catholic faith.
[31] He refused on the grounds that he would not allow such "a stain on his posterity."
She did eventually sign the death warrant and entrusted it to
William Davison, a
privy councillor.
.^ The Ministers decided policy and when necessary got Parliament or the Privy Council to implement it.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ One of Blair's, lets change the constitution without consultation or sufficient thought, initiatives is to replace the Law Lords with a Constitutional Court independent of Parliament.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[32]Execution
The scene of the execution, created by an unknown Dutch artist in 1613
At
Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, on 7 February 1587, Mary was told that she was to be executed the next day. She spent the last hours of her life in prayer and also writing letters and her will. She asked that her servants be released and that she be buried in France.
.^ The arms were from three to thirty feet long, black, and counterweighted, moved by only two handles.
^ The cathedral's three great rose windows, 32 feet (10 metres) in diameter, alone retain their 13th-century glass.
It was reached by five steps and the only things on it were a disrobing stool, the block, a cushion for her to kneel on, and a bloody butcher's axe that had been previously used on animals. At her execution, on the 8th of February 1587, the executioners (one of whom was named Bull) knelt before her and asked forgiveness.
.^ Red Dwarf, Are you being served, All creatures great and small, and of course Doctor Who?- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Brian Eno's name was mentioned in that regard, which reinforced my confusion regarding all things British (which your excellent diary helped to dispel somewhat - thanks).- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
As she disrobed she smiled faintly to the executioner and said, "Never have I had such assistants to disrobe me, and never have I put off my clothes before such a company."
[33] She was then blindfolded and knelt down on the cushion in front of the block. She positioned her head on the block and stretched her arms out behind her.
.^ Mary Queen of Scots was born (d.
^ Edward four five, Dick the bad, Two more Henries, Ned the lad; Bloody Mary she came next, Then we have our Good Queen Bess.
^ English words defined with "queen" : Mary Queen of Scots , May queen , Mother queen ♦ Queen Anne's bounty , Queen gold , Queen mother , Queen of May , queen of the May , Queen regent , Queen regnant , Queen Victoria .
(Her servants reported they thought she had whispered the words "Sweet Jesus.") The second blow severed the neck, except for a small bit of
sinew that the executioner severed by using the axe as a saw.
.^ Edward four five, Dick the bad, Two more Henries, Ned the lad; Bloody Mary she came next, Then we have our Good Queen Bess.
^ Between 1793 and 1795, more than 1300 people were beheaded in public executions, including Louis XVI , Marie Antoinette and Robespierre.
.^ God Save the Queen 2005 ( none / 1 ) .- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ God save the Queen.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Following the holding of a Constitutional Convention in 1998, a referendum was held in 1999 on replacing the Queen as head of state with a President indirectly elected by Parliament.
At that moment, the auburn tresses in his hand came apart and the head fell to the ground, revealing that Mary had had very short, grey hair.
[33] .^ At the time of her birth, she was recognised as the heir to the throne, in preference to her older half-sister, Mary Tudor, who was made to serve in Elizabeth's household.
A 1895 reproduction of the execution, produced by Edison Manufacturing Co.
It has been suggested that it took three strikes to decapitate Mary instead of two. If so, then Mary would have been executed with the same number of axe strikes as
Essex. It has been postulated that said number was part of a ritual devised to protract the suffering of the victim.
[34].^ A memorable and prophetic moment occurred when Freddie Mercury told the audience: "There's been a lot of rumors lately about a certain band called Queen...
^ 'But in the unlikely story that is America, there has never been anything false about hope.'- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ His private letters show that he was not one of those to whom easy and correct language is naturally given; he gained his extraordinary perfection with the unceasing sweat of his brow.
^ He revived the operation of podalic version and showed how, by means of it, surgeons could often rescue an infant even in cases of head presentation, instead of breaking it up and extracting it piecemeal.
^ The execution of Louis XVI. The executioner is holding Louis's head up for the crowd to see.
The headsman was left holding the wig, while the late queen's head rolled on the floor.
[33] It was thought that she had tried to disguise the greying of her hair by wearing an auburn wig, the natural colour of her hair before her years of imprisonment began.
.^ Japan won golf's World Cup for the first time in 45 years.
^ TIME magazine 's Man of the Year was for the first time given to a non-human; a computer .
Another well-known execution story related in Robert Wynkfield's first-hand account concerns a small dog owned by the queen, which is said to have been hiding among her skirts, unseen by the spectators. Her dress and layers of clothing were so immensely regal, it would have been easy for the tiny pet to have hidden there as she slowly made her way to the scaffold. Following the beheading, the dog refused to be parted from its owner and was covered in blood. It was finally taken away by her ladies-in-waiting and washed.
[33]
Aftermath
When the news of the execution reached Elizabeth she was extremely indignant, and her wrath was chiefly directed against Davison, who, she asserted, had disobeyed her instructions not to part with the warrant. The secretary was arrested and thrown into the
Tower. He was later released, after paying a heavy fine, but his career was ruined.
[35]The Casket Letters
James Stewart, Earl of Moray by
Hans Eworth, 1561. Mary's half brother and regent after her abdication in 1567, he presented the Casket Letters at the York Conference in 1568.
The so-called
Casket Letters are widely believed to be crucial to the issue of whether Mary Queen of Scots shares the guilt for her husband Lord Darnley's murder.
.^ Today I started to look for some detailed information about the German political system to answer one of your other posts.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ After all, they transitioned all too quickly into an Empire, and if there's one thing Canadians are even less interested in than copying Americans, it's running an Empire of our own!- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ You put your finger on one big problem: the leader of a majority government does have too much power.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
The authenticity of the Casket Letters has been the source of much controversy among historians.
.^ Either way, there's a chance to do better, without having to wait a full four years, as we are doing now.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
The originals of the Casket Letters were probably destroyed in 1584 by King James.
[36] The copies available in various collections do not form a complete set.
.^ French sculptor Guillaume Coustou's monumental statues of the Horses of Marly — located at the beginning of the Champs-Élysées — are copies of the originals which are now exhibited at la Louvre .
^ The election was one of the events that transformed the general malaise into the French Revolution, which began in June 1789.
Mary argued that her handwriting was not difficult to imitate, and it has frequently been suggested either that the letters are complete forgeries, that incriminating passages were inserted before the inquiry of York in 1568, or that the letters were written to Bothwell by some other person.
.^ When they are all out the side that's out comes in and the side that's been in goes out and tries to get those coming in out.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When they are all out the side that's out comes in and the side that's been in goes out and tries to get those coming in out .- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ You seem to be running on theory, rather than on actual experience.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Responsible government, in both Canada and Australia, relies on convention rather than the written constitutional texts.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[37] He points out that the letters are disjointed.
.^ His private letters show that he was not one of those to whom easy and correct language is naturally given; he gained his extraordinary perfection with the unceasing sweat of his brow.
^ "Denis" is the French version of the Latin "Dionysius," the name Suger actually used.
Guy implies that a woman with Mary's education would not write in this way. However, it has also been maintained, that certain phrases of the letters (including verses in the style of
Ronsard) and certain stylistical characteristics would be compatible with known writings of Mary.
[38].^ As part of this plan, he was forced to convert to Roman Catholicism on le 5 fevrier 1576 , and kept in confinement, but later that year he gained his freedom and resumed Protestantism.
There was every reason for these letters to be made public to support her imprisonment and forced abdication.
.^ America at least deserves credit for having a written constitution which mentions freedom of speech, in the First Amendment, which no doubt has inspired people all over the world.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ No doubt this post has promoted confusion but I hope it is of some assistance.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ One of the points at which the Monarch has some real power is who to invite to form a government when no party or coalition of parties with a recognised leader has a majority in the House of Commons.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
Among them was
Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk,
[39] a later suitor and co-conspirator of Mary. When Queen Elizabeth alluded to his marriage plans with Mary, Norfolk remarked that "he meant never to marry with a person, where he could not be sure of his pillow".
[40]
Legacy
Though Mary Stuart has not been canonised by the Catholic Church, many consider her a martyr, and there are relics of her.
.^ Her prayer book was long shown in France.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
Her apologist published, in an English journal, a sonnet which Mary was said to have composed, written with her own hand in this book. A celebrated German actress, Frau Hendel-Schutz, who excited admiration by her attitudes, and performed
Friedrich Schiller's "Maria Stuart" with great applause in several German cities, affirmed that a cross which she wore on her neck was the very same that once belonged to the unfortunate queen.
Relics of this description have never yet been subjected to the proof of their authenticity.
.^ 'But in the unlikely story that is America, there has never been anything false about hope.'- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Once it has happened there is no more Parliament to express an opinion about anything...- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
This veil came into the possession of Sir
John Coxe Hippisley, who claimed to be descended from the
House of Stuart on his mother's side. In 1818, he had an engraving made from it by Matteo Diottavi in Rome and gave copies to his friends. However, the eagerness with which the executioners burned her clothing and the executioners' block may mean that it will never be possible to be certain.
The veil is embroidered with gold spangles by (as is said) the queen's own hand, in regular rows crossing each other, so as to form small squares, and edged with a gold border, to which another border has been subsequently joined, in which the following words are embroidered in letters of gold:
- "Velum Serenissimæ Mariæ, Scotiæ et Galliæ Reginæ Martyris, quo induebatur dum ab Heretica ad mortem iniustissimam condemnata fuit. Anno Sal. MDLXXXVI. a nobilissima matrona Anglicana diu conservatum et tandem, donationis ergo Deo et Societati Jesu consecratum."[41]
.^ The Catholic branch of the House of Stuart promoted two rebellions in 1715 and 1745-46.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Reminds me of a friend of mine who used to say things like, "Do you realize that this time last year was just one year ago?"- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ One of the most popular French kings, both during and after his reign, Henry showed great care for the welfare of his subjects and displayed an unusual religious tolerance for the time.
.^ Queen of Edward VII of the United Kingdom 1866 - George Everest dies.
^ In his greatest victory, Prussian King Frederick II (the Great) defeated the Austrians at Leuthen during the Seven Years' War .
^ At Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris , Napoleon Bonaparte is crowned as the first Emperor of France in a thousand years by Pope Pius VII .
.^ It would prove itself useful during the French Revolution.
^ These tributes are richly deserved, for Chartres is truly one of the greatest of all French Gothic cathédrales .
^ In 1915 all attempts to force a breakthrough — by the Germans at Ypres, by the British at Neuve Chapelle and by the French at Champagne — had failed, with terrible casualties the only result.
The cardinal desired to requite this service by the bequest of what he considered so valuable.
.^ You seem to be running on theory, rather than on actual experience.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Roman Catholic Cardinals in Britain seem to speak out to the general public more than they used to and they have rather eclipsed the Bishops of the Church of England.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ British geodesist who gave his name to the well known mount.
^ Applied to a woman, well, it's like calling her a word that rhymes with witch, and no, I'm not speaking of Hillary - this time...
^ Before we went off to fight in Gulf War I, a certain colonel addressed us and closed with these words: "For Queen and country!"- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
- "Accept this handkerchief! with my own hand
- For thee I've work'd it in my hours of sadness
- And interwoven with my scalding tears:
- With this thou'lt bind my eyes."
Privy Council of Mary, 1561
(appointed 6 September 1561 following Mary's return to Scotland from France)
- Lord James Stewart, (later Earl of Moray)
- William Maitland of Lethington - Secretary of State
- James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell - Lord High Admiral of Scotland
- George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly - Lord Chancellor
- James Hamilton, Duc de Châtellerault, 2nd Earl of Arran - Heir to the throne
- Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll - Lord Justice General
- James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton
- John Stewart, 4th Earl of Atholl
- Alexander Cunningham, 4th Earl of Glencairn
- George Hay, 7th Earl of Erroll
- William Graham, 2nd Earl of Montrose
- William Keith, 4th Earl Marischal
- John Erskine, 6th Lord Erskine, (later Earl of Mar)
- Robert Richardson - Lord High Treasurer
- James MacGill of Nether Rankeillour - Lord Clerk Register
- Sir John Bellenden of Auchinoul - Lord Justice Clerk
Ancestry
| Ancestors of Mary, Queen of Scots |
|
|
Issue
- Twins which were miscarried.
See also
Notes
- ^ History of the Monarchy > The Stewarts > Mary, Queen of Scots
- ^ a b Fraser 1978, p. 11.
- ^ Oram, Richard (2004), The Kings and Queens of Scotland, Stroud: Tempus, ISBN 075242971X
- ^ Fraser 1978, p. 12.
- ^ Fraser 1978, p. 14.
- ^ Fraser 1978, p. 25.
- ^ Fraser 1978, p. 15.
- ^ a b Fraser 1978, p. 16.
- ^ a b Fraser 1978, p. 17.
- ^ Fraser 1978, pp. 49–50.
- ^ Fraser 1978, p. 42.
- ^ Fraser 1978, pp. 88–90.
- ^ Fraser 1978, ?
- ^ Guy, John (2004), My Heart Is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots, London: Fourth Estate, p. 47, ISBN 184115752X .
- ^ Fraser 1978, pp. 113–115.
- ^ Fraser 1978, pp. 220–231.
- ^ Chamberlin, Frederick (1939), Elizabeth and Leycester, New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., p. 137 .
- ^ Chamberlin, Frederick (1939), Elizabeth and Leycester, New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., pp. 136–164, 445–447 ; Plowden, Alison (1977), Marriage with my Kingdom: The Courtships of Queen Elizabeth I, London: Macmillan, p. 137, ISBN 0333157923 .
- ^ Bingham, Caroline (1995), Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots, London: Constable, p. 101, ISBN 0094725306 .
- ^ Bingham 1995, p. 100.
- ^ Bingham 1995, p. 160.
- ^ Bingham 1995, pp. 160–163.
- ^ Fraser 1978, pp. 335–336.
- ^ TMedievalSociety.org
- ^ Fraser 1978, pp. 373–375.
- ^ Fraser 1978, p. 375.
- ^ Bingham 1995, pp. 158–159.
- ^ Fraser, p. 370.
- ^ "About Scotland". Aboutscotland.com. http://www.aboutscotland.com/mqs/carberry.html. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
- ^ "Thomas Bromley". Westminster Abbey. http://www.westminster-abbey.org/search/12144.
- ^ Curtis, Thomas (1829). The London Encyclopaedia. XIX. p. 548. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CXRMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA548&lpg=PA548.
- ^ Elizabeth's Spy Master: Francis Walsingham and the secret war that saved England by Robert Hutchinson
- ^ a b c d e "The Execution of Mary Queen of Scots". tudorhistory.org. http://tudorhistory.org/primary/exmary.html.
- ^ For a modern discussion of this see the essay in, "Death, the Scaffold and the Stage…" in "Christopher Marlowe and English Renaissance Culture", by Darryll Grantley, Ashgate Publishing ( 25 May 1999).
- ^ "ScotlandonTV News report, February 2008: Purchase of Mary Queen of Scots' Death Warrant". Scotlandontv.tv. 2006-10-24. http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=History%20Key%20Events&vxClipId=1380_SMG1833&vxBitrate=300. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
- ^ Bingham 1995, p. 193.
- ^ Guy, John. My Heart is My Own, 2005.
- ^ George Malcolm Thomson: The Crime of Mary Stuart Hutchinson 1967 pp.148-153;159-165
- ^ Neville Williams: Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk Barrie & Rockliff 1964 pp.137-139
- ^ Neville Williams: Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk Barrie & Rockliff 1964 p.141
- ^ "The veil of the Most Serene Mary, Queen of Scotland and France, Martyr, with which she was clothed when she was condemned by the Heretic (sc. Elizabeth I) to a most unjust death, in the Year of Salvation 1586, long preserved by a most noble English lady, and eventually dedicated as a gift to God and the Society of Jesus."
References
External links
.
Biography of Mary, with primary and secondary sources related to her life.
Top topics
Wikis
Quiz
Facts
"Mary Queen of Scots".^ 
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