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Montenegro (
/ˌmɒntɨˈneɪɡroʊ/ (help·info) or
/ˌmɒntɨˈniːɡroʊ/), (
Montenegrin: Црна Гора/Crna Gora,
listen (help·info)) (meaning "Black Mountain" in Montenegrin) is a country located in
Southeastern Europe.
.^ It borders Romania in the northeast, Bulgaria in the east, in the south Macedonia and Albania, in the southwest the Adriatic sea, in the west Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, and finally Hungary in the north (Figure 1).- Serbia/Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The largest rivers in Serbia are the Danube (588 km), Sava, Tisa, Great Morava, West Morava, South Morava, Ibar and Drina on the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina; in Montenegro the Moraca, Zeta, Lim, Piva and Tara.- Serbia/Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Slavic tribes settling on the south coast of the Adriatic Sea and inland formed states with different names (Primorje, Duklja, Zeta) and in the fourteenth century the name Montenegro appeared; its first king was crowned in 1077.- Serbia/Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: Academic]
[3] Its
capital and largest city is
Podgorica, while
Cetinje is designated as the
Prijestonica (Пријестоница), meaning the former Royal Capital City.
[4]
.^ Slavic tribes settling on the south coast of the Adriatic Sea and inland formed states with different names (Primorje, Duklja, Zeta) and in the fourteenth century the name Montenegro appeared; its first king was crowned in 1077.- Serbia/Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: Academic]
^ They fought against the Turks and before the end of the eighteenth century Montenegro was an autonomous vassal state; its first laws were passed (1796) and central authority established in 1831.- Serbia/Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: Academic]
In those formative years,
Duklja was ruled by the
House of Vojislavljević.
.^ The war crimes case against former KLA (and former Kosovo Protection Corps) Commander Selimi Krasniqi was in pretrial process at year's end.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The war crimes court confirmed the original 20-year sentence; however, the decision was pending on appeal in the Supreme Court at year's end.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The court's decision was pending on appeal in the Supreme Court at year's end.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Duklja's power and prosperity reached their zenith under King Vojislav's son, King Mihailo (1046–81), and his son King Bodin (1081–1101).
[5] From the 11th century, it started to be referred to as
Zeta. It ended with its incorporation into
Raška, and beginning with the Crnojevic dynasty, Zeta was more often referred to as Crna Gora or by the
Venetian term
monte negro.
.^ After the Second World War Yugoslavia became a communist country of six republics, until 1990 when the republics became independent states, with the exception of Serbia and Montenegro which are still united.- Serbia/Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ INTRODUCTION The union of Serbia and Montenegro* [*As Montenegro voted for and declared its independence from Serbia in June 2006, in future a new profile will be prepared to reflect this] occupies the central part of the Balkan Peninsula between 41 0 50′ and 46 0 12′ North and 18 0 27′ and 23 0 01′ East.- Serbia/Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Distribution of precipitation throughout the year is between the continental and Mediterranean type, closer to the continental, with the main maximum in May and June and secondary in October.- Serbia/Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Police reports stated that Muja's bodyguard and two friends attacked three television reporters, injuring one and breaking a television camera.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro .- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Filip Vujanovic was elected president in 2003 elections that an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) election observer mission found were conducted generally in accordance with international standards, as were parliamentary elections held in 2002.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The state union government's responsibilities are limited to foreign affairs, national security, human and minority rights, and internal and external economic and commercial relations.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ During the year the government and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) trained police, including on community relations.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Montenegro is also a
potential candidate for membership in the
European Union; the country presented its official application in 2008, hoping to gain EU candidate status in 2010.
[7] Additionally, Montenegro is an
official candidate for membership in
NATO, having been offered a
Membership Action Plan by the alliance in 2009.
[8]
Name
.^ Serbs were mentioned for the first time as a people or nation in a written document in 822 .- Serbia/Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Police often referred suspected trafficking victims to the IOM through OSCE regional officers.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Research on buildings to provide the most favourable conditions for high production has been undertaken; housed cattle were tied, free or a combination of both.- Serbia/Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The government published the daily Borba and owned one of the country's most important printing houses, also named Borba.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Slavic tribes settling on the south coast of the Adriatic Sea and inland formed states with different names (Primorje, Duklja, Zeta) and in the fourteenth century the name Montenegro appeared; its first king was crowned in 1077.- Serbia/Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: Academic]
^ They fought against the Turks and before the end of the eighteenth century Montenegro was an autonomous vassal state; its first laws were passed (1796) and central authority established in 1831.- Serbia/Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: Academic]
^ MONTENEGRO Montenegro, with a population of approximately 673 thousand, is a constituent republic of the state union of Serbia and Montenegro.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The state changed little to modern day reference, losing Metohija and gaining the
Bay of Kotor. The name of the region gave the name to its people, the
Montenegrins (Црногорци/Crnogorci).
.^ The government published the daily Borba and owned one of the country's most important printing houses, also named Borba.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Other languages, particularly nearby ones, use their own direct translation of the term "black mountain" (e.g.
.^ Minorities constituted 25 to 30 percent of Serbia's population and included Hungarians, Bosniaks, Roma, Slovaks, Romanians, Vlachs, Bulgarians, Croats, Albanians, and others.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Names from further afield include
Russian:
Черногория, Chernogoriya,
Icelandic:
Svartfjallaland and
Chinese:
黑山 (
pinyin: "hēishān".
[10]).
History
1080 AD. The zenith of Dukljan power
Ancient times
The first recorded settlers of present-day Montenegro were
Illyrians, the Docleata. In 9 AD the
Romans conquered the region of present-day Montenegro.
Slavs massively colonized the area in the 5th and 6th centuries, forming a semi-independent principality,
Duklja, that was involved in Balkan medieval politics with ties to
Rascia and
Byzantium and to a lesser extent
Bulgaria.
Middle Ages
Duklja gained its independence from the Byzantine Empire in 1042. In the next few decades
Duklja expanded its territory to the neighbouring Rascia and Bosnia and also became recognised as a kingdom. Its power started declining at the ending of the 11th century and by 1186, it was conquered by
Stefan Nemanja and incorporated into
Serbian realm.
.^ The Belgrade Islamic community reported continued difficulties in acquiring land and government approval for an Islamic cemetery in the city.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
After the
Serbian Empire collapsed in the second half of the 14th century, another family came to prominence by expanding their power in the region, the
Balšićs. In 1421 it was annexed to the
Serbian Despotate, but after 1455 another noble family from Zeta, the
Crnojevićs, ruled Montenegro. They were to rule Montenegro until 1499, making it the last free monarchy of the Balkans before it fell to the
Ottomans, who annexed it to the
sanjak of
Shkodër. For a short time Montenegro existed as a separate autonomous
sanjak in 1514–1528, another version of which existed again some time between 1597 and 1614.
Ottoman rule and Metropolitanate
In the 16th century Montenegro developed a form of special and unique autonomy within the
Ottoman Empire: the local Montenegrin clans were also free of many bonds due to Montenegro's autonomy. Nevertheless the Montenegrins refused to accept Ottoman reign and in the 17th century raised numerous rebellions, culminating with the Ottoman defeat in the
Great Turkish War at the end of that century. Montenegro became a
theocracy led by the
Montenegrin Orthodox Metropolitans, flourishing since the
Petrović-Njegoš became the traditional Prince-Bishops (whose title was "Vladika of Montenegro"). The
Venetian Republic introduced governors that meddled in Montenegrin politics; when the republic was succeeded by the
Austrian Empire in 1797, the governors were abolished by Prince-Bishop
Petar II in 1832. His predecessor
Petar I contributed to the unification of Montenegro with the Highlands.
20th century
.^ The state union ministries of foreign affairs and human and minority rights also participated.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The state union government's responsibilities are limited to foreign affairs, national security, human and minority rights, and internal and external economic and commercial relations.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There were 7 members of minorities in the 126-seat state union parliament and 11 members of minorities in the 250-seat Serbian parliament.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In 1910 Montenegro became
a Kingdom.
.^ With the expansion of the Ottoman Empire to the Balkan Peninsula, confrontations and wars started again.- Serbia/Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Agricultural land as a percentage of all land in Serbia is shown in Figure 2, while arable land as a percentage of agricultural land in Serbia is given in Figure 3.- Serbia/Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Agricultural land as percentage of all land in Serbia (after Markovic, 1993) .- Serbia/Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Representatives of the Union of Jewish Communities of Serbia and Montenegro reported continued incidents of anti-Semitism but no physical violence against Jewish persons.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In 1904 Montenegro declared war on Japan in support of Russia.
.^ Some such children worked in the "gray zone" between voluntary and forced labor; however, there were no reports that such practices occurred systematically.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After the Second World War Yugoslavia became a communist country of six republics, until 1990 when the republics became independent states, with the exception of Serbia and Montenegro which are still united.- Serbia/Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.fao.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ MONTENEGRO Montenegro, with a population of approximately 673 thousand, is a constituent republic of the state union of Serbia and Montenegro.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The verdict named former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic, on trial before the ICTY, as the main instigator of the political assassination.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ According to the 2005 refugee re-registration process, there were approximately 140 thousand refugees in Serbia from other successor states of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, primarily Croatia (100 thousand) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (40 thousand).- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ While most officers were Serbs, the force included Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims), ethnic Hungarians, a small number of ethnic Albanians, and other ethnic minorities.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Minorities constituted 25 to 30 percent of Serbia's population and included Hungarians, Bosniaks, Roma, Slovaks, Romanians, Vlachs, Bulgarians, Croats, Albanians, and others.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The verdict named former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic, on trial before the ICTY, as the main instigator of the political assassination.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The center also offered assistance to refugee women (mostly Serb), many of whom experienced extreme abuse or rape during the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The armed forces are under the control of the state union government and are responsible for national security.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ There were no reports of political detainees.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There were no reports of political prisoners.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There were no reports that international prison monitoring groups visited Kosovo's prisons or detention centers during the year.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ On December 12, the court passed its first verdict in the Ovcara case (also known as the Vukovar massacre), convicting 14 Serbs of murder, torture, and inhumane treatment of more than 200 Croatian prisoners of war in 1991.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The state union ministries of foreign affairs and human and minority rights also participated.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On July 31, a lawyer for the Leskovac Committee for Human Rights reported that a police officer in Leskovac, Goran Velickovic, had beaten him.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Montenegrin General Pavle Strugar has since been convicted for his part in the bombing of Dubrovnik.
[14] Bosnian refugees were arrested by Montenegrin police and transported to Serb camps in Foča, where they were subjected to systematic torture and executed.
[15][16]In 1996,
Milo Đukanović's government severed ties between Montenegro and the Serbian regime, which was then under
Milošević. Montenegro formed its own
economic policy and adopted the German
Deutsche Mark as its currency. It has since adopted the
Euro, though it is not formally part of the
Eurozone currency union.
.^ Section 3 Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to Change Their Government .- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Defendants enjoy the presumption of innocence and the right of appeal; although the government at times influenced the judiciary, these rights were generally respected in practice.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Although these services generally were effective in maintaining basic law and order, their effectiveness in fighting organized crime was limited.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In addition, the law provides for special courts for war crimes and organized crime; these were operational during the year within the Belgrade district court.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[17].^ The report on Serbia and Montenegro is divided into three sections addressing the human rights situations in Serbia, Kosovo, and Montenegro.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Non-Orthodox religious organizations continued to report difficulty obtaining permission from local authorities in Serbia to build new worship facilities.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ MONTENEGRO Montenegro, with a population of approximately 673 thousand, is a constituent republic of the state union of Serbia and Montenegro.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Discussion of state union-level activities and institutions affecting human rights is included in the Serbia section.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A state-affiliated trade union federation dominated organized labor, due to preference for unions belonging to it by the managements of the state-owned industries that dominated the economy.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ MONTENEGRO Montenegro, with a population of approximately 673 thousand, is a constituent republic of the state union of Serbia and Montenegro.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Independence
Front page of
Pobjeda following the successful independence referendum
.^ MONTENEGRO Montenegro, with a population of approximately 673 thousand, is a constituent republic of the state union of Serbia and Montenegro.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Representatives of the Union of Jewish Communities of Serbia and Montenegro reported continued incidents of anti-Semitism but no physical violence against Jewish persons.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Serbia and Montenegro is a state union consisting of the relatively large Republic of Serbia and the much smaller Republic of Montenegro.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
230,661 votes or 55.5% were for independence and 185,002 votes or 44.5% were against.
[18] The 45,659 difference narrowly surpassed the 55% threshold needed to validate the referendum under the rules set by the European Union. According to the electoral commission, the 55% threshold was passed by only 2,300 votes.
.^ The state union government's responsibilities are limited to foreign affairs, national security, human and minority rights, and internal and external economic and commercial relations.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In order to negotiate with the government, a union must have 10 percent of all workforce employees as members.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There were no women in the 5-member state union cabinet and 1 woman in the 16-member Serbian cabinet.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Human rights observers, including those of the OSCE and some local NGOs, were active in documenting ethnically or politically motivated killings, attacks, and incidents of intimidation.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Filip Vujanovic was elected president in 2003 elections that an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) election observer mission found were conducted generally in accordance with international standards, as were parliamentary elections held in 2002.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ An OSCE election observation mission reported that December 2003 Serbian republic parliamentary elections were conducted generally in line with international standards.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Human rights observers, including those of the OSCE and some local NGOs, were active in documenting ethnically or politically motivated killings, attacks, and incidents of intimidation.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Filip Vujanovic was elected president in 2003 elections that an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) election observer mission found were conducted generally in accordance with international standards, as were parliamentary elections held in 2002.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A Council of Europe mission assessed that approximately $13.1 million (9.7 million euros) would be required to repair and restore the damaged sites.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ An OSCE and Council of Europe election observation mission reported that the June 2004 Serbian republic presidential elections were peaceful and conducted essentially in line with international standards.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Filip Vujanovic was elected president in 2003 elections that an Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) election observer mission found were conducted generally in accordance with international standards, as were parliamentary elections held in 2002.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A Council of Europe mission assessed that approximately $13.1 million (9.7 million euros) would be required to repair and restore the damaged sites.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ There were no reports of political detainees.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There were no reports of political prisoners.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There were no reports of politically motivated disappearances.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
On 3 June 2006, the Parliament of Montenegro declared the independence of Montenegro,
[19] formally confirming the result of the referendum on independence.
.^ MONTENEGRO Montenegro, with a population of approximately 673 thousand, is a constituent republic of the state union of Serbia and Montenegro.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Representatives of the Union of Jewish Communities of Serbia and Montenegro reported continued incidents of anti-Semitism but no physical violence against Jewish persons.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Serbia and Montenegro is a state union consisting of the relatively large Republic of Serbia and the much smaller Republic of Montenegro.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ While significant parts of the ethnic Albanian community continued to view the Serbian Orthodox Church as a symbol of Serbian nationalism, relations between leaders of the ethnic Albanian community and the Serbian Orthodox Church improved slightly during the year as PISG officials and political figures met on several occasions with church clergy.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Tensions continued between the canonically unrecognized Montenegrin Orthodox Church and the Serbian Orthodox Church.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Authorities reportedly acted because the local Serbian Orthodox clergy had not approved the church.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Prime Minister Vojislav Kostunica has led Serbia's multiparty government since March 2004.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On March 30, police prevented approximately 300 members of the Association of Free and Independent Unions from protesting in front of a Serbian government building.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ MONTENEGRO Montenegro, with a population of approximately 673 thousand, is a constituent republic of the state union of Serbia and Montenegro.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Prime Minister Vojislav Kostunica has led Serbia's multiparty government since March 2004.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[21][22]
Geography
.^ According to the IOM, of the victims from outside Kosovo it has assisted since 2000, over 45 percent were from Moldova, 19 percent from Romania, 12 percent from Ukraine, and the rest from Bulgaria, Albania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, and Nigeria.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The report on Serbia and Montenegro is divided into three sections addressing the human rights situations in Serbia, Kosovo, and Montenegro.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Domestic courts and the ICTY continued to try cases arising from crimes committed during the 1991-99 conflicts in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo (see sections 1.e.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Historically, its territory was divided into "nahije".
.^ Serbia was primarily a transit point for internationally trafficked women going to Kosovo as well as to Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, and Western Europe.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The plain stops abruptly in the north, where
Mount Lovćen and
Mount Orjen plunge into the inlet of the
Bay of Kotor.
.^ Some local judges also wrongly issued deportation orders against women convicted of prostitution or lack of documents; however, UNMIK did not enforce such orders.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Prison conditions generally met international standards; however, conditions varied greatly between facilities, and some guards abused prisoners.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Prison conditions generally met international standards; however, some problems remained.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The
Zeta River valley, at an elevation of 500 meters (1,640 ft), is the lowest segment.
The mountains of Montenegro include some of the most rugged terrain in Europe. They average more than 2,000 metres (6,560 ft) in elevation. One of the country's notable peaks is
Bobotov Kuk in the
Durmitor mountains, which reaches a height of 2,522 metres (8,274 ft). The Montenegrin mountain ranges were among the most ice-eroded parts of the Balkan Peninsula during the last glacial period.
- Longest beach: Velika Plaža, Ulcinj — 13,000 m (8 miles)
- Highest peak: Zla Kolata, Prokletije at 2,534 m
- Largest lake: Skadar Lake — 391 km² (151 sq mi) of surface area
- Deepest canyon: Tara River Canyon — 1,300 m (4,265 ft)
- Biggest bay: Bay of Kotor
- National parks: Durmitor — 390 km² (150 sq mi), Lovćen — 64 km² (25 sq mi), Biogradska Gora — 54 km² (21 sq mi), Skadar Lake — 400 km² (154 sq mi)
- UNESCO World Heritage sites: Durmitor and Tara River Canyon, old city of Kotor.
Government and politics
- See also: Foreign relations of Montenegro, Military of Montenegro
.^ MONTENEGRO Montenegro, with a population of approximately 673 thousand, is a constituent republic of the state union of Serbia and Montenegro.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The law prohibits discrimination based on race, gender, disability, language, or social status; however, the government did not effectively enforce it in practice.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Serbia and Montenegro is a state union consisting of the relatively large Republic of Serbia and the much smaller Republic of Montenegro.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
It proclaimed its new Constitution on 22 October 2007.
.^ The country has a population of 10.8 million ** and is headed by President Svetozar Marovic, who was elected by parliament in 2003.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The law provides citizens with the right to change their government peacefully, and citizens exercised this right in practice through periodic elections held on the basis of universal suffrage.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The law provides citizens the right to change their government peacefully, and citizens exercised this right in practice through periodic, free, and fair elections held on the basis of universal suffrage.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In 2001 UNMIK promulgated the constitutional framework for the PISG. Under the constitutional framework, a 120-member Kosovo Assembly selects a president, a prime minister, and other ministers and PISG officials.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ethnic Albanians and Bosniaks participated in the political process, and their parties, candidates, and voters participated in all elections; Roma were significantly underrepresented in the government.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As envisioned in the constitutional framework, on April 21, the Kosovo Assembly passed and, on July 11, the special representative of the UN secretary-general (SRSG) promulgated, a law on the formation of a permanent independent media commission to regulate the broadcast media.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The President is also a member of the Supreme Defence Council. The official residence of the President is in
Cetinje.
.^ There was a widespread perception of government corruption, particularly in the executive and judicial branches.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Prime Minister Vojislav Kostunica has led Serbia's multiparty government since March 2004.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The prime minister's office of good governance, the Ministry of Education, and the IOM distributed antitrafficking educational materials for use in primary and secondary schools.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The
Parliament of Montenegro (
Montenegrin:
Skupština Crne Gore) is the
unicameral legislative body.
.^ At year's end the Belgrade special court for organized crime continued the trial of three dozen suspects in the 2003 assassination of prime minister Djindjic.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 2001 UNMIK promulgated the constitutional framework for the PISG. Under the constitutional framework, a 120-member Kosovo Assembly selects a president, a prime minister, and other ministers and PISG officials.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ UNMIK promulgated regulations that addressed the civil and legal responsibilities of governmental entities and private individuals and ratified laws passed by the Kosovo Assembly.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The Parliament can pass a vote of no-confidence on the Government by a majority of the members. One representative is elected per 6,000 voters, which in turn results in a reduction of total number of representatives in the Parliament of Montenegro. The present parliament contains 81 seats, with a 47-seat majority currently held by the
Coalition for a European Montenegro as a result of the
2009 parliamentary election.
Symbols
A new official
flag of Montenegro was adopted on 13 July 2004 by the Montenegrin legislature. The new flag is based on the royal standard of
King Nikola I of Montenegro. This flag was all red with a silver border, a silver coat of arms, and the initials НІ in Cyrillic script (corresponding to NI in Latin script) representing
King Nikola I. On the current flag, the border and arms were changed from silver to gold and the royal cipher in the centre of the arms was omitted and replaced with a golden lion.
The national day of 13 July marks the date in 1878 when the
Congress of Berlin recognized Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world
[24] and the start of one of the first popular uprisings in Europe against the
Axis Powers on 13 July 1941 in Montenegro.
Administrative subdivisions
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Municipalities of Montenegro
|
Military
The
Military of Montenegro is composed of an
army,
navy,
air force, and a
special forces component. As of 2009 it is organized as a fully professional
standing army. It works under the Ministry of Defense with the aim of protecting and defending Montenegro and its sovereignty. Montenegro's goal is to eventually join
NATO after modernization and reorganization of its military.
[25]. Future plans for the army are to participate more in peacekeeping missions through various
United Nations and
NATO peacekeeping missions like
ISAF.
[26]Economy
Budva is one of the main tourist destinations
GDP grew at an impressive 10.7% in 2007 and 7.5% in 2008
[27]. The country entered a
recession in 2008 as a part of the
global recession, with GDP contracting by 4%. However, Montenegro remained a target for
foreign investment, the only country in the Balkans to increase its amount of direct foreign investment during the recession.
[28] The country is expected to exit the recession in mid-2010, with GDP growth predicted at around 0.5%.
[29] However, the significant dependence of the Montenegrin economy on
foreign direct investment leaves it susceptible to external shocks and a high export/import trade deficit.
According to
Eurostat data, the Montenegrin GDP per capita stood at 46% of the EU average in 2008.
[31]Tourism is an important contributor to Montenegrin economy. Approximately one million tourists visited Montenegro in 2007, resulting in €480 million of tourism revenue. Tourism is considered the backbone of future economic growth, and government expenditures on infrastructure improvements are largely target towards that goal.
Infrastructure
The Montenegrin road infrastructure is not on par with European standards. Despite an extensive road network, no roads are built to full
motorway standards, though two current roadway projects projects, the
Bar - Boljare motorway and the Montenegrin section of
Adriatic Ionian motorway, should change this. Construction of these motorways is considered a national priority, as both are important for uniform regional economic development and the development of Montenegro as an elite tourist destination.
The backbone of the Montenegrin rail network is the
Belgrade - Bar railway. This railway intersects with
Nikšić -
Tirana(Albania) at Podgorica, however, this railway is not used for passenger service.
The
Port of Bar is Montenegro's main seaport.
.^ Both the ICRC and the Helsinki Committee of Montenegro made several visits during the year.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The special war crimes court commenced several trials during the year.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There were prisons in Lipljan and Dubrava as well as five detention centers in operation during the year.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The reconstruction of the
Belgrade-Bar railway and the proposed
Belgrade-Bar motorway are expected to bring the port back up to capacity.
Tourism
Montenegro is well suited for development of all kinds of tourism, as it has both a picturesque coast and a mountainous northern region. The country was a well-known tourist spot in the 1980s, yet, the
Yugoslav wars that were fought in neighboring countries during the 1990s crippled the tourist industry and destroyed the image of Montenegro as a tourist destination.
It was not until
2000s that the tourism industry began to recover, and the country has since experienced a high rate of growth in the number of tourist visits and overnight stays. The
Government of Montenegro has set the development of Montenegro as an elite tourist destination a top priority. It is a national strategy to make tourism a major, if not the single largest, contributor to the Montenegrin economy. A number of steps were taken to attract foreign investors into Montenegro's tourism industry.
.^ Some settlements were located on valuable industrial or commercial sites where private owners wanted to resume control; others were on the premises of state-owned enterprises due to be privatized.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Some of the problems that currently hamper the development of Montenegrin tourism are inadequate infrastructure, notably the road infrastructure in the north, and electricity and water supply in the south of the country. The informal construction is also a problem.
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King Nikola's Palace, Bar
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Demographics
Ethnicity
According to 2003 census, Montenegro has 620,145 citizens. If the methodology used up to 1991 had been adopted in the 2003 census, Montenegro would officially have recorded 673,094 citizens. Most recent estimates stake somewhere below 700,000 inhabitants.
When the census was taken Montenegro was a non-national civic state.
.^ During the year the office for gender equality assumed responsibility over 26 ethnic Albanian and 4 ethnic Serb municipal gender officers previously under the office of good governance.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In Mitrovica, ethnic Serbs in the northern part of the city continued to occupy ethnic Albanian properties, while ethnic Albanians in the southern part occupied and denied ethnic Serbs access to their property.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While most officers were Serbs, the force included Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims), ethnic Hungarians, a small number of ethnic Albanians, and other ethnic minorities.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Thus, the number of "Montenegrins" and "Serbs" fluctuates wildly from census to census, not due to real changes in the populace, but due to changes in how people experience their identity.
[32]Ethnic composition according to the 2004 official data:
[33]
|
Number |
% |
| TOTAL |
620,145 |
100 |
| Montenegrins |
267,669 |
43.16 |
| Serbs |
198,414 |
31.99 |
| Bosniaks |
48,184 |
7.77 |
| Ethnic Muslims |
36,479 |
5.07 |
| Albanians |
24,163 |
3.01 |
| Croats |
6,811 |
1.1 |
| Roma |
2,601 |
0.42 |
| Yugoslavs |
1,860 |
0.3 |
| Italians |
500 |
0.08 |
| others |
38,818 |
6.18 |
According the newest report, there are 24,610 total refugees from the
Yugoslav wars in Montenegro, forming 4.2% of the total population.
.^ The government provided temporary protection to individuals from Bosnia and Herzegovina and from Croatia who may not qualify as refugees under the 1951 convention and its 1967 protocol.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Serbia was primarily a transit point for internationally trafficked women going to Kosovo as well as to Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, and Western Europe.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[citation needed]Language
Linguistic map of the Republic of Montenegro according to the 2003 census.
Most citizens speak the
Serbian language of the
Iyekavian dialect.
.^ In 2001 UNMIK promulgated the constitutional framework for the PISG. Under the constitutional framework, a 120-member Kosovo Assembly selects a president, a prime minister, and other ministers and PISG officials.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On October 20, the Serbian post office confiscated promotional materials (such as leaflets, lighters, pens) of the Movement for an Independent Montenegro while the group was in Belgrade for a news conference.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Next to it,
Serbian,
Bosnian,
Albanian and
Croatian are recognized in usage. All of these languages except for Albanian are virtually identical in common usage.
Religion
Religion map of the Republic of Montenegro according to the 2003 census.
.^ Authorities reportedly acted because the local Serbian Orthodox clergy had not approved the church.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Serbian Orthodox Church claimed the government applied the restitution law in a discriminatory manner.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Bishop Teodosije of the Serbian Orthodox Church asserted that, on December 31, the municipality of Gjakova erected a monument to ethnic Albanian members of the KLA on land owned by the church.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Discussion of state union-level activities and institutions affecting human rights is included in the Serbia section.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The court of the state union is responsible for coordinating jurisprudence in the state union, resolving jurisdictional disputes between Serbian and Montenegrin institutions, ruling on alleged violations of rights guaranteed by the state union constitutional charter, and settling disputes that the state union's joint customs office is unable to resolve.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ There were a number of NGOs investigating human rights cases, including Helsinki Committee of Montenegro and the Center for Democracy and Human Rights.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ For this report, Kosovo's population of 2.1 million is included as part of Serbia's population.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There was no state religion, although the republic constitution mentions the Orthodox Church, the Islamic community, and the Roman Catholic Church as equal and separate from the state; however, the Serbian Orthodox Church received some preferential treatment in practice.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Religious determination according to the census:
Culture
National Museum of Montenegro in
Cetinje (Former Palace of King Nikola I)
The culture of Montenegro has been shaped by a variety of influences throughout history.
.^ Ethnic Serbs identified with the Serbian Orthodox Church, which influenced their cultural, historical, political, and religious views (see section 5).- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Montenegro has many significant cultural and historical sites, including heritage sites from the pre-
Romanesque,
Gothic and
Baroque periods. The Montenegrin coastal region is especially well known for its religious monuments, including the
Cathedral of Saint Tryphon in
Kotor[34] (Cattaro under the Venetians), the basilica of St. Luke (over 800 years),
Our Lady of the Rocks (Škrpjela), the
Savina Monastery and others. Montenegro's medieval monasteries contain thousands of square metres of frescos on their walls.
The traditional folk dance of the Montenegrins is the Oro, a circle dance that involves dancers standing on each other's shoulders in a circle while one or two dancers are dancing in the middle.
The first literary works written in the region are ten centuries old, and the first Montenegrin book was printed five hundred years ago.
.^ Some settlements were located on valuable industrial or commercial sites where private owners wanted to resume control; others were on the premises of state-owned enterprises due to be privatized.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The print media consisted of private news outlets and one national state-owned newspaper, which published a wide variety of domestic and foreign articles.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Ancient manuscripts, dating from the thirteenth century, are kept in the Montenegrin monasteries.
[35].^ The government published the daily Borba and owned one of the country's most important printing houses, also named Borba.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Ethical beliefs
A very important dimension of Montenegrin culture is the ethical ideal of
Čojstvo i Junaštvo, "Humanity and Gallantry"
[36][37] Another result of its centuries-long warrior history, it is the unwritten code of
chivalry that stipulates that to deserve a true respect by those around him, a person has to show virtues of integrity, dignity, humility, self-sacrifice for the just cause, respect for others, and rectitude along with bravery. In the old days of battle, it resulted in Montenegrins fighting to the death, as being captured was considered the greatest shame.
This code of conduct is still very much ingrained, to a greater or lesser extent, in every Montenegrin's ethical beliefs system and it is essential that it be kept in mind in order to truly understand them.
.^ A total of 52 of the 53 cases completed by October resulted in convictions, with sentences ranging from judicial reprimands to imprisonment.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Most extraordinary examples of Montenegrin conduct during its long history can be traced to the code.
Education
Education starts in either pre-schools or elementary schools.
.^ During the year 48 elementary and secondary schools offered weekly Romani language and culture classes in which 1,336 students participated.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The official minimum age for employment is 15 years, although in farming communities it was common to find younger children assisting their families.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ UNMIK regulations require children between the ages of 6 and 15 to enroll in public school; however, a few children from minority (excluding ethnic Serb) communities did not attend PISG-run public school due to security concerns.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ During the year 48 elementary and secondary schools offered weekly Romani language and culture classes in which 1,336 students participated.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The main opposition party, the Democratic Party of Kosovo, continued to criticize the government for corruption and presented its allegations to UNMIK for investigation; at year's end UNMIK stated that its investigation was continuing.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At year's end the Belgrade special court for organized crime continued the trial of three dozen suspects in the 2003 assassination of prime minister Djindjic.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Higher education lasts with a certain first degree after 3 to 6 years.
Sport
The Sport in Montenegro revolves mostly around team sports:
football,
basketball,
water polo,
volleyball and
handball. Also involved are
boxing,
judo,
karate,
athletics,
table tennis, and
chess. The main football club in Montenegro is
FK Budućnost Podgorica from capital
Podgorica. Montenegro hosted together with Serbia
EuroBasket 2005. Previously, all National Teams were known as Yugoslavian national teams, as Montenegro was part of
Yugoslavia. On 24 March 2007, the
Montenegrin national team came from behind to win its first ever fixture, 2-1, in a
friendly game against
Hungary at the
Podgorica Stadium.
[38] On their 119th Session in
Guatemala City in July 2007, the
International Olympic Committee granted recognition and membership to the newly formed Montenegrin National Olympic Committee. Montenegro made its debut at the
2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.
.^ The government published the daily Borba and owned one of the country's most important printing houses, also named Borba.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Montenegro won the European Championships in Malaga, Spain on 13 July 2008 over Serbia 6-5 in a game that was tied 5-5 after four quarters.
[39] This was Montenegro's first major international competition for which they had to qualify through two LEN tournaments. Montenegro won the gold medal at the
2009 FINA Men's Water Polo World League which was held in
Podgorica, capital city.
[40] Montenegrin team PVK Primorac from
Kotor became a champion of Europe at the
LEN Euroleague 2009 in
Rijeka,
Croatia.
.^ Serbia and Montenegro is a state union consisting of the relatively large Republic of Serbia and the much smaller Republic of Montenegro.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Montenegro's water polo Olympic team finished fourth overall at the
2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.
Cuisine
Montenegrin cuisine is a result of Montenegro's long history. It's variation of Mediterranean and Oriental. The most influence is from Italy,
Turkey,
Byzantine Empire/Greece, and as well from Hungary. Montenegrin cuisine also varies geographically; the cuisine in the coastal area differs from the one in the northern highland region. The coastal area is traditionally a representative of
Mediterranean cuisine, with
seafood being a common dish, while the northern represents more the Oriental.
In popular culture
The first official international representation of Montenegro as an independent state was in
Miss World 2006, held on 30 September 2006 in
Warsaw, Poland.
Ivana Knežević from the city of
Bar was the first Miss Montenegro at any international beauty pageant.
[41] .^ MONTENEGRO Montenegro, with a population of approximately 673 thousand, is a constituent republic of the state union of Serbia and Montenegro.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Discussion of state union-level activities and institutions affecting human rights is included in the Serbia section.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Representatives of the Union of Jewish Communities of Serbia and Montenegro reported continued incidents of anti-Semitism but no physical violence against Jewish persons.- 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Serbia and Montenegro 28 January 2010 0:49 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The setting for
Franz Lehár's 1905
operetta The Merry Widow is the Paris embassy of the Grand Duchy of Pontevedro. Pontevedro is a fictionalized version of Montenegro and several of the characters were loosely based on actual Montenegrin nobility.
A
Corto Maltese novel, "The Celts", features the chapter "Under The Flag Of Money" revolving around a group of people led by Maltese trying to seize the treasure of King Nicholas I from a small village in Italy during the
Battle of Caporetto. At the end of the chapter it is revealed that Corto plans to disembark in
Ulcinj with half of the treasure.
Montenegrin holidays
International rankings
See also
References
- ^ CIA World Factbook: Montenegro
- ^ a b c "Montenegro". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=943&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=75&pr.y=10. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
- ^ http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&tab=wl&q=goo
- ^ Basic data of Montenegro
- ^ http://www.montenegro.org/duklja.html
- ^ http://www.montenegro.org/balsic.html
- ^ Montenegro files EU membership application
- ^ Crna Gora u predvorju NATO-a
- ^ Geography
- ^ this literal translation is used in Mainland China and Hong Kong; Taiwanese Mandarin uses 蒙特內哥羅 "méngtènèigēluó", a phonetic transcription of "Montenegro"
- ^ ISO 3166-1 Newsletter No. V-12, Date: 2006-09-26
- ^ http://www.croatiatraveller.com/southern_dalmatia/Dubrovnik/bombing.html
- ^ http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/47/a47r121.htm
- ^ http://www.yihr.org/uploads/newsletters/eng/28.pdf
- ^ http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VIII-03.htm#III.A.25
- ^ "Porodica Nedžiba Loje o Njegovom Hapšenju i Deportaciji 1992". Godine [1]
- ^ "Russia pushes peace plan". BBC. 1999-04-29. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/331036.stm.
- ^ BBC News: Montenegro vote result confirmed
- ^ BBC News: Montenegro declares independence
- ^ http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/6257839.html
- ^ http://www.mfa.gov.yu/Policy/Minister/100907_e.html
- ^ Vijesti: Crna Gora tražila javno izvinjenje zbog afere "kvazidržava"
- ^ Ustav Crne Gore
- ^ President Vujanovic’s Closing Speech at the Crans Montana Forum
- ^ Cilj Crne Gore članstvo u NATO
- ^ Spremaju se za Avganistan
- ^ a b "5. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". April 2009. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=58&pr.y=7&sy=2007&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=943&s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,NGDP_D,PPPGDP,PPPPC,PPPEX,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,BCA,BCA_NGDPD&grp=0&a=.
- ^ FDI falls across West Balkans, except Montenegro. Reuters India 10 December 2009. Accessed 14 December 2009
- ^ Montenegro's leader sees slow economic recovery. Balkans.com Business News 9 December 2009. Accessed 14 December 2009
- ^ "Montenegro at a glance". http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mne_aag.pdf.
- ^ "GDP per capita in PPS". Eurostat. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/2-25062009-BP/EN/2-25062009-BP-EN.PDF. Retrieved 2009-06-25.
- ^ Montenegrin Census' from 1909 to 2003
- ^ Official results of the 2003 Montenegrin census
- ^ Kotor
- ^ Montenet - History of Montenegro: Crnojevic Rule
- ^ Чојство и јунаштво старих Црногораца, Цетиње 1968. 3-11.
- ^ OBLIKOVANJE CRNOGORSKE NACIJE U DOBA PETROVICA NJEGOSA, "Cojstvo je osobeno svojstvo Crnogoraca, koje su uzdigli u najvecu vrlinu i uzor."
- ^ Montenegro take a bow at victory
- ^ Crna Gora šampion Evrope
- ^ Montenegro Wins World League
- ^ http://www.sfmission.com/cgi-bin/gallery/imageFolio.cgi?action=view&link=Poland/Warsaw&image=MissWorld-2006-Warsaw.jpg&img=&tt= Warsaw (MissWorld-2006-Warsaw
- ^ http://www.sonypictures.com/homevideo/casinoroyale/ James Bond Casino Royal official web site, "About"
^ Montenegrin Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2006 census -
[2]Further reading
- Realm of the Black Mountain: A History of Montenegro by Elizabeth Roberts (Hurst & Co, 2007) ISBN 978-1-85065-868-9
- Montenegro: The Divided Land by Thomas Fleming (2002) ISBN 0-9619364-9-5
- The Rough Guide to Montenegro by Norm Longley (2009) ISBN 978-1-85828-771-3
- The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics Cornell University Press, by Ivo Banac (1984) ISBN 0-8014949-3-1
- A History of Montenegro by Francis Seymour Stevenson (2002) ISBN 978-1-42125-089-2
- Montenegro: A Modern History by Kenneth Morrison (2009) ISBN 978-1-84511-710-8
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