From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the Russian anarchist. For the television character, see
Characters of Lost.
| Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin |
|
| Date of birth: |
May 30, 1814(1814-05-30) |
| Place of birth: |
Pryamukhino (near Torzhok), Russian Empire |
| Date of death: |
July 1, 1876 (aged 62) |
| Place of death: |
Berne, Switzerland |
| Movement: |
Anarchist movement |
| Major organizations: |
League of Peace and Freedom, International Working Men's Association |
| Influences |
Hegel, Proudhon, Herzen, Ogarev, Marx, Tschaadaev, Akstantin |
| Influenced |
Belinsky, Nechayev, Kropotkin, Goldman, Most, Malatesta, Chomsky |
.^ The Book of One Syllable (English) (as Author) Bakunin, Mikhail, 1814-1876 .- Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 3 February 2010 17:26 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
[1]
He was able to escape via
Japan and the
USA, and ended up in
London for a short time, where he worked with Herzen on the radical journal
Kolokol ("
The Bell"). In 1863, he left to join the insurrection in Poland, but he failed to reach his destination and spent some time in
Switzerland and
Italy. Despite his criminal status, Bakunin gained great influence with radical youth in Russia, and all of Europe. In 1870, he was involved in the insurrection in
Lyon, which foreshadowed the
Paris Commune.
.^ China for example joined the World Trade Organization in 2001 and fully implemented its TRIPS program which sets laws for intellectual property copyright.
^ Although the Federal Trade Commission took down this organization, the article argues that the fact that it formed demonstrates that high end designers do want greater protection.
^ The article points out that this raid was most likely because Serbia wants to join the E.U and combating piracy is one of the criteria for closer relations between the European Union and Serbia.
The 1872 Congress was dominated by a fight between a faction around Marx who argued for participation in parliamentary elections and a faction around Bakunin who opposed it. Bakunin's faction lost the vote on this issue, and at the end of the congress, Bakunin and several of his faction were expelled for supposedly maintaining a secret organisation within the international. The anarchists insisted the congress was rigged, and so held their own conference of the International at Saint-Imier in Switzerland in 1872. Bakunin remained very active in this and the European socialist movement.
.^ The complaint also states that the MPAA is targeting the Defendant (the people) for specific film piracy actions such as distributing and offering to distribute copyright works via the internet.
Despite his declining health, he tried to take part in an insurrection in
Bologna, but was forced to return to Switzerland in disguise, and settled in
Lugano. He remained active in the radical movement of Europe until further health problems caused him to be moved to a hospital in
Berne, where he died in 1876.
Bakunin is remembered as a major figure in the history of anarchism and an opponent of Marxism, especially of Marx's idea of
dictatorship of the proletariat. He continues to be an influence on modern-day anarchists, such as
Noam Chomsky.
[2]Biography
Early years
.^ The Book of One Syllable (English) (as Author) Bakunin, Mikhail, 1814-1876 .- Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 3 February 2010 17:26 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
At the age of 14 he left for
Saint Petersburg, receiving military training at the Artillery University. He completed his studies in 1832, and in 1834 was commissioned a junior officer in the
Russian Imperial Guard and sent to
Minsk and
Gardinas in
Lithuania (now
Belarus). That summer, Bakunin became embroiled in a family row, taking his sister’s side in rebellion to an unhappy marriage. Though his father wished him to continue in either the military or the civil service, Bakunin abandoned both in 1835, and made his way to Moscow, hoping to study
philosophy.
Interest in philosophy
In Moscow, Bakunin soon became friends with a group of former university students, and engaged in the systematic study of
Idealist philosophy, grouped around the poet
Nikolay Stankevich,
“the bold pioneer who opened to Russian thought the vast and fertile continent of German metaphysics” (
E. H. Carr). The philosophy of
Kant initially was central to their study, but then progressed to
Schelling,
Fichte, and
Hegel. By autumn of 1835, Bakunin had conceived of forming a philosophical circle in his home town of Pryamukhino; a passionate environment for the young people involved. For example,
Vissarion Belinsky fell in love with one of Bakunin’s sisters. Moreover, by early 1836, Bakunin was back in Moscow, where he published translations of Fichte’s
Some Lectures Concerning the Scholar's Vocation and
The Way to a Blessed Life, which became his favorite book. With Stankevich he also read
Goethe,
Schiller, and
E.T.A. Hoffmann.
At this time he embraced a religious but extra-ecclesiastical
immanentism:
| “ |
.^ This is real life, not an action movie.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
… Look at Christ, my dear friend; … His life was divine through and through, full of self-denial, and He did everything for mankind, finding His satisfaction and His delight in the dissolution of His material being.
… Because we have baptized in this world and are in communion with this heavenly love, we feel that we are divine creatures, that we are free, and that we have been ordained for the emancipation of humanity, which has remained a victim of the instinctive laws of unconscious existence. … Absolute freedom and absolute love—that is our aim; the freeing of humanity and the whole world–that is our purpose.
|
” |
He became increasingly influenced by
Hegel and provided the first
Russian translation of his work. During this period he met
slavophile Konstantin Aksakov,
Piotr Tschaadaev and the socialists
Alexander Herzen and
Nikolay Ogarev. In this period he began to develop his
panslavic views. After long wrangles with his father, Bakunin went to
Berlin in 1840. His stated plan at the time was still to become a university professor (a “priest of truth,” as he and his friends imagined it), but he soon encountered and joined radical students of the so-called “Hegelian Left,” and joined the
socialist movement in
Berlin. In his 1842 essay
The Reaction in Germany, he argued in favor of the revolutionary role of negation, summed up in the phrase
| “ |
the passion for destruction is a creative passion.[3] |
” |
After three semesters in Berlin, Bakunin went to
Dresden where he became friends with
Arnold Ruge.
.^ Der Sozialismus einst und jetzt Streitfragen des Sozialismus in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart (German) (as Author) Bernstein, Herman, 1876-1935 .- Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 3 February 2010 17:26 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Geschichte von England seit der Thronbesteigung Jakob's des Zweiten.- Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 3 February 2010 17:26 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Geschichte der Englischen Sprache und Literatur von den ältesten Zeiten bis zur Einführung der Buchdruckerkunst (German) (as Author) Behrend, Arthur C. .- Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 3 February 2010 17:26 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
He abandoned his interest in an academic career, devoting more and more of his time to promoting
revolution.The Russian government, becoming aware of his radicalism, ordered him to return to Russia. On his refusal his property was confiscated. Instead he went with
Georg Herwegh to
Zürich,
Switzerland.
Switzerland, Brussels, Prague, Dresden and Paris
The young Mikhail Bakunin
During his six month stay in Zürich, he became closely associated with
German communist Wilhelm Weitling. Until 1848 he remained on friendly terms with the German communists, occasionally calling himself a communist and writing articles on communism in the
Schweitzerische Republikaner. He moved to
Geneva in western Switzerland shortly before Weitling's arrest. His name had appeared frequently in Weitling's correspondence seized by the police. This led to reports being circulated to the imperial police.
.^ Vasilii Vereshchagin; Nikolai II; Karl Marx; Vladimir Lenin; Iosif Stalin; Friedrich Engels.- Guide to the Andrei Voznesenskii Papers 3 February 2010 17:26 UTC content.cdlib.org [Source type: General]
^ Karl Marx; Friedrich Engels; Iosif Stalin; Vladimir Lenin; Nikolai II; Napoleon Bonaparte.- Guide to the Andrei Voznesenskii Papers 3 February 2010 17:26 UTC content.cdlib.org [Source type: General]
Lelewel greatly influenced him, however he clashed with the Polish nationalists over their demand for a historic
Poland based on the borders of 1776 (before the
Partitions of Poland) as he defended the right of autonomy for the non-Polish peoples in these territories.
.^ Notice I did not say support the government leaders, they are corrupt and need to be replaced.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
In 1844 Bakunin went to Paris, then a centre for European radicalism. He established contacts with
Karl Marx and the anarchist
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who greatly impressed him and with whom he formed a personal bond. In December 1844, Emperor Nicholas issued a decree stripping Bakunin of his privileges as a
noble, denying him civil rights, confiscating his land in Russia, and condemning him to life long exile in
Siberia should the Russian authorities ever get their hands on him. He responded with a long letter to
La Réforme, denouncing the Emperor as a despot and calling for democracy in Russia and Poland (Carr, p. 139). In March 1846 in another letter to the
Constitutionel he defended
Poland, following the repression of
Catholics there. Some Polish refugees from
Kraków, following the defeat of the
uprising there, invited him to speak
[4] at the meeting in November 1847 commemorating the Polish
November Uprising of 1830.
In his speech, Bakunin called for an alliance between the Polish and Russian peoples against the Emperor, and looked forward to "the definitive collapse of despotism in Russia." As a result, he was expelled from France and went to Brussels. Bakunin's attempt to draw
Alexander Herzen and
Vissarion Belinsky into conspiratorial action for revolution in Russia fell on deaf ears. In
Brussels, Bakunin renewed his contacts with revolutionary Poles and Karl Marx. He spoke at a meeting organised by Lelewel in February 1848 about a great future for the slavs, whose destiny was to rejuvenate the
Western world. Around this time the Russian embassy circulated rumours that Bakunin was a Russian agent who had exceeded his orders.
Bakunin supported the German Democratic Legion led by Herwegh in an abortive attempt to join
Friedrich Hecker's insurrection in
Baden. He broke with Marx over the latter's criticism of Herwegh. Much later in 1871 – Bakunin was to write:
“I must openly admit that in this controversy Marx and Engels were in the right. .^ As soon as the pirates realize they'll be blown out of the water, they'll stop attacking ships and there will be no more violence.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
In a face-to-face confrontation with them, I heatedly defended Herwegh, and our mutual dislike began then.”[5]Bakunin went on to Berlin, but was stopped from going to
Posen by the police, which was part of
Polish territories gained by
Prussia in the
Partitions of Poland, where a nationalist
insurrection was taking place. Instead Bakunin went to
Leipzig and
Breslau, then to
Prague where he participated in the First Pan Slav Congress. The Congress was followed by an
abortive insurrection that Bakunin had sought to promote and intensify but which was violently suppressed. He returned to Breslau, where Marx republished the allegation that Bakunin was an imperial agent, claiming that
George Sand had proof. Marx retracted the statement after George Sand came to Bakunin's defense.
Bakunin published his
Appeal to the Slavs[6] in the fall of 1848, in which he proposed that Slav revolutionaries unite with Hungarian, Italian and German revolutionaries to overthrow the three major European autocracies, the Russian Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Kingdom of Prussia.
Bakunin played a leading role in the
May Uprising in Dresden in 1849, helping to organize the defense of the barricades against Prussian troops with
Richard Wagner and
Wilhelm Heine. He was captured in
Chemnitz and held for thirteen months before being condemned to death by the government of
Saxony. As the governments of Russia and Austria were also after him, his sentence was commuted to life. In June 1850, he was handed over to the Austrian authorities. Eleven months later he received a further death sentence, but this too was commuted to life imprisonment. Finally, in May 1851, Bakunin was handed over to the Russian authorities.
Richard Wagner wrote in his diary about Bakunin's visit:
[7]
| “ |
First of all, however, with the view of adapting himself to the most Philistine culture, he had to submit his huge beard and bushy hair to the tender mercies of the razor and shears. As no barber was available, Rockel had to undertake the task. A small group of friends watched the operation, which had to be executed with a dull razor, causing no little pain, under which none but the victim himself remained passive. We bade farewell to Bakunin with the firm conviction that we should never see him again alive. But in a week he was back once more, as he had realised immediately what a distorted account he had received as to the state of things in Prague, where all he found ready for him was a mere handful of childish students. .^ No solution is perfect, and I won't bet the farm that my idea will work, but mass murder, even of people who have earned it, is below us.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
Very similar to his expectations from the Prague students were his presumptions with regard to the Russian people. |
” |
Imprisonment, "confession", and exile
Bakunin was taken to the notorious
Peter and Paul Fortress. At the beginning of his captivity, Count
Orlov, an emissary of the Emperor, visited Bakunin and told him that the Emperor requested a written confession
[8] hoping that the confession would place Bakunin spiritually as well as physically in the power of the Russian state. Since all his acts were known, he had no secrets to reveal, and so he decided to write to the Emperor:
| “ |
You want my confession; but you must know that a penitent sinner is not obliged to implicate or reveal the misdeeds of others. I have only the honor and the conscience that I have never betrayed anyone who has confided in me, and this is why I will not give you any names. |
” |
On reading the letter, Emperor Nicholas I, remarked, "He is a good lad, full of spirit, but he is a dangerous man and we must never cease watching him." This
Confession, which was only published following its discovery in the imperial archives, has proved to be quite controversial, and is sometimes
analysed within the context of a specifically Russian literary form.
After three years in the underground dungeons of the Fortress of St Peter and St Paul, he spent another four years in the castle of
Shlisselburg. It was here that he suffered from
scurvy and all his teeth fell out as a result of the appalling diet. He later recounted that he found some relief in mentally re-enacting the legend of
Prometheus. His continuing imprisonment in these awful conditions led him to entreat his brother to supply him with poison.
Mikhail Bakunin and Antonia Kwiatkowska, circa 1861
Following the death of Nicholas I, the new Emperor
Alexander II personally struck Bakunin's name off the amnesty list. However in February 1857, his mother's pleas to the Emperor were finally heeded and he was allowed to go into permanent exile in the western Siberian city of
Tomsk. Within a year of arriving in Tomsk, Bakunin married Antonia Kwiatkowska, the daughter of a Polish merchant. He had been teaching her French. In August 1858 Bakunin received a visit from his second cousin, General Count
Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky, who had been Governor of Eastern
Siberia for ten years.
Muravyov was a liberal and Bakunin, as his relative, became a particular favourite. In the spring of 1859, Muravyov helped Bakunin with a job for Amur Development Agency which enabled him to move with his wife to
Irkutsk, the capital of
Eastern Siberia. This enabled Bakunin to be part of the circle involved in political discussions centred on Muravyov's colonial headquarters.
.^ If foreign nations are indeed using the coast of Somalia as a waste dumping ground, that needs to be dealt with harshly and soon.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ It has long been a head-scratcher as to how so many boats and aircraft ferry drugs into the United States each year....- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Wikipedia History of the United States (English) (as Author) History of the United States, Volume 1 (English) (as Author) History of the United States, Volume 2 Conflict & Independence (English) (as Author) Beard, Daniel Carter, 1850-1941 .- Browse By Author: B - Project Gutenberg 3 February 2010 17:26 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
The circle included Muravyov's young Chief of Staff, Kukel—who
Kropotkin related had the complete works of
Alexander Herzen– the civil governor Izvolsky, who allowed Bakunin to use his address for correspondence, and Muravyov's deputy and eventual successor, General
Alexander Dondukov-Korsakov.
When Herzen criticised Muravyov in
The Bell, Bakunin wrote vigorously in his patron's defence.
[9] Bakunin tired of his job as a commercial traveller, but thanks to Muravyov's influence, was able to keep his sinecure (worth 2,000 roubles a year) without having to perform any duties. However Muravyov was forced to retire from his post as governor general, partly because of his liberal views and partly due to fears he might take Siberia towards independence. He was replaced by Korsakov, who perhaps was even more sympathetic to the plight of the Siberian exiles. Korsakov was also related to Bakunin, Bakunin's brother Paul having married his cousin.
.^ Civilians ARE armed and let's face it, you'd be the first to scream bloody murder if the government came to your home and said give me all of your guns civilians shouldn't be armed.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ All they do is dump waste and then are pissed when Somalis want to take a ship.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ I encourage to take a deeper look at the issue and give the American people a detailed and honest portrayal of the issue.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
Escape from exile and return to Europe
On June 5, 1861, Bakunin left
Irkutsk under cover of company business, ostensibly employed by a Siberian merchant to make a trip to
Nikolaevsk. By July 17 he was on board the Russian warship
Strelok bound for
Kastri. However, in the port of
Olga, Bakunin managed to persuade the American captain of the
SS Vickery to take him on board. Despite bumping into the Russian Consul on board, Bakunin was able to sail away under the nose of the
Russian Imperial Navy. By August 6 he had reached
Hakodate in the northernmost Japanese island of
Hokkaidō and was soon in
Yokohama. In Japan Bakunin met by chance
Wilhelm Heine, one of his comrades-in arms from Dresden. He also met the German botanist
Philipp Franz von Siebold who had been involved in opening up Japan to
Europeans (particularly Russians and the
Dutch) and was a friend of Bakunin's patron Muraviev.
[10] Von Siebold's son wrote some 40 years later:
| “ |
In that Yokohama boarding-house we encountered an outlaw from the Wild West Heine, presumably as well as many other interesting guests. The presence of the Russian revolutionist Michael Bakunin, in flight from Siberia, was as far as one could see being winked at by the authorities. .^ Its like waving food infront of a starving person and saying "please don't take the food, if you do we will pay you more money than you could ever imagine, but please don't take it."- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
|
” |
He left Japan from
Kanagawa on the SS Carrington, as one of nineteen passengers including Heine, Rev. P. F. Koe and
Joseph Heco. Heco was a
Japanese American, who eight years later played a significant role giving political advice to
Kido Takayoshi and
Itō Hirobumi during the revolutionary overthrow of the
feudal Tokugawa shogunate.
[11] They arrived in
San Francisco on October 15. In the period before the trans-continental railroads had been completed, the quickest way to New York was via Panama. Bakunin boarded the
Orizaba for Panama, where after waiting for two weeks he boarded the
Champion for
New York.
In
Boston, Bakunin visited Karol Forster, a partisan of
Ludwik Mieroslawski during the 1848 Revolution in Paris, and caught up with other "
Forty-Eighters", veterans of the 1848 revolutions in Europe, such as
Friedrich Kapp.
[12] He then sailed for
Liverpool arriving on December 27. Bakunin immediately went to London to see Herzen. That evening he burst into the drawing-room where the family was having supper. "What! Are you sitting down eating oysters! Well! Tell me the news. What is happening, and where?!"
Relocation to Italy
Having re-entered Western Europe, Bakunin immediately immersed himself in the revolutionary movement. In 1860, while still in
Irkutsk Bakunin and his political associates had been greatly impressed by
Giuseppe Garibaldi and his expedition to
Sicily, during which he declared himself
dictator in the name of
Victor Emmanuel II. Following his return to London, he wrote to Garibaldi on 31 January 1862:
- "If you could have seen as I did the passionate enthusiasm of the whole town of Irkutsk, the capital of Eastern Siberia, at the news of your triumphal march across the possession of the mad king of Naples, you would have said as I did that there is no longer space or frontiers".[13]
Bakunin asked Garibaldi to participate in a movement encompassing Italians, Hungarians and
South Slavs against both
Austria and
Turkey. Garibaldi was then engaged in preparations for the
Expedition against Rome. By May Bakunin's correspondence was focussing on Italian-slavic unity and the developments in
Poland. By June, he had resolved to move to Italy, but was waiting for his wife to join him. When he left for Italy in August,
Mazzini wrote to Maurizio Quadrio, one of his key supporters that Bakunin was a good and dependable person. However, with the news of the failure at
Aspromonte Bakunin paused in Paris where he was briefly involved with
Ludwik Mierosławski. However Bakunin rejected Mieroslawski's chauvinism and refusal to grant any concessions to the peasants. Bakunin returned to England in September and focussed on Polish affairs. When the Polish insurrection broke out in January 1863, he sailed to
Copenhagen where he hoped to join the
Polish Legion. They planned to sail across the
Baltic in the
SS Ward Jackson to join the insurrection. This attempt failed, and Bakunin met his wife in
Stockholm before returning to London. Now he focussed again on going to Italy and his friend Aurelio Saffi wrote him letters of introduction for
Florence,
Turin and
Milan. Mazzini wrote letters of commendation to Frederico Campanella in
Genoa and Giuseppe Dolfi in Florence. Bakunin left London in November 1863 travelling by way of
Brussels, Paris and
Vevey (Switzerland) arriving in Italy on 11 January 1864. It was here that he first began to develop his anarchist ideas.
He conceived the plan of forming a secret organization of revolutionaries to carry on propaganda work and prepare for direct action. He recruited Italians, Frenchmen, Scandinavians, and Slavs into the International Brotherhood, also called the Alliance of Revolutionary Socialists.
By July 1866 Bakunin was informing Herzen and Ogarev about the fruits of his work over the previous two years. His secret society then had members in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, England, France, Spain, and Italy, as well as Polish and Russian members. In his
Catechism of a Revolutionary of 1866, he opposed religion and the state, advocating the
| “ |
absolute rejection of every authority including that which sacrifices freedom for the convenience of the state.[14] |
” |
Bakunin's membership card of the
League of Peace and Freedom
During the 1867–1868 period, Bakunin responded to
Emile Acollas's call and became involved in the
League of Peace and Freedom (LPF), for which he wrote a lengthy essay
Federalism, Socialism, and Anti-Theologism[15] Here he advocated a federalist socialism, drawing on the work of Proudhon. He supported freedom of association and the right of secession for each unit of the federation, but emphasized that this freedom must be joined with socialism for: "Liberty without socialism is privilege, injustice; socialism without liberty is slavery and brutality."
Bakunin played a prominent role in the Geneva Conference (September 1867), and joined the Central Committee. The founding conference was attended by 6,000 people. As Bakunin rose to speak:
| “ |
the cry passed from mouth to mouth: 'Bakunin!' .^ Are you honestly going to kill innocent civilians, and children just to get a few bad guys only to have more step right up and fill the void?- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
This solemn meeting of two old and tried warriors of the revolution produced an astonishing impression... Everyone rose and there was a prolonged and enthusiastic clapping of hands.[16] |
” |
The First International and the rise of the anarchist movement
Bakunin speaking to members of the IWA at the Basel Congress in 1869
In 1868, Bakunin joined the Geneva section of the
First International, in which he remained very active until he was expelled from the International by
Karl Marx and his followers at the
Hague Congress in 1872. Bakunin was instrumental in establishing branches of the International in Italy and Spain.
In 1869, the
Social Democratic Alliance was refused entry to the First International, on the grounds that it was an international organisation in itself, and only national organisations were permitted membership in the International. The Alliance dissolved and the various groups which it comprised joined the International separately.
Between 1869 and 1870, Bakunin became involved with the Russian revolutionary
Sergey Nechayev in a number of clandestine projects. However, Bakunin broke with Nechaev over what he described as the latter’s “Jesuit” methods, by which all means were justified to achieve revolutionary ends.
[17].^ Larsen: I think this is a clarion call to the international community that Somalia is and continues to be a failed state.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
In his
Letters to A Frenchman on the Present Crisis, he argued for a revolutionary alliance between the working class and the peasantry and set forth his formulation of what was later to become known as
propaganda of the deed:
| “ |
we must spread our principles, not with words but with deeds, for this is the most popular, the most potent, and the most irresistible form of propaganda.[18] |
” |
Bakunin was a strong supporter of the
Paris Commune of 1871, which was brutally suppressed by the French government. He saw the Commune as above all a “rebellion against the State,” and commended the Communards for rejecting not only the State but also revolutionary dictatorship.
[19] In a series of powerful pamphlets, he defended the Commune and the First International against the Italian nationalist
Giuseppe Mazzini, thereby winning over many Italian republicans to the International and the cause of revolutionary socialism.
Bakunin’s disagreements with Marx, which led to Bakunin’s expulsion from the International in 1872 after being outvoted by the
Marx party at the Hague Congress, illustrated the growing divergence between the "anti-authoritarian" sections of the International, which advocated the direct revolutionary action and organization of the workers in order to abolish the state and capitalism, and the
social democratic sections allied with Marx, which advocated the conquest of political power by the working class.
The anti-authoritarian sections created their own International at the
St. Imier Congress and adopted a revolutionary anarchist program.
[20] Although Bakunin accepted Marx’s
class analysis and economic theories regarding capitalism, acknowledging "Marx’s genius", he thought Marx was arrogant, and that his methods would compromise the social revolution. More importantly, Bakunin criticized "
authoritarian socialism" (which he associated with Marxism) and the concept of
dictatorship of the proletariat which he adamantly refused.
| “ |
.^ If these things were to occur to americans by a foreign power, you would be up in arms (more so than now) with the same veil of ignorance over your eyes.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ I'm betting that most of you would (and who could blame you?- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ However, look at the countries whose ships are being highjacked and ask yourselves if, within the last 50 years, any of these countries have "justifiably" entered another country and done a lot worse than hold someone for ransom.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[21] |
” |
Bakunin retired to
Lugano in 1873 and died in
Bern on July 1, 1876.
Political beliefs
Bakunin’s political beliefs rejected governing systems in every name and shape, from the idea of God downwards, and every form of external
authority, whether emanating from the will of a
sovereign or from universal suffrage. He wrote in
Dieu et l’Etat (
God and the State[22]), published posthumously in 1882:
| “ |
The liberty of man consists solely in this, that he obeys the laws of nature because he has himself recognized them as such, and not because they have been imposed upon him externally by any foreign will whatsoever, human or divine, collective or individual. |
” |
Bakunin similarly rejected the notion of any privileged position or class, since
| “ |
it is the peculiarity of privilege and of every privileged position to kill the intellect and heart of man. The privileged man, whether he be privileged politically or economically, is a man depraved in intellect and heart. |
” |
Bakunin's political beliefs were based on several interrelated concepts: (1)
liberty; (2)
socialism; (3)
federalism; (4)
anti-theism; and (5)
materialism. He also developed a (resultantly prescient)
[23] critique of Marxism, predicting that if the Marxists were successful in seizing power, they would create a party dictatorship "all the more dangerous because it appears as a sham expression of the people's will."
[24]Liberty
By "liberty", Bakunin did not mean an abstract ideal but a concrete reality based on the equal liberty of others. In a positive sense, liberty consists of "the fullest development of all the faculties and powers of every human being, by education, by scientific training, and by material prosperity." Such a conception of liberty is "eminently social, because it can only be realized in society," not in isolation. In a negative sense, liberty is "the revolt of the individual against all divine, collective, and individual authority."
[25]Collectivist anarchism
Bakunin's socialism was known as "
collectivist anarchism," in which the workers would directly manage the means of production through their own productive associations. There would be "equal means of subsistence, support, education, and opportunity for every child, boy or girl, until maturity, and equal resources and facilities in adulthood to create his own well-being by his own labor."
[26]Federalism
By federalism Bakunin meant the organization of society "from the base to the summit—from the circumference to the center—according to the principles of free association and federation."
[26] .^ They would hurt themselves.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ They look ridiculously ugly and hungry, I mean the somailans or whatever they call themselves, Why would they hold the captain captive.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ If every nation sent a task force there would be a combined strength strong enough with sailors and marines to handle the job.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[26]Anti-theologism
Bakunin argued that "the idea of God implies the abdication of human reason and justice; it is the most decisive negation of human liberty, and necessarily ends in the enslavement of mankind, in theory and practice." Consequently, Bakunin reversed
Voltaire's famous aphorism that if God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent Him, writing instead that "if God really existed, it would be necessary to abolish Him."
[22]Materialism
.^ The ransom money is being used to buy property in Kenya, so much so that the Kenyans themselves cannot afford to own any real estate.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Two annotated typescripts (2 variants of the article) with handwritten additions, 71 page total, some are damaged.- Guide to the Andrei Voznesenskii Papers 3 February 2010 17:26 UTC content.cdlib.org [Source type: General]
^ An annotated galley copy of the poem (another variant, 55 pages, 2 pages are missing), some leaves are slightly damaged, and 2 separate leaves from the same poem (57 pages total).- Guide to the Andrei Voznesenskii Papers 3 February 2010 17:26 UTC content.cdlib.org [Source type: General]
The "mission of science is, by observation of the general relations of passing and real facts, to establish the general laws inherent in the development of the phenomena of the physical and social world." However, Bakunin rejected the notion of "scientific socialism," writing in
God and the State that a "scientific body to which had been confided the government of society would soon end by devoting itself no longer to science at all, but to quite another affair... its own eternal perpetuation by rendering the society confided to its care ever more stupid and consequently more in need of its government and direction."
[22]
Bakunin's concept of social revolution
Bakunin’s methods of realizing his revolutionary program were consistent with his principles. The workers and peasants were to organize on a federalist basis, "creating not only the ideas, but also the facts of the future itself."
[27] .^ This piracy must stop as the world economy is already in shambles and such interruptions to trade as well as the ransom payments will eventually affect us all!- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ This sweet trade must avast as th' world economy be already in shambles an' such interruptions t' trade as well as th' ransom payments will eventually affect us all!- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[28] The peasants were to "take the land and throw out those landlords who live by the labor of others."
[18] Bakunin looked to "the rabble," the great masses of the poor and exploited, the so-called "lumpenproletariat," to "inaugurate and bring to triumph the Social Revolution," as they were "almost unpolluted by bourgeois civilization."
[29]Critique of Marxism
.^ Mikhail Bulgakov; Karl Marx.- Guide to the Andrei Voznesenskii Papers 3 February 2010 17:26 UTC content.cdlib.org [Source type: General]
Bakunin argued—against certain ideas of a number of Marxists–that not all revolutions need be violent.
.^ April 9th, 2009 5:39 pm ET I think we all have the right idea.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ No solution is perfect, and I won't bet the farm that my idea will work, but mass murder, even of people who have earned it, is below us.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Eventually it would be stolen and used against the crew by the pirates, or even sold to the "bad guys" by a crewman who fell into a little more debt than he can handle with his bookie.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[30]
| “ |
.^ I agree that violence isn't the long-term answer, but why are we allowing our own people to go into danger zones with no way to defend themselves?- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ No solution is perfect, and I won't bet the farm that my idea will work, but mass murder, even of people who have earned it, is below us.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Um yeah no how about you protect OUR people first before you start just handing out free food.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
|
” |
| |
— Mikhail Bakunin, Statism and Anarchism[32]
|
.^ Then they can collect unemployment, social security, free lunch programs, and maybe even free health care.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Helping the government maintain civil peace and enforece laws and creating jobs will help piracy finally become a thing of the past.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
Anarchists believe that the classless, stateless society should be established by the
direct action of the masses, culminating in
social revolution, and refuse any intermediate stage such as the
dictatorship of the proletariat, on the basis that such a dictatorship will become a self-perpetuating fundament. For Bakunin, the fundamental contradiction is that for the Marxists,
| “ |
anarchism or freedom is the aim, while the state and dictatorship is the means, and so, in order to free the masses, they have first to be enslaved.[33] |
” |
However Bakunin also wrote of meeting Marx in 1844 that
| “ |
.^ I'm sure piracy won't disappear, it will still be far more personally profitable over a real job.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Critics call it nothing more than a "how-to" guide for drug addicts.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
He called me a sentimental idealist and he was right; I called him a vain man, perfidious and crafty, and I also was right.[34] |
” |
Bakunin found Marx's economic analysis very useful and began the job of translating
Das Kapital into Russian. In turn Marx wrote of the rebels in the Dresden insurrection of 1848 that "In the Russian refugee Michael Bakunin they found a capable and cool headed leader."
[35] Marx wrote to Engels of meeting Bakunin in 1864 after his escape to Siberia saying "On the whole he is one of the few people whom I find not to have retrogressed after 16 years, but to have developed further."
[36]Bakunin was perhaps the first theorist of the "
new class", the intellectuals and administrators forming the bureaucratic apparatus of the state. Bakunin argued that the "State has always been the patrimony of some privileged class: a priestly class, an aristocratic class, a bourgeois class. And finally, when all the other classes have exhausted themselves, the State then becomes the patrimony of the bureaucratic class and then falls—or, if you will, rises—to the position of a machine."
[29]Criticism
Violence, revolution and "Invisible dictatorship"
Bakunin has been accused of being a closet authoritarian. In his letter to Albert Richard, he wrote that
| “ |
[t]here is only one power and one dictatorship whose organisation is salutary and feasible: it is that collective, invisible dictatorship of those who are allied in the name of our principle. |
” |
However, Bakunin's supporters argue that this "invisible dictatorship" is not a dictatorship in any conventional sense of the word, as Bakunin was careful to point out that its members would not exercise any official political power:
| “ |
this dictatorship will be all the more salutary and effective for not being dressed up in any official power or extrinsic character.[31] |
” |
Charles A. Madison claimed that
| “ |
He [Bakunin] rejected political action as a means of abolishing the state and developed the doctrine of revolutionary conspiracy under autocratic leadership– disregarding the conflict of this principle with his philosophy of anarchism. Madison contended that it was Bakunin's scheming for control of the First International that brought about his rivalry with Karl Marx and his expulsion from it in 1872. His approval of violence as a weapon against the agents of oppression led to nihilism in Russia and to individual acts of terrorism elsewhere– with the result that anarchism became generally synonymous with assassination and chaos.[37] |
” |
Others reject this analysis, arguing that Bakunin never sought to take personal control over the International, the secret societies he organized were not subject to his autocratic power, and that he condemned terrorism as counter-revolutionary.
[38]Nationalism
Anarchist historian
Max Nettlau described Bakunin's pan-slavism as being the result of a
nationalist psychosis from which few are free. The publication of his
Confession of 1851, written while a prisoner of the Tsar in the Peter-Paul fortress, was used to attack Bakunin because in it he asked the Emperor for forgiveness for his sins and begged him to place himself at the head of the slavs as both
redeemer and
father.
Anti-semitism
Bakunin is often seen as a notable
anti-semite since his death.
[39] Bakunin used anti-Jewish sentiments during his argument with Karl Marx; he claimed that Marxian
communism, along with international banking cartels associated with
Rothschild, was part of Jewish system of global exploitation;
| “ |
.^ I used to agree with it, but I've realized that one of the major problems with America is that we think "oh, if we only go make it all better for those poor people they'll act like they have sense".- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ The United States cannot, should not be the only world power to bear this burden.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ I just hope ignorant people like the other ones saying kill them all will never be in power.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
This may seem strange. What can there be in common between socialism and a leading bank? The point is that authoritarian socialism, Marxist communism, demands a strong centralisation of the state. .^ How can there be any vetting of these people when there is not a shred of a central government left in their country?- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ I am not in favor of nation building, but we do need to go in there and support the people.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[40][41] |
” |
In regards to his perceptions of Jewry, Bakunin is not entirely isolated within early anarchism, as
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon made similar remarks (though Proudhon was a mutualist, while Bakunin was a collectivist).
[42] Proudhon's notebooks, for example, contain a passage in which he calls for the expulsion of the Jews from France, or their extermination.
[43]Eurocentrism
His
Eurocentrism manifested itself in his call for a
United States of Europe, his support for Russian
Colonialism, particularly as practised by his relative and patron Count
Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky and his indifference to Japan and
Japanese peasants during and after his brief stay in
Yokohama.
[44] .^ All these 3rd world country low lifes need extermination.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Use the technology that we have, share if we have too with out countries, and blast these boats to Timbucktoo (Which in reality isn't all that far, LoL!).- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ I know most of these ships don't carry weapons, but in these times it may be necessary to equip all vessels privately owned with them.- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
Bakunin's conversion to anarchism was not till 1865, some years after his exile in Siberia and escape through Japan.
[45]Cultural references
- Bakunin is a character in Tom Stoppard's 2002 trilogy of plays The Coast of Utopia.
- A character in the TV show Lost was named after him (joining the list of several LOST characters named after philosophers and/or scientists, including John Locke, Danielle Rousseau, Desmond David Hume, Jeremy Bentham and Daniel Faraday).
- After the first ever TV appearance of the Sex Pistols, on the Granada Television show So It Goes in August 1976, presenter Tony Wilson's immediate reaction to their performance of 'Anarchy in the UK' was: "Bakunin would have loved it."
- Quoted in KMFDM's song "Stray Bullet" from their album Symbols, specifically the quote "even if God really existed, it would be necessary to abolish him."
- Bakunin is named among a list of other historical political figures in a line of the nihilistic song, Nothing by The Fugs: "Karlos Marx nothing, Engels nothing, Bakunin Kropotkin– nyuthing!^ I would like to point out, like others have already, that the conditions Somalians face are nothing like we, Americans, have ever seen.
- Somali women flocking to port in hope of marrying pirates – amFIX - CNN.com Blogs 10 January 2010 20:11 UTC amfix.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
Leon Trotsky, lots of nothing; Stalin less than nothing!"
- Bakunin's The Patriotism is the book Mallory (James Coburn) throws into the mud as a result of a discussion with Juan Miranda (Rod Steiger) in Sergio Leone's 1972 film Duck You Sucker.
- The song "Bakunin", by the punk/ska band Against All Authority, is about the biography of Bakunin.
- Canadian post-rock band Bakunin's Bum.
- Bakunin, along with Lenin, Marx, and Trotsky is one of the existing last names in the novel Brave New World.
- Revolutionary Chinese writer Ba Jin took his nom de plume from the first syllable of Bakunin, and the last syllable of Kropotkin.
- Boris Akunin chose his pen-name as a reference to Bakunin.
- Punk band Rancid's socially critical album Life Won't Wait features several spoken word quotes from "Bakunin on Anarchism" used throughout the album to demonstrate their anarchist ideals.
Works about Bakunin
- God and the State, ISBN 048622483X
- Bakunin on anarchism / edited, translated and with an introduction by Sam Dolgoff;[46] preface by Paul Avrich.—New York : Knopf, originally published in 1971 as Bakunin on anarchy. Includes James Guillaume’s Bakunin—A Biographical Sketch.[47]
- Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings, ed. A. Lehning. New York: Grove Press, 1974
- Statism and Anarchy, Cambridge University Press 1991
- No Gods No Masters: An Anthology of Anarchism by Daniel Guérin
- Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume 1: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE-1939), ed. Robert Graham
- The Political Philosophy of Bakunin edited by G. P. Maximoff, including "Mikhail Bakunin—a Biographical Sketch" by Max Nettlau
- The Basic Bakunin: Writings 1869-1871, ed. Robert M. Cutler (New York: Prometheus Books, 1992)
- Mikhail Bakunin: The Philosophical Basis of his Anarchism, by Paul McLaughlin (New York: Algora Publishing, 2002, Paperback Edition ISBN 1892941848
- Michała Bakunina filozofia negacji, by Jacek Uglik (Warsaw: Aletheia, 2007)
English translations of Bakunin are generally rare when compared to the comprehensive editions in French (by
Arthur Lehning), Spanish and German. Madelaine Grawitz’s biography (Paris: Calmann Lévy 2000) remains to be translated.
The standard English-language biography is by E. H. Carr. A new biography,
Bakunin: The Creative Passion, by Mark Leier, was published by St. Martin’s Press August 22, 2006, hardcover, 320 pages, ISBN 0-312-30538-9
An eight-volume complete works of Bakunin is to be published at some point in the future by
AK Press; according to
Ramsey Kanaan these will likely be published yearly for eight years in hardcover format.
See also
References
- ^ Masters, Anthony (1974). Bakunin, the Father of Anarchism. Saturday Review Press. ISBN 0-8415-0295-1.
- ^ Chomsky, Noam (1970). For Reasons of State. New York: Pantheon Books. (See especially title page and "Notes on Anarchism".)
- ^ Bakunin, Mikhail (1842). "The Reaction in Germany". In: Sam Dolgoff (1971, 1980), Bakunin on Anarchy.
- ^ On the 17th Anniversary of the Polish Insurrection of 1830, Mikhail Bakunin, La Réforme, December 14, 1847
- ^ Michael Bakunin A Biographical Sketch by James Guillaume
- ^ Appeal to the Slavs, Mikhail Bakunin, 1848, Bakunin on Anarchy, translated and edited by Sam Dolgoff, 1971.
- ^ Richard Wagner. "My Life — Volume 1". http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/wglf110.txt. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
- ^ Confession to Tsar Nicholas I, Mikhail Bakunin, 1851
- ^ Bakunin, Yokohama and the Dawning of the Pacific by Peter Billingsley
- ^ Edgar Franz, Philipp Franz von Siebold and Russian Policy and Action on Opening Japan to the West in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century, Munich: Iudicum 2005
- ^ Joseph Heco (Narrative Writer) James Murdoch (Editor), The Narrative of a Japanese: What He Has Seen and the People He Has Met in the Course of the Last 40 Years, Yokohama, Yokohama Publishing Company (Tokyo, Maruzen), 1895, Vol II, pp 90–98
- ^ An Unpublished Letter of M.A. Bakunin to R. Solger, Robert M. Cutler, International Review of Social History 33, no. 2 (1988): 212–217
- ^ "Bakunin, Garibaldi e gli affari slavi 1862 - 1863" by Pier Carlo Massini and Gianni Bosio, Movimento Operaio year 4, No. 1 (Jan - Feb, 1952), p81
- ^ Revolutionary Catechism, Mikhail Bakunin, 1866, Bakunin on Anarchy, translated and edited by Sam Dolgoff, 1971.
- ^ Federalism, Socialism, Anti-Theologism, Mikhail Bakunin, September 1867.
- ^ Bakunin's idea of revolution & revolutionary organisation published by Workers Solidarity Movement in Red and Black Revolution No.6, Winter 2002
- ^ Bakunin to Nechayev on the role of secret revolutionary societies, Mikhail Bakunin, June 2, 1870 letter to Sergey Nechayev
- ^ a b Letters to a Frenchman on the Present Crisis, Mikhail Bakunin, 1870
- ^ The Paris Commune and the Idea of the State, Mikhail Bakunin, 1871
- ^ Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE to 1939), Robert Graham, Black Rose Books, March 2005
- ^ Quoted in Daniel Guerin, Anarchism: From Theory to Practice (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970), pp.25-26.
- ^ a b c God and the State, Michael Bakunin, 1882
- ^ Noam Chomsky. "The Soviet Union Versus Socialism". Our Generation. http://www.chomsky.info/articles/1986----.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
- ^ Michael Bakunin: Selected Writings, ed. A. Lehning (New York: Grove Press, 1974), page 268
- ^ Man, Society, and Freedom, Mikhail Bakunin, 1871
- ^ a b c Revolutionary Catechism, Mikhail Bakunin, 1866
- ^ Mikhail Bakunin. "Works of Mikhail Bakunin 1871". Marxists.org. http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1871/program.htm#s2. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
- ^ Mikhail Bakunin. "Works of Mikhail Bakunin 1870". Marxists.org. http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1870/albert-richard.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
- ^ a b On the International Workingmen's Association and Karl Marx, Mikhail Bakunin, 1872
- ^ a b c Woodcock, George (1962, 1975). Anarchism, 158. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140206221.
- ^ a b "Was Bakunin a secret authoritarian?". Struggle.ws. http://struggle.ws/anarchism/writers/anarcho/anarchism/bakunindictator.html. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
- ^ "Anarchist Theory FAQ Version 5.2". Gmu.edu. http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/anarfaq.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
- ^ Mikhail Bakunin. "Works of Mikhail Bakunin 1873". Marxists.org. http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/1873/statism-anarchy.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
- ^ Quoted in Brian Morris, Bakunin: The Philosophy of Freedom, 1993, p14
- ^ New York Daily Tribune (October 2, 1852) on 'Revolution and Counter Revolution in Germany'
- ^ Quoted in Brian Morris, Bakunin: The Philosophy of Freedom, 1993, p29
- ^ Madison, Charles A. (1945). "Anarchism in the United States". Journal of the History of Ideas 6 (1): 46–66. doi:10.2307/2707055.
- ^ Bakunin, "Program of the International Brotherhood"(1868), reprinted in Bakunin on Anarchism, ed. S. Dolgoff
- ^ Paul McLaughlin. Mikhail Bakunin: The Philosophical Basis of His Theory of Anarchism. 2002. ISBN 1892941414 p. 4
- ^ Judaica 1950, p. 101
- ^ Wheen 1999, p. 340
- ^ Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin. Marshall Shatz. Statism and Anarchy. 1990. ISBN 0521369738 p.xxx
- ^ "Robert Graham, 'The General Idea of Proudhon's Revolution'". Dwardmac.pitzer.edu. 2006-01-25. http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/ANARCHIST_ARCHIVES/proudhon/grahamproudhon.html. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
- ^ "Library". libcom.org. http://libcom.org/library/osugi-sakae. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
- ^ "Bakunin's idea of revolution and anarchist revolutionary organisation". Struggle.ws. http://struggle.ws/rbr/rbr6/bakunin.html. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
- ^ "Mikhail Bakunin Reference Archive". Marxists.org. http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/bakunin-on-anarchism.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
- ^ Karl Marx. "Michael Bakunin by James Guillaume". Marxists.org. http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/guillaume/works/bakunin.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
Bibliography
- Judaica (1950). Historia judaica, Volumes 12-14. Verlag von Julius Kittls Nachfolger.
- Wheen, Francis (1999). Karl Marx. Fourth Estate. ISBN 1857026373.
Further reading
- Leier, Mark. Bakunin: The Creative Passion: A Biography. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-312-30538-9).
- Tom Stoppard. The Coast of Utopia. New York: Grove Press, 2002 (paperback, ISBN 0-8021-4005-X).
- Daniel Guerin, Anarchism: From Theory to Practice (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970).
External links
| Persondata |
| NAME |
Bakunin, Mikhail Alexandrovich |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES |
|
| SHORT DESCRIPTION |
Russian revolutionary |
| DATE OF BIRTH |
May 30, 1814 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH |
Pryamukhino, Russia |
| DATE OF DEATH |
June 13, 1876 |
| PLACE OF DEATH |
Bern, Switzerland |
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