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A mirative (or admirative; abbreviated mir) is a particular grammatical element in some languages that indicates unexpected and new information. The grammatical category involving miratives is known as mirativity.

The seminal article on mirativity is DeLancey (1997).

Examples

Languages that have miratives include Ainu, Tibetan, Turkish, Western Apache, Barbacoan languages (Tsafiki, Cha'palaa, Awa Pit), Hare (Slavey), and Korean.

Tibetan

Turkish

Kiz-iniz çok iyi piyano çal-iyor-muş.

daughter-your very good piano play-PRES-MIR

Your daughter plays the piano very well!

– DeLancey (1997)

Hare

Western Apache

Korean

딸이 피아노를 완전 잘 하네요!

ttal-i phiano-rul wancen cal ha-ne-yo!

daughter-SUBJ piano-OBJ very well play-MIR-HON

Your daughter plays the piano very well!

Miratives and evidentials

Miratives often have a dual function indicating inferential evidentiality. Although there is an overlap between the marking of mirativity and evidentiality in some languages (e.g. Tibetan), other languages have two independent systems that mark both of these separately (e.g. Western Apache).

Translation into English

Miratives are often translated into English with an exclamatory intonation pattern.

See also

• Admirative mood
• Evidentiality

External links

• Summary of mirative postings at LinguistList (includes bibliography)

Bibliography

• Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2004). Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926388-4.
• Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.; & Dixon, R. M. W. (Eds.). (2003). Studies in evidentiality. Typological studies in language (Vol. 54). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 90-272-2962-7; ISBN 1-58811-344-2.
• DeLancey, Scott. (1997). Mirativity: The grammatical marking of unexpected information. Linguistic Typology, 1, 33-52.
• DeLancey, Scott. (2001). The mirative and evidentiality. Journal of Pragmatics, 33, 369-382.
• Dickinson, Connie. (2002) Mirativity in Tsafiki, Studies in Language.
• Slobin, D. I.; & Aksu, A. A. (1982). Tense, aspect and modality in the use of the Turkish evidential. In P. J. Hopper (Ed.), Tense-aspect: Between semantics & pragmatics. Amsterdam: Benjamins.