From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
.^ Gram-negative meningitis is an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord ( meninges ) caused by bac...- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meningitis is an infection of the coverings around the brain and spinal cord.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meningitis is swelling and irritation (inflammation) of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1] .^ Having other infections, such as upper respiratory infections, mumps, tuberculosis (TB), syphilis, Lyme disease, and illnesses caused by herpes viruses.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meningococcal meningitis is an infection that causes swelling and irritation (inflammation) of the membranes covering...- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In rare cases, other viruses, such as human immunodeficiency (HIV) or mumps , may cause meningitis.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[2] .^ Meningitis , a possibly life-threatening disease, is the inflammation of the membranes (menges) and the spinal fluid that surround the brain and the spinal cord.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meningitis is an infection of the coverings around the brain and spinal cord.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meningitis is swelling and irritation (inflammation) of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1][3]
.^ Headache is a common symptom of meningitis.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Babies may not have the symptoms older children get, such as fever , headache, and a stiff neck.- AboutKidsHealth: Health A-Z: Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.aboutkidshealth.ca [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The most common symptoms of either form of meningitis include: .- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Babies, young children, older adults, and people with other medical conditions may not have the usual symptoms of meningitis.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The clinical presentation varies with the age of the patient, and there is a distinct difference between the signs and symptoms in neonates and young infants and those in older children and adults.- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ If meningitis is causing pressure within the brain, corticosteroid medicines such as dexamethasone may be given to adults or children.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ A petechial (pinpoint sized hemorrhagic) rash is characteristic of meningococcal meningitis.
^ Any rash may be present with meningitis.
^ Why: Any rash may be present with meningitis.
[1][4]
.^ How is a lumbar puncture used to diagnose meningitis?- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If a patient has symptoms of meningitis, his or her physician may order a lumbar puncture, commonly called a spinal tap.- Meningitis: Online References For Health Concerns 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Table 6 summarizes historic clues that may help the physician diagnose treatable causes of aseptic meningitis.- Aseptic Meningitis in the Newborn and Young Infant - May 15, 1999 - American Academy of Family Physicians 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.aafp.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Inflammation of the membranes of the brain or spinal cord.
^ During a spinal tap, a needle is placed in the lumbar (lower) portion of the spinal canal and a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is removed.- Meningitis: Online References For Health Concerns 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid or CSF. .- AboutKidsHealth: Health A-Z: Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.aboutkidshealth.ca [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The CSF is then examined in a medical laboratory.
[3] .^ Bacterial meningitis is usually treated with antibiotics .- AboutKidsHealth: Health A-Z: Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.aboutkidshealth.ca [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Bacterial meningitis and septicaemia must be treated immedaitely with antibiotics, usually via an injection, directly into the bloodstream.
^ The antiviral drug pleconaril is currently in phase II clinical trials for treatment of adolescents and adults with enteroviral meningitis, and clinical trials for evaluation of treatment of neonatal enteroviral disease are planned for the near future.- Aseptic Meningitis in the Newborn and Young Infant - May 15, 1999 - American Academy of Family Physicians 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.aafp.org [Source type: Academic]
In some situations,
corticosteroid drugs can also be used to prevent complications from overactive inflammation.
[3][4] .^ Although most types of aseptic meningitis do not cause serious sequelae, some types result in significant morbidity and mortality if not properly diagnosed and treated.- Aseptic Meningitis in the Newborn and Young Infant - May 15, 1999 - American Academy of Family Physicians 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.aafp.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Also at risk are older adults and people who have long-term health problems, such as a weakened immune system .- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Long-term sequelae of meningitis include neuromuscular impairments, learning disabilities and hearing loss.- Aseptic Meningitis in the Newborn and Young Infant - May 15, 1999 - American Academy of Family Physicians 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.aafp.org [Source type: Academic]
[1][4] .^ Vaccines can prevent some types of meningitis .- AboutKidsHealth: Health A-Z: Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.aboutkidshealth.ca [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) virus.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Some types of meningitis can be prevented with vaccines.- AboutKidsHealth: Health A-Z: Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.aboutkidshealth.ca [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1]
Signs and symptoms
Clinical features
.^ Symptoms classically associated with bacterial meningitis include fever, headache, and stiff neck.- Meningitis: Online References For Health Concerns 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ What are the symptoms of bacterial meningitis?
^ The major symptoms of meningitis are severe headache, neck pain, and fever.- Meningitis: Online References For Health Concerns 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
[5] .^ Acute bacterial meningitis had a sudden onset with rigors and high fever.
^ Approximately half of affected adults show signs of meningeal irritation such as nuchal and/or spinal rigidity and a positive Kernig and/or Brudzinski sign.- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Pyogenic (bacterial) meningitis is a potentially life-threatening disease that consists of inflammation of the meninges and the underlying subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
[5][6] If none of the three signs is present, meningitis is extremely unlikely.
[6] .^ The symptoms your doctor may ask about (in association with Meningitis) may include: Rash?
^ Other neurologic signs include cranial nerve palsies, focal cerebral signs (10-20%), and papilledema ( <1%).- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, discomfort when the patient looks into bright lights, confusion, and sleepiness.- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Babies, young children, older adults, and people with other medical conditions may not have the usual symptoms of meningitis.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Newborns and small infants may not present with the classic symptoms, or the symptoms may be difficult to detect.- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Children, older adults, and people with other medical problems may have different symptoms: .- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1] .^ A bulging fontanelle is an outward curving of an infant's soft spot (fontanelle).See also: Fontanelles - sunken .- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There are vaccines available for H.I.B. and bacterial meningitis C. The H.I.B. vaccine is usually given to babies at the age of 2 months, along with vaccines for diphtheria , whooping cough , tetanus , and polio .
^ The clinical presentation varies with the age of the patient, and there is a distinct difference between the signs and symptoms in neonates and young infants and those in older children and adults.- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Babies, young children, older adults, and people with other medical conditions may not have the usual symptoms of meningitis.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Young children with meningitis may act like they have the flu (influenza), cough, or have trouble breathing.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meropenem, which has a broad range of in vitro activity and less seizure proclivity than imipenem, has been studied in both children and adults with bacterial meningitis.
[7]
.^ Approximately half of affected adults show signs of meningeal irritation such as nuchal and/or spinal rigidity and a positive Kernig and/or Brudzinski sign.- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ In cases of meningitis with septicaemia adults and children may develop a rash (see below).
^ Enhancement of the meninges is seen on contrast-enhanced CT scans and MRIs in cases of bacterial meningitis (see Images 2 , 6 , 15-17 ).- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
[6] .^ Other symptoms of meningitis include: .- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Other conditions with similar symptoms to meningitis include viral hepatitis and flu.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Treatment for meningitis depends on the organism causing the infection, your age, the extent of the infection, and the presence of other medical conditions or complications of meningitis .- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Kernig's sign is assessed with the patient lying
supine, with the hip and knee flexed to 90 degrees. In a patient with a positive Kernig's sign, pain limits passive extension of the knee.
.^ Approximately half of affected adults show signs of meningeal irritation such as nuchal and/or spinal rigidity and a positive Kernig and/or Brudzinski sign.- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ Various tests are used in the diagnosis of Meningitis.
^ Both viral and bacterial meningitis are severe and potentially life-threatening illnesses that most commonly affect infants and young children.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Pending results of ongoing trials, these agents (i.e., gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin) should only be used as alternative agents in patients with bacterial meningitis (B-II) .
[6][8] .^ Of the 154 causes of Meningitis that we have listed, we have the following prevalence/incidence information: 3 causes are "very common" diseases 4 causes are "common" diseases 1 causes are "uncommon" diseases 1 causes are "rare" diseases 40 causes are "very rare" diseases 120 causes have no prevalence information.
^ Before the 1990's, H.I.B. (Haemophilus Influenzae type B) was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children, fortunately because of immunization this type of meningitis is now very rare.
^ In rare cases, other viruses, such as human immunodeficiency (HIV) or mumps , may cause meningitis.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[6] .^ Since the causative agent is usually not known at presentation, all newborns or infants with meningitis should be treated aggressively (Figure 1) .- Aseptic Meningitis in the Newborn and Young Infant - May 15, 1999 - American Academy of Family Physicians 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.aafp.org [Source type: Academic]
^ History When considering the possibility of meningitis in an ill-appearing newborn or infant, the history of the mother and child may help in the determination of possible causative agents and assessment of the severity of the illness.- Aseptic Meningitis in the Newborn and Young Infant - May 15, 1999 - American Academy of Family Physicians 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.aafp.org [Source type: Academic]
^ W hen a newborn or young infant presents with fever and lethargy or irritability, meningitis is a primary concern.- Aseptic Meningitis in the Newborn and Young Infant - May 15, 1999 - American Academy of Family Physicians 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.aafp.org [Source type: Academic]
The patient is told to rapidly rotate his or her head horizontally; if this does not make the headache worse, meningitis is unlikely.
[6]
.^ What causes bacterial meningitis and how is it spread?
^ What causes viral meningitis and how is it spread?
^ Since the causative agent is usually not known at presentation, all newborns or infants with meningitis should be treated aggressively (Figure 1) .- Aseptic Meningitis in the Newborn and Young Infant - May 15, 1999 - American Academy of Family Physicians 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.aafp.org [Source type: Academic]
[7] .^ These include darkening of the skin and the appearance of small warts on the palms, soles, and torso [29].- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The main symptom of septicaemia is a rash that starts as tiny red pinprick marks and then if untreated develops into purple bruises or blood blisters.
.^ This involves pressing the side of a glass tumbler, firmly against the rash to see if the rash fades and loses colour under pressure.
.^ Two other bacteria that sometimes cause meningitis are group B streptococci and Listeria monocytogenes .- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These may include bacteria or cells present due to inflammation (WBCs).
^ Although college students' overall risk of meningitis from Neisseria meningitidis bacteria is low, freshmen, especially those who live in dormitories, have a moderately higher risk than other people their age.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1] .^ Viral meningitis is caused by viruses.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meningitis also can be caused by other organisms and conditions .- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ What causes viral meningitis and how is it spread?
[9]
Early complications
.^ In severe cases, meningitis can be fatal.- Meningitis: Online References For Health Concerns 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.lef.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In cases of meningitis with septicaemia adults and children may develop a rash (see below).
^ With all cases of meningitis, the earlier the diagnosis is made the better the outlook for the patient.
The patient,
Charlotte Cleverley-Bisman, survived the disease and became a poster child for a meningitis vaccination campaign in
New Zealand.
.^ People will normally make a full recovery in two to three weeks, though they may feel very unwell for the duration of the illness.
^ The majority of people with viral meningitis will make a full recovery, though they may feel severely weak and depressed for a short period of time afterwards.
^ Scientists are still not clear why a few people develop meningitis or septicaemia from bacteria that are harmless to most of us.
.^ Morbidity, mortality, and prognosis depend on the pathogen, the patient's age and condition, and the severity of acute illness.- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Bacterial or severe viral meningitis may require treatment in a hospital, including: .- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ People with severe meningitis or complications during illness may need to be treated in the intensive care unit of a hospital.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ A number of studies have found a small, but consistent association, between lead and hypertension (high blood pressure).- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Is high blood pressure related to lead exposure?- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ High Blood Pressure .
.^ People will normally make a full recovery in two to three weeks, though they may feel very unwell for the duration of the illness.
^ The same vaccine also appeared to protect against other bacterial illnesses including meningitis, blood infections, and ear infections, the AP reported.
^ If you do not get better or if symptoms get worse, you may need further testing to check for other causes of illness.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1] .^ Factors that may increase the risk for meningitis include: .- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In meningococcal disease,
gangrene of limbs can occur.
[1] .^ Non-neurological complications may include kidney failure and adrenal gland failure.- Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ On physical examination, a skin rash caused by meningococcal meningitis (50%), H influenzae , pneumococcal meningitis, echovirus type 9, or Staphylococcus aureus may be present.- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Causes Meningitis usually results from a viral infection, but the cause may also be a bacterial infection.- Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[10]
.^ He's now in a coma, the swelling in his little brain is increasing by the day, killing off cells by the minute.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If meningitis is causing pressure within the brain, corticosteroid medicines such as dexamethasone may be given to adults or children.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In infections, the initial pressure of CSF during collection may be increased, and the sample may appear cloudy due to the presence of white blood cells (WBCs) or microorganisms.
This may be noticed by a decreasing
level of consciousness, loss of the
pupillary light reflex, and
abnormal positioning.
[4] .^ Only a small amount is normally present in CSF because proteins are large molecules and do not cross the blood/brain barrier easily.
^ Non-Laboratory Tests Imaging tests may be performed to look for signs of brain inflammation or abnormalities but may be unremarkable with encephalitis.
^ It is caused most often by viruses or bacteria that infect the tissues ( meninges ) and sometimes the fluid (cerebral spinal fluid, or CSF) that surround the brain and spinal cord.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[4] .^ In cases of meningitis with septicaemia adults and children may develop a rash (see below).
^ Enteroviruses are the most common cause of viral meningitis.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In rare cases, some organisms that cause meningitis can be passed to people from rodents and insects.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[3] .^ Antibiotics to treat bacterial infection Medicines to treat seizures Medicines to treat pressure on the brain Medicines to treat fever and muscle aches.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ NBC4 Columbus.com - Columbus,OH,USA Meningitis is the inflammation of the tissues which cover the brain and spinal cord.
^ If meningitis is causing pressure within the brain, corticosteroid medicines such as dexamethasone may be given to adults or children.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[4] .^ In rare cases, other bacteria cause meningitis, usually in people with long-term medical conditions.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1]
.^ Pain felt in your lower back may come from the spine, muscles, nerves, or other structures in that region.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meningitis , a possibly life-threatening disease, is the inflammation of the membranes (menges) and the spinal fluid that surround the brain and the spinal cord.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Babies, young children, older adults, and people with other medical conditions may not have the usual symptoms of meningitis.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1][6] .^ See your doctor right away if you or your child has symptoms, because bacterial meningitis can be deadly if not treated right away.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Babies, young children, older adults, and people with other medical conditions may not have the usual symptoms of meningitis.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But it is important to see your doctor if symptoms of meningitis develop so that he or she can rule out bacterial meningitis, which is more serious.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1] .^ Shortly after exposure, lead travels in the blood to the soft tissues, such as the liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, spleen, muscles, and heart.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Most of the wells in the area are bedrock wells and, as discussed in the preceding section, the bedrock aquifer has not been affected by the contamination at the junkyard.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The specific infective agents that are involved vary among different patient age groups, and the inflammation may evolve into ventriculitis, empyema , cerebritis, and abscess formation.- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
[1][4]
Causes
.^ Viral meningitis is caused by viruses.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meningitis also can be caused by other organisms and conditions .- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But exposure to an organism that causes meningitis does not mean you will get the infection.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Having other infections, such as upper respiratory infections, mumps, tuberculosis (TB), syphilis, Lyme disease, and illnesses caused by herpes viruses.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture is a laboratory test to look for bacteria, fungi, and viruses in the clear fluid ...- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Most viral meningitis is due to enteroviruses, which are viruses that also cause intestinal illness.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[2] It may also result from various non-infectious causes.
[2]
Bacterial
.^ The two main types of bacterial meningitis in the U.K. are: .
^ The type will vary depending on the bacteria causing the infection.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ What causes bacterial meningitis and how is it spread?
.^ People will normally make a full recovery in two to three weeks, though they may feel very unwell for the duration of the illness.
^ Could children be affected by exposures during the first years of life?- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Those traveling to countries where diseases caused by meningococcus are very common (ask your doctor).- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Listeria monocytogenes (serotype IVb) may affect the newborn and occurs in epidemics.
.^ Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) virus.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Most people who get bacterial meningitis get it from one of two types of bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitidis .- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1][3] .^ Bacterial meningitis is caused by bacteria.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ What causes bacterial meningitis and how is it spread?
^ The likelihood of death from bacterial meningitis in adults is highest in those who are older than 50, have seizures during the first 24 hours of illness, delay getting treatment, are in a coma when admitted to the hospital, are in shock, or cannot breathe without help from a machine.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[3][4]
Recent
trauma to the skull gives bacteria in the nasal cavity the potential to enter the meningeal space. Similarly, individuals with a
cerebral shunt or related device (such as an
extraventricular drain or
Ommaya reservoir) are at increased risk of infection through those devices.
.^ People who are in poor health or have other medical conditions may be more likely to get meningitis because their bodies' natural defenses may be weak.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ People in camps, schools, and college dormitories are more likely than others to get meningitis caused by organisms that can spread easily from one person to another.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meningitis caused by Streptococcus (S.) pneumoniae is more likely to cause death than meningitis caused by other bacteria.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[3] .^ Immunizations against these bacteria are recommended for people who have medical conditions such as impaired immune systems or people who have had meningitis in the past.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Factors that may compromise your immune system — including AIDS, diabetes and use of immunosuppressant drugs — also make you more susceptible to meningitis.- Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ These include people with birth defects or injuries to their skull and face, impaired immune systems , or unexpected reactions to some medicines.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1] .^ Neuroimaging is indicated in patients who have evidence of head trauma, sinus or mastoid infection (see Images 1-4 ), skull fracture, and congenital anomalies.- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Local extension from contiguous extracerebral infection (eg, otitis media, mastoiditis, or sinusitis) is a common cause.- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Otitis media (silent): a potential cause of childhood meningitis.- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
[3] .^ An association has been found between meningitis and cochlear implants for severe hearing loss.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Risk of bacterial meningitis in children with cochlear implants.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Having a cochlear implant for severe hearing loss.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[11].^ Having other infections, such as upper respiratory infections, mumps, tuberculosis (TB), syphilis, Lyme disease, and illnesses caused by herpes viruses.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Also at risk are older adults and people who have long-term health problems, such as a weakened immune system .- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The biggest problem with meningitis it that most of the early symptoms can be mild and similar to those you get with the flu.
[12]
.^ Bacterial meningitis is caused by bacteria.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ What causes bacterial meningitis and how is it spread?
^ Nonenhanced CT scans and magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of patients with uncomplicated acute bacterial meningitis may be unremarkable ( Image 13 ).- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
[13] Anatomical defects allow continuity between the external environment and the
nervous system.
.^ Enteroviruses are the most common cause of viral meningitis.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ How Common are these Causes of Meningitis?
^ The most likely organism causing meningitis (and thus antibiotic of choice) is influenced by age e.g.
[13] .^ Approximately half of affected adults show signs of meningeal irritation such as nuchal and/or spinal rigidity and a positive Kernig and/or Brudzinski sign.- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Watchful waiting is not appropriate if you think that you or your child has meningitis, especially because you will not know whether the infection is bacterial or viral.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In rare cases, other viruses, such as human immunodeficiency (HIV) or mumps , may cause meningitis.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[13]
Aseptic
.^ Watchful waiting is not appropriate if you think that you or your child has meningitis, especially because you will not know whether the infection is bacterial or viral.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Enhancement of the meninges is seen on contrast-enhanced CT scans and MRIs in cases of bacterial meningitis (see Images 2 , 6 , 15-17 ).- Meningitis, Bacterial: eMedicine Radiology 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC emedicine.medscape.com [Source type: Academic]
^ PATTERSON Boy Dies From Suspected Case Of Bacterial Meningitis KTXL - USA http://fox40.trb.com/news/ktxl-020704meningitis,0,374645.story?coll=ktxl-news-1 .
.^ Bacterial meningitis is treated in a hospital.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Bacterial meningitis is caused by bacteria.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ How are bacterial and viral meningitis treated?- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
sinusitis).
.^ Bacterial meningitis is caused by bacteria.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ For example, a person who has come in contact with the saliva or mucus of someone with meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis bacteria may be given the antibiotics ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, or rifampin.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Gram-negative meningitis is an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord ( meninges ) caused by bac...- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This may be a result of the meningitis.
^ The type will vary depending on the bacteria causing the infection.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Causes Meningitis usually results from a viral infection, but the cause may also be a bacterial infection.- Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cnn.com [Source type: General]
.^ Meningitis is a serious medical condition in which the membranous tissue ( meninges ) that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord is infected, according to the Mayo Clinic.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is caused most often by viruses or bacteria that infect the tissues ( meninges ) and sometimes the fluid (cerebral spinal fluid, or CSF) that surround the brain and spinal cord.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If meningitis is causing pressure within the brain, corticosteroid medicines such as dexamethasone may be given to adults or children.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Fungal meningitis, e.g. due to
.^ Meningitis is a condition in which the meninges , a series of protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord, become inflamed due to a viral or bacterial infection.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Cultures of other parts of the body may be performed to detect the source of the infection that led to meningitis or encephalitis.
^ (Source: excerpt from NINDS Encephalitis and Meningitis Information Page: NINDS ) Meningitis is an infection of the fluid of a person's spinal cord and the fluid that surrounds the brain.
[2]
Viral
.^ Viral meningitis is caused by viruses.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Many other types of viruses can cause meningitis.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Having other infections, such as upper respiratory infections, mumps, tuberculosis (TB), syphilis, Lyme disease, and illnesses caused by herpes viruses.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[9]
Parasitic
.^ Enteroviruses are the most common cause of viral meningitis.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is caused most often by viruses or bacteria that infect the tissues ( meninges ) and sometimes the fluid (cerebral spinal fluid, or CSF) that surround the brain and spinal cord.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These bacteria often live in the body, most often in the nose and throat, without causing illness.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Having other infections, such as upper respiratory infections, mumps, tuberculosis (TB), syphilis, Lyme disease, and illnesses caused by herpes viruses.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Of the 154 causes of Meningitis that we have listed, we have the following prevalence/incidence information: 3 causes are "very common" diseases 4 causes are "common" diseases 1 causes are "uncommon" diseases 1 causes are "rare" diseases 40 causes are "very rare" diseases 120 causes have no prevalence information.
^ Why: may suggest Enterovirus as a cause of meningitis.
[14][15][16]
Non-infectious
.^ This may be a result of the meningitis.
^ What causes bacterial meningitis and how is it spread?
^ What causes viral meningitis and how is it spread?
[18] .^ Having other infections, such as upper respiratory infections, mumps, tuberculosis (TB), syphilis, Lyme disease, and illnesses caused by herpes viruses.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Shortly after exposure, lead travels in the blood to the soft tissues, such as the liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, spleen, muscles, and heart.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In rare cases, other viruses, such as human immunodeficiency (HIV) or mumps , may cause meningitis.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[2] .^ Why: may suggest Enterovirus as a cause of meningitis.
^ In rare cases, other viruses, such as human immunodeficiency (HIV) or mumps , may cause meningitis.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If meningitis is causing pressure within the brain, corticosteroid medicines such as dexamethasone may be given to adults or children.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[2][13] .^ For bacterial meningitis, it is also important to know which type of bacteria is causing the meningitis because antibiotics can prevent some types from spreading and infecting other people.
^ Review the causes of these more specific types of Meningitis: Meningoencephalitis (68 causes) Aseptic meningitis (56 causes) more types...» Review causes of more specific types of Meningitis: Acute Meningitis Chronic Meningitis more types...» See full list of 13 types for Meningitis Meningitis: Symptom Checker .
^ For example, viral meningitis can be caused by herpes viruses, the same virus that can cause cold sores and genital herpes (although people with cold sores or genital herpes are not at a greater risk of developing herpes meningitis).- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Meningitis also can be caused by other organisms and conditions .- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meningitis can also be caused by other organisms and some medicines, but this is rare.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Babies, young children, older adults, and people with other medical conditions may not have the usual symptoms of meningitis.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[2]
Mechanism
.^ Meningitis is an infection of the coverings around the brain and spinal cord.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meningitis is an inflammation of the three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (the meninges ).
^ Meningitis is swelling and irritation (inflammation) of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The
pia mater is a very delicate impermeable membrane that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain, following all the minor contours. The
arachnoid mater (so named because of its spider-web-like appearance) is a loosely fitting sac on top of the pia mater.
.^ Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane and adjacent subarachnoid space.
^ Meningitis and encephalitis can also disrupt the blood-brain barrier that separates the brain from circulating blood and regulates the distribution of substances between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) .
^ A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) smear is a microscopic examination of the clear fluid that moves in the space surrounding...- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The outermost membrane, the
dura mater, is a thick durable membrane, which is attached to both the arachnoid membrane and the skull.
.^ There are two main kinds of meningitis: .- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Bacterial meningitis is caused by bacteria.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ For bacterial meningitis, it is also important to know which type of bacteria is causing the meningitis because antibiotics can prevent some types from spreading and infecting other people.
.^ The most likely organism causing meningitis (and thus antibiotic of choice) is influenced by age e.g.
^ Most healthy adults who have recovered from meningitis do not need follow-up care.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If you live in or visit an area of the world where there are insects (such as mosquitoes and ticks) and rodents (such as mice and rats) that carry organisms that cause meningitis, take steps to avoid contact with them.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ See all stories on this topic: HOSPITAL Reports Spike In Viral Meningitis Cases Turn to 10.com - Providence,RI,USA ...
.^ Only a small amount is normally present in CSF because proteins are large molecules and do not cross the blood/brain barrier easily.
^ Shortly after exposure, lead travels in the blood to the soft tissues, such as the liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, spleen, muscles, and heart.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But the bacteria can cause meningitis if they get into the bloodstream and travel to the cerebrospinal fluid or the tissues (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Meningitis is a condition in which the meninges , a series of protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord, become inflamed due to a viral or bacterial infection.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Two other bacteria that sometimes cause meningitis are group B streptococci and Listeria monocytogenes .- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meningitis caused by group B streptococci bacteria occurs most often in newborns, who can become infected during or after birth.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1] .^ You may need to drink extra liquids because infections increase the body's need for fluids.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1]
.^ WBCs may be increased with central nervous system (CNS) infections.
^ For bacterial meningitis, it is also important to know which type of bacteria is causing the meningitis because antibiotics can prevent some types from spreading and infecting other people.
^ Infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the meninges (the tissues that surround the brain or spinal cord) usually caused by a bacterial infection; symptoms include headache and stiff neck and fever and nausea - (Source - WordNet 2.1) .
.^ Only a small amount is normally present in CSF because proteins are large molecules and do not cross the blood/brain barrier easily.
^ The blood-brain barrier helps keep large molecules, toxins, and most blood cells away from the brain.
^ Meningitis is a condition in which the meninges , a series of protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord, become inflamed due to a viral or bacterial infection.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Only a small amount is normally present in CSF because proteins are large molecules and do not cross the blood/brain barrier easily.
^ Shortly after exposure, lead travels in the blood to the soft tissues, such as the liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, spleen, muscles, and heart.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meningitis is a condition in which the meninges , a series of protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord, become inflamed due to a viral or bacterial infection.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ A CSF cell count is a test to measure the number of red and white blood cells that are in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Only a small amount is normally present in CSF because proteins are large molecules and do not cross the blood/brain barrier easily.
^ Meningitis , a possibly life-threatening disease, is the inflammation of the membranes (menges) and the spinal fluid that surround the brain and the spinal cord.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The bacteria releases toxins into the blood, which break down the walls of the blood vessels, allowing blood to leak out under the skin (it is this leaking that causes the rash).
.^ He's now in a coma, the swelling in his little brain is increasing by the day, killing off cells by the minute.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Shortly after exposure, lead travels in the blood to the soft tissues, such as the liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, spleen, muscles, and heart.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Antibiotics to treat bacterial infection Medicines to treat seizures Medicines to treat pressure on the brain Medicines to treat fever and muscle aches.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1]
It is recognized that administration of antibiotics may initially worsen the process outlined above, by increasing the amount of bacterial cell membrane products released through the destruction of bacteria.
.^ In a head-to-head trial, researchers for Novartis say that the experimental meningitis vaccine Menveo produced a more potent immune response than the standard therapy in use.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1][4]Diagnosis
CSF findings in different forms of meningitis[19]
| Type of meningitis |
Glucose |
Protein |
Cells |
| Acute bacterial |
low |
high |
PMNs,
often > 300/mm³ |
| Acute viral |
normal |
normal or high |
mononuclear,
< 300/mm³ |
| Tuberculous |
low |
high |
mononuclear and
PMNs, < 300/mm³ |
| Fungal |
low |
high |
< 300/mm³ |
| Malignant |
low |
high |
usually
mononuclear |
Blood tests and imaging
.^ Meningitis , a possibly life-threatening disease, is the inflammation of the membranes (menges) and the spinal fluid that surround the brain and the spinal cord.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture is a laboratory test to look for bacteria, fungi, and viruses in the clear fluid ...- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a group of laboratory tests that measure proteins, sugar (glucose), and other c...- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[21] .^ However, in some cases it can be fatal or lead to permanent handicaps like deafness and brain damage.
^ We are concerned that there may be elevated rates of cancer in this community.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, bacterial meningitis infections are extremely serious, and may result in death or brain damage even if treated.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Also at risk are older adults and people who have long-term health problems, such as a weakened immune system .- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Newborns, children younger than 2, older adults, or people with weakened immune systems are at a greater risk of death than other people.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Immunizations against these bacteria are recommended for people who have medical conditions such as impaired immune systems or people who have had meningitis in the past.- CIGNA - Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.cigna.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[3][20][22] This applies in 45% of all adult cases.
[4] .^ Household members and others in close contact with people who have meningococcal meningitis should receive preventive antibiotics to avoid becoming infected themselves.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[20][22] .^ The doctor's feared it might have been meningitis (not good) So they did blood work chest x-rays CT Scan of the brain 3 MRI's of the entire spine and a Lumbar Puncture (which I about passed out...- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1]
.^ Meningitis is a condition in which the meninges , a series of protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord, become inflamed due to a viral or bacterial infection.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Both viral and bacterial meningitis are severe and potentially life-threatening illnesses that most commonly affect infants and young children.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The same vaccine also appeared to protect against other bacterial illnesses including meningitis, blood infections, and ear infections, the AP reported.
[4][23]
Lumbar puncture
.^ Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) collection .- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection is a test to look at the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This inflammation causes changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
When this has been achieved, the "opening pressure" of the CSF is measured using a
manometer. The pressure is normally between 6 and 18 cm water (cmH
2O);
[21] in bacterial meningitis the pressure is typically elevated.
[3][20] .^ The same vaccine also appeared to protect against other bacterial illnesses including meningitis, blood infections, and ear infections, the AP reported.
^ Therefore, workers who handled the waste material on the site in the past were likely to have elevated blood lead levels and may have experienced subtle neurological effects as a result.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If tests show that PCBs are higher than normal environmental levels, this will indicate exposure to high levels of PCBs.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[3]
Gram stain of meningococci from a culture showing Gram negative (pink) bacteria, often in pairs
.^ Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a group of laboratory tests that measure proteins, sugar (glucose), and other c...- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A CSF cell count is a test to measure the number of red and white blood cells that are in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Blood culture Chest x-ray Head CT scan Gram-stain and culture of CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) Lumbar puncture ("spinal tap") with CSF glucose measurement and CSF cell count Meningitis has been added to your Health Portfolio.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[3] .^ PATTERSON Boy Dies From Suspected Case Of Bacterial Meningitis KTXL - USA http://fox40.trb.com/news/ktxl-020704meningitis,0,374645.story?coll=ktxl-news-1 .
^ MENINGITIS case at Hayden Washington Square News - New York,NY,United States A female resident of Hayden residence hall was recently diagnosed with meningitis, a potentially lethal and contagious bacterial infection.
^ They were sent to Iraq just after the funeral of their eight-year-old sister Lucy, who died of meningitis shortly before Christmas last year.
Microbiological culture of the sample is more sensitive (it identifies the organism in 70–85% of cases) but results can take up to 48 hours to become available.
[3] .^ The same vaccine also appeared to protect against other bacterial illnesses including meningitis, blood infections, and ear infections, the AP reported.
^ BACTERIAL meningitis suspected in Bothell boy's death Seattle Times - Seattle,WA,USA Bacterial meningitis is suspected in the death of a Bothell teen Wednesday afternoon, two days after he showed symptoms of the disease.
^ One of the worst of these nasty illnesses is bacterial meningitis, a disease which is becoming more common across the US And experts say that college students ...
Less commonly,
eosinophils predominate, suggesting parasitic or fungal etiology, among others.
[24]
The concentration of glucose in CSF is normally above 40% that in blood.
.^ The same vaccine also appeared to protect against other bacterial illnesses including meningitis, blood infections, and ear infections, the AP reported.
^ Therefore, it is highly unlikely that neighborhood children or adults had elevated blood lead levels as a result of trespassing on the site or contacting waste on their properties .- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Blood culture Chest x-ray Head CT scan Gram-stain and culture of CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) Lumbar puncture ("spinal tap") with CSF glucose measurement and CSF cell count Meningitis has been added to your Health Portfolio.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ If tests show that PCBs are higher than normal environmental levels, this will indicate exposure to high levels of PCBs.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[3] .^ CSF cell count .- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ HIGH School Student Dies Of Bacterial Meningitis NBC4.TV - Los Angeles,CA,USA http://www.nbc4.tv/news/2954171/detail.html .
^ The same vaccine also appeared to protect against other bacterial illnesses including meningitis, blood infections, and ear infections, the AP reported.
[21].^ The soil beneath the pile was tested for PCBs, lead, and cadmium using EPA's mobile field laboratory during March and May 1999 ( Table 2a ) [3,5].- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Arsenic was the only other metal besides lead that exceeded a health comparison value in tests of the private wells.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Causes Symptoms & Signs Exams and Tests Treatments Prognosis Possible Complications When to contact a medical professional Prevention References Disclaimer Meningitis has been added to your Health Portfolio.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a group of laboratory tests that measure proteins, sugar (glucose), and other c...- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Gram-negative meningitis is an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord ( meninges ) caused by bac...- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ See also: Aseptic meningitis Meningitis - gram-negative Meningitis - H. influenzae Meningitis - meningococcal Meningitis - pneumococcal Meningitis - staphylococcal Meningitis - tuberculous .- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There are several bacteria that can cause meningitis , inclu...- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[3] .^ Since lead is a common and pervasive contaminant, a small amount of lead is present in the blood of all people.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Only a small amount of arsenic will pass through human skin, so this route of exposure is usually not of concern [29].- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
It may identify bacteria in bacterial meningitis and may assist in distinguishing the various causes of viral meningitis (
enterovirus,
herpes simplex virus 2 and
mumps in those not vaccinated for this).
[9] .^ Most viral meningitis is due to enteroviruses, which are viruses that also cause intestinal illness.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ For example, viral meningitis can be caused by herpes viruses, the same virus that can cause cold sores and genital herpes (although people with cold sores or genital herpes are not at a greater risk of developing herpes meningitis).- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[9] If tuberculous meningitis is suspected, the sample is processed for
Ziehl-Neelsen stain, which has a low sensitivity, and tuberculosis culture, which takes a long time to process; PCR is being used increasingly.
[12] Diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis can be made at low cost using an
India ink stain of the CSF; however, testing for cryptococcal antigen in blood or CSF is more sensitive, particularly in persons with AIDS.
[25][26][27]
.^ Other medications and intravenous fluids will be used to treat symptoms such as brain swelling, shock , and seizures .- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Antibiotics are not effective in viral meningitis.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Most viral meningitis is due to enteroviruses, which are viruses that also cause intestinal illness.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ For example, viral meningitis can be caused by herpes viruses, the same virus that can cause cold sores and genital herpes (although people with cold sores or genital herpes are not at a greater risk of developing herpes meningitis).- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
a positive enterovirus PCR).
[9]
Postmortem
Meningitis can be diagnosed after death has occurred.
.^ Meningitis is swelling and irritation (inflammation) of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Tuberculous meningitis is an infection of the the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord ( meninges ).See also:Me...- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The meninges are membranous coverings of the brain that protect the brain and s...- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection is a test to look at the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If someone has meningitis , it affects both the brain and spinal cord; it canno...- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Viral meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges surrounding your brain and spinal cord due to a viral infection.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[28]Prevention
.^ The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is now a routine childhood immunization and is very effective at preventing pneumococcal meningitis.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Haemophilus vaccine (HiB vaccine ) in children will help prevent one type of meningitis.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Before the 1990's, H.I.B. (Haemophilus Influenzae type B) was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children, fortunately because of immunization this type of meningitis is now very rare.
In the countries where the disease burden is highest, however, the vaccine is still too expensive.
[29][30] Similarly, immunization against mumps has led to a sharp fall in the number of cases of mumps meningitis, which prior to vaccination occurred in 15% of all cases of mumps.
[9]
Meningococcus vaccines exist against groups A, C, W135 and Y.
[31] In countries where the vaccine for meningococcus group C was introduced, cases caused by this pathogen have decreased substantially.
[29] A quadrivalent vaccine now exists, which combines all four vaccines. Immunization with the ACW135Y vaccine against four strains is now a visa requirement for taking part in the Hajj.
[32] .^ In a head-to-head trial, researchers for Novartis say that the experimental meningitis vaccine Menveo produced a more potent immune response than the standard therapy in use.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[29][31] Still, some countries (
New Zealand,
Cuba,
Norway and
Chile) have developed vaccines against local strains of group B meningococci; some have shown good results and are used in local immunization schedules.
[31].^ The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is now a routine childhood immunization and is very effective at preventing pneumococcal meningitis.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[29][33] .^ The vaccine for bacterial meningitis C only protects against group C meningitis and not against type B. Type B is the most common type of meningitis in the U.K., though meningitis C causes more deaths.
those who have had a
splenectomy, the surgical removal of the spleen); it does not elicit a significant immune response in all recipients, e.g. small children.
[33]
.^ The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is now a routine childhood immunization and is very effective at preventing pneumococcal meningitis.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[29]
Short-term antibiotic prophylaxis is also a method of prevention, particularly of meningococcal meningitis. In cases of meningococcal meningitis, prophylactic treatment of close contacts with antibiotics (e.g.
rifampicin,
ciprofloxacin or
ceftriaxone) can reduce their risk of contracting the condition, but does not protect against future infections.
[20][34]Treatment
Initial treatment
Meningitis is potentially life-threatening and has a high mortality rate if untreated;
[3] delay in treatment has been associated with a poorer outcome.
[4] Thus treatment with wide-spectrum antibiotics should not be delayed while confirmatory tests are being conducted.
[22] If meningococcal disease is suspected in primary care, guidelines recommend that
benzylpenicillin be administered before transfer to hospital.
[7] .^ Other medications and intravenous fluids will be used to treat symptoms such as brain swelling, shock , and seizures .- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[22] .^ There were no independent interviews of persons living in Pelham and no medical record reviews; therefore these analyses are subject to random misclassification.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ For the early detection of cervical cancer, we suggest regular screening by a health care professional for individuals who are considered at increased risk based on the risk factors discussed above.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ For the early detection of colon cancer, we suggest regular screening by a health care professional for individuals who are considered at increased risk based on the risk factors discussed above.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[4].^ Evidence from animal studies shows that PCBs can damage the thyroid gland and reduce the levels of thyroid hormones at exposures as low as 90 ug/kg-d [27].- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There is no evidence that PCBs or lead adversely affect the respiratory system [27,28].- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
If there are signs of raised intracranial pressure, measures to monitor the pressure may be taken; this would allow the optimization of the
cerebral perfusion pressure and various treatments to decrease the intracranial pressure with medication (e.g.
mannitol).
[4] Seizures are treated with
anticonvulsants.
[4] Hydrocephalus (obstructed flow of CSF) may require insertion of a temporary or long-term drainage device, such as a
cerebral shunt.
[4]
Bacterial meningitis
Antibiotics
Structural formula of ceftriaxone, one of the third-generation cefalosporin antibiotics recommended for the initial treatment of bacterial meningitis.
Empiric antibiotics (treatment without exact diagnosis) must be started immediately, even before the results of the lumbar puncture and CSF analysis are known. The choice of initial treatment depends largely on the kind of bacteria that cause meningitis in a particular place. For instance, in
the United Kingdom empirical treatment consists of a third-generation
cefalosporin such as
cefotaxime or
ceftriaxone.
[20][22] In the USA, where resistance to cefalosporins is increasingly found in streptococci, addition of
vancomycin to the initial treatment is recommended.
[3][4][20] Empirical therapy may be chosen on the basis of the age of the patient, whether the infection was preceded by
head injury, whether the patient has undergone
neurosurgery and whether or not a cerebral shunt is present.
[3] .^ It can occur at any age but it is most likely to affect young children and young adults.
[3][20] .^ In this subsection, we discuss the known adverse health effects that have been associated with the types of exposures that are or were possible at this site.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Before the 1990's, H.I.B. (Haemophilus Influenzae type B) was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children, fortunately because of immunization this type of meningitis is now very rare.
^ There are two main types of meningitis, bacterial (caused by bacteria) and viral (caused by a virus).
[3]
The results of the CSF
culture generally take longer to become available (24–48 hours). Once they do, empiric therapy may be switched to specific antibiotic therapy targeted to the specific causative organism and its sensitivities to antibiotics.
[3] .^ Antibiotics are not effective in viral meningitis.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Most of the antibiotics used in meningitis have not been tested directly on meningitis patients in
clinical trials. Rather, the relevant knowledge has mostly derived from laboratory studies in
rabbits.
[3]Tuberculous meningitis requires prolonged treatment with antibiotics. While tuberculosis of the lungs is typically treated for six months, those with tuberculous meningitis are typically treated for a year or longer.
[12] In tuberculous meningitis there is a strong evidence base for treatment with corticosteroids, although this evidence is restricted to those without AIDS.
[35]Steroids
.^ Brain damage Hearing loss or deafness Hydrocephalus Loss of vision Meningitis has been added to your Health Portfolio.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Early diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis is essential to prevent permanent neurological damage.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[37] Professional guidelines therefore recommend the commencement of dexamethasone or a similar corticosteroid just before the first dose of antibiotics is given, and continued for four days.
[20][22] .^ Most viral meningitis is due to enteroviruses, which are viruses that also cause intestinal illness.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The most common causes of meningitis are viral infections that usually get better without treatment.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Recently, West Nile virus , spread by mosquito bites, has become a cause of viral meningitis in most of the United States.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[3][20]
.^ Children less than 5 years old and adults over 65 years old accounted for 14% of the population.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Though the benefit of corticosteroids has been demonstrated in adults as well as in children from high-income countries, their use in children from
low-income countries is not supported by evidence; the reason for this discrepancy is not clear.
[38] .^ Haemophilus vaccine (HiB vaccine ) in children will help prevent one type of meningitis.- Meningitis | LIVESTRONG.COM 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.livestrong.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This trend is also seen in New Hampshire with a rate of 14.1 cases per 100,000 in males and only 5.8 cases per 100,000 in females with a dramatic increase in rates beginning in those age 40 years and over [22].- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the case of incidence, although it is unknown for certain, it has been hypothesized that the decrease could be due to an increase in screening followed by removal of diseased polyps [17].- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Thus, corticosteroids are recommended in the treatment of pediatric meningitis if the cause is
H. influenzae and only if given prior to the first dose of antibiotics, whereas other uses are controversial.
[3]
Viral and fungal meningitis
Viral meningitis typically requires supportive therapy only; most viruses responsible for causing meningitis are not amenable to specific treatment. Viral meningitis tends to run a more benign course than bacterial meningitis.
Herpes simplex virus and
varicella zoster virus may respond to treatment with antiviral drugs such as
aciclovir, but there are no clinical trials that have specifically addressed whether this treatment is effective.
[9] Mild cases of viral meningitis can be treated at home with conservative measures such as fluid, bedrest, and analgesics.
[40] .^ Bacterial meningitis and septicaemia can kill in hours if not treated or can leave people with disabilities such as brain damage, hearing loss or learning disabilities.
[25][41]
Prognosis
Untreated, bacterial meningitis is almost always fatal. Viral meningitis, in contrast, tends to resolve spontaneously and is rarely fatal.
.^ What causes bacterial meningitis and how is it spread?
^ Before the 1990's, H.I.B. (Haemophilus Influenzae type B) was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children, fortunately because of immunization this type of meningitis is now very rare.
^ There are vaccines available for H.I.B. and bacterial meningitis C. The H.I.B. vaccine is usually given to babies at the age of 2 months, along with vaccines for diphtheria , whooping cough , tetanus , and polio .
Of the newborn patients, 20–30% may die from an episode of bacterial meningitis. This risk is much lower in older children, whose mortality is about 2%, but rises again to about 19–37% in adults.
[1][4] .^ Assuming that a relationship exists, lead exposure would be just one of many risk factors for hypertension, such as age, sex, genetics, lifestyle, sodium intake, excessive alcohol intake, obesity, and stress [40].- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ To understand how adverse health effects could be caused by a specific chemical, it is helpful to review factors related to how the body processes such a chemical.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1] In adults, too, meningococcal meningitis has a lower mortality (3–7%) than pneumococcal disease.
[4].^ Complications There are several potential disabilities resulting from damage to the nervous system.
^ In children there are several potential disabilities which result from damage to the nervous system.
^ Viral meningitis is generally less severe and resolves without specific treatment, while bacterial meningitis can be quite severe and may result in brain damage, hearing loss, or learning disability.- Meningitis - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: General]
- Meningitis Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments and Causes - WrongDiagnosis.com 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.wrongdiagnosis.com [Source type: Academic]
- MySpace - Meningitis Awareness - 24 - Female - Ohio - myspace.com/meningitis_awareness 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.myspace.com [Source type: General]
- Important Information about Bacterial Meningitis 28 January 2010 0:27 UTC www.wcjc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Sensorineural hearing loss,
epilepsy,
learning and behavioral difficulties, as well as decreased intelligence, occur in about 15% of survivors.
[1] Some of the hearing loss may be reversible.
[42] In adults, 66% of all cases emerge without disability. The main problems are deafness (in 14%) and
cognitive impairment (in 10%).
[4]
Epidemiology
Demography of
meningococcal meningitis.
meningitis belt epidemic zones sporadic cases only
Disability-adjusted life year for meningitis per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.
[43]
no data ≤ 10 10-25 25-50 50-75 75-100 100-200 200-300 300-400 400-500 500-1000 1000-1500 ≥ 1500
.^ In the case of incidence, although it is unknown for certain, it has been hypothesized that the decrease could be due to an increase in screening followed by removal of diseased polyps [17].- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[9] .^ In New Hampshire, the rate of cervical cancer over the period of 1993-1997 is 8 cases per 100,000.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Permanent brain damage can occur at BLLs as low as 100-120 micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood (ug/dL) [28].- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In New Hampshire, the rate of cervical cancer over the period of 1993-1997 is 8 cases per 100,000.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Permanent brain damage can occur at BLLs as low as 100-120 micrograms of lead per deciliter of blood (ug/dL) [28].- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In New Hampshire, the rate of cervical cancer over the period of 1993-1997 is 8 cases per 100,000.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This trend is also seen in New Hampshire with a rate of 14.1 cases per 100,000 in males and only 5.8 cases per 100,000 in females with a dramatic increase in rates beginning in those age 40 years and over [22].- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Nationally, the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program data for cervical cancer over the period of 1973-1997 indicates that for white females, the age-adjusted rate is 7.1 cases per 100,000 [25].- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In New Hampshire, the rate of cervical cancer over the period of 1993-1997 is 8 cases per 100,000.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 2000, it is estimated that approximately 12,800 new cases of cervical cancer will be diagnosed in the United States, with 100 of those being diagnosed in New Hampshire [17].- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The five-year survival rate for invasive cervical cancer is 70% however for those cases of cervical cancer detected in situ (confined to original tissues) the survival rate approaches 100%.- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
These cases are predominantly caused by meningococci.
[6] The most recent epidemic, affecting
Nigeria,
Niger,
Mali and
Burkina Faso,
started in January 2009 and is ongoing.
[44]
Meningococcal disease occurs in epidemics in areas where many people live together for the first time, such as army barracks during mobilization, college campuses
[1] and the annual
Hajj pilgrimage.
[32].^ However, there is controversy about the cause and significance of this association [28].- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This has been attributed to more frequent use of Pap screening, which detects early stages of the disease when it is most curable [17].- ATSDR - PHA - Gendron Junkyard, Pelham, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire 19 September 2009 8:22 UTC www.atsdr.cdc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In the "meningitis belt" of Africa, group A and C meningococci cause most of the outbreaks. Group W135 meningococci have caused several recent epidemics in Africa and during the Hajj.
[29] These differences are expected to change further as vaccines against common strains are introduced.
[29]
History
Some suggest that
Hippocrates may have realized the existence of meningitis,
[6] and it seems that meningism was known to pre-Renaissance physicians such as
Avicenna.
[45] The description of tuberculous meningitis, then called "dropsy in the brain", is often attributed to Edinburgh physician Sir
Robert Whytt in a posthumous report that appeared in 1768, although the link with tuberculosis and its pathogen was not made until the next century.
[45][46]It appears that epidemic meningitis is a relatively recent phenomenon.
[47] The first recorded major outbreak occurred in
Geneva in 1805.
[47][48] Several other epidemics in Europe and the United States were described shortly afterward, and the first report of an epidemic in Africa appeared in 1840. African epidemics became much more common in the 20th century, starting with a major epidemic sweeping
Nigeria and
Ghana in 1905–1908.
[47]The first report of bacterial infection underlying meningitis was by the Austrian bacteriologist
Anton Weichselbaum, who in 1887 described the
meningococcus.
[49] Mortality from meningitis was very high (over 90%) in early reports. In 1906,
antiserum was produced in horses; this was developed further by the American scientist
Simon Flexner and markedly decreased mortality from meningococcal disease.
[50][51] In 1944,
penicillin was first reported to be effective in meningitis.
[52] The introduction in the late 20th century of
Haemophilus vaccines led to a marked fall in cases of meningitis associated with this pathogen,
[30] and in 2002 evidence emerged that treatment with steroids could improve the prognosis of bacterial meningitis.
[37][38][51]See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Sáez-Llorens X, McCracken GH (June 2003). "Bacterial meningitis in children". Lancet 361 (9375): 2139–48. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13693-8. PMID 12826449.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ginsberg L (March 2004). "Difficult and recurrent meningitis". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 75 Suppl 1: i16–21. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.034272. PMID 14978146. PMC 1765649. http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/75/suppl_1/i16.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, et al. (November 2004). "Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis". Clinical Infectious Diseases 39 (9): 1267–84. doi:10.1086/425368. PMID 15494903. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/425368.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u van de Beek D, de Gans J, Tunkel AR, Wijdicks EF (January 2006). "Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults". The New England Journal of Medicine 354 (1): 44–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052116. PMID 16394301.
- ^ a b van de Beek D, de Gans J, Spanjaard L, Weisfelt M, Reitsma JB, Vermeulen M (October 2004). "Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis". The New England Journal of Medicine 351 (18): 1849–59. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040845. PMID 15509818. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/351/18/1849.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Attia J, Hatala R, Cook DJ, Wong JG (July 1999). "The rational clinical examination. Does this adult patient have acute meningitis?". JAMA 282 (2): 175–81. doi:10.1001/jama.282.2.175. PMID 10411200.
- ^ a b c Theilen U, Wilson L, Wilson G, Beattie JO, Qureshi S, Simpson D (June 2008). "Management of invasive meningococcal disease in children and young people: Summary of SIGN guidelines". BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 336 (7657): 1367–70. doi:10.1136/bmj.a129. PMID 18556318. Full guideline page
- ^ Thomas KE, Hasbun R, Jekel J, Quagliarello VJ (July 2002). "The diagnostic accuracy of Kernig's sign, Brudzinski's sign, and nuchal rigidity in adults with suspected meningitis". Clinical Infectious Diseases 35 (1): 46–52. doi:10.1086/340979. PMID 12060874. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/340979.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Logan SA, MacMahon E (January 2008). "Viral meningitis". BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 336 (7634): 36–40. doi:10.1136/bmj.39409.673657.AE. PMID 18174598.
- ^ Varon J, Chen K, Sternbach GL (1998). "Rupert Waterhouse and Carl Friderichsen: adrenal apoplexy". J Emerg Med 16 (4): 643–7. doi:10.1016/S0736-4679(98)00061-4. PMID 9696186.
- ^ Wei BP, Robins-Browne RM, Shepherd RK, Clark GM, O'Leary SJ (January 2008). "Can we prevent cochlear implant recipients from developing pneumococcal meningitis?". Clin. Infect. Dis. 46 (1): e1–7. doi:10.1086/524083. PMID 18171202. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/524083.
- ^ a b c Thwaites G, Chau TT, Mai NT, Drobniewski F, McAdam K, Farrar J (March 2000). "Tuberculous meningitis". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 68 (3): 289–99. doi:10.1136/jnnp.68.3.289. PMID 10675209. PMC 1736815. http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/68/3/289.
- ^ a b c d e Tebruegge M, Curtis N (July 2008). "Epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of recurrent bacterial meningitis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 21 (3): 519–37. doi:10.1128/CMR.00009-08. PMID 18625686.
- ^ Panackel C, Vishad, Cherian G, Vijayakumar K, Sharma RN (2006). "Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus cantonensis". Ind J Med Microbiol 24 (3): 220–1. PMID 16912445.
- ^ Weller PF, Liu LX (June 1993). "Eosinophilic meningitis". Semin Neurol 13 (2): 161–8. PMID 8356350.
- ^ Schermoly MJ, Hinthorn DR (April 1988). "Eosinophilia in coccidioidomycosis". Arch. Intern. Med. 148 (4): 895–6. PMID 3355309.
- ^ Chamberlain MC (May 2005). "Neoplastic meningitis". Journal of Clinical Oncology 23 (15): 3605–13. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.01.131. PMID 15908671.
- ^ Moris G, Garcia-Monco JC (June 1999). "The Challenge of Drug-Induced Aseptic Meningitis". Archives of Internal Medicine 159 (11): 1185–94. doi:10.1001/archinte.159.11.1185. PMID 10371226. http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/159/11/1185.
- ^ Provan, Drew; Andrew Krentz (2005). Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198566638.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Chaudhuri A, Martinez-Martin P, Martin PM, et al. (July 2008). "EFNS guideline on the management of community-acquired bacterial meningitis: report of an EFNS Task Force on acute bacterial meningitis in older children and adults". European Journal of Neurolology 15 (7): 649–59. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02193.x. PMID 18582342.
- ^ a b c d Straus SE, Thorpe KE, Holroyd-Leduc J (October 2006). "How do I perform a lumbar puncture and analyze the results to diagnose bacterial meningitis?". JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association 296 (16): 2012–22. doi:10.1001/jama.296.16.2012. PMID 17062865.
- ^ a b c d e f g Heyderman RS, Lambert HP, O'Sullivan I, Stuart JM, Taylor BL, Wall RA (February 2003). "Early management of suspected bacterial meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia in adults". The Journal of infection 46 (2): 75–7. doi:10.1053/jinf.2002.1110. PMID 12634067. – formal guideline at British Infection Society & UK Meningitis Research Trust (December 2004). "Early management of suspected meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia in immunocompetent adults". British Infection Society Guidelines. http://www.britishinfectionsociety.org/drupal/sites/default/files/MeningitisAlgorithm03.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-19.
- ^ Maconochie I, Baumer H, Stewart ME (2008). "Fluid therapy for acute bacterial meningitis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD004786. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004786.pub3. PMID 18254060.
- ^ Weller PF, Liu LX (June 1993). "Eosinophilic meningitis". Semin Neurol 13 (2): 161–8. PMID 8356350.
- ^ a b Bicanic T, Harrison TS (2004). "Cryptococcal meningitis". British Medical Bulletin 72: 99–118. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldh043. PMID 15838017. http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/72/1/99.
- ^ Saag MS, Graybill RJ, Larsen RA, et al. (April 2000). "Practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease. Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin. Infect. Dis. 30 (4): 710–8. doi:10.1086/313757. PMID 10770733. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/313757.
- ^ Sloan D, Dlamini S, Paul N, Dedicoat M (2008). "Treatment of acute cryptococcal meningitis in HIV infected adults, with an emphasis on resource-limited settings". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD005647. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005647.pub2. PMID 18843697. http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005647/frame.html.
- ^ Warrell, David A; et al. (2003). Oxford Textbook of Medicine Volume One. Oxford. pp. 1115–29. ISBN 0-19852787-X.
- ^ a b c d e f g Segal S, Pollard AJ (2004). "Vaccines against bacterial meningitis". British Medical Bulletin 72: 65–81. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldh041. PMID 15802609. http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/72/1/65.
- ^ a b Peltola H (April 2000). "Worldwide Haemophilus influenzae type b disease at the beginning of the 21st century: global analysis of the disease burden 25 years after the use of the polysaccharide vaccine and a decade after the advent of conjugates". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 13 (2): 302–17. doi:10.1128/CMR.13.2.302-317.2000. PMID 10756001. PMC 100154. http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/13/2/302.
- ^ a b c Harrison LH (January 2006). "Prospects for vaccine prevention of meningococcal infection". Clinical microbiology reviews 19 (1): 142–64. doi:10.1128/CMR.19.1.142-164.2006. PMID 16418528. PMC 1360272. http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/19/1/142.
- ^ a b Wilder-Smith A (October 2007). "Meningococcal vaccine in travelers". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 20 (5): 454–60. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282a64700. PMID 17762777.
- ^ a b Weisfelt M, de Gans J, van der Poll T, van de Beek D (April 2006). "Pneumococcal meningitis in adults: new approaches to management and prevention". Lancet Neurol 5 (4): 332–42. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70409-4. PMID 16545750.
- ^ Fraser A, Gafter-Gvili A, Paul M, Leibovici L (2006). "Antibiotics for preventing meningococcal infections". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online) (4): CD004785. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004785.pub3. PMID 17054214. http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD004785/frame.html.
- ^ Prasad K, Singh MB (2008). "Corticosteroids for managing tuberculous meningitis". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online) (1): CD002244. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002244.pub3. PMID 18254003. http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD002244/frame.html.
- ^ Assiri AM, Alasmari FA, Zimmerman VA, Baddour LM, Erwin PJ, Tleyjeh IM (May 2009). "Corticosteroid administration and outcome of adolescents and adults with acute bacterial meningitis: a meta-analysis". Mayo Clin. Proc. 84 (5): 403–9. doi:10.4065/84.5.403. PMID 19411436.
- ^ a b de Gans J, van de Beek D (November 2002). "Dexamethasone in adults with bacterial meningitis". The New England Journal of Medicine 347 (20): 1549–56. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021334. PMID 12432041. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/347/20/1549.
- ^ a b van de Beek D, de Gans J, McIntyre P, Prasad K (2007). "Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online) (1): CD004405. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004405.pub2. PMID 17253505.
- ^ McIntyre PB, Berkey CS, King SM, et al. (September 1997). "Dexamethasone as adjunctive therapy in bacterial meningitis. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials since 1988". JAMA 278 (11): 925–31. doi:10.1001/jama.278.11.925. PMID 9302246.
- ^ "Meningitis and Encephalitis Fact Sheet". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). 2007-12-11. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/encephalitis_meningitis/detail_encephalitis_meningitis.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
- ^ Gottfredsson M, Perfect JR (2000). "Fungal meningitis". Seminars in Neurology 20 (3): 307–22. doi:10.1055/s-2000-9394. PMID 11051295.
- ^ Richardson MP, Reid A, Tarlow MJ, Rudd PT (February 1997). "Hearing loss during bacterial meningitis". Archives of Disease in Childhood 76 (2): 134–38. doi:10.1136/adc.76.2.134. PMID 9068303. PMC 1717058. http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/76/2/134.
- ^ "Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002" (xls). World Health Organization. 2002. http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/statistics/bodgbddeathdalyestimates.xls.
- ^ "Meningococcal Disease: situation in the African Meningitis Belt". WHO. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_03_25/en/index.html. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
- ^ a b Arthur Earl Walker, Edward R. Laws, George B. Udvarhelyi (1998). "Infections and inflammatory involvement of the CNS". The Genesis of Neuroscience. Thieme. pp. 219–21. ISBN 1-879-28462-6. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UaSaRzw8gYEC&pg=PP1&lr=#PPA219,M1.
- ^ Whytt R (1768). Observations on the Dropsy in the Brain. Edinburgh: J. Balfour.
- ^ a b c Greenwood B (June 2006). "100 years of epidemic meningitis in West Africa – has anything changed?". Tropical Medicine & International health: TM & IH 11 (6): 773–80. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01639.x. PMID 16771997. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118598775/HTMLSTART.
- ^ Vieusseux G (1806). "Memoire sur la maladie qui regnéà Geneve au printemps de 1805". Journal de Médecine, de Chirurgie et de Pharmacologie (Bruxelles) 11: 50–53.
- ^ Weichselbaum A (1887). "Ueber die Aetiologie der akuten Meningitis cerebro-spinalis". Fortschrift der Medizin 5: 573–583.
- ^ Flexner S (1913). "The results of the serum treatment in thirteen hundred cases of epidemic meningitis" (PDF). J Exp Med 17: 553–76. doi:10.1084/jem.17.5.553. http://jem.rupress.org/cgi/reprint/17/5/553.
- ^ a b Swartz MN (October 2004). "Bacterial meningitis--a view of the past 90 years". The New England Journal of Medicine 351 (18): 1826–28. doi:10.1056/NEJMp048246. PMID 15509815.
- ^ Rosenberg DH, Arling PA (1944). "Penicillin in the treatment of meningitis". JAMA 125: 1011–1017. reproduced in Rosenberg DH, Arling PA (April 1984). "Penicillin in the treatment of meningitis". JAMA 251 (14): 1870–6. doi:10.1001/jama.251.14.1870. PMID 6366279.
External links
| Inflammation |
|
| Acute |
|
|
| Chronic |
|
|
| Processes |
|
|
| Specific types |
|
|
CNS ( Encephalitis, Myelitis) · Meningitis ( Arachnoiditis) · PNS ( Neuritis) · eye ( Dacryoadenitis, Scleritis, Keratitis, Choroiditis, Retinitis, Chorioretinitis, Blepharitis, Conjunctivitis, Iritis, Uveitis) · ear ( Otitis, Labyrinthitis, Mastoiditis)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mouth ( Stomatitis, Gingivitis, Gingivostomatitis, Glossitis, Tonsillitis, Sialadenitis/ Parotitis, Cheilitis, Pulpitis, Gnathitis) · tract ( Esophagitis, Gastritis, Gastroenteritis, Enteritis, Colitis, Enterocolitis, Duodenitis, Ileitis, Caecitis, Appendicitis, Proctitis) · accessory ( Hepatitis, Cholangitis, Cholecystitis, Pancreatitis) · Peritonitis
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Top topics
Wikis
Quiz
Map
Search
