From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Memphis |
| — City — |
|
Downtown Memphis from the southeast, with the Mississippi River in the background |

Flag |

Seal |
|
| Nickname(s): The River City, The Bluff City, M-Town |
|
Location in Shelby County and the state of Tennessee |
|
Location in the United States
|
| Coordinates: 35°07′03″N 89°58′16″W / 35.1175°N 89.97111°W / 35.1175; -89.97111 |
| Country |
United States |
| State |
Tennessee |
| County |
Shelby |
| Founded |
1819 |
| Incorporated |
1826 |
| Government |
| - Mayor |
A C Wharton |
| Area |
| - City |
313.8 sq mi (763.4 km2) |
| - Land |
302.3 sq mi (723.4 km2) |
| - Water |
15.4 sq mi (40.0 km2) |
| Elevation |
337 ft (103 m) |
| Population (2008)[1] |
| - City |
669,651 (19th) |
| - Density |
2,327.4/sq mi (898.6/km2) |
| - Metro |
1,280,533 |
| - Demonym |
Memphian |
| Time zone |
CST (UTC-6) |
| - Summer (DST) |
CDT (UTC-5) |
| ZIP Codes |
37501, 37544, 38101, 38103-38109, 38111-38120, 38122, 38124-38128, 38130-38139, 38141, 38145, 38147-38148, 38150-38152, 38157, 38159, 38161, 38163, 38166-38168, 38173-38175, 38177, 38181-38182, 38184, 38186-38188, 38190, 38193-38194, 38197 |
| Area code(s) |
901 |
| FIPS code |
47-48000[2] |
| GNIS feature ID |
1326388[3] |
| Website |
http://www.memphistn.gov |
.^ Memphis and Shelby County Planning and Development.
^ "Vulnerability Assessment of Memphis/Shelby County Emergency Shelters."
^ "Surficial Geologic and Liquefaction Susceptibility Mapping in Shelby County, Tennessee: A Pilot Study."
The city is located on the 4
th Chickasaw Bluff, south of the
confluence of the
Wolf and
Mississippi rivers.
Memphis has an estimated population of 669,651, making it the largest city in the state of
Tennessee, the third largest in the
Southeastern United States, and the
19th largest in the
United States.
[1] The greater
Memphis metropolitan area, including adjacent
counties in Mississippi and
Arkansas, has a population of 1,280,533. This makes Memphis the second largest metropolitan area in
Tennessee, surpassed only by metropolitan
Nashville, which overtook Memphis in recent years. Memphis is the youngest of Tennessee's four major cities (traditionally including
Knoxville,
Chattanooga, and
Nashville). A resident of Memphis is referred to as a
Memphian and the Memphis region is known, particularly to media outlets, as the "
Mid-South."
History
Early history
The land comprising present-day Memphis remained in a largely unorganized territory throughout most of the 18th century. By 1796, the community was the westernmost point of the newly admitted state of Tennessee, located in the Southwest United States.
19th century
Tennessee seceded from the Union in June 1861 and Memphis briefly became a
Confederate stronghold.
Union forces captured the city in the naval
Battle of Memphis on June 6, 1862, and the city remained under
Union control for the duration of the war. Memphis became a Union supply base and continued to prosper throughout the war. Meanwhile, Confederate Gen.
Nathan Bedford Forrest harassed Union forces in the area.
In the 1870s, a series of
yellow fever epidemics hit the city. The worst outbreak, in 1878, reduced the population by nearly 75% as many people died or fled the city permanently. Property tax revenues collapsed, and the city could not make payments on its municipal debts. As a result, Memphis lost its
city charter and became a taxing district, operating thus from 1878–1893 and was rechartered in 1893.
[7]
20th century
Cotton merchants on Union Avenue (1937)
Memphis grew into the world's largest spot
cotton market and the world's largest hardwood lumber market. Into the 1950s, it was the world's largest
mule market.
[8]
Memphis is well known for its cultural contributions to the identity of the
American south. Many renowned musicians grew up in and around the Memphis and
Mississippi Delta.
[9] These included such musical greats as
Elvis Presley,
Muddy Waters,
Carl Perkins,
Johnny Cash,
Robert Johnson,
W.C. Handy,
B.B. King,
Howlin' Wolf,
Isaac Hayes,
Booker T. Jones,
Al Green and
Justin Timberlake.
Geography and climate
Cityscape
.^ "Memphis Metro Area, Tennessee and Mississippi Reconnaissance Study-Environmental/Wetland Geographical Information System."
^ "Memphis Metro Area, Tennessee and Mississippi Reconnaissance Study-L and Use and Economic Studies."
Several large parks are scattered through the city, notably
Overton Park in
Midtown. The city is a transportation hub and Mississippi River crossing for
Interstate 40 (I-40), (east-west),
Interstate 55 (north-south) and numerous freight railroads that serve the city.
Aquifer
.^ "Vulnerability Assessment of Memphis/Shelby County Emergency Shelters."
^ Memphis and Shelby County Office of Economic & Resource Development.
^ Memphis and Shelby County Crime Commission.
.^ Memphis Light, Gas & Water Division.
[11]
Climate
Memphis has a
humid subtropical climate, with four distinct seasons. Winter weather comes from the upper
Great Plains or from the
Gulf of Mexico, leading to drastic swings. Summer weather may come from
Texas (very hot and dry) or the Gulf (hot and humid.) The average high and low in July are 92 °F (33 °C) and 73 °F (23 °C), with high levels of
humidity due to moisture encroaching from the Gulf of Mexico. Afternoon and evening
thunderstorms are frequent during some summers, but usually brief, lasting no longer than an hour. Early autumn is pleasantly drier and mild, but can be hot until late October. Late autumn is rainy and colder; December is the second rainiest month of the year. Winters are mild to chilly, with average January high and low temperatures of 49 °F (9 °C) and 31 °F (-1 °C).
Snow occurs sporadically in winter, with an average yearly snowfall of 5.1 inches (130 mm). Ice storms are a bigger danger, pulling tree limbs down on power lines.
Climate data for Memphis, TN
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °F (°C) |
49
(9.4) |
55
(12.8) |
63
(17.2) |
72
(22.2) |
80
(26.7) |
89
(31.7) |
92
(33.3) |
91
(32.8) |
85
(29.4) |
75
(23.9) |
62
(16.7) |
52
(11.1) |
72.1
(22.3) |
| Average low °F (°C) |
31
(-0.6) |
36
(2.2) |
44
(6.7) |
52
(11.1) |
61
(16.1) |
69
(20.6) |
73
(22.8) |
71
(21.7) |
64
(17.8) |
52
(11.1) |
43
(6.1) |
34
(1.1) |
52.5
(11.4) |
| Precipitation inches (mm) |
4.24
(107.7) |
4.31
(109.5) |
5.58
(141.7) |
5.79
(147.1) |
5.15
(130.8) |
4.30
(109.2) |
4.22
(107.2) |
3.00
(76.2) |
3.31
(84.1) |
3.31
(84.1) |
5.76
(146.3) |
5.68
(144.3) |
54.65
(1,388.1) |
| Snowfall inches (mm) |
2.3
(58.4) |
1.3
(33) |
0.8
(20.3) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0
(0) |
0.1
(2.5) |
0.6
(15.2) |
5.1
(129.5) |
| Source: The Weather Channel [12] January 2010 |
| Source #2: Weatherbase.com [13] September 2009 |
People and culture
Demographics
| Historical populations |
| Year |
Pop. |
%± |
| 1850 |
8,841 |
— |
| 1860 |
22,623 |
155.9% |
| 1870 |
40,226 |
77.8% |
| 1880 |
33,592 |
−16.5% |
| 1890 |
64,495 |
92.0% |
| 1900 |
102,320 |
58.6% |
| 1910 |
131,105 |
28.1% |
| 1920 |
162,351 |
23.8% |
| 1930 |
253,143 |
55.9% |
| 1940 |
292,942 |
15.7% |
| 1950 |
396,000 |
35.2% |
| 1960 |
497,524 |
25.6% |
| 1970 |
623,530 |
25.3% |
| 1980 |
646,356 |
3.7% |
| 1990 |
610,337 |
−5.6% |
| 2000 |
650,100 |
6.5% |
| 2007 (Est.) |
677,272 |
4.2% |
| 2008 (Est.) |
669,651 |
−1.1% |
| Source: "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. |
.^ "Preparation of Leadership Personnel for Communication and Literacy in African American Children."
^ "Preparation of Leadership Personnel for Communication and Literacy in African American Children and Youth."
White Americans made up 31.9% of Memphis's population; of which 98.3% were non-Hispanic
whites.
American Indians made up 0.2% of the city's population; of which 0.1% were non-Hispanic.
Asian Americans made up 1.6% of the city's population.
Pacific Islander Americans made up 0.1% of the city's population. Individuals from some other race made up 2.7% of the city's population; of which 0.2% were non-Hispanic. Individuals from
two or more races made up 1.2% of the city's population; of which 0.9% were non-Hispanic. In addition,
Hispanics and Latinos made up 4.6% of Memphis's population.
[14][15]
As of the
census[2] of 2000, there were 650,100 people, 250,721 households, and 158,455 families residing in the city. The
population density was 2,327.4 people per sq mi (898.6/km²). There were 271,552 housing units at an average density of 972.2 per sq mi (375.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 61.41%
African American, 34.41%
White, 1.46%
Asian, 0.19%
Native American, 0.04%
Pacific Islander, 1.45% from
other races, and 1.04% from two or more races.
Hispanic or
Latino of any race were 2.97% of the population.
.^ "Vulnerability Assessment of Memphis/Shelby County Emergency Shelters."
^ "Microtremor Observation of Site Response in Metropolitan Memphis, Tennessee."
^ "Surficial Geologic and Liquefaction Susceptibility Mapping in Shelby County, Tennessee: A Pilot Study."
Crime
Although in 2004 violent crime in Memphis reached a record low for over a decade, that trend subsequently reversed. In 2005, Memphis was ranked the 4th most dangerous city with a population of 500,000 or higher in the U.S.
[16] Crime in Memphis increased in 2005, and has seen a dramatic rise in the first half of 2006. Nationally, cities follow similar trends, and crime numbers tend to be cyclical. Local experts and criminologists cite gang recruitment as one possible cause of the rise in crime in Memphis and to a reduction of 66% of federal funding to the
Memphis Police Department.
In the first half of 2006, robbery of businesses increased 52.5%, robbery of individuals increased 28.5%, and homicide increased 18% over the same period of 2005. The Memphis Police Department has responded with the initiation of Operation Blue C.R.U.S.H. (Crime Reduction Using Statistical History), which targets crime hotspots and repeat offenders.
[17] Memphis ended 2005 with 154 murders, and 2006 ended with 160. 2007 saw 164 murders and 2008 had 168. In 2006, the Memphis metropolitan area ranked second most dangerous in the nation, it also ranked as most dangerous in 2002 and second most dangerous the year before in 2001. Recently, Memphis ranked second most dangerous among cities over 500,000 in 2007, as well as the second most dangerous metropolitan area once again.
[18] In 2006, the Memphis metropolitan area ranked number one in violent crimes for major cities around the U.S according to the FBI's annual crime rankings, whereas it had ranked second in 2005.
[19]
Recent statistics show a downward trend in crime in Memphis. Between 2006 and 2008, the crime rate fell by 16%, while the first half of 2009 saw a reduction in serious crime of over 10% from the previous year. The Memphis Police Department's use of the FBI National Incident-Based Reporting System, which is a more detailed method of reporting crimes than that used in many other major cities, has been cited as a reason for Memphis's frequent appearance on lists of most dangerous U.S. cities.
[20]
Cultural events
One of the largest celebrations the city has is
Memphis in May. The month-long series of events promotes Memphis' heritage and outreach of its people far beyond the city's borders. There are four main events, the
Beale Street Music Festival,
International Week, the
World Championship Barbecue Cooking Contest, and the Sunset Symphony. The
World Championship Barbecue Cooking Contest is the largest pork barbecue cooking contest in the world.
Carnival Memphis, formerly known as the
Memphis Cotton Carnival, is an annual series of parties and festivities in the month of June that salutes various aspects of Memphis and its industries. An annual King and Queen of Carnival are secretly selected to reign over Carnival activities. The African-American community staged a parallel event known as the
Cotton Makers Jubilee from 1935 to 1982, when it merged with Carnival Memphis.
[21]
An arts festival, the Cooper-Young Festival, is held annually in September in the
Cooper-Young district of
Midtown Memphis. The event draws artists from all over North America, and includes art sales, contests, and displays.
The arts
Memphis is the home of founders and establishers of various American music genres, including
Blues,
Gospel,
Rock n' Roll, Buck,
Crunk, and "sharecropper"
country music (in contrast to the "rhinestone" country sound of Nashville).
Johnny Cash,
Elvis Presley, and
B. B. King were all getting their starts in Memphis in the 1950s. They are respectively dubbed the "King" of Country, Rock n' Roll, and Blues.
Many works of fiction and literature use Memphis as their setting, giving a diverse portrait of the city, its history, and its citizens. These include
The Reivers by
William Faulkner (1962),
September, September by
Shelby Foote (1977),
The Old Forest and Other Stories by
Peter Taylor (1985), the
Pulitzer Prize-winning
A Summons to Memphis by
Peter Taylor (1986),
The Firm (1991) and
The Client (1994), both by
John Grisham,
Memphis Afternoons: a Memoir by James Conaway (1993), "Plague of Dreamers" by Steve Stern (1997)
Cassina Gambrel Was Missing by
William Watkins (1999),
The Guardian by Beecher Smith (1999), "We are Billion-Year-Old Carbon" by Corey Mesler (2005),
The Silence of the Lambs by
Thomas Harris, and
The Architect by
James Williamson (2007).
Cultural references
Religion
Since its founding, Memphis has been home to persons of many different faiths. An 1870 map of Memphis shows religious buildings of the
Baptist,
Catholic,
Episcopal,
Methodist,
Presbyterian,
Congregational, and
Christian denominations and a
Jewish congregation.
[22] In 2009, places of worship exist for
Christians,
Jews,
Muslims,
Buddhists, and
Hindus.
Memphis is home to an estimated 10,000 to 15,000
Muslims of various cultures and ethnicities.
[23]
Economy
The city's central location has led to much of its business development. Located on the Mississippi River and intersected by several freight railroads and two
Interstate highways, Memphis is ideally located for commerce among the transportation and shipping industry. River barges are unloaded onto trucks and trains.
.^ "Economic Impact of Memphis International Airport on Business in Memphis and the Mid-South."
The
entertainment and
film industry have discovered Memphis in recent years. Several major motion pictures have been filmed in Memphis, including
Making the Grade (1984),
Mystery Train (1989),
The Firm (1993),
Cast Away (2000),
Forty Shades of Blue (2005),
Walk the Line (2005),
Hustle and Flow (2006),
Soul Men (2008), and
The Blind Side (2009). The 1992 television movie
Memphis, starring Memphis native
Cybill Shepherd, who also served as executive producer and writer, was also filmed in Memphis.
In 2000
Inc. magazine rated Memphis in the top eight of the 50 best major U.S. metro areas for starting and growing a business.
[26]
Government
Memphis is governed by a
mayor and thirteen
City Council members, six elected at large from throughout the city and seven elected from geographic districts. In 1995, the council adopted a new district plan which changed council positions to all districts. This plan provides for nine districts, seven with one representative each and two districts with three representatives each. The previous mayor of the city of Memphis was
W. W. Herenton.
.^ Memphis and Shelby County Office of Economic & Resource Development.
In recent years, there have been often rancorous discussions of the potential of a consolidation of unincorporated
Shelby County and Memphis into a
metropolitan government.
.^ "Vulnerability Assessment of Memphis/Shelby County Emergency Shelters."
^ Memphis and Shelby County Office of Economic & Resource Development.
^ Memphis and Shelby County Crime Commission.
Education
Early nursing class in Memphis
.^ Memphis City Schools.
^ Memphis and Shelby County Planning and Development.
^ "Vulnerability Assessment of Memphis/Shelby County Emergency Shelters."
Colleges and universities located in the city include the
University of Memphis (a comprehensive state university),
Rhodes College (formerly Southwestern at Memphis),
Memphis College of Art,
Le Moyne-Owen College,
Crichton College,
Christian Brothers University,
Baptist College of Health Sciences (formerly Baptist Memorial Hospital School of Nursing),
Southern College of Optometry, and the
University of Tennessee Health Science Center (Colleges of Dentistry, Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy, Graduate Health Sciences and Allied Health Sciences).
Infrastructure
Transportation
Highways
The future
Interstate 69 from northeast to southwest will pass through Memphis when it is completed. Segments of this highway are complete in
DeSoto County, just south of Memphis. The segment of the I-69 Corridor running through the Memphis area is scheduled for completion in 2012.
Railroads
A large volume of railroad freight moves through Memphis, because of its two heavy-duty Mississippi River railroad crossings, which carry several major east-west railroad freight lines, and also because of the major north-south railroad lines through Memphis which connnect Memphis with such major cities as
Chicago,
St. Louis,
Indianapolis,
Louisville,
New Orleans,
Dallas,
Houston,
Mobile, and
Birmingham.
By the early 20th Century, Memphis had two major passenger railroad stations. After passenger railroad service declined heavily throughout the middle of the 20th Century, the
Memphis Union Station was demolished in 1969. The
Memphis Central Station[29] was eventually renovated and it still serves the city.
The only inter-city passenger railroad service to Memphis for many decades has been the daily "
City of New Orleans" train, operated by
AMTRAK, which has one train northbound and one train southbound each day between
Chicago and
New Orleans,
Airports
Memphis is served by the
Memphis International Airport, located on the south side, which serves tens of thousands of passengers daily, including nonstop flights to western
Europe. This airport also handles more air cargo than any other airport in the world, due to being a central hub for such companies as
FedEx Express and
United Parcel Service.
River port
Bridges
Utilities
Memphis's primary utility provider is the
Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division (MLGW). This is the largest three-service municipal utility in the United States, providing electricity, natural gas, and pure water service to all residents of Shelby County. Prior to that, Memphis was served by two primary electric companies, which were merged into the Memphis Power Company. The City of Memphis bought the private company in 1939 to form MLGW, which was an early customer of electricity from the
Tennessee Valley Authority.
MLGW still buys most of its power from TVA, and the company pumps its own fresh water from the "Memphis Aquifer", using more than 180 water wells.
Health care
The Memphis and Shelby County region supports numerous hospitals, including the Methodist and Baptist Memorial health systems, two of the largest private hospitals in the country.
Methodist Healthcare system, the largest healthcare provider in the Mid-South, operates seven hospitals and several rural clinics.
Modern Healthcare magazine ranked Methodist Healthcare in the top 100 integrated healthcare networks in the United States. Methodist Healthcare operates, among others, the
Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center, which offers primary level 1 pediatric trauma care, as well as a nationally recognized pediatric brain tumor program.
Baptist Memorial Healthcare operates fifteen hospitals (three in Memphis), including
Baptist Memorial Hospital. According to Health Care Market Guide's annual studies, Mid-Southerners have named Baptist Memorial their "preferred hospital choice for quality".
The
St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, leading pediatric treatment and research facility focused on children's catastrophic diseases, resides in Memphis. The institution was conceived and built by the late entertainer
Danny Thomas in 1962 as a tribute to St. Jude Thaddeus, patron saint of impossible, hopeless, and difficult causes.
Tourism and recreation
Museums and art collections
Many museums of interest are located in Memphis.
Graceland
Graceland, the former home of
Rock 'n' Roll legend
Elvis Presley, is one of the most visited houses in the United States (second only to the
White House), attracting over 600,000 domestic and international visitors a year. Featured at Graceland are two of Presley's private airplanes, his extensive automobile and motorcycle collection and other Elvis memorabilia. On November 7, 1991 Graceland was listed in the
National Register of Historic Places.
[33]
Pink Palace
The
Pink Palace Museum serves as the Mid-South's major science and historical museum, and features exhibits ranging from archeology to chemistry. It includes America's third largest planetarium and an
IMAX Theatre. One exhibit features a replica of the original
Piggly Wiggly store, the first self-service grocery store, commemorating the invention of the supermarket by Memphian
Clarence Saunders in 1916.
Mud Island River Park
Mud Island River Park and Mississippi River Museum is located on Mud Island in downtown Memphis. The Park is noted for its River Walk. The River walk is a 2112:1 scale working model showing 1000 mi (1600 km) of the Lower Mississippi River, from
Cairo, Illinois to
New Orleans, Louisiana and the
Gulf of Mexico. 30 in (75 cm) in the model equal 1 mi (1.6 km) of the Mississippi River. The Walk stretches roughly 0.5 mi (800 m), allowing visitors to walk in the water and see models of cities and bridges along the way.
Victorian Village
Victorian Village is a historic district of Memphis featuring a series of fine Victorian-era mansions, some of which are open to the public as museums.
Stax Museum
Stax Museum is a museum located in Memphis, Tennessee, at 926 McLemore Avenue, the former location of
Stax Records. The original building, a converted movie theatre where artists such as Otis Redding, Isaac Hayes, Booker T. & the MG's,
Sam & Dave and many others recorded throughout the 60's and 70's, was torn down, but the original front was reconstructed on the original property. It is operated by Soulsville USA, which also operates the adjacent Stax Music Academy. The original Satellite Record Shop was also reconstructed beside it. It is the only museum in the United States to be devoted entirely to soul music.
Parks
Shelby Farms park, located at the eastern edge of the city, is one of the largest urban parks in America.
Cemeteries
Elvis Presley was originally buried in Forest Hill Cemetery, but after an attempted grave robbing, his body was moved to the grounds of
Graceland
Other points of interest
Beale Street
Blues fans can visit
Beale Street, which used to be the center of the Black community, where a young
B.B. King used to play his guitar. He occasionally appears there at the club bearing his name, which he partially owns. Street performers play live music, and bars and clubs feature live entertainment until dawn. In 2008, Beale Street was the most visited tourist attraction in the state of Tennessee.
[citation needed]
Memphis Zoo
The
Memphis Zoo, which is located in
midtown Memphis, features many exhibits of mammals, birds, fish, and amphibians from all over the world. The Zoo's
Giant panda exhibit is one of only five in North America.
Peabody Hotel
The
Peabody Hotel is well-known for the famous "Peabody Ducks" that live on the hotel rooftop, making the journey to the hotel lobby in a daily "March of Ducks" ritual.
Sports
See also
Further reading
- Dowdy, G. Wayne. Crusades for Freedom: Memphis and the Political Transformation of the American South (University Press of Mississippi; 2010); 176 pages. Examines the political rise of two minorities, African-Americans and Republicans, after the demise of the machine politics of the Shelby County Democratic Party and the political boss Ed Crump.
References
- ^ a b "Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2007 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007" (CSV). 2007 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2008-07-14. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2007-01.csv. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
- ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture - Fort Prudhomme and La Salle
- ^ "TN Encyclopedia: John Overton". The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=O023. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
- ^ "Memphis History and Facts". Memphis Public Library. http://www.memphislibrary.lib.tn.us/history/memphis2.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
- ^ Adams, James Truslow and Ketz, Louise Bilebof. Dictionary of American history Scribner, 1976, p. 302.
- ^ City of Memphis Website - History of Memphis
- ^ Peter Guralnick. New York Times, August 11, 2007
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2005-05-03. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ Memphis Light, Gas, and Water Website - About Our Services
- ^ "Average Weather for Memphis, TN - Temperature and Precipitation". The Weather Channel. http://www.weather.com/outlook/driving/interstate/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USTN0325?from=month_bottomnav_driving. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
- ^ "Historical Weather for Memphis, Tennessee, United States". Weatherbase. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=043327&refer=. Retrieved 2009-09-05.
- ^ Memphis city. American FactFinder.
- ^ http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US4748000&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on
- ^ Morgan Quitno 2006 Crime Rankings
- ^ Memphis ended 2008 with 167 murders, a slight increase from the 164 reported in 2007. Ashby, Andrew (2006-04-07). "Operation Blue C.R.U.S.H. Advances at MPD". Memphis Daily News 121 (76). http://www.memphisdailynews.com/Editorial/StoryLead.aspx?id=92313. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
- ^ Morgan Quitno 2007 Crime Rankings
- ^ Conley, Christopher (2007-09-27). "Memphis leads U.S. in violent crime". Commercial Appeal. http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2007/sep/27/memphis-leads-us-in-violent-crime/. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
- ^ Conley, Christopher (2009-06-29). "Memphis a victim of crime reports". Commercial Appeal. http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2009/jun/29/memphis-victim-of-crime-reports/. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
- ^ Cotton Carnival
- ^ Bird's eye view of the city of Memphis, Tennessee 1870.
- ^ Muslims in Memphis: Diversity in the mosque
- ^ "History of the Orthodox Congregations of Memphis". Goldring-Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life web site. Goldring-Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life. http://www.msje.org/history/archive/tn/HistoryofOrthodoxCongregations.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
- ^ Fortune 500 2009: States: Tennessee Companies - FORTUNE on CNNMoney.com
- ^ Inc. Magazine - Best Cities: The Lists
- ^ http://www.myeyewitnessnews.com/news/local/story/A-Look-Back-At-The-Herenton-Years/pIApsRlpyk2H-aq4tFdt9g.cspx
- ^ University of Tennessee-Memphis Dentistry Website
- ^ Memphis Central Station Pictures
- ^ Top US Inland Ports for 2003
- ^ Port of Memphis website - About Page
- ^ http://www.brooksmuseum.org Memphis Brooks Museum of Art
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2007-01-23. http://www.nr.nps.gov/.
- ^ Park Services: Park Locations
External links
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Articles Relating to Memphis and Shelby County |
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| Colleges and universities in the Memphis Metro Area |
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