From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Mary I |
 |
|
Queen of
Scots
|
| Reign |
14 December 1542 – 24 July 1567 |
| Coronation |
9 September 1543 |
| Predecessor |
James V |
| Successor |
James
VI |
| Regent |
James Hamilton, 2nd
Earl of Arran (1542–1554)
Mary of Guise
(1554–1560) |
|
Queen consort of
France
|
| Tenure |
10 July 1559 – 5 December 1560 |
|
| Spouse |
.^ Francis II King of France, Henry Lord Darnley and James Bothwell .- Mary, Queen of Scots - Fun Facts, Answers, Factoids, Info, Information 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.funtrivia.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1558 she married the dauphin, the heir to the French throne, who became Francis II of France.
^ On 24 April, 1558, she married the dauphin Francis and, on the death of Henri II, 10 July, 1559, became Queen Consort of France.- Mary Queen of Scots - Catholic Encyclopedia - Catholic Online 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.catholic.org [Source type: Original source]
1558; dec. .^ Marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, her first cousin, below.- Adulteress, trollop and liar: meet the real Mary Queen of Scots - Times Online 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.timesonline.co.uk [Source type: News]
^ Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, c1566 .- Portraits of Mary, queen of Scots: Born 1542, Ruled 1542 to 1567,executed 1587 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.marileecody.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley was born (d.
1565; dec. .^ May 15 - Mary I of Scotland marries James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell.
^ James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell m.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, bottom, is prime suspect .- Adulteress, trollop and liar: meet the real Mary Queen of Scots - Times Online 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.timesonline.co.uk [Source type: News]
1567; dec. 1578 |
| Issue |
| James VI of Scotland & I of
England |
| House |
House of
Stuart |
| Father |
James V of Scotland |
| Mother |
Mary of
Guise |
| Born |
8 December 1542
Linlithgow
Palace, Linlithgow |
| Died |
8 February 1587 (aged 44)
Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire |
| Burial |
Peterborough Cathedral; Westminster
Abbey |
| Signature |
 |
.^ Mary, Queen of Scots - A short biography .- Kellie/Kelly Pearl,largest freshwater pearl,Discovered in Scotland-Reference Database-Internet Stones.COM 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.internetstones.com [Source type: Original source]
^ She was the only legitimate child of James V of Scotland.- Mary Queen of Scots - Catholic Encyclopedia - Catholic Online 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.catholic.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Died: Queen Mary of Scots, beheaded (1587) .- British Royal Birthdays and Anniversaries 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.etoile.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
.^ Her father dies when she is six days old and Mary becomes Queen of Scotland .- Adulteress, trollop and liar: meet the real Mary Queen of Scots - Times Online 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.timesonline.co.uk [Source type: News]
^ Mary was only six days old when her father died.- Scotland - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Scotland - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ She was crowned when only 9 months old.- Scotland - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Scotland - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The nineteenth day of August, the year of God 1561, betwixt seven and eight hours before noon, arrived at Leith Marie, Queen of Scotland, then widow, with two galleys furth of France.- Knox to Mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC reformed.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Handsome, accomplished, and charming, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, staked his claim to the English throne by marrying Mary Stuart, who herself claimed to be the Queen of England.- Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Murder of Lord Darnley, Alison Weir, Book - Barnes & Noble 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC search.barnesandnoble.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary in mourning for Francis Mary returned to Scotland soon after her husband's death and arrived in Leith on 19 August 1561.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Their union was unhappy and in February 1567, Darnley was found dead in the garden at Kirk o'Field, after a huge explosion in the house.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ In February 1567, an explosion occurred in the house, and Darnley was found dead in the garden; he appeared to have been strangled.
^ In February of 1567 they had Darnley's house, Kirk o' Field, blown up; Darnley's strangled body was found in the garden.- Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC englishhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
.^ Not long afterwards she married James Hepburn, the 4th Earl of Bothwell, who was generally believed to be Lord Darnley's murderer.- Kellie/Kelly Pearl,largest freshwater pearl,Discovered in Scotland-Reference Database-Internet Stones.COM 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.internetstones.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Earl of Lennox, Darnley's father, openly accuses Bothwell of the murder.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He was James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell was one of the leading suspects in the murder of Darnley.- Amazon.com: Mary Queen of Scots (9780385311298): Antonia Fraser: Books 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
.^ Mary was defeated and forced to abdicate on her imprisonment in Loch Leven Castle.- Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC departments.kings.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ She was forced to sign a document abdicating the crown in favor of her year-old son.- Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC englishhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
^ Scottish nobles then rebelled, imprisoning Mary and forcing her to abdicate in favour of her infant son, who consequently became James VI. .- Queen Elizabeth I : Video : Famous : Biography : Information 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC famous.y2u.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
.^ There she tried to gain the protection of her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I. .- Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC departments.kings.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Francis Knolls, a cousin by marriage to Queen Elizabeth, was sent to Mary.
^ Wasn't Mary Elizabeth's sister, not cousin?- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
.^ She is concerned about Mary, a Catholic Queen with a legitimate claim to the English throne, as her own kingdom has some unrest between Catholics and Protestants.- Amazon.ca: Customer Reviews: Anne Of The Thousand Days / Mary, Queen Of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.amazon.ca [Source type: General]
^ However, Mary's son, James VI of Scotland, succeeded Elizabeth to the English throne as James I .- Mary Queen of Scots Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Mary Queen of Scots: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.questia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Elizabeth, however, ordered her arrest, because of the threat presented by Mary, who had previously claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own and was considered the legitimate sovereign of England by many English Catholics (including participants in the Rising of the North ).- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ People executed for treason against England .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ After a long period of custody in England, she was tried and executed for treason following her involvement in three plots to assassinate Elizabeth.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Part of the intent of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was to put the nine year old Elizabeth onto the throne of England (and, presumably, Scotland) as a Catholic monarch, after assassinating her father and the Protestant English aristocracy.
Heritage
.^ During the 15th century reign of Robert III of Scotland , it had been confirmed that the Scottish Crown would only be inherited by males in the line of Robert's children—all sons—who were listed in that parliamentary Act.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Females and female lines could inherit only after extinction of male lines.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1558, Mary and Francis were married under an agreement that would unite the crowns of Scotland and France if the union produced male issue.- Mary Queen of Scots Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Mary Queen of Scots: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.questia.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Females and female lines could inherit only after extinction of male lines.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ During the 15th century reign of Robert III of Scotland , it had been confirmed that the Scottish Crown would only be inherited by males in the line of Robert's children—all sons—who were listed in that parliamentary Act.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Like Arran, Lennox was descended from Mary, daughter of James II, but only in the female line; unlike Arran, he had been born in undisputed wedlock.- Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Murder of Lord Darnley, Alison Weir, Book - Barnes & Noble 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC search.barnesandnoble.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Mary ascended to the throne because, with the demise of her father, James V , Robert II had no remaining direct male descendants of unquestionably legitimate origins.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary Queen of Scots ascended to the throne as ...- Mary Queen of Scots Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Robert II of Scotland ascends the throne as the first Stuart King of Scotland.- Heritage History — Putting the "Story" back into History 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.heritage-history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Died James II., King of Aragon 1618.
^ Died: King Robert II of Scotland (1390, born 1316) .- British Royal Birthdays and Anniversaries 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.etoile.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
^ King Alphonso II of Naples dies (b.
.^ Mary adopted the French spelling Stuart during her time in France, and her descendants continued to use it.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary Stuart (Mary I of Scotland) had lived in the French court since the age of five and had married the future king, Francis II, in 1558.- BBC - History : British History Timeline 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.bbc.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary Stuart (Mary I of Scotland), who as the wife of Francis II had lived at the French court since the age of five, refused to ratify the treaty.- BBC - History : British History Timeline 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.bbc.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
[1]
Childhood and early
reign
Mary at the age of thirteen.
.^ Died: King Alexander III of Scotland (1286, born 1241) .- British Royal Birthdays and Anniversaries 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.etoile.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
^ Born: King James I of Scotland (1394) Died: Prince Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, son of King Edward III of England & Philippa of Hainault (1363) .- British Royal Birthdays and Anniversaries 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.etoile.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
^ However, the first time the new crown was used for the coronation of a Scottish monarch was in 1543, after the child monarch, Mary, Queen of Scots, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V, ascended the throne of Scotland, after the death of her father on December 14, 1542.- Kellie/Kelly Pearl,largest freshwater pearl,Discovered in Scotland-Reference Database-Internet Stones.COM 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.internetstones.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ She was the only child of James to survive, and she was said to have been born prematurely.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Their only surviving child was a daughter, Elizabeth, born in September 1533.- BBC - History : British History Timeline 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.bbc.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
^ She was the only surviving legitimate child of King James V .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
[2]
A popular legend, written by
John Knox, states that James, hearing on his
deathbed that his wife had given birth to a daughter, ruefully
exclaimed, "It came with a lass, it will pass with a lass!"
[3]
.^ James's ancestor, Robert II, had become King of Scots in 1371; the son of Robert the Bruce's daughter Marjorie and Walter, the High Steward of Scotland, Robert was nearest in succession to the throne.- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
^ James is supposed to have remaked that it 'came with a lass, it will go with a lass'- refering to the House of Stewart which began with Walter Stewart's marriage to the daughter of Robert the Bruce.- The Ultimate History of Scotland Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC dogluvers.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The son of Robert the Bruce's daughter Marjorie and Walter, the High Steward of Scotland, Robert was nearest in succession to the throne.- Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC englishhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ James thus felt that since the crown came with a woman, a woman would be responsible for the loss of the crown from their family.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ As James's godmother and Mary's cousin as well as a fellow independent Queen, Mary felt certain Elizabeth would help her.- Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC englishhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
^ Thus the universal acceptance of it in the Jewish community as meaning "young woman" apparently came about in response to the development of Christianity.
.^ In 1603, upon Elizabeth's death, Mary's son became king of England as James I. .- Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC englishhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Sixteen years later, Mary's son became King of England and Scotland.- Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC englishhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Sixteen years after her death, Mary's son became King of England and Scotland.- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
.^ In 1603, upon Elizabeth's death, Mary's son became king of England as James I. .- Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC englishhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Her daughter was known later as Sophia of Hanover.
^ England and Scotland join to become Great Britain .- Heritage History — Putting the "Story" back into History 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.heritage-history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Mary was
baptised at the
Church of St. Michael, situated close to the palace, shortly after
she was born.
.^ Mary was just six days old when her father died.- Kellie/Kelly Pearl,largest freshwater pearl,Discovered in Scotland-Reference Database-Internet Stones.COM 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.internetstones.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary was only six days old when her father died.- Scotland - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Scotland - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Rumours were spread suggesting Mary was weak and frail; on 14 December, six days after her birth, her father died following a nervous collapse from suffering a defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss , meaning she was now queen.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
[2]
.^ As Mary was still an infant when she became queen, Scotland was ruled by regents until she became an adult.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Scottish queen : the story of Mary of Scotland.
^ Life among the warring factions in Scotland was dangerous for the infant Queen, however, and at age five Mary was sent to France to be raised alongside her betrothed, the Dauphin Francois.- Margaret George - Official Website 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.margaretgeorge.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Preceded by James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The Earl of Arran, James Hamilton, was there; had not this baby been born, he would now be king.- Margaret George - Official Website 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.margaretgeorge.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Succeeded by James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ However, the latter was based on an allegedly forged version of the late king's will , [ 4 ] so Arran became the regent, [ 5 ] and continued to be until 1554 when Mary's mother succeeded him.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ For example: Mr. Fine writes that Mary "claims the Scottish crown from her mother upon her death," which gives the false impression that Mary's mother was the previous sovereign (whereas Mary's mother was simply Regent of Scotland until Mary reached the age of majority; Mary officially became Queen of Scotland during her infancy, as the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland).- Amazon.com: Mary, Queen of Scots [VHS]: Vanessa Redgrave, Glenda Jackson, Patrick McGoohan, Timothy Dalton, Nigel Davenport, Trevor Howard, Daniel Massey, Ian Holm, Andrew Keir, Tom Fleming, Katherine Kath, Beth Harris, Frances White (II), Bruce Purchase, Brian Coburn, Vernon Dobtcheff, Raf De La Torre, Richard Warner, Maria Aitken, Jeremy Bulloch, Charles Jarrott: Video 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
^ The six-day-old Mary became Queen of Scotland, with James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, the next in line for the throne, acting as regent (until 1554, when he was succeeded by the Queen's mother, who continued as regent until her own death in 1560).
[6]The
Treaty of Greenwich
.^ Mary bears a son, the future King James of Scotland/England.- Amazon.ca: Customer Reviews: Anne Of The Thousand Days / Mary, Queen Of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.amazon.ca [Source type: General]
^ The Treaties of Greenwich signed between Scotland and England in 1543 arranged for the marriage of the infant Mary to the son of Henry VIII, her cousin Edward Tudor.
^ Henry VIII took the opportunity of this regency to propose England and Scotland be united through the marriage of Mary and his own son, Prince Edward .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Six months after her birth, on July 1543, the Treaties of Greenwich promised Mary to be married to Henry VIII's son Edward in 1552, and for their heirs to inherit the Kingdoms of Scotland and England.
^ On 1 July 1543, when Mary was six months old, the Treaty of Greenwich was signed, which among other points, promised Mary to be married to Edward.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Not only was she Queen of Scotland, but as the granddaughter of Margaret Tudor, she was in line for the throne of England after the children of Henry VIII. Mary was supposed to marry Henry VIII's son, Edward.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ It was Henry's wish that Mary should also move to England where he could oversee her upbringing.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Not only was she Queen of Scotland, but as the granddaughter of Margaret Tudor, she was in line for the throne of England after the children of Henry VIII. Mary was supposed to marry Henry VIII's son, Edward.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary should be buried in her native Scotland, as was her wishes.- MSP's battle for body of Mary, Queen of Scots - Scotland on Sunday 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com [Source type: Original source]
[7]
.^ However, feelings among the Scottish people towards the English changed somewhat when Cardinal Beaton rose to power again, and began to push a pro- Catholic and French agenda, which angered Henry who wanted to break the alliance with France and the papacy .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Scottish people of French descent .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ French people of Scottish descent .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ When French ships were spotted on the Scottish coast in July, it was felt they were a threat to Mary, and she moved with her mother to Stirling Castle which was considered safer.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary is moved to Dumbarton Castle.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The chamber where Rizzio died is now a gallery with such treasures as a small French portrait of Mary from 1559 and a sample of the Scottish queen's baby-fine needlework.- There's something about Mary, Queen of Scots - Travel - LATimes.com 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC travel.latimes.com [Source type: General]
[8]
.^ Mary, Queen of Scots - A short biography .- Kellie/Kelly Pearl,largest freshwater pearl,Discovered in Scotland-Reference Database-Internet Stones.COM 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.internetstones.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary Queen of Scots - 266 results .- Mary Queen of Scots: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.questia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Mary Queen of Scots (1586) .- CRF-USA - Famous Trials 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.crf-usa.org [Source type: General]
[9]
.^ Shortly before Mary's coronation, the occupants of some Scottish ships headed for France were arrested by Henry, who claimed they were not allowed to trade with France even though that was never part of the agreement.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Through her grandmother Margaret Tudor , Mary had the strongest claim to the throne of England after the children of Henry VIII. This claim (and her Roman Catholicism) made Mary a threat to Elizabeth I of England, who finally had her executed.- Mary Queen of Scots: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.questia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Most of the documents are diplomatic letters exchanged between Mary and Archbishop Beaton, who became her ambassador to France.- How Mary Queen of Scots wrote of her fears for strife-torn nation - The Scotsman 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC thescotsman.scotsman.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ These arrests caused anger among people in Scotland.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Arran decided to join Beaton following this, [ 8 ] and he became a Catholic.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Treaty was eventually rejected by Parliament in December.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ December 1543 1 Arran and the Scottish Parliament repudiate the Treaties of Greenwich.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
[9]
.^ Henry then began his "rough wooing" of Mary by invading Scotland.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This new alliance and the rejection of the treaty caused Henry to begin his rough wooing , designed to impose the marriage to his son on Mary.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ In May 1544, Henry VIII began his "rough wooing" designed to impose the marriage to his son on Mary.
.^ This consisted of a series of raids on Scottish and French territory and other military actions.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Scottish literature includes literature written in English , Scottish Gaelic , Scots , Brythonic , French , Latin and any other language in which a piece of literature was ever written within the boundaries of modern Scotland.- Scotland - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Scotland - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Moray and the rebellious lords were routed and fled into exile, the decisive military action becoming known as the Chaseabout Raid .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ It lasted until June 1551, costing over half a million pounds and many lives.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Marie of Guise moves to Edinburgh Castle on 1st April.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In May 1544, the English Earl of Hertford (later created Duke of Somerset by Edward VI ) arrived in the Firth of Forth hoping to capture the city of Edinburgh and kidnap Mary, but Mary of Guise hid her in the secret chambers of Stirling Castle.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ He was recuperating in a house at the former abbey of Kirk o' Field within the city wall of Edinburgh, where Mary visited him frequently, so that it appeared a reconciliation was in prospect.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ On 10 September 1547, known as "Black Saturday", the Scots suffered a bitter defeat at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Top 10 September 1547 English army wins the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in Scotland .- BBC - History : British History Timeline 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.bbc.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
^ September 1547 4 Hertford engages battle with the Scots at Pinkie near Musselburgh.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Mary of Guise, fearful for her daughter, sent her temporarily to Inchmahome Priory , and turned to the French ambassador Monsieur D'Oysel for help.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary is sent to Inchmahome Priory near Stirling for safety.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ While in France, Mary's maternal grandmother, Antoinette de Guise, wrote to her daughter in Scotland that Mary was 'very pretty, graceful and self-assured.'- Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC englishhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
.^ The French, remaining true to the Auld Alliance , came to the aid of the Scots.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1512 under a treaty of the 'Auld Alliance', Scots and French nationals enjoyed reciprocal citizenships.- The Ultimate History of Scotland Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC dogluvers.com [Source type: Original source]
^ However a year later, the Auld Alliance had disastrous effects when James IV launched an invasion of England to support the French.- The Ultimate History of Scotland Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC dogluvers.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Her son Henry II won the crown.- Heritage History — Putting the "Story" back into History 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.heritage-history.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Born Henry II., King of France 1547.
^ At the age of 15 she was married to the dauphin, Francis, the son of Henri II of France, her childhood playmate.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ This seemed to Mary of Guise to be the only sensible solution to her troubles.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ It is worth noting that the Guise family regarded Mary as one of their own; not only was betrothed to the heir to the throne but her mother was a Guise as well.- Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC englishhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
^ (Mary Stuart), 1542–87, only child of James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise .- Mary Queen of Scots: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.questia.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ At the end of the month, Mary was moved to the greater safety of Dumbarton Castle.- Mary, Queen of Scots, and the Murder of Lord Darnley, Alison Weir, Book - Barnes & Noble 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC search.barnesandnoble.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Marie of Guise moves to Edinburgh Castle on 1st April.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In February 1548, hearing that the English were on their way back, Mary of Guise moved Mary to Dumbarton Castle .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The English left a trail of devastation behind once more and seized the strategically located town of Haddington .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ With the English behind him Duncan briefly seized power as Duncan II. His murder within a few months saw Donald and Edmund restored to joint rule.
^ With the English behind him Donnchad briefly seized power.
.^ By June, the much awaited French help had arrived.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ July 1548 5 Treaty of Haddington is signed between the French and the Scots at the Nunnery of Haddington.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On 7 July with it the French Marriage Treaty was signed at a nunnery near Haddington.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The marriage was agreed by the Treaty of Haddington.- BBC - History : British History Timeline 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.bbc.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
Life in
France
Mary (age 17) and Francis (age 15) shortly after Francis became
king in 1559.
.^ After this, the Scots were determined to avoid the proposed English marriage; in July 1548, they sent the five-year-old Mary to France, her mother's homeland.- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
^ With her marriage agreement in place, she was sent to France in 1548, at the age of five, to be brought up for the next ten years at the French court.
^ Mary was sent to France at the age of five for her safety.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Henry II had offered to guard and raise her.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The group arrived in France in August 1548.- Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC englishhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
^ August 1548 5 From Dumbarton Castle, Mary sails down the Clyde Estuary to France with the French fleet.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In July 1548, they sent the five-year-old Mary to France, her mother's homeland.- Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC englishhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ She was accompanied by her own little court consisting of two lords, two half-brothers, and the "four Marys", four girls her own age, all named Mary, and the daughters of some of the noblest families in Scotland: Beaton , Seton , Fleming , and Livingston .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ While in France, Mary's maternal grandmother, Antoinette de Guise, wrote to her daughter in Scotland that Mary was 'very pretty, graceful and self-assured.'- Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC englishhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
^ In her company, besides her gentlewomen, called the Maries [Mary Fleming, Mary Seton, Mary Beaton, and Mary Livingstone], were her three uncles, Claude de Lorraine, the Duke d'Aumale, Francis de Lorraine, the Grand Prior, and Rene de Lorraine, Marquis d'Elboeuf.- Knox to Mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC reformed.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Vivacious, beautiful, and clever (according to contemporary accounts), Mary had a promising childhood.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ According to Camden, Mary was 'fixed and constant in her religion, of singular piety towards God, invincible magnanimity of mind, wisdom above her sex, and admirable beauty.'- The Tudors - Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.tudors.org [Source type: Original source]
^ According to most contemporary reports, Mary was exceptionally lovely (even in an age when most noble women were accorded the title of 'fair' or 'beautiful'), intelligent and full of vitality.- Mary, Queen of Scots: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC englishhistory.net [Source type: Original source]
- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
.^ While in the French court, she was a favourite.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ She received the best available education, and at the end of her studies, she had mastered French, Latin , Greek, Spanish, and Italian in addition to her native Scots .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ She came to speak or read six languages: her native English, as well as French, Italian, Spanish, Greek, and Latin.- Queen Elizabeth I : Video : Famous : Biography : Information 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC famous.y2u.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary was also educated in the traditional manner of French princesses; she spoke French and learned Latin, Italian, Spanish and a little Greek.- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
.^ She also learned how to play two instruments and learned prose, poetry, horsemanship, falconry, and needlework.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ She formed a close friendship with her future sister-in-law, Elisabeth of Valois , of whom Mary retained the most nostalgic memories in later life.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ April 1559 16 England, France and Spain sign the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis whereby peace in Europe is to be achieved through the marriage of Mary's sister-in-law Princess Elisabeth de Valois to Phillip II of Spain.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The close friendship of Mary Stuart (Mary I of Scotland) with her Catholic Italian secretary David Rizzio caused jealousy and resentment among some Scottish noblemen.- BBC - History : British History Timeline 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.bbc.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
[10] .^ Apr 1550|p10246.htm#i102457|Antoinette de Bourbon|b.- thePeerage.com - Person Page 10189 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.thepeerage.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ Portraits of Mary show that she had a small, well-shaped head, a long, graceful neck, bright auburn hair, hazel-brown eyes, under heavy lowered eyelids and finely arched brows, smooth lustrous skin, a high forehead, and regular, firm features.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ One already mentioned and thought to be true is that, when the executioner picked up the severed head to show it to those present, it was discovered that Mary was wearing a wig.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The head secretary to Queen Mary of Scotland was a small Italian man named David Riccio.
.^ When Laranth was first introduced in the series, I was so sure she would be a Mary Sue: you know, tough woman, highly attractive and able to bed men in a single bound.- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
^ Mary by now was pregnant with the child who would eventually become James VI of Scotland.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ A queen dowager is a woman who was queen consort but whose husband has died or abdicated, someone else having become monarch.
.^ In fact, her effect on the men with whom she later came into contact was certainly that of a beautiful woman.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ This legendary statement came true much later, but not through Mary, whose son in fact became King of England.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
[12]
.^ Her son Henry II won the crown.- Heritage History — Putting the "Story" back into History 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.heritage-history.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He was the son of Henri II , Roi de France and Catherine de Medici .- thePeerage.com - Person Page 10189 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.thepeerage.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Dauphine of France 24 April 1558 – 10 July 1559 .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Mary, Queen of Scots - A short biography .- Kellie/Kelly Pearl,largest freshwater pearl,Discovered in Scotland-Reference Database-Internet Stones.COM 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.internetstones.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Queen consort of France .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Dauphine of France 24 April 1558 – 10 July 1559 .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
Claim to the English
throne
.^ Her son Henry II won the crown.- Heritage History — Putting the "Story" back into History 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.heritage-history.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary and her husband were crowned Queen and King of France.- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
^ Born Henry II., King of France 1547.
[15] .^ Mary's heir becomes James I of England .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Claim to the English throne .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ From this time on, Mary always insisted on bearing the royal arms of England, and her claim to the English throne was a perennial sticking point between Elizabeth I and her, as would become obvious in Mary's continuous refusal to ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Under the ordinary laws of succession, Mary Stuart was also next in line to the English throne after her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I, who was childless.
^ Under the ordinary laws of succession, Mary was next in line to the English throne after her father's cousin, Elizabeth I, who was childless.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Wasn't Mary Elizabeth's sister, not cousin?- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
.^ Mary's heir becomes James I of England .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Yet, in the eyes of many Catholics, Elizabeth was illegitimate, thus making Mary the true heir as Mary II of England .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Viewed by many Catholics as the rightful Queen of England, Mary was a great danger to Elizabeth.- Amazon.com: Mary Queen of Scots (9780385311298): Antonia Fraser: Books 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
.^ However the Third Succession Act of 1543 provided that Elizabeth would succeed Mary I of England on the throne.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Not only was she Queen of Scotland, but as the granddaughter of Margaret Tudor, she was in line for the throne of England after the children of Henry VIII. Mary was supposed to marry Henry VIII's son, Edward.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ First cousins once removed I think, which, combined with Elizabeth's arguable illegitimacy, gave Mary Queen of Scots a colourable claim to the English throne.- Would the Atheists have me Crucified? - talk.origins | Google Groups 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC groups.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Darnley was also a contender for the English throne and a Catholic.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The anti-Catholic Act of Settlement was not passed until 1701, but the last will and testament of Henry VIII, (given legal force by the Third Succession Act ), had excluded the Stuarts from succeeding to the English throne.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Although the anti-Catholic Act of Settlement would not be passed until 1701, the will of Henry VIII had excluded the Stuarts from succeeding to the English throne.
.^ The aristocracy of Scotland were eager to support Mary.- Knox to Mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC reformed.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary's troubles were still further increased by the Huguenot rising in France, called le tumulte d'Amboise (6 March-17 March 1560), making it impossible for the French to help Mary's supporters in Scotland.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ While in France, Mary's maternal grandmother, Antoinette de Guise, wrote to her daughter in Scotland that Mary was 'very pretty, graceful and self-assured.'- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
.^ The question of the succession was therefore a real one.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Francis died on 5 December 1560, of an ear infection which led to an abscess in his brain.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary held the dual title of Queen of Scots and the Queen Consort of France only for a short period, until the death of her husband in December 1560 of an ear infection.- Kellie/Kelly Pearl,largest freshwater pearl,Discovered in Scotland-Reference Database-Internet Stones.COM 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.internetstones.com [Source type: Original source]
^ November 1560 17 After a day's hunting Franois gets an ear infection which leaves him dangerously ill.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Catherine de Medici Catherine de Medici Videos Catherine de Medici Links .- Tag: royalty - FamousWhy 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.famouswhy.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Marie de Medici Marie de Medici Videos Marie de Medici Links .- Tag: royalty - FamousWhy 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.famouswhy.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mary's mother-in-law, Catherine de' Medici , became regent for the late king's brother Charles IX , who inherited the French throne.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ By its terms, the French garrisons were to leave Scotland for ever, and Elizabeth was to be recognized as the lawful Queen of England.- The Tudors - Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.tudors.org [Source type: Original source]
^ On February first, 1587, Elizabeth signed Mary's death warrant.
^ In 1560 Marie died, and with her death the Auld Alliance also died at the Treaty of Edinburgh.
.^ The 17-year-old Mary, still in France, refused to ratify the treaty.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ From this time on, Mary always insisted on bearing the royal arms of England, and her claim to the English throne was a perennial sticking point between Elizabeth I and her, as would become obvious in Mary's continuous refusal to ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary's troubles were still further increased by the Huguenot rising in France, called le tumulte d'Amboise (6 March-17 March 1560), making it impossible for the French to help Mary's supporters in Scotland.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
Religious
divide
Mary in mourning for Francis
.^ Mary in mourning for Francis Mary returned to Scotland soon after her husband's death and arrived in Leith on 19 August 1561.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The young widow returned to Scotland soon after arriving in Leith on August 19, 1561.
^ Top 19 August 1561 Mary Stuart returns to Scotland .- BBC - History : British History Timeline 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.bbc.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
.^ Scotland had been a Protestant country since 1560 and as a Catholic she was regarded with suspicion by many of her subjects.- BBC - History : British History Timeline 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.bbc.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
^ Wasn't Mary Elizabeth's sister, not cousin?- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
^ Mary, being a devout Roman Catholic, was regarded with suspicion by many of her subjects as well as by Elizabeth I of England, her cousin and the monarch of the neighbouring Protestant country.
.^ Holyrood Abbey is where her father James V was buried and Mary's half-brothers.- MSP's battle for body of Mary, Queen of Scots - Scotland on Sunday 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Religion had divided the people, and Mary's illegitimate brother, James Stewart, Earl of Moray, was a leader of the Protestant faction.
^ He had openly claimed the lands of Moray, which Mary had granted to her half-brother James.
.^ I protest against my condemnation.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The Protestant reformer John Knox preached against Mary, condemning her for hearing Mass, dancing, dressing too elaborately, and many other things.
^ The Protestant reformer John Knox also preached against Mary, condemning her for hearing Mass , dancing , dressing too elaborately, and many other real and imagined offences.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ To the disappointment of the Catholic party, however, Mary tolerated the newly established Protestant ascendancy, and kept James Stewart as her chief advisor.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Battle of Langside : the forces of Mary I of Scotland are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish Protestants under James Stewart, Earl of Moray , her half-brother .- Top40-Charts.com - 40 Top 20 & Top 40 Music Charts from 25 Countries 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.top40-charts.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Reformation remained somewhat precarious throuh the reign of Queen Mary, who remained Roman Catholic, her son James VI , however, was raised as a Protestant.- The Ultimate History of Scotland Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC dogluvers.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ In this, she was acknowledging her lack of effective military power in the face of the Protestant Lords.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ On the 19th of June a son was born to his wife, and in the face of his previous protestations he was induced to acknowledge himself the father.- Luminarium Encyclopedia: Mary, Queen of Scots (1542-1587) 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.luminarium.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Commoner who led a rebellion against Church of England in Scotland.- Heritage History — Putting the "Story" back into History 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.heritage-history.com [Source type: Original source]
^ She joined with James in the destruction of Scotland's leading Catholic magnate, Lord Huntly , in 1562 after he led a rebellion in the Highlands against her.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ While Henry VIII's forces were campaigning against the French king Louis XII, James IV of Scotland invaded England.- BBC - History : British History Timeline 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.bbc.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
[16]
.^ Mary was also having second thoughts about the wisdom of having crossed Elizabeth, and attempted to make up the breach by inviting Elizabeth to visit Scotland (however, still she would not ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh).- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ By 1561, Mary was having second thoughts about the wisdom of having crossed Elizabeth, and attempted to make up the breach by inviting her to visit Scotland.
^ Fearing pro-Catholic plots to make Mary Queen of England, her cousin Elizabeth I imprisoned her and eventually had her executed.- thePeerage.com - Person Page 10189 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.thepeerage.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ Elizabeth refused, and the bad blood remained between them.
.^ Mary then sent William Maitland of Lethington as an ambassador to the English court to put the case for Mary as a potential heir to the throne.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Heirs to the English and British thrones .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary then sent Maitland of Lethington as an ambassador to the English court to put the case for Mary as a potential heir to the throne.
.^ Elizabeth's response is said to have included the words, "As for the title of my crown, for my time I think she will not attain it."
^ Elizabeth's response is said to have included the words "As for the title of my crown, for my time I think she will not attain it."- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ By that time, Elizabeth and Mary were - as it might whimsically be said - fully-paid up members of the monarchs' trade union.- The Tudors - Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.tudors.org [Source type: Original source]
However, Mary,
in her own letter to her maternal uncle
Francis, Duke of Guise, reports
other things that Maitland told her, including Elizabeth's supposed
statement that, "I for my part know none better, nor that my self
would prefer to her." Elizabeth was mindful of the role Parliament
would have to play in the matter.
.^ In December 1561 arrangements were made for the two queens to meet, this time in England.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ At no time was any attempt made by the administration to meet with the demonstrators to discuss the grievances that had sent them into the building.
^ Mary I of England is sometimes confused with her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, who lived at the same time.
.^ However, in July, Elizabeth sent Sir Henry Sidney to call it off, because of the civil war in France.
^ The meeting had been fixed for York "or another town" in August or September.
^ Life among the warring factions in Scotland was dangerous for the infant Queen, however, and at age five Mary was sent to France to be raised alongside her betrothed, the Dauphin Francois.- Margaret George - Official Website 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.margaretgeorge.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Mary made the mistake of attempting to do so.
^ In 1563, Elizabeth made another attempt to neutralize Mary by suggesting she marry Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (Sidney's brother-in-law and the English queen's own favorite ), whom Elizabeth trusted and thought she could control.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Lord Robert Dudley had long been the favorite of Queen Elizabeth.
.^ Dudley being a Protestant, this would have solved a double problem for Elizabeth.
^ Dudley, being as well an Englishman as a Protestant, would have solved a double problem for Elizabeth.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The 'people of England', he said, whether Protestants or Catholics, would be so won over by this, they would be 'drawn away from their allegiance' to Elizabeth and transfer it to Mary.- The Tudors - Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.tudors.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ This proposal came to nothing, not least because the intended bridegroom was unwilling.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ She could well imagine that Mary's son would be her heir as well.- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
^ Francis Knolls, a cousin by marriage to Queen Elizabeth, was sent to Mary.
[18]
Marriage to
Darnley
Mary with her second husband,
Darnley
.^ Mary with her second husband, Darnley At Holyrood Palace on 29 July 1565, Mary married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley , her half first cousin.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley was born (d.
^ July 1565 22 Mary and Darnley are married in the chapel of Holyrood Palace.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Henry was a member of the House of Stewart (or Stuart) like Mary was, but he was not an agnatic descendant of Stewart Kings, but rather of their immediate ancestors, the High Stewarts of Scotland.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ James's ancestor, Robert II, had become King of Scots in 1371; the son of Robert the Bruce's daughter Marjorie and Walter, the High Steward of Scotland, Robert was nearest in succession to the throne.- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
^ 'Mary I of Scotland (Mary Stuart or Stewart) (December 8, 1542 - February 8, 1587), also known as Mary, Queen of Scots, was the ruler of Scotland from December 14, 1542 - July 24, 1567.- http://www.nutcote.demon.co.uk/nl05apr0115.html 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.nutcote.demon.co.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ There are 6,000 English people coming to Scotland every year.- MSP's battle for body of Mary, Queen of Scots - Scotland on Sunday 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary I of Scotland goes on trial for conspiracy against Elizabeth I of England.- Important Events that Happened on Your Day of Birth. [Archive] - weebls-stuff forums 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC forum.weebls-stuff.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mary I of Scotland is exiled from scotland and imprisoned by Queen Elizabeth.- Heritage History — Putting the "Story" back into History 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.heritage-history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This was viewed as a direct threat to Queen Elizabeth as the couple where both in direct line to her throne.
^ (Mary and Henry Stuart were the grandchildren of Margaret Tudor, the elder sister of Henry VIII.) Hence, it was surprising that Elizabeth allowed Lennox to travel to Scotland in 1563.
^ Darnley was also a contender for the English throne and a Catholic.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Yet, the English ambassador Nicholas Throckmorton could only state: "the saying is that surely she [Queen Mary] is bewitched", [ 19 ] and that the marriage could only be averted "by violence".- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Francis Knolls, a cousin by marriage to Queen Elizabeth, was sent to Mary.
^ The union infuriated Elizabeth, who felt she should have been asked permission, as Darnley was an English subject.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Holyrood Abbey is where her father James V was buried and Mary's half-brothers.- MSP's battle for body of Mary, Queen of Scots - Scotland on Sunday 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary of Guise sends Lord James Stewart (Mary's half-brother) and Erskine of Dun as commissioners.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This marriage, to a leading Catholic, precipitated Mary's half-brother, James Stewart, Earl of Moray , to join with other Protestant Lords in open rebellion.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Mary set out for Stirling on 26 August 1565 to confront them, and returned to Edinburgh the following month to raise more troops.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ August 1565 22 Mary sets out towards Stirling to confront Moray and the rebellious Lords.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Without waiting for a safe-conduct pass from Elizabeth, whose ships were patrolling her route, Mary set out for Scotland on 14 August 1561 and, five days later, reached Leith, the port of Edinburgh.- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
.^ They were routed in the so-called Chaseabout Raid and went into exile.- BBC - History : British History Timeline 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.bbc.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
^ Moray and the rebellious lords were routed and fled into exile, the decisive military action becoming known as the Chaseabout Raid .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The rising was crushed, Westmorland fled into exile and Northumberland was captured and executed.- BBC - History : British History Timeline 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.bbc.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
.^ Before long, Darnley became arrogant and demanded power commensurate with his courtesy title of "King".- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Darnley was jealous of Mary's friendship with her private secretary, David Rizzio , and, in March 1566 Darnley entered into a secret conspiracy with the nobles who had rebelled against Mary in the Chaseabout Raid.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Not long after this, Mary and Darnley reconciled.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ On 9 March a group of the lords, accompanied by Darnley, murdered Rizzio in front of the pregnant Mary while the two were in conference at Holyrood Palace.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Darnley was jealous of Mary's friendship with her private secretary, David Rizzio , and, in March 1566 Darnley entered into a secret conspiracy with the nobles who had rebelled against Mary in the Chaseabout Raid.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ A virtual stranger in her volatile native land, Mary would be hailed as a saint, denounced as a whore, and ultimately accused of murdering her second husband, Lord Darnley, in order to marry her lover, the Earl of Bothwell.- Margaret George - Official Website 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.margaretgeorge.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Darnley changed sides again and betrayed the lords, but the murder had made the breakdown of their marriage inevitable.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ On the truth or falsehood of this statement, the whole question of Knox's conduct to Mary, down to the murder of Darnley and the marriage to Bothwell, turns.- Knox to Mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC reformed.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary's cause was aided in 1568 when John Hay, before his execution, made a statement from the scaffold that told how the nobles had murdered Darnley.- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
James Hepburn 4th Earl of Bothwell
.^ Mary Queen of Scots was born (d.
^ Born Mary, Queen of Scots 1574.
^ Scottish queen : the story of Mary of Scotland.
.^ They will seek to grab it one way or another, most likely through marriage.- Margaret George - Official Website 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.margaretgeorge.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Another Match is Lit "This poor young princess, inexperienced in such devices, was circumvented on all sides by persuasions, requests, and importunities..."
^ I did want to read this book, in preparation for its November 20th debut, but I kept putting it off for other books.- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
[23]
Darnley was fearing for his safety and went to
Glasgow to see his father.
.^ A plot was hatched to remove Darnley, who was already ill (possibly suffering from syphilis).
.^ In the new year, Mary prompted her husband to come back to Edinburgh.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ At two o'clock in the morning, the infamous explosion that was to be the talk of Europe for years to come rent the silence of the Edinburgh night.
^ The groom, unlike Mary's previous husbands, met with no shower of gifts from his new bride.
.^ Mary visited her husband frequently and slept in the house several nights.
^ He was recuperating in a house in Edinburgh where Mary visited him frequently, so that it appeared a reconciliation was in prospect.
^ He was recuperating in a house at the former abbey of Kirk o' Field within the city wall of Edinburgh, where Mary visited him frequently, so that it appeared a reconciliation was in prospect.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ In February 1567, an explosion occurred in the house, and Darnley was found dead in the garden; he appeared to have been strangled.
^ It was found that Darnley had died by strangulation.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ 'Mary I of Scotland (Mary Stuart or Stewart) (December 8, 1542 - February 8, 1587), also known as Mary, Queen of Scots, was the ruler of Scotland from December 14, 1542 - July 24, 1567.- http://www.nutcote.demon.co.uk/nl05apr0115.html 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.nutcote.demon.co.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It was rumored, and is probably true, that he was killed by James Hepburn, the Earl of Bothwell.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He was James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell was one of the leading suspects in the murder of Darnley.- Amazon.com: Mary Queen of Scots (9780385311298): Antonia Fraser: Books 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
^ There are some who believe that Mary was forced to marry Bothwell because of their conspiracy to murder Darnley.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Mary arranged for a mock trial before parliament, and Bothwell was duly acquitted on 12 April.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Bothwell was generally believed to be guilty of the assassination, and was brought before a mock trial but acquitted.
^ Bothwell was brought to trial for the murder of Darnley but he was acquitted and obtained a recommendation by some of the nobles that he should marry Mary.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
[25]
.^ Bothwell was brought to trial for the murder of Darnley but he was acquitted and obtained a recommendation by some of the nobles that he should marry Mary.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ March twenty-third marked the official end of mourning, but the tumult over Darnley's death was nowhere near complete.
^ So, without ever actually using the word "trial," the English began official proceeds of a trial-like nature to determine Mary's guilt or innocence in Darnley's death.
[26] .^ April 1567 24 Mary tries to regain support among her Lords while Bothwell gets 29 of them to sign the Ainslie Tavern Bond in which they agree to support his claims to marry Mary.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ They spoke articulately in support of papal authority and were thrown into the Tower of London for their refusal to sign.
^ Only their home state knows (or cares) what laws they signed in, they have some executive experience, and they have the ambition and ego.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ I studied history at GCSE and A-level in a state comprehensive in the 1990s and we did very little British history at all.- So what was your child taught today, sympathy for Mr Hitler? - Mail Online - Peter Hitchens blog 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC hitchensblog.mailonsunday.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary insists that she has used all legal methods and the help of friends to gain her liberty but that she never has plotted against the life of Elisabeth.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ One of these projects was Princess Mary's Christmas Gift Fund, through which £100,000 worth of gifts were sent to all British soldiers and sailors for Christmas 1914.
Abdication and
imprisonment in Scotland
.^ Mary with her son, James VI On 24 April 1567, Mary visited her son at Stirling for the last time.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ April 1567 24 Mary visits her son at Stirling for the last time.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ 'Mary I of Scotland (Mary Stuart or Stewart) (December 8, 1542 - February 8, 1587), also known as Mary, Queen of Scots, was the ruler of Scotland from December 14, 1542 - July 24, 1567.- http://www.nutcote.demon.co.uk/nl05apr0115.html 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.nutcote.demon.co.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ On her way back to Edinburgh she is abducted willingly or not by Bothwell and his men and taken to Dunbar Castle where she may have been raped by him.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On her way back to Edinburgh Mary was abducted, willingly or not, by Bothwell and his men and taken to Dunbar Castle , where she was allegedly raped by Bothwell.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ On 23 April 1567 at Almond Bridge, Scotland , she was seized by the Earl of Bothwell, and held prisoner in Dunbar Castle.- thePeerage.com - Person Page 10189 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.thepeerage.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ She rides to Hermitage Castle and back to see him and falls very ill as a result.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ October 1570 27 Cecil & Mildmay visit Mary at Sheffield Castle to propose a long list of articles aiming at an alliance with Elizabeth.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ She went with him to Dunbar Castle where Bothwell could protect her.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
[27] .^ May 1567 24 Mary and Bothwell are married according to Protestant rites at 10 a.m.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On 6 May Mary and Bothwell returned to Edinburgh and on 15 May, at the Palace of Holyroodhouse , they were married according to Protestant rites.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ May 1567 24 Mary and Bothwell return to Edinburgh after staying at Hailes Castle.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ On the third of May, Bothwell divorced his wife.
^ May 1567 24 Bothwell obtains a divorce from his wife, Lady Jean Gordon.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On the day when the first or Protestant divorce was pronounced, Mary and Bothwell returned to Edinburgh with every prepared appearance of a peaceful triumph.- Luminarium Encyclopedia: Mary, Queen of Scots (1542-1587) 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.luminarium.org [Source type: Original source]
[28]
.^ The Scottish nobility turned against Mary and Bothwell and raised an army against them.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ On the truth or falsehood of this statement, the whole question of Knox's conduct to Mary, down to the murder of Darnley and the marriage to Bothwell, turns.- Knox to Mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC reformed.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Bothwell was brought to trial for the murder of Darnley but he was acquitted and obtained a recommendation by some of the nobles that he should marry Mary.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ June 1567 24 Mary and Bothwell with the support of Huntly and Crawford confront the Lords at Carberry Hill.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ There is no battle but Mary agrees to follow the Lords on condition that they let Bothwell go.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary and Bothwell confronted the Lords at Carberry Hill on 15 June, but there was no battle as Mary agreed to follow the Lords on condition that they let Bothwell go.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
[29]
.^ The castle is situated on an island in the middle of Loch Leven.
^ However, the Lords broke their promise, and took Mary to Edinburgh and imprisoned her in Loch Leven Castle , situated on an island in the middle of Loch Leven .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Seeing her hesitate, Lord Lindsay ordered her to ready herself to leave, swearing that she should be cast adrift on an island in the middle of the sea, or else thrown into Loch Leven.- The Tudors - Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.tudors.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ July 1567 24 Mary suffers a miscarriage.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Between July 18 and July 24, 1567, Mary miscarried twins at that castle.
^ Between 18 July and 24 July 1567, Mary miscarried twins.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ On 24 July 1567, she was also forced to abdicate the Scottish throne in favour of her one-year-old son James.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ June 1567 24 Mary abdicates in favour of her son under duress.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On July 24, 1567, Mary was also forced to abdicate the Scottish throne in favour of her one-year-old son James VI. .- Scotland - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Scotland - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ On 2 May 1568, Mary escaped from Loch Leven and once again managed to raise a small army.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The Scottish nobility turned against Mary and Bothwell and raised an army against them.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ May 1568 25 Mary is escorted to Carlisle Castle after spending a day at Cockermouth.- Mary Queen of Scots - Page 3 - Scotland Discussion Forum 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.scotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ After her army's defeat at the Battle of Langside on May 13, she fled to England three days later, where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth on May 19.
^ An outnumbered Korean and Ming navy ambush and defeat a Japanese army at the Battle of Noryang Point .
^ His reign was fairly successful, until another disasterous campaign against England led to defeat at the battle of Solway Moss ( 1542 ).- The Ultimate History of Scotland Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC dogluvers.com [Source type: Original source]
Escape and imprisonment in
England
.^ In a small fishing boat, with minimum companions, Mary sailed in the port of Workington, Cumberland, on the evening of May sixteenth.
^ Mary set sail for England on 16 May 1568.- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
^ After her army's defeat at the Battle of Langside on May 13, she fled to England three days later, where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth on May 19.
.^ She was swiftly imprisoned by Elizabeth's officers at Carlisle Castle .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ In my end is my beginning.
^ It is worth remembering that Mary's motto had been 'In my end is my beginning,' apt words to sum up her tumultuous life.- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
^ In my end is my beginning Female 103 years old Scotland United Kingdom Last Login: 1/9/2010 .- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
.^ During the conference, Mary remained in Bolton.
^ However, there were Catholics who were opposed to such a marriage and Henry overplayed his hand and made demands to which Mary of Guise, Mary's mother, who was acting as regent, could not acquiesce so they took the little Queen to Stirling Castle.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In January 1931, following the death of her aunt, Princess Louise, Princess Mary was created Princess Royal, a title which she held until her death.
.^ However, in 1570, Elizabeth was persuaded by the French to promise to help Mary regain her throne.
^ After her flight into England, Mary Stuart expected Elizabeth I to help her regain her throne.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Fearing pro-Catholic plots to make Mary Queen of England, her cousin Elizabeth I imprisoned her and eventually had her executed.- thePeerage.com - Person Page 10189 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.thepeerage.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ Elizabeth was cautious, and ordered an inquiry into the question of whether Mary should be tried for the murder of Darnley first.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ A virtual stranger in her volatile native land, Mary would be hailed as a saint, denounced as a whore, and ultimately accused of murdering her second husband, Lord Darnley, in order to marry her lover, the Earl of Bothwell.- Margaret George - Official Website 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.margaretgeorge.com [Source type: Original source]
^ A second glimpse into Elizabeth's mindset followed Mary's forced abdication at Lochleven Castle in the summer of 1567.- The Tudors - Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.tudors.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ A conference was held in York and later Westminster between October 1568 and January 1569.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The accusers were the Scottish Lords who had deposed Mary.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary was moved to Bolton Castle on 16 July 1568 and remained there under the care of Henry the 9th Lord Scrope, until 26 January 1569, when she was moved to Tutbury Castle .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ For overriding political reasons, Elizabeth neither wished to convict Mary of murder nor acquit her of the same; the conference was intended as a political exercise.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ He was jealous of Mary's friendship with her private secretary, David Rizzio, and, in a conspiracy with other noblemen, murdered Rizzio while he was in conference with the queen at the Palace of Holyroodhouse.
^ Elizabeth was cautious, and ordered an inquiry into the question of whether Mary should be tried for the murder of Darnley first.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Mary was an anointed Queen.- The Tudors - Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.tudors.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Once again, Scotland was in the hands of a regent, James Hamilton, Earl of Arran.- History Of Scotland 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.familyresearch.org.uk [Source type: Original source]
- Scottish Independence Guide: History: A short guide to Scottish History 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.scottishindependence.com [Source type: Original source]
- Web Design Business in Scotland 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.fresheverything.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
- The Ultimate History of Scotland Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC dogluvers.com [Source type: Original source]
- Arms & Badges: History, Heraldry & Community! 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC heraldry.celticradio.net [Source type: Original source]
^ As Mary was still an infant when she became queen, Scotland was ruled by regents until she became an adult.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ His chief motive was to prevent a restoration of Mary to the Scottish throne.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Named Mary, she was the only surviving child of her father and ascended to the Scottish throne when the king died just six days after her birth, as Mary Queen of Scots.- This Day In History [Archive] - Graphic Design Forum 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.graphicdesignforum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On July 24, 1567, Mary was also forced to abdicate the Scottish throne in favour of her one-year-old son James VI. .- Scotland - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Scotland - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ However, Mary refused to commit unless Elizabeth would sign a contract confirming the offer.
^ The 'people of England', he said, whether Protestants or Catholics, would be so won over by this, they would be 'drawn away from their allegiance' to Elizabeth and transfer it to Mary.- The Tudors - Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.tudors.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary tried to arrange a match which would have the approval of Elizabeth since Mary was trying to remain in good graces with Elizabeth so she would name Mary as her heir.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ They were supposedly letters and other papers belonging to Bothwell and found in his casket (letter box).- MySpace - Mary, Queen of Scots - 103 - Female - Scotland - myspace.com/queen_of_scots_mary 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
^ The "Casket Letters" were compromising letters, possibly forgeries, from Mary to Bothwell.
^ However, Mary, in her own letter to the Duke of Guise, reports other things that Maitland told her, including Elizabeth's supposed statement that, "I for my part know none better, nor that my self would prefer to her."
.^ The outcome of the conference was that the Casket Letters were accepted by the conference as genuine after a study of the handwriting , and of the information contained therein.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary's halfbrother and regent after her abdication in 1567, he presented the Casket Letters at the York Conference in 1568.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ For more information on Mary Stuart, please see the Lady's work Letters in a Casket .
.^ And yet, despite all the ructions of the Darnley marriage - perhaps in the end because of them - Elizabeth still wanted to reach a dynastic accord with Mary.- The Tudors - Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.tudors.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ This major social holiday generally involves a party atmosphere until the moment of the transition of the year at midnight.
James MacKay comments that
one of the strangest 'trials' in legal history ended with no
finding of guilt with the result that the accusers went home to
Scotland and the accused remained detained in 'protective
custody'."
.^ In 1570, Elizabeth was persuaded by representatives of Charles IX of France to promise to help Mary regain her throne.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1570, Elizabeth was persuaded by the French to help put Mary back on the Scottish throne.
^ However, in 1570, Elizabeth was persuaded by the French to promise to help Mary regain her throne.
.^ As a pre-condition, she demanded the ratification of the Treaty of Edinburgh , something Mary would even now not agree to.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ As a pre-condition, she demanded the ratification of the Treaty of Edinburgh, something Mary would still not agree to.
^ From this time on, Mary always insisted on bearing the royal arms of England, and her claim to the English throne was a perennial sticking point between Elizabeth I and her, as would become obvious in Mary's continuous refusal to ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Nevertheless, Cecil continued negotiations with Mary on the Queen's behalf.
^ Nevertheless, William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley , continued negotiations with Mary on Elizabeth's behalf.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Scientific progress was led by James Hutton and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin and James Watt (instrument maker to Glasgow University ).- The Ultimate History of Scotland Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC dogluvers.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Another man who played a major role in the success of her administration was Sir Francis Walsingham, who ran a network of intelligence officers throughout Europe, ensuring that no move against the queen went undetected.
^ His remarks were stinging, because his knowledge of Cecil's and Walsingham's papers - to which he and his collaborator Sir Robert Cotton enjoyed a uniquely privileged access - was known to be encyclopaedic.- The Tudors - Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.tudors.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The Commonwealth Realms are a part of, but should be distinguished from, the Commonwealth of Nations which is an organization of mostly former British colonies, the majority of whom do not recognize The Queen as head of state.
.^ Henceforth, Cecil as well as Walsingham would have many opportunities (and reasons) to watch Mary carefully.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ It may seem odd that Mary would sign these documents, but she had no one to tell her not to and many people she trusted pushing the secret treaties.
^ Many a historian has pointed a finger at Mary saying that since she brought Darnley to Kirk o'Field, she must have known that there he would die.
.^ The Ridolfi Plot caused Elizabeth to think again.
^ The Ridolfi Plot , which was a plan to depose Elizabeth with the help of foreign troops, and to place Mary on the English throne, caused Elizabeth to reconsider.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Thomas was eventually executed in 1572 for allegedly playing a part in a 1570 plot to assassinate his cousin, Queen Elizabeth I, and replace her with Mary I of Scotland.
.^ In 1572, Parliament, with the queen's encouragement, introduced a bill barring Mary from the throne.
^ With the queen's encouragement, Parliament introduced a bill in 1572 barring Mary from the throne.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The widowed Queen Mary, now a Queen Mother, attempted to dissuade her eldest son, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, from marrying Wallis Simpson and abdicating the throne.
.^ Elizabeth unexpectedly refused to give it the royal assent.
^ Return to Scotland When she returned to Scotland Elizabeth declined to give her a safe conduct across the North Sea because Mary had refused to ratify the Treaty of Leith.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The furthest she ever went was in 1584, when she introduced a document (the Bond of Association ) aimed at preventing any would-be successor from profiting from her murder.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ It was not legally binding, but was signed by thousands, including Mary herself.
^ For Elizabeth to sustain her view of monarchy, she had to ensure that Mary was not executed after a public trial or on the strength of a warrant signed by herself.- The Tudors - Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.tudors.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The cardinal told the people that the survival of the relic was a sign from Mary herself and that another, even more magnificent, cathédrale should be built in Chartres.
.^ Elizabeth considered Mary's designs on the English throne to be a serious threat, and so eighteen years of confinement followed, much of it in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor in the custody of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury and his redoubtable wife Bess of Hardwick .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Eighteen years of confinement followed, much of it in the custody of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, and his redoubtable wife Bess of Hardwick, whose daughter married Mary's second husband's brother and produced one child, Arbella Stuart.
^ From this time on, Mary always insisted on bearing the royal arms of England, and her claim to the English throne was a perennial sticking point between Elizabeth I and her, as would become obvious in Mary's continuous refusal to ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Bothwell was imprisoned in Denmark, became insane, and died in 1578, still in prison.
Contemporary sketch of the execution
Trial and
execution
.^ Mary eventually became a liability that Elizabeth could no longer tolerate.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The French were no longer interested in Mary.
^ Fearing pro-Catholic plots to make Mary Queen of England, her cousin Elizabeth I imprisoned her and eventually had her executed.- thePeerage.com - Person Page 10189 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.thepeerage.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ All these events...Mary's treason, Sir Francis Walsingham intercepting messages.- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
^ However, Mary, in her own letter to the Duke of Guise, reports other things that Maitland told her, including Elizabeth's supposed statement that, "I for my part know none better, nor that my self would prefer to her."
^ Elizabeth's man read every letter that Mary sent in connection to Babington.
.^ From these letters it was clear that Mary had sanctioned the attempted assassination of Elizabeth.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Thomas was eventually executed in 1572 for allegedly playing a part in a 1570 plot to assassinate his cousin, Queen Elizabeth I, and replace her with Mary I of Scotland.
^ For her involvement in these plots, and the fear Elizabeth had of one of them succeeding, Elizabeth signed the warrant for Mary's execution and she was beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle in 1587.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Mary denied this and was spirited in her defence.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ One of her more memorable comments from her trial was "Remember Gentlemen the Theatre of history is wider than the Realm of England."- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ James MacKay comments that one of the strangest 'trials' in legal history ended with no finding of guilt with the result that the accusers went home to Scotland and the accused remained detained in 'protective custody'."- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Peter Davidson's Dr Who was more British than portrayals previous or hence; not surprising that his adversary was the arch enemy of England.- Making Light: I find your lack of faith disturbing 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC nielsenhayden.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ She drew attention to the fact that she was denied the opportunity to review the evidence or her papers that had been removed from her, that she had been denied access to legal counsel, and that she had never been an English subject and thus could not be convicted of treason.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ They are kept hidden, denied legal counsel, and brutalized, sometimes for years.
^ The Lords were to complain that they could never gain access to the queen lest her husband also be present.
.^ I think Cate did a fair job as Elizabeth, I enjoyed watching Geoffrey Rush as Sir Francis Walsingham, and Samantha Morton was excellent as Mary.- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
^ All these events...Mary's treason, Sir Francis Walsingham intercepting messages.- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
.^ Chief Justice of the United States 1751 - Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke dies (b.
^ Ex-president Alphonse Massemba-Dbat is implicated in the coup and executed without trial one week later.- This Day In History [Archive] - Graphic Design Forum 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.graphicdesignforum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Who: Marie Antoinette Note: As she approached the guillotine, convicted of treason and about to be beheaded, she accidentally stepped on the foot of her executioner.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Although Mary had been found guilty and sentenced to death, Elizabeth hesitated to actually order her execution.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Scottish reformer 1586 - Elisabeth I England confirms the death sentence against Marie Stuart 1595 - Jean Chapelain was born (d.
^ Suspended and arrested during the Insurrection of le 10 août , he was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of treason, and executed on le 21 janvier 1793 .
.^ Mary's heir becomes James I of England .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ She was fearful of the consequences, especially if, in revenge, Mary's son James of Scotland formed an alliance with the Catholic powers, France and Spain, and invaded England.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ To the disappointment of the Catholic party, however, Mary tolerated the newly established Protestant ascendancy, and kept James Stewart as her chief advisor.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ In other chambers the King's mistresses, past and present, lingered, concerned about their children.- Margaret George - Official Website 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.margaretgeorge.com [Source type: Original source]
^ But I would really like to understand how the separation of powers, voting rights, and Federal vs. State rights are handled in the different constitutions.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It would tend to make the ruler accountable to Parliament, diminishing for ever the 'divinity that hedges a King.'- The Tudors - Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.tudors.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Elizabeth did ask Mary's final custodian, Amias Paulet , if he would contrive some accident to remove Mary.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ First cousins once removed I think, which, combined with Elizabeth's arguable illegitimacy, gave Mary Queen of Scots a colourable claim to the English throne.- Would the Atheists have me Crucified? - talk.origins | Google Groups 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC groups.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Yet Elizabeth pushed the issue for months and did not allow it to drop until Mary had slapped her in the face with the marriage she did make.
[31] .^ He refused on the grounds that he would not allow such "a stain on his posterity."- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ No Barrymore would allow such a conventional thing to happen to him.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
^ In this specific case, it is doubtful that such a marriage would have been allowed by the nobles of Scotland, who felt reason to fear a Lennox-Stewart on the throne.
.^ She did eventually sign the death warrant and entrusted it to William Davison , a privy councillor .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Elisabeth hesitatingly regards the death warrant when Shrewsbury comes in and once more tries to convince her not to sign it.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ On February first, 1587, Elizabeth signed Mary's death warrant.
.^ Later, the privy council, having been summoned by Lord Burghley without Elizabeth's knowledge, decided to carry out the sentence at once before she could change her mind.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ He was captured by coastguards but managed to escape their detention whilst they were busy trying to decide whether to send him to the Privy Council.
^ Unlike Mary, her lords could see him clearly without the tint of infatuation to hide his faults.
[32]
.^ Mary in the garden of Fotheringhay Castle.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At Fotheringhay Castle , Northamptonshire, on 7 February 1587, Mary was told that she was to be executed the next day.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ 'Mary I of Scotland (Mary Stuart or Stewart) (December 8, 1542 - February 8, 1587), also known as Mary, Queen of Scots, was the ruler of Scotland from December 14, 1542 - July 24, 1567.- http://www.nutcote.demon.co.uk/nl05apr0115.html 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.nutcote.demon.co.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The bearer of this letter and his companions, most of them your subjects, will testify to my conduct at my last hour.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
- Margaret George - Official Website 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.margaretgeorge.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Last night after work I drove for a tiring eight hours up to Gartmore House in Scotland for SPUC International Student Pro-Life Conference this weekend.
.^ She expressed a request that her servants should be released.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ She also requested that she should be buried in France.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The scaffold that was erected in the great hall was three feet tall and draped in black.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The arms were from three to thirty feet long, black, and counterweighted, moved by only two handles.
^ The cathedral's three great rose windows, 32 feet (10 metres) in diameter, alone retain their 13th-century glass.
.^ AM December 13th, this day in history: 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months; Celestine hoped to return to his previous life as an ascetic hermit.- This Day In History [Archive] - Graphic Design Forum 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.graphicdesignforum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ At her execution the executioners (one of whom was named Bull) knelt before her and asked forgiveness.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Note: Of all the condemned Nazis, he was the only one to salute Hitler before his own execution.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ According to a contemporary account by Robert Wynkfield , she replied "I forgive you with all my heart" [ 33 ] The executioners and her two servants helped remove a black outer gown, two petticoats, and her corset to reveal a deep red chemise—the liturgical colour of martyrdom in the Catholic Church.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Please remove some items from your watchlist in My eBay if you want to add more.- Mary Queen of Scots Robert Burns Vintage Old Photos on eBay (end time 03-Mar-10 20:01:12 GMT) 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC cgi.ebay.co.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Who: Karl Marx , asked by his housekeeper what his last words were When I am dead, you will find Philip and Calais engraved on my heart.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ As she disrobed she smiled faintly to the executioner and said, "Never have I had such assistants to disrobe me, and never have I put off my clothes before such a company."- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ I certainly never expected such outstanding answers to my questions.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ His last words are often erroneously quoted as "Put me back on my bike"; Simpson's soigneur told reporters that he wanted to be "put back on his bike", and this was reported as such.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
[33]
She was then blindfolded and knelt down on the cushion in front of
the block.
.^ She positioned her head on the block and stretched her arms out behind her.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
A 1895 reproduction of the historic scene, produced by Edison
Manufacturing Co.
.^ Mary Queen of Scots (1586) .- CRF-USA - Famous Trials 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.crf-usa.org [Source type: General]
^ One of The London Dungeon 's exhibitions is about Mary, Queen of Scots In Lady Antonia Fraser's biography, Mary Queen of Scots , the author writes that it took two strikes to decapitate Mary: The first blow missed her neck and struck the back of her head, at which point the Queen's lips moved.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ "Mary, Queen of Scots" redirects here.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ (Her servants reported they thought she had whispered the words "Sweet Jesus."- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Mark 16:2), came to the sepulchre, bringing with them sweet spices, that they might anoint the body of Jesus.
)
.^ The second blow severed the neck, except for a small bit of sinew that the executioner severed by using the axe as a saw.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Robert Wynkfield recorded a detailed account of the moments leading up to Mary's execution, also describing that it took two strikes to behead the Queen.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ It has been suggested that it took three strikes to decapitate Mary instead of two.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ One of The London Dungeon 's exhibitions is about Mary, Queen of Scots In Lady Antonia Fraser's biography, Mary Queen of Scots , the author writes that it took two strikes to decapitate Mary: The first blow missed her neck and struck the back of her head, at which point the Queen's lips moved.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ God Save the Queen 2005 ( none / 1 ) .- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ God save the Queen.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When the executioner held up Mary's severed head the wig that she wore fell off and she was an old woman, white of hair and partially bald.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ At that moment, the auburn tresses in his hand came apart and the head fell to the ground, revealing that Mary had had very short, grey hair.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ A short list of other Catholic powers was also under consideration and Mary's hand seemed eagerly sought.
^ Mary was very much taken by his fine figure and they fell in love and were married without waiting for a dispensation from Rome (they were first cousins) or for Elizabeth's approval.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
[33]
.^ The chemise that Mary wore at her execution is displayed at Coughton Court near Alcester in Warwickshire , which was a Catholic household at that time.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ At the time of her birth, she was recognised as the heir to the throne, in preference to her older half-sister, Mary Tudor, who was made to serve in Elizabeth's household.
^ He had supported plots to have her overthrown in favor of her Catholic cousin Mary I of Scotland, but Elizabeth had Mary imprisoned, and she was finally executed in 1587.
.^ Similarly she took the initiative when Irish President Mary Robinson began visiting Britain, by suggesting to Her Government that she invite her Irish counterpart to pay courtesy call on her in the Palace.
^ Her last words were, -Into thy hands, O, Lord, I commend my spirit.- it took three strokes of the axe to sever Mary's head.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ If so, then Mary would have been executed with the same number of axe strikes as Essex .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Truly, the people were asking for Mary's death now, but would she be executed they afterwards would rather remember the granddaughter of an English king: .- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Robert Wynkfield recorded a detailed account of the moments leading up to Mary's execution, also describing that it took two strikes to behead the Queen.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ It has been postulated that said number was part of a ritual devised to protract the suffering of the victim.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
[34]
.^ A memorable and prophetic moment occurred when Freddie Mercury told the audience: "There's been a lot of rumors lately about a certain band called Queen...
^ 'But in the unlikely story that is America, there has never been anything false about hope.'- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ One already mentioned and thought to be true is that, when the executioner picked up the severed head to show it to those present, it was discovered that Mary was wearing a wig.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ His private letters show that he was not one of those to whom easy and correct language is naturally given; he gained his extraordinary perfection with the unceasing sweat of his brow.
^ He revived the operation of podalic version and showed how, by means of it, surgeons could often rescue an infant even in cases of head presentation, instead of breaking it up and extracting it piecemeal.
.^ The headsman was left holding the wig, while the late queen's head rolled on the floor.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ As he did so, the head, its lips still moving, fell from his hand to crash to the floor, leaving him holding only an auburn wig.
^ Following the holding of a Constitutional Convention in 1998, a referendum was held in 1999 on replacing the Queen as head of state with a President indirectly elected by Parliament.
[33]
.^ It was thought that she had tried to disguise the greying of her hair by wearing an auburn wig, the natural colour of her hair before her years of imprisonment began.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ One already mentioned and thought to be true is that, when the executioner picked up the severed head to show it to those present, it was discovered that Mary was wearing a wig.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ At that moment, the auburn tresses in his hand came apart and the head fell to the ground, revealing that Mary had had very short, grey hair.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ She was 24 when first imprisoned by Protestants in Scotland, and she was only 44 years of age at the time of her execution.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ She was still only 19 and, despite her talents, her upbringing had in not given her the judgment to cope with the dangerous and complex political situation in the Scotland of the time.
^ This campaign only achieved short term success with Edward again taking control of Scotland and the execution of Wallace in 1305.- Scotland - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Scotland - encyclopedia article - Citizendium 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC reid.citizendium.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Another well-known execution story related in Robert Wynkfield's first-hand account concerns a small dog owned by the queen, which is said to have been hiding among her skirts, unseen by the spectators.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The story of Mary's trial and execution is too well known to repeat here.- The Tudors - Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.tudors.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The veil is embroidered with gold spangles by (as is said) the queen's own hand, in regular rows crossing each other, so as to form small squares, and edged with a gold border, to which another border has been subsequently joined, in which the following words are embroidered in letters of gold: .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Her dress and layers of clothing were so immensely regal, it would have been easy for the tiny pet to have hidden there as she slowly made her way to the scaffold.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ I appreciate Traviss even mentioning it (it would be very easy for her to have her characters refuse to admit there was a problem at all).- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
.^ Following the beheading, the dog refused to be parted from its owner and was covered in blood.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ It was finally taken away by her ladies-in-waiting and washed.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
[33]
Aftermath
.^ When the news of the execution reached Elizabeth she was extremely indignant, and her wrath was chiefly directed against Davison, who, she asserted, had disobeyed her instructions not to part with the warrant.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ For her involvement in these plots, and the fear Elizabeth had of one of them succeeding, Elizabeth signed the warrant for Mary's execution and she was beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle in 1587.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Elisabeth has signed the death warrant and gives it to the officer Davison with very indecisive directions about what to do with it.- Women in History of Scots Descent - Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.electricscotland.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The secretary was arrested and thrown into the Tower .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
He was later
released, after paying a heavy fine, but his career was ruined.
[35]
The Casket
Letters
James Stewart, Earl of Moray by
Hans Eworth, 1561. Mary's halfbrother and
regent after her abdication in 1567, he presented the Casket
Letters at the York Conference in 1568.
.^ Mary Queen of Scots, an historical poem .- British Women Romantic Poets Project 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC digital.lib.ucdavis.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Born Mary, Queen of Scots 1574.
^ The so-called Casket Letters are widely believed to be crucial to the issue of whether Mary Queen of Scots shares the guilt for her husband Lord Darnley's murder.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The only 'good' Mary was a dead one.- The Tudors - Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots 9 February 2010 15:44 UTC www.tudors.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The letters are, however, only one detail of the whole problem, and even if they are accepted as fake, this fact in it itself does not constitute an "acquittal" of Mary, as long as other aspects of the case are not taken into account.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ However, Mary, in her own letter to the Duke of Guise, reports other things that Maitland told her, including Elizabeth's supposed statement that, "I for my part know none better, nor that my self would prefer to her."
The authenticity of the Casket Letters has been the source of
much controversy among historians.
.^ It is impossible now to prove the case of the letters' authenticity either way.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The originals of the Casket Letters were probably destroyed in 1584 by King James.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary rode to see him and the details of what happened then are relied, probably with reasonable accuracy, in the second of the Casket Letters.
[36] The
copies available in various collections do not form a complete set.
.^ The originals were in French; only one French copy is extant, the others are contemporary translations into Scots and English.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The letters are, however, only one detail of the whole problem, and even if they are accepted as fake, this fact in it itself does not constitute an "acquittal" of Mary, as long as other aspects of the case are not taken into account.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ French cultural influence resulted in a large influx of French vocabulary into Scots , for example.- The Ultimate History of Scotland Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC dogluvers.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The "Casket Letters" were compromising letters, possibly forgeries, from Mary to Bothwell.
^ Elizabeth wavered for some time over Mary's sentence and claimed that the "unfortunate affair" of her cousin had caused her more tears than the death of any other member of her family.
^ In a letter written to his father after Mary's visit, Darnley gushed of his love for the Queen and of her kindness towards him.
.^ Although they were totally off key and Mary had a very sensitive musical ear, the queen nevertheless went graciously to the window to accept their well wishes.
^ (New York, 1967) Lady Antonia Fraser's well known work, Mary Queen of Scots is available for purchase from Amazon.com at a 20% discount.
^ Mary, they point out, is not in herself divine, and has only such powers to help as are granted to her by God in response to her prayers.
.^ You seem to be running on theory, rather than on actual experience.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Responsible government, in both Canada and Australia, relies on convention rather than the written constitutional texts.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[37]
He points out that the letters are disjointed.
.^ His private letters show that he was not one of those to whom easy and correct language is naturally given; he gained his extraordinary perfection with the unceasing sweat of his brow.
^ "Denis" is the French version of the Latin "Dionysius," the name Suger actually used.
^ 'The Runic alphabets are a set of related alphabets using letters known as runes, formerly used to write Germanic languages, mainly in Scandinavia, and the British Isles.- http://www.nutcote.demon.co.uk/nl05apr0115.html 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.nutcote.demon.co.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ When Laranth was first introduced in the series, I was so sure she would be a Mary Sue: you know, tough woman, highly attractive and able to bed men in a single bound.- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
- Amazon.com: Profile For Crystal Starr Light: Reviews 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.amazon.com [Source type: General]
.^ However, it has also been maintained, that certain phrases of the letters (including verses in the style of Ronsard ) and certain stylistical characteristics would be compatible with known writings of Mary.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ However, Mary, in her own letter to her maternal uncle Francis, Duke of Guise , reports other things that Maitland told her, including Elizabeth's supposed statement that, "I for my part know none better, nor that my self would prefer to her."- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ However, Mary, in her own letter to the Duke of Guise, reports other things that Maitland told her, including Elizabeth's supposed statement that, "I for my part know none better, nor that my self would prefer to her."
[38]
.^ 'Mary I of Scotland (Mary Stuart or Stewart) (December 8, 1542 - February 8, 1587), also known as Mary, Queen of Scots, was the ruler of Scotland from December 14, 1542 - July 24, 1567.- http://www.nutcote.demon.co.uk/nl05apr0115.html 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.nutcote.demon.co.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Yet Elizabeth pushed the issue for months and did not allow it to drop until Mary had slapped her in the face with the marriage she did make.
^ She did not do well and after only seven turbulent years, at the end of which Protestants had gained complete control of Scotland, she had perforce to abdicate and flee to England, leaving her young son, James VI , in the hands of regents.- The Ultimate History of Scotland Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC dogluvers.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Would that I could impress these sentiments, in their full force, on every living Southerner and bequeath them to every one yet to be born!- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Israel's Defence Minister, General Moshe Dayan, makes a public statement: "There is no reason to feel guilty".- This Day In History [Archive] - Graphic Design Forum 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.graphicdesignforum.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ At least some of the contemporaries who saw the letters at the York Conference had no doubt that the letters were genuine.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary's halfbrother and regent after her abdication in 1567, he presented the Casket Letters at the York Conference in 1568.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The outcome of the conference was that the Casket Letters were accepted by the conference as genuine after a study of the handwriting , and of the information contained therein.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Among them was Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk , [ 39 ] a later suitor and co-conspirator of Mary.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Princess Mary was educated by governesses, but shared some of lessons with her brothers, Prince Edward (later Edward VIII), Prince Albert (later George VI), and Prince Henry (later Duke of Gloucester).
^ However, she did encourage the aide and attentions of European and British nobles, the most notable of which was Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk.
When Queen Elizabeth
alluded to his marriage plans with Mary, Norfolk remarked that "he
meant never to marry with a person, where he could not be sure of
his pillow".
[40]
Legacy
.^ Tomb of Mary at Westminster Abbey Though Mary Stuart has not been canonised by the Catholic Church, many consider her a martyr, and there are relics of her.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Many a historian has pointed a finger at Mary saying that since she brought Darnley to Kirk o'Field, she must have known that there he would die.
^ Elizabeth, however, ordered her arrest, because of the threat presented by Mary, who had previously claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own and was considered the legitimate sovereign of England by many English Catholics (including participants in the Rising of the North ).- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Her prayer book was long shown in France.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ They came into English hands in the course of a Scottish attempt to have Mary tried for her part in Darnley's murder.
^ Mary " is used about 7,117 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English.
^ Mary Rodgers (born January 11, 1931) is a composer of musicals, an author of children's books, and daughter of Richard Rodgers.
.^ Mary, Queen of Scots is often confused with her second cousin once removed Mary I of England who lived at approximately the same time (1516 - 1558).
^ Schillerlocken – two quite distinct foods named after the curly hair of the German poet Friedrich von Schiller (1759–1805).- Food Named After People 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC chefedccp.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The one person with the strongest claim to the throne once Elizabeth was discounted was Mary Stuart, already Queen of Scotland and soon to be Queen of France.
Relics of this description have never yet been subjected to the
proof of their authenticity.
.^ If there is anything which may be reasonably believed to have once been the property of the queen, it is the veil with which she covered her head on the scaffold, after the executioner had wounded the unfortunate victim in the shoulder by a false blow (whether from awkwardness or confusion is uncertain).- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Mary, Queen of Scots is often confused with her second cousin once removed Mary I of England who lived at approximately the same time (1516 - 1558).
^ The execution was badly carried out - the executioner was drunk and it took 3 blows to hack off her head.
.^ This veil came into the possession of Sir John Coxe Hippisley , who claimed to be descended from the House of Stuart on his mother's side.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ On the plate there is an inscription, with a double certificate of its authenticity, which states, that this veil, a family treasure of the expelled house of Stuart, was finally in possession of the last branch of that family, Henry Benedict Stuart , the Cardinal of York, who preserved it for many years in his private chapel, among the most precious relics, and at his death bequeathed it to Sir John Coxe Hippisley , together with a valuable Plutarch , a Codex with painted (illuminated) letters, and a gold coin struck in Scotland during Mary's reign.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Malcolm married Edgar's sister Margaret, and thus came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders.- Scottish Independence Guide: History: A short guide to Scottish History 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.scottishindependence.com [Source type: Original source]
- Arms & Badges: History, Heraldry & Community! 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC heraldry.celticradio.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ In 1818, he had an engraving made from it by Matteo Diottavi in Rome and gave copies to his friends.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ However, the eagerness with which the executioners burned her clothing and the executioners' block may mean that it will never be possible to be certain.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ As she disrobed she smiled faintly to the executioner and said, "Never have I had such assistants to disrobe me, and never have I put off my clothes before such a company."- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
The veil is embroidered with gold spangles by (as is said) the
queen's own hand, in regular rows crossing each other, so as to
form small squares, and edged with a gold border, to which another
border has been subsequently joined, in which the following words
are embroidered in letters of gold:
- "Velum Serenissimæ Mariæ, Scotiæ et Galliæ Reginæ Martyris, quo
induebatur dum ab Heretica ad mortem iniustissimam condemnata fuit.
Anno Sal. MDLXXXVI. a nobilissima matrona Anglicana diu conservatum
et tandem, donationis ergo Deo, Societati Jesu consecratum."
.^ James I of Scotland is released from after many years in prison, by Henry VI. .- Heritage History — Putting the "Story" back into History 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.heritage-history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On the plate there is an inscription, with a double certificate of its authenticity, which states, that this veil, a family treasure of the expelled house of Stuart, was finally in possession of the last branch of that family, Henry Benedict Stuart , the Cardinal of York, who preserved it for many years in his private chapel, among the most precious relics, and at his death bequeathed it to Sir John Coxe Hippisley , together with a valuable Plutarch , a Codex with painted (illuminated) letters, and a gold coin struck in Scotland during Mary's reign.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ This veil came into the possession of Sir John Coxe Hippisley , who claimed to be descended from the House of Stuart on his mother's side.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Born Pope Pius IV. 1519.
^ Hippisley, during a former residence at Rome, had been very intimate with the cardinal of York, and was instrumental in obtaining for him, when he with the other cardinals emigrated to Venice in 1798, a pension of £4,000 a year from King George IV of the United Kingdom , then Prince of Wales .- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The plate was specially consecrated by Pope Pius VII in his palace on the Quirinal , 29 April 1818.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ But for the pension, the fugitive cardinal, whose revenues were all seized by the forces of the French Revolution , would have been exposed to the greatest distress.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ French pirates Jean and Pierre Lafitte, often at war with the American Revenue men, joined forces with the Americans against the British at this famous battle.- The Book Palace Ron Embleton Art 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.bookpalace.com [Source type: General]
^ It would prove itself useful during the French Revolution.
.^ The cardinal desired to requite this service by the bequest of what he considered so valuable.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ You seem to be running on theory, rather than on actual experience.- Daily Kos: A short guide to the British constitution and electoral system 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ School students in Scotland sit Standard Grade exams while students in England sit GCSE exams, and then a broad range of Higher Grade exams rather than becoming more specialised under the English A-level system.- Arms & Badges: History, Heraldry & Community! 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC heraldry.celticradio.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Following this, a Scottish university's honours degree takes four years of study as opposed to three in the rest of the UK. The university systems in several Commonwealth countries show marked affinities with the Scottish rather than the English system.- Arms & Badges: History, Heraldry & Community! 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC heraldry.celticradio.net [Source type: Original source]
.^ Melville in his Memoirs, which Schiller had read, speaks of a handkerchief belonging to the queen, which she gave away before her death, and Schiller founds upon this anecdote the well-known words of the farewell scene, addressed to Hannah Kennedy.- Boston University School of Theology Archives 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC sthweb.bu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ British geodesist who gave his name to the well known mount.
^ His last words from the guillotine before sentence of death for high treason was executed (22 February 1943) Shazbot.- Last words - Wikiquote 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC en.wikiquote.org [Source type: Original source]
- "Accept this handkerchief! with my own hand
- For thee I've work'd it in my hours of sadness
- And interwoven with my scalding tears:
- With this thou'lt bind my eyes."
Privy Council of Mary,
1561
(appointed 6 September 1561 following Mary's return to Scotland
from France)
- Lord James Stewart,
(later Earl of
Moray)
- William Maitland of
Lethington - Secretary of State
- James Hepburn, 4th Earl
of Bothwell - Lord High Admiral of
Scotland
- George Gordon, 4th Earl
of Huntly - Lord Chancellor
- James
Hamilton, Duc de Châtellerault, 2nd Earl of Arran - Heir to the throne
- Archibald Campbell,
5th Earl of Argyll - Lord Justice
General
- James Douglas, 4th Earl
of Morton
- John Stewart, 4th Earl of
Atholl
- Alexander Cunningham, 4th Earl of
Glencairn
- George Hay, 7th Earl of Erroll
- William Graham, 2nd Earl of Montrose
- William Keith, 4th Earl Marischal
- John Erskine, 6th Lord
Erskine, (later Earl
of Mar)
- Robert Richardson - Lord
High Treasurer
- James MacGill of Nether Rankeillour - Lord Clerk
Register
- Sir John Bellenden of Auchinoul - Lord Justice Clerk
Ancestry
| Ancestors of
Mary I of Scotland |
|
|
Issue
- Twins which were miscarried.
In
culture
See also
Notes
- ^
History of the Monarchy >
The Stewarts > Mary, Queen of Scots
- ^ a
b
Fraser, p.11
- ^ "The Kings and
Queens of Scotland (Stroud, 2004) by Richard Oram, ISBN
0-7524-2971-X
- ^
Fraser, p.12
- ^
Fraser, p.14
- ^
Fraser, p.25
- ^
Fraser, p.15
- ^ a
b
Fraser, p.16
- ^ a
b
Fraser, p.17
- ^
Antonia Fraser, Mary, Queen of Scots, pps. 49-50
- ^
Antonia Fraser, Mary, Queen of Scots,p.42
- ^
Antonia Fraser "Mary, Queen of Scots",pages 88-90
- ^
Lady Antonia Fraser "Mary,Queen of Scots"
- ^
Guy, John, My Heart is my Own, London, Fourth Estate,
2004, ISBN 0-00-71930-8:47
- ^
Antonia Fraser: Mary Queen of Scots Panther Books 1970
pp.113-115
- ^
Fraser, pp.220-231
- ^
Frederick Chamberlin Elizabeth and Leycester Dodd, Mead
& Co. 1939 p.137
- ^
Frederick Chamberlin Elizabeth and Leycester Dodd, Mead
& Co. 1939 pp.136-164,445-447; Alison Plowden: Marriage
with my Kingdom: The Courtships of Queen Elizabeth I BCA 1977
p.137
- ^
Caroline Bingham: Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord
Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots Constable 1995
p.101
- ^
Caroline Bingham: Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord
Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots Constable 1995
p.100
- ^
Caroline Bingham: Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord
Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots Constable 1995
p.160
- ^
Caroline Bingham: Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord
Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots Constable 1995
p.160-163
- ^
Antonia Fraser: Mary Queen of Scots Panther Books 1970
pp.335-336
- ^
The Medieval Society
- ^
Antonia Fraser: Mary Queen of Scots Panther Books 1970
pp.373-375
- ^
Antonia Fraser: Mary Queen of Scots Panther Books 1970
p.375
- ^
Caroline Bingham: Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord
Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots Constable 1995
pp.158-159
- ^
Fraser, p.370
- ^
"About Scotland".
Aboutscotland.com. http://www.aboutscotland.com/mqs/carberry.html. Retrieved
2009-02-08.
- ^
"Thomas Bromley".
Westminster Abbey. http://www.westminster-abbey.org/search/12144.
- ^
Curtis, Thomas (1829). The London
Encyclopaedia. XIX. p. 548. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CXRMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA548&lpg=PA548.
- ^
Elizabeth's Spy Master: Francis Walsingham and the secret war
that saved England by Robert Hutchinson
- ^ a
b
c
d
e
"The Execution of Mary Queen
of Scots". tudorhistory.org. http://tudorhistory.org/primary/exmary.html.
- ^ For a modern
discussion of this see the essay in, "Death, the Scaffold and the
Stage…" in "Christopher Marlowe and English Renaissance Culture",
by Darryll Grantley, Ashgate Publishing ( 25 May 1999).
- ^
"stv News report, February
2008: Purchase of Mary Queen of Scots' Death Warrant".
Scotlandontv.tv. 2006-10-24. http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=History%20Key%20Events&vxClipId=1380_SMG1833&vxBitrate=300. Retrieved
2009-02-08.
- ^
Caroline Bingham: Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord
Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots Constable 1995
p.193
- ^ Guy, John. My Heart is
My Own, 2005.
- ^
George Malcolm Thomson: The Crime of Mary Stuart
Hutchinson 1967 pp.148-153;159-165
- ^
Neville Williams: Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk
Barrie & Rockliff 1964 pp.137-139
- ^
Neville Williams: Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk
Barrie & Rockliff 1964 p.141
References
- Fraser, Antonia (1978). .^ Mary, Queen of Scots is often confused with her second cousin once removed Mary I of England who lived at approximately the same time (1516 - 1558).
^ Mary I of Scotland ( Mary Stuart or Stewart ) (December, 1542 - February 8, 1587), also known as Mary, Queen of Scots was the ruler of Scotland from December 14, 1542 - July 24, 1567.
^ Husband of Mary, Queen of Scots .- ROTTEN DEAD POOL 8 January 2010 9:20 UTC deadpool.rotten.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Book Club Associates.
External
links
.
Biography of Mary, with
primary and secondary sources related to her life.
Top topics
Wikis
Facts
Map
"Mary Queen of Scots".^ 
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