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Matilda of England
Coronation of Henry the Lion and Matilda, from an idealized portrait on their tomb, c. 1230–1240 This image is a detail from a miniature in the "Gospels of Henry the Lion", c. 1175-1188, Das Evangeliar Heinrichs de Löwen, Wolfenbütel Herzog August Bibliothek, Cod. Guelf, 105 noviss. 2
Duchess consort of Saxony and of Bavaria
Coronation	1188
Spouse	Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and of Bavaria
Detail Issue
Matilda, Countess of Perche and Coucy Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine Lothar of Bavaria Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Swabia William of Winchester, Lord of Lunenburg
House	House of Plantagenet (by birth) House of Welf (by marriage)
Father	Henry II of England
Mother	Eleanor of Aquitaine
Born	1156 Windsor Castle, Berkshire
Died	28 June 1189 (aged 32–33) Brunswick, Lower Saxony
Burial	Brunswick Cathedral, Lower Saxony

Matilda of England (also called Maud; 1156 – 28 June 1189) was the eldest daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Through her marriage with Henry the Lion, she was Duchess of Saxony and later of Bavaria.

Early life

Matilda was a younger maternal half-sister of Marie de Champagne and Alix of France. She was a younger sister of William IX, Count of Poitiers and Henry the Young King. She was also an older sister of Richard I of England, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, Leonora of Aquitaine, Joan of England and John of England. Matilda seems to have spent much of her early life in the company of her mother, Queen Eleanor.

Marriage

In 1165 Rainald of Dassel, Archbishop of Cologne, arrived at the court of King Henry II at Rouen, to negotiate a German match for Matilda. There was conflict during the negotiations, however, when Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester refused to greet the archbishop, alleging him to be a schismatic and a supporter of the anti-pope, Victor IV. The original plan to match a daughter of Henry II with a son of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, was abandoned, and instead Matilda left England in September 1167 to marry Henry the Lion.

She married Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, on 1 February 1168 at Minden Cathedral. They had four sons and one daughter:

• Richenza (English chroniclers call her Matilda) (1172–1209/10), married Geoffrey, Count of Perche and Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy
• Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine (1173/1174–28 April 1227)
• Lothar (1174/1175–16 October 1190).
• Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Duke of Swabia (1175/1176–19 May 1218).
• William, Duke of Lüneburg (11 April 1184–12 December 1213).

Three other children are listed, by some sources, as having belonged to Henry and Matilda;

• Eleanor (born 1178); died young
• Ingibiorg (born 1180); died young
• Son (stillborn 1182)

Regency and exile

The tombs of Henry and Matilda

At the time of their marriage, Henry the Lion was one of the most powerful allies of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. Matilda governed her husband's vast estates during his absence in the Holy Land from 1172 to 1173. In 1174, Henry the Lion became involved in a conflict with the Emperor Frederick, and Henry and Matilda were forced to flee Germany and take refuge in Normandy at her father's court in 1182. During this time at the royal court at Argentan, Matilda became acquainted with the Troubadour Bertran de Born, who, calling her "Elena" or "Lana", made her the object of his desire in two of his poems of "courtly love".

Matilda, her husband, and their family remained in Normandy under the protection and support of King Henry until 1185, when they were allowed to return to Saxony. Early in 1189 the Emperor again ordered Henry the Lion to go into exile. This time Matilda remained at Brunswick to defend the interests of her husband but already died three month later.

Ancestry

Matilda's tomb effigy

See also

• Betran de Born, Casutz sui de mal en pena
• Bertran de Born, Ges de disnar non for'oimais maitis

Sources

• Ralph of Diceto
• Robert of Torigny
• Wheeler, Bonnie. Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lord and Lady, 2002
• Diggelmann, Lindsay. Exile and the Poetic Standpoint of the Troubadour Bertran de Born, 2005